■,%> 


e>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


.^''  ^^-^^ 


^/. 


Cl 


fA 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


lii  ill 


1.4 


IIM 

IIM 
\= 

1.6 


<^ 


^3 


•^  ^% 


/: 


//a 


'-^ 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4S03 


fV 


V 


<F 


Lv 


<^ 


^ 


.% 


C/.x 


\ 


\ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituts  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  liiatoriquas 


1980 


I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notea/Notes  tachniquoa  at  bibliographiquas 


The  Inatltute  has  attamptad  to  obtain  the  bast 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 

D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Carte-7  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inl<  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  Illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais.  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  petlicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d^colordes.  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


n    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

I    "n/  Showthrough/ 
I I   Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  '  lel  suppldmentaire 

I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  kxh  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
to 


T^ 
po 
of 
fil 


Oi 
be 
th 
sit 
ot 
fir 
si< 
or 


sh 
Tl 

wl 

M 
dil 
en 
be 
ri{ 
re 
mi 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

V^ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film*  f ut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  at  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —»>( meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symbols*  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derniire  imaqA  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symboie  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ere  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film*s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE  WORKS 


07 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


THE   WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HO^VE  BANCROFT 


VOLUME  XVII 


HISTORY  OF 
ARIZONA    AND    NEW    MEXICO 


1530—1888 


SAN  FRANCISCO 
THE  HISTORY  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1880 


Eutcred  according  to  Act  of  CongrcRs  in  the  year  1889,  by 

HUBf^RT  H.  BANCROFT, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  CougrcKS,  at  Washington. 


All  Riijhta  Reacrvtd, 


PREFACE. 


For  several  reasons,  the  history  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  particularly  in  the  early  times,  is  not  suri)asscd 
in  interest  by  that  of  any  portion  of  the  Pacific  United 
States,  or  perhaps  of  the  whole  republic.  Notable 
among  these  reasons  are  the  antiquity  of  these  terri- 
tories as  Spanish  provinces — for  they  were  the  first  to 
be  occupied  by  Europeans,  and  ten  years  before  the 
Pilgrims  landed  at  Plymouth  Rock,  a  Historia  de  la 
Nueva  Mexico  was  published;  the  peculiar  Pueblo 
civilization,  second  only  to  that  of  the  Aztecs  and 
Mayas  in  the  south,  found  among  the  aborigines  of 
this  land,  and  maintaining  itself  more  nearly  in  its 
original  conditions  than  elsewhere  down  to  the  present 
day ;  the  air  of  romance  pervading  the  country's  early 
annals  in  connection  with  the  Northern  Mystery, 
quaint  cosmographic  theories,  and  the  search  for  fabu- 
lous empires  in  Cibola,  Teguayo,  and  Quivira;  the 
ancient  belief  in  the  existence  of  immense  mineral 
treasures  as  supplemented  by  the  actual  discovery  of 
such  treasures  in  modern  times ;  the  long  and  bloody 
struggle  against  raiding  Apaches,  the  Ishmaelites  of 
American  aborigines ;  the  peculiar  circumstances  under 
which  this  broad  region  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  United 
States;  the  fact  that  the  eastern  portion,  unlike  any 


PREFACE. 


otlier  territory  of  the  republic,  is  still  inhabited  mainly 
by  a  Spanish-sponking  people;  its  position  on  the 
national  frontier;  its  peculiarities  of  physical  config- 
uration and  climate ;  and  finally,  the  marvellous  strides 
towards  prosperity  in  the  last  decade,  of  a  country 
formerly  regarded  as  an  unpromising  section  of  the 
Great  American  Desert. 

That  tlic  annals  of  these  countries,  so  extensive  both 
chronologically  and  territf)rially,  are  compressed  into 
one  volume  of  this  History  of  tfic  Pacific  Slates,  while 
seven  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  record  of  a  sister 
province,  California,  is  a  fact  that  may  seem  to  require 
a  word  of  explanation,  though  it  is  in  accordance  with 
a  plan  deliberately  formed  and  announced  at  the  out- 
set. All  S[)anish-American  provinces  are  in  certain 
respects  so  similar  in  their  annals  one  to  another  that 
it  was  and  is  believed  sufficient  and  best  in  a  compre- 
hensive work  like  this  to  present  the  minutiae  of  local 
and  personal  happenings  of  but  one.  California  was 
chosen  for  this  purpose,  not  only  because  of  its  modern 
prominence,  but  because  its  records  are  remarkably 
perfect,  and  because  its  position  on  the  coast,  facilitat- 
ing intercourse  with  Mexico  and  foreign  nations,  its 
mission  system,  its  trading  and  smuggling  experience, 
its  Russian  complications,  its  political  vicissitudes,  and 
its  immigrant  and  other  foreign  elements  gave  to  its 
history,  as  compared  with  that  of  interior  provinces,  a 
notable  variety,  tending  greatly  to  mitigate  the  inevi- 
table monotony  of  all  provincial  annals,  even  before 
the  knowledge  of  its  golden  treasure  came  to  startle 
the  world.  The  history  of  New  Mexico  written  on  the 
same  scale  as  that  of  the  Pacific  province  would  not 
only  fill  many  volumes,  but  from  the  lack  of  con- 
tinuous archive  evidence,  and  from  the  fact  that  the 


'^ 


PREFACE. 


Vil 


story  goes  back  beyond  the  aid  of  memory,  it  would  be 
at  the  best  fraj^mentary  and  irregular;  and  by  reason 
of  the  country's  isolation  and  non-intercourse  with  the 
outer  world,  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  peculiar 
nature  of  its  petty  events,  it  would  also  be  most  tedious 
reading.  Not  only  is  this  true  of  the  first  and  most  im- 
portant period  of  the  country's  history — that  of  Span- 
ish rule  to  1821 — but  of  the  second  period,  embracing 
the  Mexican  rule  of  1822-4G,  the  growth  of  the  Santa 
Fe  trade,  the  change  of  flag,  the  Indian  wars,  and  the 
early  territorial  days  down  to  1875  or  later.  The 
Mexican  archive  record  is  more  meagre  even  than  the 
Spanish,  the  early  enthusiasm  of  conquest  and  explora- 
tion had  died  out,  nothing  more  monotonous  in  detail 
than  the  endless  succession  of  Indian  wars  can  be  im- 
agined, and  of  the  more  important  events  and  develop- 
ments several  are  more  conveniently  and  fe.itisfactorily 
treated  in  the  annals  of  other  adjoining  regions.  And 
as  to  the  third  and  last  period,  that  of  railroads,  Indian 
reservations,  mining  development,  industrial  progress, 
and  American  immigration,  a  valid  reason  for  conden- 
sation is  found  in  the  fact  that  this  grand  unfolding  of 
resources  has  but  just  begun,  that  all  is  in  a  transitory, 
changeable  condition,  so  that  the  result  of  the  most 
minute  treatment  would  probably  become  antiquated 
and  of  comparatively  little  value  within  a  few  years. 
Thus  there  are  good  reasons  for  the  plan  and  scale  I 
have  adopted.  The  omission  of  personal  and  local 
details,  moreover,  adds  greatly  to  the  interest  of  this 
volume;  and  so  far  as  the  general  course  of  events  and 
developments  is  concerned,  no  volume  of  the  scries 
has  been  founded  on  more  careful  or  exhaustive  re- 
search. 

My  sources  of  information  for  this  volume  are  shown 


m 


rUEFACE. 


ill  tho  list  of  authoritioM  prefixed,  in  the  fine-print 
appendix  to  the  first  eliaptcr,  and  in  the  notes  scattered 
profusely  throughout  the  work.  In  no  section  of  the 
field  have  my  resources  of  orit;inal  data  been  richer  or 
more  varied.  Besides  many  rare  works  in  print  con- 
sulted only  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  by  piovious  writers, 
I  have  consulted  the  Santa  F6  archives,  and  have  had 
access  to  rich  stores  of  the  most  important  documentary 
records  from  Spain  and  Mexico  in  my  own  and  other 
private  colK^ctions ;  and  I  have  been  especially  fortu- 
nate i'  I  being  able  to  utilize,  practically  for  the  first  time, 
the  work  of  Villagrd,  and  several  important  documents 
bearing  on  Onate's  conquest,  never  before  correctly 
recorded.  For  later  events  of  teriitorial  history  I 
have  studied  all  the  publications  extant,  including 
government  reports  and  newspapers ;  and  have  besides, 
here  as  in  the  other  })arts  of  my  field,  taken  the  testi- 
mony of  many  prominent  citizens  and  officials  who 
have  thrown  new  light  on  many  phases  of  the  subject. 
Here  as  elsewhere  I  give  full  credit  to  the  sources 
on  every  point. 

Several  praiseworthy  works  .  a  the  history  of  tlicse 
territories  have  been  published;  but  they  are  of  very 
uneven  quality,  with  not  a  few  errors,  and  more  omis- 
sions— defects  due  in  most  cases  not  so  much  to  the 
incompetence  of  the  author  as  to  the  inaccessibility  of 
original  authorities.  Nowhere  in  my  work  have  I 
been  able  to  correct  more  erroneous  statements,  fill 
more  historical  gaps,  or,  except  in  the  matter  of  minute 
details  as  already  explained,  to  supply  in  comparison 
with  preceding  writers  more  new  matter.  Yet  experi- 
ence leads  me  to  expect  that  the  old  inaccurate  and 
thread-bare  sources  will  still  be  consulted  to  a  consid- 
erable  extent  in   preference   to  better  and  original 


PIIEFACK. 


al 


authorities  at  socoml-hand.  Doubtless  writers  will 
continue  to  give  inaccurate  dates  and  details  for  OAate'a 
conquest;  to  seek  now  locations  for  Coronado's  Cibola 
and  Tiyuex ;  to  name  Cabeza  do  Vaca  ns  the  discov- 
erer of  New  MoxS?<\  and  speak  of  his  descendants  as 
still  livinj'  in  the  cOi.ntrv;  to  talk  of  the  Aztecs  and  of 
Montezuma  in  this  no/  :hern  region;  to  describe  Santa 
Fe  as  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States,  dating  its 
foundation  back  to  the  sixteenth  or  fifte<M\f.h  century, 
or  that  of  Tucson  to  the  sixteenth;  to  chfcoi'de  the 
expedition  of  Peiialosa  to  Quivira*  to  nomo  the  duko 
of  Alburquerque  and  other  viceroys  ai  t  ng  llio  gov- 
ernors of  New  Mexico;  to  derive  the  name  of  Arizona 
from  '  'd  zone,'  or  'narizona,'  the  big-nos.  d  woman; 
to  accept  the  current  traditions  of  rich  mines  of  gold 
and  silver  discovered  and  worked  by  the  Jesuits  and 
conquerors,  or  by  enslaved  Indians  under  their  cruel 
direction ;  and  to  repeat  various  other  errors  that  have 
found  place  in  the  legendary  annals  of  these  provinces. 
However,  I  have  presented  the  facts  and  the  evidence 
on  which  they  rest.  My  statements  should  be  accepted 
or  disproved. 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico  are  properly  presented 
together  in  one  volume,  as  they  have  historically  and 
physically  nmch  in  common.  In  Spanish  and  Mexican 
times  they  were  practically  or  to  a  great  extent  one 
country,  and  their  annals  are  accordingly  somewhat 
intermingled ;  but  the  chapters  devoted  to  each,  though 
mixed  in  the  order  of  presentment,  are  kept  distinct 
in  substance,  so  that  the  record  of  each  province  may 
be  read  continuously.  Since  tl  -^ir  organization  as 
territories  of  the  United  States  the  history  of  each 
is  given  separately  in  consecutive  chapters.  As  be- 
tween the  two  there  is  no  difference  in  scale  or  treat- 


PREFACE. 


ment,  though  I  have  been  able  shghtly  to  condense 
the  earlier  Arizona  record  becaufe  of  Pinierfa  having 
been  covered  by  the  history  of  Sonora  in  another 
volume,  and  though  New  Mexican  history  is  much 
more  voluminous  in  the  aggregate  by  reason  of  its 
greater  chronologic  extent. 

Though  first  among  the  Pacific  States  to  be  settled 
by  Europeans,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  have  been 
last  to  feel  the  impulse  of  progressive  civilization  ;  yet 
they  have  felt  it,  and  as  a  result  must  assume  good 
rank  among  their  sister  states.  In  natural  conditions 
of  healthful  climate,  fertile  soil,  and  mineral  wealth, 
the  two  territories  closely  resemble  each  other;  and 
while  Arizona  has  the  advantage  of  a  less  apathetic 
and  ignorant  population,  and  thus  far  takes  the  lead  in 
mining  and  agricultural  industry,  their  aspirations  and 
possibilities  arc  similar,  and  ultimate  precedence  is  by 
no  means  assured  to  the  western  territory.  Both,  as 
it  has  proved,  are  fortunate  in  their  mid-continental 
position,  which  has  given  them  railroad  communication 
with  the  east  and  west  and  south  long  before  they 
could  have  expected  it  otherwise.  Both  have  made  a 
good  start  in  the  race,  and  in  each  the  spirit  of  pro- 
gress is  actively  working.  Ultimate  success  is  not 
doubtful.  The  danger  of  serious  Indian  troubles  is 
believed  to  be  past;  the  old  and  absurdly  inaccurate 
ideas  of  the  east  respecting  this  country  and  its  people 
are  rapidly  disappearing ;  and  the  present  invasion  of 
the  farther  west  by  climate-seekers  cannot  fail  to  bene- 
fit the  interior.  When  the  mining  industry  shall  have 
been  more  fully  systematized,  workings  beuig  directed 
somewhat  more  to  mineral  lodes  and  somewhat  less  to 
the  pockets  of  outside  speculators;  when  the  senseless 
national  raid  against  bimetallic  currency  shall  be  at 


PREFACE. 

tillage  or  make  wrvfi,!;/        ^.  ""P''"™''  """hods  „f 
whe^  the  inn' enl  den     f" ;''"'  ''"^'' "'''''"-'  "><""  ^ 

Weane/an^j-Lttrrgt^Lf"-"'"--" 


CONTENTS  OF  THIS  VOLUME. 


CHAPTER   r. 

iNTHo,.nrroRv  i.emark.s  am,  nf.svMf.. 
The    Almrigines-  -New  .m,,,-^.,, 

t-ondusi..,..  i..  the  X.u,.  /^.,.l    T  1   f„,M"".;!"'"-"^"    ^^--'"•^''- 
iTnnaiv.  ...tory  --X,.  IVehi.toric  ^^^^   N. ''2^  ""  '':""'*'   " 

graphic  Note.  """'  '"■  '^"'^  '^"  *'"«'•'"  Town.     Bil.l.o- 


CHAPTER   ir. 

NIZA    ANI.  CUo.VAhO   IN    ARIZONA. 

1539  1540. 
The  Discoverers-  Viceroy  Mendoza'.  I.i..„       v        w 

tl-  N'.'«ro.,o..rn..y loth  North  ';"^7'';7  Marcos  ,Ie  Nixa  and 
<^'fi-  Fate  of  KLvani-o,,  !':'';'■'''  '"•■'"'^^^  "^  "'«  •^"-■n 
Ma^co.inSi^|.tof,•,|,.,I,     V       U'  "'"''"  "^  ^'"'^•""^     '•>"y 

<'"ia  Francisco  Val  e  ,; p"  ""  ,""  *'*'  '^'•"  '  "'"-h..  or  M,...na 
Z^l.l.var  Bn.Ii„,rap;;  oV  tH^CH;-'^  ^"'^  ^-V-nia.  and 
-M.'Ichor  I)ia.     Fronfson  J:  'r,':,'^''  '"",J'^  ■'^-"-  «'>^^'"m..„t 

(xlll) 


27 


xiv  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  irr. 

CORONA  DO    IN    NEW    MEXICO. 

154a  1542. 

At  Cibola,  or  Zufli — Alvarado'8  Tour  in  tho  East — Tales  of  the  Turk — 
HuDklu  Piaius — Aciico,  Tiguex,  and  Cicuye — Map — Arrival  of 
Arellano  and  the  Army — In  Winter  Quarters— .Spanish  Outrages — 
A  Winter  of  Snow  and  Warfare — Expedition  to  tiie  Nortl'east — 
Coronado  in  Quivira — Wigwa.n  Villagoi  and  No  (iolil—  Hack  at 
Tiguex — The  llio  (rrande  Valley — Pnehln  Names — Second  Winter 
in  New  Mexico— Plans  for  a  New  Conque-it  Orders  to  Return- 
Dissensions — Fray  Juan  de  Padilla — March  to  Sonora — A  Denioral- 
i/ed  .\rmy — Ileniarks  on  Uesults  -Northern  Mystery  and  Early 
Maps — Ibarra's  Entradas,  156.3-5 — The  Name  of  New  Mexico 49 


CHAPTER   IV. 

ENTRADA.S   UK   UODKIOtTEZ   ANU  E8PEJ0. 

1581-158.3. 

The  Franciscans  inNueva  Vizcaj'a — Fray  Agustm  Rodriguez — Province 
of  San  Felipe — Detiiils  of  Wanderings — Chamuscado's  Return — 
Testimony  in  Mexico — Bibliography  of  the  Entrada — 'llie  Friars 
Kil'-'.l — Antonio  Espejo  and  Fray  Bernardino  Beltran— Up  the  Rio 
del  Norte — The  Jumanas — Traces  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca — The  Pueblos 
— News  of  Coronado — Map— To  Aconia  and  Zufli — Moqui  Towns — 
Silver  Mines — Return  of  Beltran  and  Part  of  the  Company — Espejo 
Visits  the  Quires,  Ubates,  ami  Tanos— Pecos  or  Cicui(iue — A  Hostile 
Province — Down  the  Rio  do  Vacas  and  Home— The  Name  New 
Mexico 


CHAPTER   V. 

FRl'ITLEiW   PROJEOrs — CASTANO  AND   HPMASA. 

1583-1596. 

Views  of  Rio  de  Losa— Royal  Cedula — Reports  of  Beltran  and  Espejo — 
Attractions  in  the  North — Foreign  Encroachments — Pioject  of 
Cristdlial  Martin — The  Empresario's  Demands— Proposed  Conquest 
anil  Settlement  by  Antonio  Epejo — Francisco  Diaz  de  Vargas 
W'illing  to  Serve  the  King  a<i  Conqueror — No  Results— The  Viceroy's 
Contract  with  Jnan  Bautista  de  Lomas— Francisco  de  Urdiflola— 
Oaspar  Castafto  de  Sosa  and  his  Illegal  Entrada— Up  the  Rio  Pecos 

A  W^inter  Tour  among  the  Pueblos— Thirty-three  Towns  Visited 

—The  Leader's  Return  in  Chains —Captain  ,Tuan  Morlete- Bonilla 
and  Humafia— Fate  of  the  Gold-seekera  in  Quivira 92 


49 


CONTENTS.  vr 

CHAPTER   VI. 

OSATE's  CONQUEHT   of  new   MEXICO. 

1595-1598. 

A  Blank  in  History  Filled — The  Versions  of  Early  Writers— Not  Iin- 
Idoved  by  Modern  Authors — The  Veritable  but  Unknown  Authori- 
ties— Villagra's  Work — An  Kpic  History  of  the  Conquest— Don 
Juan  de  Onate— His  Contract  of  1595 — Enlistment  of  an  Army- 
Change  of  Viceroys — Vexatious  Delays — Documents  from  the  Arch- 
ives Conlirming  the  Poet — Persecutions — Start  for  tlie  North — In 
Zaeatecas — Visita— At  Caxco  and  Santa  Barbara— Royal  Order  of 
Suspension —A  Vear'a  Delay — Order  to  Start  in  ir)97— On  the 
Conchos-The  Franciaoan  Friars — List  of  Oflate's  Associates — To 
the  Rio  del  Norte — Formal  Possession  Taken  in  April  1598 — The 
Drama 110 


CHAPTER   VII. 

OSaTE's   CONQtEST,    CONTINUED. 

1598-1599. 

El  Paso  del  Norte— Up  tlic  Rio  Orandc- The  First  Pueblo  Oroup  at 
Sdcornj — A  Miracle  at  Puarai— From  Pueblo  to  Pueblo— Obedience 
and  Vassela^e — San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros,  San  (Jabriel,  and  City 
of  San  Francisco — Universal  Junta — Distribution  of  Missionaries — 
List  of  Towns— Zaldivar's  Trip  to  the  Plains — Onate's  South-eastern 
Tour — The  Captain-general  Starts  for  the  Mar  del  Sur — Subniission 
of  Acoma,  Zufli,  and  tiie  Moqui  Towns — Visit  to  Mines  in  Arizona 
— Villagra's  Adventures,  Acoma  to  Zufti^Revolt  of  Acoma — Death 
of  Zaldivar  and  Fifteen  Companions— Vengeance  of  the  Spaniards 
— Battle  of  the  Peflol — Destruction  of  Acoma  and  Slaughter  of  the 
Natives — End  of  the  Epic  and  Other  Ilecords 1'28 

CHAPTER  Vni. 


of 
luest 
Irgas 
l-oy's 
lla- 
tecos 
Uted 
Inilla 


92 


ElfJHTY    YEARS   OK    NEW    MEXICAN    ANNALS. 

1599-1079. 

A  Fragmentary  Record — Ofiate's  Letter — Roenforcement — Viceroy's  Re- 
port— A  Controversy  at  San  .luan-  Expedition  to  lj)uivira,  ItiOI  — 
Desertion  of  Colonists  and  Friars — Zaldivar  in  Mexico  and  Spain — 
Results — Ofiate's  Expedition  to  the  Soutli  Stsa,  1()04  .">-  ,\  New  (!ov- 
ernor,  lfi08— Founding  of  Santa  Fe,  ItiOo  10— Padre  Zarate  de  Sal- 
meror — A  Custodian,  ]C)'2]  -New  Missionaries,  IO'_\S  9  (iovernors 
Zotylo  and  Silva— Benavidea'  llcport— List  of  Governors,  lUlO-SO 


r 


XVJ 


CONTENTS. 


— Eastern  Entrada'a — Padre  PoHada's  Report — Indian  Trouldes — 
Padrea  Killed — Murder  of  (lovemor  Rttaaa,  ]M'2 — t'ontroversy  and 
Disaster  I'eflalosa'B  Rule  and  Fictitioua  Trip  ti>  Quivira,  1002  — 
Apache  Raids— Ayeta'a  Appeals — Aid  that  Came  too  ^.ate 146 


CIIAI'TER  IX. 

A   DECADE  OF   FKKEDOM. 
1G80    1091. 

Causes  of  the  Revolt— Religious  Tyranny  The  Patriot  Leaders— Pope, 
Catiti,  Tupatii,  and  Jaea  -The  Knotted  Cord  The  Plot  Revealed 
— Massacre  of  400  >Spaniard4 — Twenty-one  Martyr  Friars— Names 
Siege  of  .Santa  Fe— The  (Jovernor's  Victory  and  Retreat- -Down 
the  Rio  del  Norte  to  Kl  Paso  -Presidio  del  Paso  del  Norte  -Pope's 
Rule  in  New  Mexico— Liberty  and  Anarchy-  Fruitless  Kntrada  of 
1081 — Destruction  of  the  Pueblos — The  Faithful  Tiguas  of  Isleta — 
Oterniin  Censured — Events  at  El  Paso — Mission  Items — Rule  of 
Cruzat  and  Reneros — Huurta's  Project — Battle  at  Cia — A  New  Gov- 
ernor     174 


CHAPTER  X. 


RECONQUESr    BY    DON    DIECO   DE   VARGAS. 

I0!)l.'-I700. 

Authorities — Entrada  of  1092 — Occupation  of  Santa  Fe — A  Bloodless 
Campaign — Tupatii's  Efforts — Submission  of  tlie  I'ueblos-  To 
Acoma,  Zufli,  and  Mosqui— Quicksilver — Return  to  El  Paso — 
Entrada  of  109.3 — Cool  Reception-Battle  with  the  Tanos  at  Santa 
Fe — Seventy  Captives  Shot — Four  Hundred  Slaves— Events  of  1094 
— The  Mesa  of  San  Udefonso — Founding  of  LaCafiada — Rumors  of 
Trouble — A  Famine — Revolt  of  1090 — Massacre  of  Friars  and  Set- 
tlers— A  New  Reconquest — Governor  Vargas  succeeded  by  Cubero 
in  1697 — A  Bitter  Quarrel -Charges  of  the  Cabihhi-  V^argas  in 
Prison  —  Events  of  1098-1700— The  Moquis— The  French— The 
Pecos 


197 


CHAPTER  XI. 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE   EIOIITEESTH  CENTURY. 
1701-1750. 

Permanent  Submission— Cubcro's    R'lle— Revolt   at    Zuf\i-  Rule   and 
Death  of  Governor  Vargas — Founding  of   Alburquerque — Moquia 


CONTENTS. 


xvu 


and  ApatlicR— Marques  <lo  la  IVfiucla — Navajo  War— Rcfounding 
of  laluta  Uiile  of  Flores— Tlic  Yutatt — (rovcriior  Marline/- -Tho 
Comaiiclu'H  A  Controversy  V'alvenle  in  Cornniand  Kntrada  to 
tlieNortli  HiiMtaiii.inte'.i  Kiile  — Sniugglini^  Frenrli  KMcroacliuientH 
I'adrua  versus  liisliop     Cm/at  (Jovernor     Olavide's  Rule-    Mendoxa 

-  Frcnc'linu'ii  Converts  from  Mo((ni  —  (Joveniors  CrMlallos  and 
Cacliiipin     MiM|ui  -Jesuits  J lefeated     Navajo  Missions — A  (Quarrel 

—  SUtistics — List  of  Governors  to  1840 224 


CIIAPTKK    XII. 


LAST    HAI.F   ()!•"   TIIK    KKJUrEKSTlI    CK.NTUUY. 
1751-1800. 

Sequence  of  Events — Rule  of  Cacliupin  and  Marin  dc  Valle — Indian 
Canii)aigns  Men<lo/a  and  Urrisola^Conianclies  ( 'aehiipin  again 
-  Visit  of  UuIm  Flood  at  Santa  Fe-  Rcghiuiento  de  Presidios  - 
Moijuis-  F.sealante's  Writings  and  Explorations  -Tour  of  I'adro 
fiarees  lloiiilla's  Ueport— I'rovineias  Internas  <rovernor  An/a — • 
Conifiiu'lie  Campaign  of  '7D — The  Mixpii  Famine  and  Pestilence—. 
Flon,  Cfiuclia,  antl  Chacon — Morii  on  Reform  Friars  versus  CJov- 
ernor— Tile  Mission  System — Consolidation  of  Missions-  Secu- 
lari/atio" — College-- List  of  Padres-  Industri<^s  of  tlie  Province — 
Agricidture  Stock-raising  Trade  or  Harter  Annual  Fairs  at  Taos 
and  Cliiliuiiliua  Imaginary  Money-- Conmiercial  Evils-  Statistics 
of  Population  and  Local  items 255 


CII.MTER  XI 11. 


LAST  YEAUS   OF  SpANIHll    RILE. 


1801-1822. 

Two  Bor)k8 — Succession  of  (!j)vernors- Chacon,  Alencaster,  Mainoz, 
Manri((ue,  AUande,  Mclgares,  Chavez,  and  Vi/carra-  Indian 
Affairs  I'omanche.-',  Navajos,  and  Mocjuis  -Melgares  in  the 
Northeiist— Election  of  a  Delegate  to  the  Cortes —Peilro  Bautista 
Pino  (iocs  to  Spain- -The  Louisiana  Purehasi?  and  Boundary  (^hies- 
tion-    Lalanile  and  Purscly     Zelmlon  M.  Pike --.\tteui]its  at  Trade 

-  McKnight—Choteau  and  ?)(■  Mun     Clenn.  Rucknell,  and  Cooper 

-  Population— Local  Items  Trade — Auriculture  Manufactures — ■ 
Mining  Institutions  fiovornment  Military  Missions  and  Bish- 
opric Charges  against  the  Friars  War  of  Indepcmdence  V^iva 
Iturbidc! 283 


zvtu 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   XIV. 


A  MEXICAN    TBRRITOBT. 


1823-1845. 

SncoenioB  of  Rulers — Territory  and  Department — Civil  and  Military 
Oovemment — Chronology — Indian  Atfairs— Revolution  of  1837-8 
—Perez,  Uonzalaz,  and  Armijo — Texan  Santa  Fe  Expedition  of 
1841— Defeat  of  the  Invaders— Texan  Raids  for  Plunder  in  1843— 
McDaniel,  Warfield,  and  Snively— The  Filibusters  Foiled— The 
Santa  Fe  Trade — Commerce  of  the  Prairies — Map — Events  and 
Statistics — Storrs  and  Gregg— Pa ttie's  Exploits — California  Cara- 
vans—Industrial  Condition — Mines  and  Missions— Schools — News- 
paper—Population   310 

CHAPTER  XV. 

PIMERIa   ALTA    and  THK   HOgUI   PROVINCI. 

1543-1767. 

Earliest  Annals  of  a  Non-existent  and  Nameless  Province — A  Century 
and  a  Half  of  Neglect — Entradas  of  Espejo  and  Oflate — Down  the 
Colorado  to  the  Gulf — Conversion  and  Revolt  of  the  Moquis — Prog- 
ress in  Sonora — Pimerfa  Alta — Maps— Labors  of  Father  Kino — 
Blxplorations  in  Arizona — The  Gila  and  Casa  Grande — Mange's 
Diaries— Kino's  Map — First  Missions  in  17.32 — Bac  and  Guevavi— 
Solas  de  Plata— Revolt— Jesuit  Efforts  to  Enter  the  Moqui  Field- 
Triumph  of  the  Franciscans—  Explorations  of  Keller  and  Sedelmair 
—Up  the  Colorado — Last  Years  of  the  Jesuit  Regime — Decadence  of 
the  Missions — Tubac  Presidio— Rancheria  of  Tucson — Apache 
Raids  and  Military  Expeditions 344 

CHAPTER   XVI. 


FIMERfA   ALTA,    OR   ARIZONA. 

1768-1845. 

A  Meagre  Record — Errors  of  Modern  Works — Excavations  of  Early 
Prosperity— Coming  of  the  Franciscans — State  of  the  Missions — 
Military  and  Presidio  Annals— A  New  Apache  Policy — San  Javier 
del  Bac — Presidio  of  Tucson— Tubac — Pima  Company — Guevavi  and 
Tumac<icori— -Calabazas— Aribac — Explorations  in  the  North — 
Garces,  the  Franciscan  Kino — Tours  to  the  Gila  and  Colorado — 
Anza's  Trips— Crespo's  Views— Escalante-Font's  Map— Garces 
Visits  the  Moquis — Colorado  River  Missions — The  Moquis  Perish — 
The  Peralta  Land  Grant- Mining  Operations— Later  Annals — Era 
of  Prosperity— Final  Ruin— Apache  Wars-  End  of  the  Missions- 
American  Trappers 372 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  XVII. 


IIS 


AHBRIOAN  OCCUPATION   OF  NEW   MBXIOO. 

1846-1847. 

The  Mexican  War — Kearny'a  Army  of  the  West — The  March — Misgion 
of  Cooke  and  Magottin — Plans  for  bloodless  Conquest — Arinijo'a 
Preparations  and  Flight — From  bent's  Fort  to  Las  Vegas — iSant* 
Fe  Oocupietl — Kearny's  Proclamation — Tour  in  the  .South— Doni- 
phan in  Command — Turhulent  Volunteers — Price  and  the  Mormons 
— Navajo  Treaty— Chihuahua  Campaign — Civil  Oovemment  and 
Kearny  Code— Plots  of  Ortiz  and  Archuleta — Grounds  of  Com- 
plaint—Revolt of  1847— Murder  of  Governor  Bent — Disasters  at 
Taos,  Arroyo  Hondo,  and  Mora — Price's  Campaign  -Fights  at 
CaAada,  Einbudo,  andTaos— Further  Troubles  with  Insurgents  anil 
Indians — Executions 408 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

ANNALS  or  ARIZONA. 

1846-1854. 

Affairs  in  Pimerfa  Alta — Apaohe  Raids— Tubac  Abandoned— The  Mex- 
ican War — Explorations— Kearny's  March— Cooke  and  the  Mor- 
mons— Wagon  Road — Graham's  Dragoons — Treaty  and  Boundary 
— Whipple  and  Bartlett  — Sitgreaves — Railroad  Surveys — Parke's 
Explorations — Overland  Emigration  to  California — Hayes'  Diary — 
Indians— The  Oatman  Massacre— Colorado  Ferry  and  Camp  Cal- 
houn— Glanton's  Outrages — Fort  Yuma  Eitabliahed— Colorado  City 
— Navigation  of  the  River— Derby's  Survey — The  First  Steamers . .  474 

CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  QADdUES    PUKCIIA3B. 

lSr)3-l863. 

Treaty  of  1853 — Southern  Arizona  Added  to  the  United  States — New 
Bcmndary  Survey — Boale's  Road — Ives  on  the  Colorado — Southern 
Road  and  Overland  Stage  -Military  Posts — Mining  Developments 
Fort  Yuma — Gila  Placers— Indian  Affairs^Apache  Raids— Cochise 
on  the  War-path— Crabb  and  the  Filibusters — Sonoran  Vagabonds 
— Outlaws  from  Texas  and  California — Politics — Efforts  for  a  Terri- 
torial Organization — Cook  and  Mowry  at  Washington — Bills  in 
Congress— Constitutional  Convention— The  First  Book — Arizuma — 
Final  Suocesa — War  of  the  Rel>ellion — Secession  of  Arizona — Troops 
Withdrawn — Triumph  of  Apaches — Confederates  Take  Tucson — 
But  Retreat  before  the  California  Column — Bibliography  of  the 
Period 491 


CONTEXTS. 


ciiAi'TEu  xxr. 


rOLITICAL     ANNALH   OF    AltlXONA. 

1804  1887. 

Origin  of  till'  iiaiiii'  Arizona  'IVrritorial  Ornaiii/ation— A  .Migrating 
(ioveriiiiu^iit  .\t  .N'iivajo  Spring  (Jovurnor  (iooilwin  ami  CoiigrcsH- 
niiin  ronton  Kir.st  Li-gislaturc  -  .Scal.-t- -l*oliti(;al  Allaira— llulur.s — 
'IliL'  Cainlal  (^iKistioii  -  I'u.'.scott  versus  Tucson  Original  Countifs  — 
Map  Mouuiiary  I >is]mte  at  Yuma  .Statistics  of  Population  Iniini- 
gralion  Mormons  I'owcirs  Kxploration  of  tlii' Colorado — W'liool- 
cr'.s  Surveys — I'lcmils  ami  l'];irtlii|uak(,'.s  Lists  of  Ki'ilcral  auil  'i'orri- 
torial  Ollirurs  Mi-mlmrs  of  Council  and  Asscnilily — Rosuniu  of 
Lcgi-slative  I'rocueilings 5'JO 

CIIAITKU   XXII. 

INDIAN    AKKAIU.**  «»K   AUIZONA. 

1804  188(5. 

The  Friciiilly  Trilics — Superintendents  and  Agents — The  Yunias — 
Mojaves  llu;ilapais  Yavapais  .Suppai-  Moi|uis--  I'ima  and  Mari- 
eopas  I'ai)agos  -  I'liu  Apaches  -K  irly  Hostilities —Krrors  of  tiie 
(loveriinient  Koi'ts  and  C,im|n  .\  Tiu)Usand  N'ictiins  Carlcton'u 
Campaign  (leneral  Mason  Wallen.  Lovell,  (Jregg,  and  Critten- 
den -Hevin  and  Wiieaton — Popular  Imlignation — A  Military 
l)i'partment  under  Stoui'inan  Camp  (Irant  Massacre  -  Croi>k  in 
Command-  IN  ,i(-e  Policy  ColytT  and  Howard  More  War  J'eacc 
in    IS73-4--'lln' Apaches  on  Reservations     Concentration     Ka\itz, 

Willcox,    and    Ci k    again     Raids    of    Renegade    Chiricaliuas    ■ 

J'Aphiils  of  (ienininio     (leneral  Miles — .Success  at  Last     Prospects 

— Crime  and  Lawlessness 543 

cn.M'TEii  xxiir. 


ARIZONAN    INIM'STIUKS    AND    INsriTtTTICt-S 

18G4-1886. 

Minins;— Early  Operations— The  Tiold  Plawrs — EfTcctof  Apache  \Vars— 
Otiier  Ohstaclos  Final  .Success— .Statistics  Silver  and  (lold  Belt  — 
The  Four  (iroui)s,  Mojave,  Yavapai,  (iila,  Pima,  and  I'ochise-Sonie 
Local  Items-  Famous  Mines— Tonihstone— Copper  Mines  Dia- 
mond ff  nn\— Afndern  Works  on  Arizona—  Agriculture— Climate  and 
Products—  Ptnckrnisinff- -Crovernmnnt  Lands-  Mexican  Orants^ 
Mauufacmres  and  Trade  -Roads,  Stages  and  Mails — Railroads  and 
Telegra)>hs  Education— Library -Historical  Society— Churches- 
Newspapers  578 


CON  1  ENTS. 
CHAPTEU   XXIV. 


XXI 


COCNTIKS    AM)   TOWNS   OK   AlllZONA. 
18W    I8S7. 

County  Map — Apai-lio  County -('oal,  Live-sttx'k,  ami  Mormons-  St 
John  and  llollirook  Vavaiiai  .Miui;s  of  (lold  ami  Silvir  City  of 
IVoscott  Mojiivf  and  I'ali-UU)  Mining  I  )istiuis  Mmiial  I'ink  - 
Vuma  -Colorado  liottoni  -<Jold  l'lac.>r;i  —  Hot  lU'sfrts  N'unia  City 
anil  Klirenlnu'g  I'inia  A  l^iud  of  History  and  'I'railition  I'apa- 
fluiTia  Tucson  (lie  Motropolis  (^uijotoa  I'mhisc  l<auil  of  tliu 
Cliirioahnas  Mineral  Woaltli — ToniUstonu,  Hisitoo,  Itcnsoii,  and 
Wili'ox  New  Counties  of  the  <!ila  Valley  Maricopa  Farms  and 
Canals  I'liirnix  1'iiial  County  Mining  and  Agriculturt;  l''Ior- 
ence — CasaiJramlc  (iila  County  (ilotte  (Jraham  County —  Craz- 
ing I^amls  and  Copper  Mines  l*uel)lo  Viujo  Valley- -.Solonionvillu 
and  Clifton COS 

CIIAI'TER   XXV. 

TEUKITOUY    OK    NEW    MEXICO. 

1851    I80:i. 

Organic  Act— List  of  Oovernor  and  Other  Officials — Civil  versus  Mili- 
tary Authority — Sumner's  Suifgostions  -I^egislativu  AsscniMies— 
Members  and  Acts  System  Followed— Capital  and  Capitol  .\r- 
ciiives  and  Historical  Society — Counties— Population  Finance  - 
Education — Industries — Trade — Fairs— Agriculture  and  Stock- 
raising— Statistics  from  Census  Reports  I'ulilic  Lands  Private 
Jjand  Claims— I'uehlo  (!rants--Mining  Industry  New  Mexico  in 
Congress  -Contested  Seats — Appropriations— Disputed  Houndary  — 
The   Mesilla  Valley-  Explorations (i'J9 

CITAITER   XXVI. 


INDIAN    AM)    MILITARY    AI'FAIRa. 
1851-1863. 

Ninth  Military  Department — Commanders — Force-  Forts  Oovrrnmcnt 
Policy — Lack  of  System — Nnmlii'rof  Imlians — Warfan;— Pluridfriiig 
as  a    Profession — Sunmer's    ElTorts— Treaties  liy  Lane  iuid  Merri- 

wether Later  Campaigns-  Carlctnn's  Policy  ancl  Success — Siijicr- 

intendents  and  Agents — Congressional  Acts  Reservation 
Experiments — Utes  and  .Ticarillas  -Agencic-i  at  Al>i(niiii,  Taos,  ami 
Cimarron-  Southern  Apaches— Mescaleros  at  Fort  Stanton — The 
Minibrea— Confederate  Invasion — The  Pueblos — Laud  Grants — The 


CONTEXTS. 

Navajiis—  TluMf  Warfare  on  New  Mexicann — TrcaticH  Mailc  ti>  lie 
IJriikoii— Clironologiu  Skctcli — Tlio  War  tif  18.')H  (ilJ  -('arHnii'«  (aiii- 
[luigii   <>>'>3 


ClIArTKR  xxvir. 

t'ONrKDKllATK    INVASION    (IK    NK.W    MK.XICi). 

1801   18(}2. 

SoiitliiTii  Syinpatliics — Slavrry  in  the  Tnrritory— IVonago— Imliiiii 
StM'vaiits  -LawM  on  ScrvitiiiK'  In  Con^ri's.t  New  Mcxioan-i  not 
Si'ictHiiinists  llatrt'il  I'f  Tixans  Sontlicrn  I'lans  raiisfsnf  Kail- 
urt'  Autlinritics  I'luts  of  Luring  and  CrittL-uilcii  l'"li:,'lit<if  Smitli- 
i;rn  Ollici-rs  Haylor  at  Mi'^illa  Lyndc's  Surrciiilcr  Sil^lt■y■^« 
K\|K'ilitii)n  Canliy's  Ktl'urts  Opposing;  Forces  lliintcr's  Arizona 
Tanipaign  — Texan  Advance  — Defeat  of  the  Federals  at  N'alverdu — 
Conft'derato  Oi'dijiation  of  Alluir([iU'r(|Ue  ami  Santa  Fe  Arrival  of 
Colorado  Volunteers  at  Fort  L'nion  -  'I'wo  llattles  in  Apaelie  Carton 
—  Pike's  I'eakers  against  Tcxans — lietreat  of  the  Confeilerates — 
Fight  at  1'eralta— Flight  of  Sihley— Arrival  of  the  Californians — 
End  of  the  War C80 


{'HAiTEK  xxvirr. 

CUB0N0I,IM;I('    and   IIKKICIAI.. 

1804-1886. 

Chronologic  Resume — rrovernors—  List  of  Offioials— Mcmhcrs  and  Officers 
of  tne  Ijcgislaiure  for  each  Session — Sunnnary  of  Legislative  Acts 
— Changes  in  Sessions  and  Rules — Delegates  in  Congress — Contested 

Scats  National  Legislation — Pultlic  lUiildings — Historical  Soci- 
ety—Fniances — Claims  against  tho  United  States — Revised  Laws — 
Supreme  Court — Lawyers — EflTorts  to  Secure  Admission  as  a  State 

Surveys  and  Boundaries — Crime  and  Disorder—  statistics  of  I'op- 
nlation 701 

c"  \PTER  xxrx. 

INDIAN       VD   MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 

1864-1887. 

M  ilitary  Commanders — Forcs^d— Forts — Indian  Population— .Superin- 
tendents— Appropriations — Chronology — TheNavajos — Bosqne  Re- 
dondo — Carleton's  Efforts — Controversy — The  Reservation  a  Fail- 
ure— Removed  to  their   Old   Home — Agents — Prosperity  iu    tlie 


COXTKNTS. 


xxiU 


Niirtli-wost— f'nniaiu'heH-  .Mcarilla.i  aiiil  l'te<  -  AgwiuMcs  at  ("iiimr- 
run,  Al)i<|uiii,  mill  'i'u'rru  Aiiiarilhi  Fiiml  lU'iiioval  i  li«  J'ui'lihm 
—  List  I'f  A^i'iiti  liiiil  ('liri>ii(ilii^iu  Summary  IVrsliytiTiaii  .Sclinnl'i 
—Till!  Mu-nalcriH— At  Fort  tSuiiiiitir  ami  FurtMaiitim  Agriit-*  ami 
Aiiiialt— Soullu'rn  Ajiaolifn-  Himtiiu  lJamln—  Ufnorvatiniis-  Taftaila 
AlamoHa,  Tii!arii<ia,  ami  Ojo  t'alicntti — Victorio'n  llaiiU — Aiiaciiuii 
lluiuuvc'J  tu  Ari/uuu 7'<!5 

CHAITKU  XXX. 

iNKuarmfcH  am>  iNsnifnoNs, 

IMU  1887. 

Mineral  Wealth— Mining  Notes  of  18(U-T0— Oreat  Prosiiccts  and  Small 
KeKultii — Statixtio.'i  of  Production— The  Mining  l)i«trii't«— (toM, 
Silver,  Coinitr.  Coal,  ami  Iron — The  Jiiioiii  from  1880-  AuthoritieM — 
Kesumu  of  Iii'velojiiiients — (leneral  Uosults  ami  IVosjuscts-  Spanish 
and  Mexican  Land  (irants — List  of  C'lainm — Public  I^amU  and  Sur- 
veys -  Agriculture — Statistics — Slight  Progress — Stoek  Uaising — 
Cattle  and  Sheep — Monopoly  and  Other  Ohstaeles—  Manufactures — 
Trade  -  Railroads- Telegraph  Lines-Stage  and  Mail  Routes — 
Bureau  of  Immigration — Schools — I'uliliuatiuns  of  the  Jesuit  College 
— Newspiipera — Churuli  Atfairs 748 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 


COUITIES   AND  TOWNS   OF    NKW    MKXirO. 

1887. 

County  Map — Colfax — Area  and  Annals — Stock-raising — Raton  and 
Springer — Dictations  of  Prominent  Citizens — Mora— Fort  Union 
— Taos — A  (rarden  SiK)t — Old  Pueblo— San  Fernindo — Rio  Arril)a 
— San  Juan  Indians — Coal — Tierra  Amarilla — Oflatc's  Capital — Ber- 
nalilio — A  Flourishing  County — Tiguex— Pueblos — AlluKiueniue — 
Santa  Fe  Antiijuity  and  Mines— The  Capital —Statements  of  Citi- 
zens— San  Miguel— Farms  and  Ranches — Las  Vegas — Testimony  of 
Residents — Valencia  and  Las  Lunas — Lincoln  and  White  Oaks — 
Socorro— Mining  Activity— Grant— Silver  City  and  Deming-  Dofla 
Ana— Mesilla  Valley — Las  C.uces— Sierra—  Hillsborough  and  Lake 
Valley 779 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED 


IN    THE 


HISTORY  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW 
MEXICO. 


"""ing'L'^^iU'P"^  "'  ''^  Examination  of  New  Mexico,  1846-7. 
Alanian  (Ltfca«).  Disertaciones.     Mexico   1844-9      1  v  i 

Alb.,  1880  et8& 


Wash- 


363; 


AburquerqueAnademy.AnnualRenorts    1S70  sn  »f 

A  ce.lo  (Autonio),  iJiccionario  GeSrS'HS;^  ^\'f''-,  •  f "'  '«»"  "t  seq. 

Alegre  (Francisco  JavJ   H.-.V^ll^T  ._^^"''*«"*'o-.    MaJrid,  1786-9.     5  vol 


Mex.,  1841.     3 


•leron 


1845  et  seq. 
5  vol. 


A.,.^„  ,H.„„,^  „,^p,.  ,„„  ,,,^p^.„^  j^^.^^  ^  _^  ^^^  ^^^_^^^ 

*''E'«r;„"/'  ^'°'''-  •"■"  l^  «i"<>~  General  *  M»io..    2.„^„ 

American  Almanac.     Boston,  1830-61.     32  vol 

American  Ethnological  Society,  Tranlactionr 

A.ner.can  Quarterly  R^^ister.^'  P  1X1^^1 

American  Review.     Ph.i.,  1827  et  ,iei 

American  State  Paners.     Boston,  1817  et  sea 

Ancient  Santa  Fe,  MS     cxtrao*^^  fr„J^  v   aP' 

Amigo  del  Puehlo,  new^j^per.   'mT        ^'''-  "«^«W«". 

Anderson  (Alex.  D.),  The  .4iiver  Country.     NY     187- 

Appleton's  Journal.     NY     *^  '  ^  "®  "^  *-**"«•     Barcelona,  1754. 

(  XXV) 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


i      ! 


In  Arch.  SU  Fd. 

Sta  Fe,  187G.     See  also  N. 

Madrid,  1792. 
1838-50.     2'2  vol. 


MS.  of  Pinart 


Archivo  do  Nucvo  Mexico.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d  series,  pt  iv.,  127  et  aeq. 

Archivi)  de  Santa  Fc.     Unbound  MSS.  preserved  at  Sta  Fe. 

Aruhivo  (reneral  de  Mexico.  MSS.  32  vol.  Copies  in  Bancroft  Library; 
also  printed  in  part  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex. 

Arco  Iris,  newspaper.     Mex. 

Arizona,  Acts  of  tiie  Legislature,  18(54  et  seq.  Prescott  and  Tucson;  Consti- 
tution of  the  Provisional  (jrovernnient.  Tucson,  18(K)(l8t  book  printed  in 
Ariz.);  History  of  (Elliott*  Co.).  S.  F.,  1884.  FoL;  Howell  Code.  Pres- 
cott, 181)5;  Journals  of  Legislature,  18(54  et  seq.  Prescott  and  Tucsonj 
Meiniirial  and  Affidavits  showing  outrages  by  Apache  Ind.  S.  F.,  1871; 
Message  of  the  (Jovernor,  18(54  et  seq.  Prescott  and  Tucson;  Alining 
Law.  Prescott,  18(54;  Newspapers  (see  names  of  towns  where  published, 
also  list  in  cliap.  xxv.);  Reports  on  Indian  Tribes,  1874.  MS.  2  Vol.; 
Reports  of  Surveyor-general,  in  U.  S.  Land  Office  R  'ports;  Resources. 
S.  F.,  1871;  Scraps,  a  col.  of  newspaper  clippings  classilied. 

Arizpe  Restauratlor  Beileral,  newspaper.     1838. 

Arlegui  (Joseph),  Clirdnica  de  la  Provincia  do  S.  Francisco  de  Zacatccas. 
Mex.,  1737. 

Arinijo  (Manuel),  Libro  de  Ordenes,  1843.     MS. 

Amy  (\V.  F.  M.),  Centennial  Historic  Oration. 
Mex.,  Mess,  of  (rov. 

Arricivita  (J.  D. ),  Crdnica  Serafica  y  Apostdlica. 

Arrillaga  (Basilio),  Recoisilacion  de  Leyes.     Mex. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific  R.  R.,  Prosj)octU8. 

Autos  contra  los  Indies  Jenizaros  del  pueblo  de  Abiquiii,  17(53. 
Col. 

Avery  (A.),  Haml-Book  and  Travellers' Ouido  of  N.  Mex.     Denver,  1881. 

Ayers  (John),  A  Soldier's  Experience  in  N.  Mex.     MS.     1884. 

Ayeta  (Francisco),  Memorial  al  Virey,  107(5.     MS.     In  N.  Mex.  Doc.,  481, 

Balch  (Win  R. ),  Mines,  Miners,  and  Mining  Interests  of  the  U.  S.     Phil., 

1882.     Fol. 
Bancroft  (Oeorge),  History  of  the  U.  S.     Boston,  1870. 
Bancroft  (Hubert  H.),  History  of  California,  vol.  i.-v.;  History  of   Mexico, 

Vol.  i.-v.;  History  of  the  North  Mexican  States,  vol.  i. ;  History  of  the 

Northwest  Coast,  2  vol. ;  Native  Riices  of  the  Pacific  States,  5  vol. — all 

included  in  Bancroft's  Works.     S.  F.,  1883  et  secj. 
Bancroft  (M.  (r. ),  New  Mexico  Miscellany.     MS. 
Bandelier  (Ad.  F. ),  Historical  Introduction.     Boston,  1881. 
Barljcr  (.lohn  W.)  and  Henry  Howe,  History  of  the  Western  States.     Cin- 
cinnati, 1807. 
Barreiro  (Antonio),  Ojeada  sobre  Nuevo  Mexico.     Puebla,  18.12. 
Barte-  (D.  W.),  l)irect<uy  of  Tucson.     S.  V.,  1881. 
Bartlett  (John  R.),  Personal  Narrative  of  Expl 'rations,  1850-3.     N.  Y.,  1854. 

2  vol. 
Beadle  (J.  H.),  Undeveloped  West.    Phil.  (1873);  Western  Wilds.    Cin.,  etc., 

187SJ. 
Buale  (Edward  F.),  Wagon  Road  from  Fort  Defiance  to  the  Colorado  River. 

I8.')7.     (3.")tli  cong.  Istsess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  124.) 
Beaumont  (Pablo  de  la  P.  C),  Crdnica  de  la  Provincia  de  Michoacan.     Mex., 

1873-4.    5  vol. ;  also  MS. 
Beltrami  (J.  C),  Le  Mexique.     Paris,  1830.     2  vol. 
Benavides   (Alonso),   Memorial.      Madrid,    1030;    Reqveste    Remonstrative. 

Bruxelles,  1031. 
Benton  (Thos  H.),  Abridgment  of  Debates  in  Congress.     N.  Y.,  1857-63.    16 

vol.;  Tiiirty  Years'  View.     N.  Y.,  1854.     2  vol. 
Benzoni  f(rirolaiiio),  Historio  del  Mondo  Nuovo.     Venitia,  1572. 
Berger  (Wm  M),  Tourists'  Guide  to  N.  Mex.     Kansas  City,  1883. 
Bernal  (( 'ristdbal  M.),  Rclaeion  del  Estado  de  la  Pimerfa,  1687.     lu  Doc.  Hiat. 

Mex.,  ,3d  ser.  iv.;  also  MS, 
Bernalillo  News,  newspaper. 


I 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xxvu 


Bemanlcz  (J.  tie  R.),  Descripcion  Brevo  <le  Zacatccas.     Mex.,  1732. 
Bigeli)w  (John),  Memoir  of  Life  and  Services  of  John  C.  Fremont.     X.  Y., 

18')C. 
Bigler  (Henry  W.),  Diary  of  a  Mormon,  184(i-8.     MS. 
Binuley  (Wni),  Travels  in  North  Anierica.     Lond.,  1821. 
Boggs  (Thomas  O. ),  Dictation,   188;").     MS. 

Boiiilla  (Antonio),  Apuntes  sobre  N.  Mex.,  177G.     MS.     In  N.  Mex.,  ('('dulas. 
Borlion,  Pa'ecer  del  Fiscal  sobre  el  provecto. . .  .Presidio  en  el  Rio  {'nlnrado, 

1801.     MS.     In  Arch.,  Cal. 
Borica  (Diego),  Infornie  sobre  ccmmunicacion  con  N.  Mex.,  1790.     M.S.     In 

Arcli.,  t'al. 
Botulpli,  San  Miguel  College,  Sta  Fe,  by  the  president.     MS. 
Bourke  (John  (J.),  Apache  Campaign,  1883.     N.  Y.,  188C;  The  Snake  dance 

of  the  Moquis.     N.  Y.,  1884. 
Brackenbridge  (B.  H.  M.),  Mexican  Letters.     Wash.  1850;  Early  Discoverers. 

Pittsburg,  1857. 
Brackett  (Albert  (i.).  History  of  the  U.  S.  Cavalry.     N.  Y.,  1805. 
Brevoort  (Elia.s),  New  Mexico.     Sta  Fe,  1874;  Sta  Fe  Trail.      MS. 
Browr.  (D. ),  Advertising  Agency.     S.  F.,  1884. 
Browne  (J.  Rims),  Adventures  in  the  Apache  Country.    N.  Y.,  1871;  Mineral 

Resources  of  the  Pacific  States.     Wash,  and  .S.  F.,   IS(>8;  Ri'.soun'es  of 

the  Pacific  States.    S.  F.,  1869;  Sketch  of  the  Settlement  of  L.  California. 

S.  F.,  1809. 
Browne  (.J.  Ross),  and  James  W.  Taylor,  Reports  upon  the  Mineral  Resources 

of  the  U.  S.     Wash.,  1807. 
Bryan  (R.  W.  D.),  Alburquerque  Indian  School.     MS.,  1884. 
Buclianan    (James),  Confidential  Circular,   May  13,  1840.     In  Larkin's  Doc, 

iv.  121. 
Buclna  (Eustaquio),  Compendio  Histririco  de  Sinaloa.     Mex.,  1878. 
Burcliard  (H.  C.),  Report  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint.     Wash.,  I8S1  et  seq. 
Barney  (James),  (.'hrouological  History  of  Discovery.     Loml.,  1803-  7.     4to, 

5  vol. 
Bustamantc  (CarlosM.),  Apuntes  para  la  Historia  de  Santa  Ana.    Mex.,  1845; 

Diario  de  Mexico,  1841-3;  El  (Jabinete  Mexicano.     Mex.,  1839  41.     .\IS. 

4  vol.;  Mex.,  1842.    2  vol.;  Invasion  de  los  Anglo-Americanos.     MS.;  Kl 

Nuevo  Bernal  Diiiz.     Mex.,  1847.     2  vol. 
Bustamante  (Juan  D.),  Resideucia  del  (Jobeniador  de  N.  Mex.,  1731.     MS. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  (Alvar  Nufiez),  Relation.     Wash.,  1851;  a\tio  in  Raniusio,  iii. 

310;  Ternaux-Compans,  serie  i.  tom.  vii. 
I'allioun  (James  S.),  Reports  of  an  Indian  Agent,  1849-51.     In  U.  S.  Govt 

Doc. 
Cdifornia  Agriculturist,  magazine. 

California  and  New  Mexico,  Message  and  Documents,  1850. 
Ciilifornian.     S.  F.,  1880  et  seq. 

Calle  (Juan  Diaz),  Memorial  y  Noticias  Sacras.     n.  p.,  1040. 
Caiiqi  (David  W.),  American  Year-Book  an<l  National  Register.     Hartfor<l, 

1809. 
Campbell  (Albert  W.),  Report  upon  Pacific  Wagon-roads,  1859.     (35  coiig.  2d 

sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  108.) 
Caiio  (Francisco),  Testimonio  del  descubrimiento  de  Li  laguua  del  X.  Mex. 

In  Paclieco,  Col.  Due.,  xix.  535. 
Cark'ton  (James   H.),  Correspondence  of  1802-5.     In   U.  S.   Ind.  AH.,  Ri';,c 

Joint  Spec.  Com.,  18t)7,  p.  98  et  scij. 
Carson  (Christopher),  Papers  of  the  Carson  family,   furnished  by   Thos   O. 

Bogcs,  1880.     MS. 
Castaiieda  (Peilro),  Relation  du  Voyage  de  Cibola,  1540.     In  Tornaux-Com- 

j>an8,  Voy.,  1st  series,  ix. 
CastaHo  de  Sosa  (Gaspar),  Memoria  del  Descubrimiento,  1590.     In  I'achsfc^ 

Doc,  XV.  191. 
Catlin.     The  Maxwell  Dynasty.     MS. 


XXVlll 


AUTHORITIKS  QUOTED. 


I       :< 


Navajo,  174.').     MS.; 
la  Arch.,  Sta  Fc. 


("avo  (An.lrt's),  TrcsSiglosde  Mexico.     Mox.,  18.Sr.-8.     3  vol. 

CV'hallos  (ilainoii),  Vimiicacioii  dc  Mejico.     Madrid,  185t». 

(Vdulario,  Col.  of  MS.S.      .'{  vol. 

Ciiacoii  (FiTiiaiido),   Iiiforiiio  dul  Gubr  Bobru  IiuluHtrias  del  N.   Mex.,  1803. 

MS.     In  Arch.,  Stii  Fe. 
C'liiviiigtoii  (.1.  M.),  First  Colorado  Rogiinent.     MS. 
Ciiu'iiiiiatus,  Travt'l.s  on  the  Western  Slope.     .S.  F.,  1857. 
Claviyero  (I'Vanciseo  S.),  Storia  doUa  California.     V'enegia,  1780.     2  vol. 
Clitlord  (.losephine),  Overland  Tales.     S.  F.,  1877. 
Cliflon  Clarion,  newspaper. 

Chisky  (M.  W.),  Political  Text-l.ook.     Phil.,  18«)0. 
Count  Jlevicw,  S.  F.  magazine. 
Codallos  y  Ilahal  (.loaquin),  Iteduccion  de  los  indios  de 

Tostinionio  &  la  letra  sohre  Canianehes,  1748.     MS. 
Colcecion  de  Docninentos  Int'ilitos.      See  i'acheuo. 
Colorado,  Koiisu  Journal.      3d  Session. 
Cooiiilw  (Franklin),  Narrative.     In  Mexico  in  1842. 
Coinpaitia  de  .lestss,  Catalogo  de  Sngetos.     Mex.,  1871. 
Congressional  Deliates.      IH  25th  Congress.     Wash.,  1824  et  hc([.     14  vol. 
Congressional  (llolie  (and  Record).      Wash.,  1830  et  seii. 
Couklin  (K  ),  J'ictures(|iie  Arizona.     N.  Y.,  1878. 
Cooke  (Pliilip  St  (ieorge),  Con<piest  of  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     N.  Y.,  1878;  .Tour- 

nal  <if  the  .March  of  the  .Mormon  liattalion.      (30th  cong.  .spec,  se.s.s..  Sen. 

Doc.  2):  ReiKtrt  of  his  Mardi,  184(5.     With  F:mory'8  Notes. 
Conlolia  (Luia  C.),  llistorii  de  Felipe  II.     Madrid,  Hill). 
Coronado  (Francisco  Vas<|uuz),  Kclacion  del  Suceso  de  la  Jornada  dc  Cilmla. 

Ill  Pacheco,  Doc,  xiv.  318,  and  Floriila,  Col.  Doc,  i.  147;  Letter  to  tlio 

I'^iiiperor,  Oct.  110,  1541.     In  Pacheco,  Doc,  iii.,  xiii.;  Ternaux-Compans, 

N'oy.,  Kst  ser.,  ix.;  Letter  to  the  Viceroy,  Aug.  3,  1541).     lu  liuuiusio,  iii.; 

Hakluyt,  iii. 
Correo  de  Fapana,  newspaper.     Mexico,  1854  et  seq. 
Correo  do  la  Federacion,  newspaper.     Mex.,  182t>etse(i. 
Cortes  (Hernan),  Escritos  Sueltos.     Mex.,  1871. 
Coutts  (Cave  J.),  Diary  of  a  March  to  Calif(.rnia,  1848.     MS. 
Coyner  (David  II.),  Tiie  Lost  Trappers.     Cincinnati,  I85{). 
Coz/.ens  (Sanim:!  W.),  Tlie  Marvellous  Country.     Boston  (1874). 
Creniony  (.lohii  C),  Life  among  the  Apaelies.     S.  F.,  18ti8. 
Crcspo  (Henito),  AMemorial  Ajustado.      Madrid,  1738. 
Crespo  (Francisco  Ant.),   Informe  que  hizo  al  virey .  .  .  Descnh.  de  N.  Mex. 

liara  Monterey  (1774).      MS.     In  N.  Mex.,  Doc  Hist,  8<)2. 
Creuzl)auer  (Robert),  Route  from  (iulf  of  Mexico  to  Cal.     N.  Y.,  184!). 
Cronise  (Titus  F.),  Natural  Wealth  of  Cal.     S.  F.,  1808. 
Crook  (<!corge).  Annual  Reports,  1883-4. 
Cutts  (.lames  M.),  Tiie  Conquest  of  Cal.  and  N.  Mexico.     Phil.,  1847. 

Dale  (Frank  W.),  Dictation.     MS.     1885. 

Damiiicr  (Wm),  A  New  Voyage  round  the  World.     Loud.,  10n9-17O9.     3  vol. 

Diivila  (.lulian  (iutierrez),  Klemorias  Histdricas.      Mex.,  \'i'Mi. 

Davi.s(VV.  W.  H.),  EKiringo.  N.  Y.,  1850;  Spanish  Conquest  of  N.  Mex- 
ico.    Doylestown,   1801). 

Daw.soii  (J.  R),  Dictati(m.     MS.     1885. 

Deail  Man's  <;ulcli.     MS. 

D.Bow  (J.  D.  ]{.),  Encyclopedia  of  Trade.     Lond.,  1854.     2  vol. 

D>-Courcy  ^i^e^ry),  Tlie  Catholic  Church  in  the  U.  S.     N.  Y.,  1857. 

Delgado  (Carlos),  Informe  sol )re  las  Execrahles  hostilida<le8  y  tiranfAs  dn  loa 
(lohernadores,  1750.  M.S.  In  N.  Mex.,  Doc,  128;  Relacion  de  la  Sierra 
Azul.     MS.     In  III.,  70'J;  Noticia  del  (iran  Teguayo.     MS.     In  Id.,  790. 

Del  Mar  (Al'\.),  History  of  the  Precious  Metals.     Lund.,  1880. 

Denver,  History  of  (Baskin  &  Co.).     Denver,  1880. 

Derby  (Oeu.  H.),  Reuouuoisancu of  tkuGulf  uf  Cal.  and  tho  Colorado.  Wash., 
1852. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


ZXIX 


Wash., 


Pewoca  (W.  B.),  Letters.     Louisville,  1852. 

Diario  de  Mexico.     Mex.,  1805-10.     13  vol. 

Diaz  del  I'iuttillo  (Bernal),  Historia  Verdadera  dc  la  Couquista.     Mad.,  1632. 

Diukel  (Geo.  J.),  Statement,  1885.     MS. 

Disposiciones  Varias,  Col.  of  Doc.     MSS.  and  print.     0  vol. 

Disturnell's  Business  Directory,  1881. 

Dixon  (Hepwortli),  White  Conquest.     Jjond.,  1876.     2  vol. 

Dobbs  (Arthur),  Account  of  the  countries  adjoining  to  Hudson's  Bay.     Loud., 

1744. 
Documeutos  para  la  Historia  de  Mexico.     Mex.,   1853-7.     4  series,  20  vol. 

Most  of  the  doc.  also  in  MS. 
Doia  (Henry).  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 
Domenech  (Emmanuel),  Deserts  of  North  America.     Loud.,   1860.     2  vol.; 

Ilistoiru  du  Mexique.     Paris,  1868.     3  vol. 
Dominguez  (Atanasio)  and  Silvestre  V.  Escalante,  Diario  y  Derrotero,   1776. 

In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  2d  ser.,  i.  377. 
Dnrsey  (S.  W,),  Dictation  of  a  Cattle-raiser.     MS.     1885. 
Downs  (Francis),  Dictation,  1884.     MS. 
Dublan  (Manuel)  and  J.  M.  Lozano,  Legislacion  Mejicana.     Mex.,   1856-80, 

1 1  vol. 
Dunbar  (K.  E.),  American  Pioneering.     (N.  Y.),  1863. 
Dunlop  (James),  Digest  of  General  Laws  of  the  U.  S.     Phil.,  1856. 
I)unu  (J.  P.),  Massacres  of  the  Mountains.     N.  Y.,  1886. 
Durango  llegistro  OHcial,  newspaper. 

Durango,  Informe  del  Obispo  sobre  Misiones,  1789.     MS.  of  Pinart  Col. 
Dwyor  (Joseph  VV.),  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 

Eckhoff  and  Iliecker's  Official  Map  of  Arizona,  1880. 

Edwards  (Frank  S.),  Campaign  in  New  Mexico.     Phi!.,  1847. 

Ellison  (Samuel),  History  of  New  Mexico,  1884.     MS. 

Emory  (\Vm  H.),  Journal,  1846-7.     In  Nilos'  Reg.,  Ixxi. ;  Notes  of  a  Military 

Kuconnoissance.     Wash.,  1848. 
Eacalante  (Silvestre  Velez),  Carta.     In  Arch.,  N.  Mex.;  Carta  do  1776  sobre 

M(Kpii.     M.S.     In  N.  Mex.,  Doc,  985;  Informe  y  Diario. .  .Mo<iui,  1775. 

MS.     In  Id.,  1022. 
E.scalona,  Carta  do  Relacion,  1601.     In  Torquema<la,  i.  673. 
Escalona  and  Barrundo,  Relacion,  1582.     lu  Pacheco,  Doc,  146;  Cartas  dc 

Indias,  2.W. 
Escudero  (Jose  A.),  Noticias  Estadlsticas  de  Chihuahua.     Mex.,  18.34;  Id.  de 

Sonora  y  Sinalofv.     Mex.,  1840. 
Espojo  (Antonio),  Expediente  y  Relacion,  1584.     In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xv.  151; 

Relacion.     In  Id.,  100;  Viaie  que  hizo.     In  Hakluyt's  Voy.,  iii.  383. 
Espinosa  (laidro  F.),  Crdnica  Apostolica.     n.  p.,  1746.     2  vol. 
Estrclla  de  Occidente,  Souora  newspaper. 

Falconer  (Thomas),  Notes.     In  Lond.  Geog.  Soc,  Jour.,  xiii. 

Farmer  (L.  ,1.),  Resources  of  the  Rocky  ^lountainH.     Cleveland,  188.3. 

Farnham  (Thos  J.),  Lifaand  Adventures.    N.  V.,  1846,  1857;  Mexico.    N.  Y., 

1846. 
Fedix  (P.  A.),  L'Oregon.     Paris,  1846. 
Fergusson  (David),  Report  on  the  Country,  Route  between  Tucson  and  Lobos 

Bity.      1862.     (37tn  cong.  spec,  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc  1.) 
Fernandez  Duro  (CrsAreo),  Don  Diegt)  de  PeAalosa.     Madrid,  1882;  Noticiaa 

de  Expediciones,  l.'J23-1783.     In  Id. 
Figueroa  (Francisco),  Becerro  General.     MS.     1764. 

Fisclier  (M. )  and  A.  A.  Abcitia,  Report  an  to  Socorro  Co.     Socorro,  1881. 
Fisher  (L.  P.),  Newspaper  Agency.     S.  F.,  1884. 
Florence  Territorial  ISntor^jrise,  new8iiaj)er. 
Flo.-ida,  Coleccion  de  Documentos.     Ijond.  (1857). 
Font  (Pedro),  Journal  of  a  Journey,  Sonora  to  Monterey,  1776.     MS. 
Foster  (Stephen  C),  Los  Angolea  iu  '47.  MS. 


il 


XXX 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I        i 


Fountain  (A.  J.),  Report  on  I>ofta  Ana  Co.     Mesilla,  1882. 

Frejes  (Francisco),  Historia  Brevo  de  la  t'onq  .ista.     Mcx.,  1839. 

Fremont  (Jessie  B.),  A  Year  of  Ainericau  Travel.     N.  Y.,  1.S78. 

Freytas  (Nicolas),  Relacion  del  clescubriniiento  de  Quivira.     In  Shea's  Ex- 

{icd. ;  also  in  Fernandez  Ihiro,  Don  Diego  do  Peflalosu. 
Frignct  (Ernest),  Lii  Californie.     Paris,  18(5/. 
I'Vcihel  'Julius),  Au8  Ainerika.     Ijcip/.ig,  18iJ6.     2  vol. 
Frost  (Jolni),  Indian  ^Yar8  of  the  U.  S.     Auburn,  18r)2;  Mexican  War.    Now 

Haven,  18r>0;  Pictorial  History  of  Mexico.     Phil.,  18(i'2. 
Furber  (George  C),  Twelve  Mentha'  Volunteer.     Oin.,  1850. 

<  raceta  do  (lobierno  do  Mexico.     1722,  et  seq. 

Gaceta  Imperial  do  Mexico.     Mex.,  1821-3. 

(lallatin  (Albert),  Sur  I'ancienno  civilization  du  N.  Mcxique.  In  Nouv.  An. 
des  Voy.,  cxxi.  237;  articles  in  Anier.  Ethnol.  Soc,  Trans.,  i.  ii. 

frslvano  (Antonio),  Discoveries  of  tho  World.     Lond.,  IGOI,  18G2. 

Oiilvez  (Condo  do),  Instrucciou  &  Ugarte,  1786.     Mex.,  178(5. 

Garces  (Francisco),  Diario  y  Derrotoro,  1775-6.  In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  2d  ser., 
i.  226. 

(Jarrett  (Pat  F.),  Authentic  Life  of  Billy  the  Kid.     SU  Fe,  1882. 

(lilpin  (Wm),  M ission  of  the  North  American  People.     Piiil..  1878. 

Gleeson  (W.),  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Cal.     S.  F.,  1872.     2  vol. 

Cilobo  Arizona  Silver  Bolt,  newspaper. 

Goddard  (F.  B.),  Where  to  Emigrate  and  Why.     N.  Y.,  1S6<). 

<iomara  (Francisco  Lopez),  Historia  do  Mexico.  Anvers,  1554;  Historia  Gen- 
eral de  las  Indias.     Anvers,  1554. 

Gomez  (Jose),  Diario.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  2d  ser.,  vii. 

Gordon  (J.  B.),  Historical  and  Geographical  Memoir.     Dublin,  1820. 

(Jorman  (Samuel),  Address  before  Hist.  Soc.  of  N.  Mex.     N.  Y.,  18(50. 

Gottfriedt  (J.  K),  Neuo  Wolt.     Francfurt,  1065. 

Graham  (J.  D.),  Report  on  Boundary,  1852.  (32d  cong.  1st  sess.,  Son.  Ex. 
Doc.  121.) 

GrjBcnhow  (Robert),  History  of  Oregon  and  California.     N.  Y.,  1845. 

<»regi;  (Josiah),  Commerce  of  the  Prairies.  N.  Y.,  1844.  2  vol.;  Scones  and 
Incidents.     Phil,  1858.     2  vol. 

Griffin  (John  S.),  Journal,  1846.     MS. 

(iuadalupo  Mountains,     n.  p.,  n.  d. 

Guemos  y  Horcasitas,  Medios  para  liv  paciRcacion  de  los  Canianchcs.  1746. 
MS. 

Guijo  (G.  M.),  Diario,  1648-64.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  1st  ser.,  i. 

Hakluyt  (Richard),  Divers  Voyages.      I>ond.,  1850;   Principal   Navigations 

(Voy).     Lond.,  15'.M>-1600.     3  vol. 
Hall,  Sonor.a.     MS. 

Hall  (EdM-ard  H  ),  The  Great  West.     N.  Y.,  1865. 
Hamilton  (Patrick),  The  Resources  of  Arizona.     S.  F.,  1884. 
Harper's  New  Mcmthly  Magazine. 

Harrison  (H.  W.),  BattloHelds  of  tho  Republic.     Phil.,  1857. 
Henshaw  Arizona  Bullion,  newspaper. 

Haydeu  (F.  V. ),  The  Great  West.     N.  Y.,  1870.    See  also  U.  S.  Gcol.  Survey. 
Hayes  (A.  A.,  Jr),  New  Colorado  ami  tho  Stji  Fe  Trail.     N.  Y.,  1880;  The 

New  Mex.  Campaign  of  1862.     In  Mag.  of  Amor.  Hist.,  Feb.  1886. 
Hayes  (Benj.),  Diary  of  a  journey  overland,  1849.     MS.;  Scrap-books. 
Hayward  (J.  L.),  The  Los  Cerrillos  Mines.     South  Framingham,  1880. 
Hazledine  (Wm  C),  Report  on  Bernalillo  Co.     New  Aiburquonjue,  1881. 
Head  (I^afayette),  DicUtion,  1885.     MS. 
Hjnriques  (E.  C),  Statement,  1885.     MS. 
Horrera  (Antonio),  Historia  (rencral.     Mad., 
Hiwlin  (Peter),  Cosmography.     Lond.,  1701. 
ilickox  (Geo.  W.),  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 
Hintou  (Richard  J.),  Haud-Book  of  Arizona.     S.  F.,  1878. 


1601. 
Fol. 


4  vol. 


'iL. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXI 


Shea's  Ex- 


War.    New 


>  Nmiv.  An. 

1.  11. 

ex.,  2(1  ser., 

8. 

2.     2  vol. 

istoria  Gen- 

320. 
18(K). 

8.,  Sen.   Ex. 

845. 
Scenes  and 

ihes.     1746. 

Tavigatiuna 


lol.  Survey. 
1880;  Tho 
J  1880. 

1880. 
>,  1881. 


:i 


2  vol.  and  ntlas. 

MS.  in  Pinart 


Historical  Magazine  and  Notes  antl  Queries.     Boston,  etc.,  1857-09.     LI  vol 
Hittcll  (,lolin  S.),   Article    in   the   C'aliforuian,  i.    130;    Wash.   Ter.   Scrap' 

liook. 
HoI.Iks  (.lames),  Wild  Life  in  the  Far  West.     Hartford,  1875. 
Ho  l^'u  (Hiram  C),  Arizona  as  it  is.     N.  Y.,  1877. 

HdUi-stur  (Ovando.T.),  First  Kfginient  of  Col.  Volunteers.     Denver,  1803. 
lloliiu's  (Aliicl),  Annals  of  America.     CanU)ridge,  182t).     2  vol. 
Honolulu  rolynesiiin,  neWHp.iper. 

Hoyt  (.loha  1*.),  Arizona,  Leading  Events.     MS.,  1878. 
Hujilics  (.1.  T. ),  Doniphan's  KxpiMlition.     C'in.,  1850. 
Huglie.s  (Samuel),  Pima  Co.  and  Tucson.     MS. 
Huniholdt  (Alex.),  Essai  Politique.     Paris,  1811.     Fol. 
Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine. 
Hurtiulo  (Juan  Paez),  CampaQa  contra  los  Apaches,    1715. 

("„1. 
Hutton  (N.  H.),  Report  El  Paso  and  Ft  Yuma  Wagon-road.     (35th  cong.  2d 

sts.s.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  108.) 

Ibarra  (Francisco),  Rclacion  de  los  Doscubrimientos.     In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xiv. 

45S. 
Icazbalceta  (.To.iquin  f rarcfa),  Coleccionde  Documentos.   Mex.,  18.58-00.   2  vol. 
Il/arbe  (.l()ai(uin),  Estiido  du  las  Misiones,  1788.     MS.  of  Pinart  Col. ;  Infornio 

del  P.  Provincial,  1787.  Ditto. 
Indian  Allairs.  See  U.  S.  Ind.  Aflf. 
Ingersoll  (Ernest),  Crest  of  the  Continent.     Chicago,  1855;  Knocking  Round 

the  Rockies.     N.  Y.,  1883. 
Instrucciou  form.ada  en  virtud  de  Real  Orden.     Mex.,  1780. 
Iris  lie  E3})afia,  Mex.  newspaper. 
Ives  (Joseph  C),  Report  upon  the  Colorado  River,  1857-8.    Wiush.,  18<il.    4to. 

Jarauiillo(Juan),  Relacion  que  did.     In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xiv.  .104;  Florida,  CoL 

Doc,  154;  Teruanx,  1st  ser.,  ix.  304. 
Jenkins  (Jolin  S. ),  History  of  the  Mexican  War.     Auburn,  1851. 
Jotinsou  (C.  (Iran-  illc),  History  of  Arizona.     S.  F.,  1800. 
John.ston  (Abraliam  11.),  Journal,  184(t.     In  Euuiry's  Notes. 
Jidian  ((Jeo.  W.),  Land-claims  acted  on  in  188;;-0.     MS.,  1887. 

Kendall  (Oeo.  W.),  Narrative  of  the  Te.xan  Santi  Fe  Exped.     N.  \".,  1844. 

2  vol, 

Kcn.lrick  (H.  L.),  Table  of  Marches,    1840.     In  Cal.   and  N.   Mex.,  Mess., 

ISiV),  p.  91. 
Kerr   (Robert),    (Jeneral    History  and  Collection  of  Voyages.     Edin.,  1824. 

18  vol. 
Kino  (Eusebio),  Cartiis.     In  Souora,  Materiales. 
Krdnig  (Wni),  Report  as  t«)  Mora  Co.     L;is  Vegas,  1881. 

Lacunza  (Jose  M.),  Diacursos  HisttJricos.     Mex.,  1845. 

Lacy  (.Mrs  S.  C),  Stiitement,  1885.     MS. 

Ladd  (S.  ().),  Little  Colora.lo  Settlements.     MS. 

Lait  (.foannis  de),  Novus  Orbis.      Lvgd.  Ratav.,  10.13.     Fol. 

Lafond  ((rabriel).  Voyages.     Paris,  18-14.     8  vol. 

Lafora  (Nicolas),  Viaje  <i  Sta  Fe,  1700.     MS. 

Laramie  Sentinel.     Aug.  1872. 

Larduer  (Dionysius),  History  of  Maritime  and  Inland  Discov.     Lond.,  1830. 

3  vol. 

Lareiuiudiire,  Mexique  et  Guatemala.     Paris,  1843. 

L:is  <'asas  (IWtolome),  Historia  de  Indias.     Mad.,  1875.     5  vol. 

L:i8\'egii8  .Jesuit  College,  Prospectus.     I^as  V.,  1882,  1884. 

Lis  Vegaa  Mining  Worhl,  1880-4. 

Las  Vegas  Optic  Annual.     I^as  V.,  1884. 

Lawrence  (Wm  E.),  Dictation  on  the  Cattle  Business.     1885.     MS. 


xxxn 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


,1 


Leary  (James  C),  Statement.     1885.     MS. 

Luzauu  (Juan  S.),  Noticiaa  lameiitablea  acaecidaa  en  la  N.  Mox.,  1760.     MS, 

In  N.  Mux.,  Doc,  128. 
Liceo  Mexicaiio.     Mex.,  1844.     2  vol. 
Lizasoin  (Tomis  I. ),  Informe  sobre  laa  Prov.  de  Sonera  y  N.  Vizc^ya,  1763. 

In  Sonora,  Materiales,    iv.  683;  aUo  M8. 
Lockman,  Travels  of  the  Jesuits.     Lond.,  1743.     2  vol. 
Lnnias  (Juan  B.),  Asieuto  y  Capitulacion.     In  Pacheco,  Doc.,  xv.  54. 
Lopez  (Francisco),  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 
Lopez  de  Haro,  Nobilario. 

Loring  (L.  Y.),  Report  on  the  Coyotero  Apaches,  1875.     MS. 
Lossing  (Benson  J.),  History  of  tlio  U.  S.     N.  Y.,  1860;  Pictorial  History  of 

the  Civil  War.     Hartford,  1868.     2  vol. 
Love  (John),  Statement,  1885.     MS. 
Low  (F.  F.)  and  J.  H.  Carlcton,   Correspondence,  1865-6.     In  Cal.,  Jour. 

Legisl.,  Appen.,  16th  sesa. 

McBroom  (W.  H.),  Items,  1885.     MS. 

McCabe  (James  D.),  Comprehensive  View      Phil.,  1876. 

McCall  (Geo.  A.),  Letters  from  the  Frontier.     Phil.,  1868. 

McCormick  (Rich.  C),  Arizona,  its  Resources.     N.  Y.,  1865;  Oration.     Prea< 

cott,  1864. 
McCroham  ((ieoflfrey),  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 
McFailano  (James),  The  Coal  Regions  of  America.     N.  Y.,  1873. 
McKee  (W.  H.),  Territory  of  N.  Mex.     N.  Y.,  1866. 
McKenney,  Business  Directory.     Oakland  and  S.  F.  (1883). 
Macomb  (J.  N.),  Report  of  Explor.   Expod.   from  Sta  Fe,  1859.     Wash., 

1876. 
Magazine  of  American  History.     N.  Y.,  1883-6. 
Magdalena,  Prospectus  of  New  Town.     Sta  Fe,  1885. 
Miigiu,  Histoire  Universelle  des  Indes. 
Magliano,  St  Francis. 
Mange  (Juan  M.),  Historia  de  la  Pimeria  Alta.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  4th  ser., 

i.  '2'26.     MS. 
Marchand  (Iiltionne),  Voyage  autour  <lu  Monde,  1790-3.     Paris.     6  vol. 
Marcy  (Russell),  Statement  of  a  Cattle  Man  and  Banker,  1885.     MS. 
Marey  (R.  B.),  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life.     N.  Y.,  186(5. 
Marcy  (It.  B.)  and  Geo.  B.  McClellan,  Exploration  of  the  Red  River.     Wash., 

1853. 
Mariana  (Juan),  Historia  General  de  EspaAa.     Mad.,  1780.     2  vol.;  1794.   10 

vol. 
Marmier  (Xavier),  Les  Voyageurs  Nouveaux.     Paris,  n.  d.     3  vol. 
Martin  (Cristobal),  Asiento Descubrimiento  de  N.   Mex.,   1583.     In  Pa- 
checo, Doc,  xvi.  277. 
Martineau  (James  H.)  Settlements  in  Arizona.     MS. 

Martinez  (Damian),  Carta  al  P.  Morti  1792.     MS.     In  N.  Mex.,  Doc,  450. 
Matthews,  Navajo  Silversmiths.     Wash.,  1883. 
Maul.ling  (L.  F.),  Statement,  1885.     MS. 
Mayer  (Brantz),  Mexico.     Aztec,  etc.     Hartford,  1853.     2  vol. 
Medina  (Baltasar),  Chronica  de  S.  Diego  de  Mex.     Mex.,  1()82. 
Melgarea   (Facundo),  Demoatraciones. . .  .Independencia,    1822.      In  Gaceta 

Imp.,  Mar.  22,  26,  1822,  ii.  85-93. 
Moline  (James  F.),  2,000  Miles  on  Horseback,     N.  Y.,  1867. 
Mendieta  (Gerdnimo),  Historia  Eclesiastica  Indiana.     Mex.,  1870. 
Mendoza  (Gaspar  D. ),  Residencia    Contra  el  ( robernador,  1744.     MS. 
Mendoziv  (Juan),  Carta  del  Gobernador  de  Sonora,  1757.     In  Sonora,  Mat., 

i.  84. 
Menchero  (Juan  M.),  Declaracion  del  P.  Procurador,  1744.     MS.;  Informe, 

1749.     MS.;  Peticion  aobre  Navajdea.     MS. 
Mercantile  Agency  Annual.     N.  Y.,  1871. 
Mesilla  Times,  newapaper,  1861. 


AUTirORlTIES  QUOTED. 


XXXIll 


Mexico,  Coloccion  do  ConatiCuciouea.     Mux.,  1828.     ,1  vol. ;  Coleccion  <le  Or- 

(1  •IK'S  y  Decrctoa.     Mox.,  IS'JD.     3   vol.;  Corrcapomluucia  iJiploiiiatic-i. 

Mux.,  1882.     '2v()l. ;  l.uyes  (Talacio  (.'ol.);  Lt^islucioa  Mejiuiiita.     Mex., 

18.V)-r>.     12  Vol.;  Meiiioriiis  ile  Agricultura,  Fomeuto,  etc. 
Mexico  ill  1842.     Ma.l.,  1842. 
Mexico  ami  U.  S.,  Boundary  Sun-ey,  Report  1852.    (.32d  cong.  lat  aesg.,  Son. 

Kx.  Doc.  111).) 
Milk-r  (David  J.),  lliatorical  Sketch  of  Sta  F«S.     In  Sta  Fe,  Centennial  Sketch, 

1S70. 
Mill.-i  (T.  B.),  Hand-Book  of  Mining  Lawa  and  Ciuide.     Las  Vegaa,  n.  d.;  Sau 

.Miguel  Co.      L;i8  v.,  188.\ 
Mi.uT,  riic,  a  maga/ine. 
^lincral  Park  Mojavo  Miner,  newspaper. 
Mining  Induatry.      Denver,  IS.S1. 
Mining  Magazine.     N.  Y.,  1853  et  set]. 
Mining  Review. 

Mi.scellancou.i  Historical  I'apers.     MS.     Cal.  Collection. 
Modi'rn  Traveller,  Mexico  and  (luateniala.     Loml.,  1825.     2  vol. 
Mofraa  (F.iigeno  1).),  Exj)loration  de  rOrt'gon.     I'aris,  1844;     2  vol. 
Millhau.sen  (iJaldwin),  Kciaen.     Leipzig,  1801.     2vol.;  Tagelmcli. 

1H.')8.     4  to. 
Montanua   (Arnoldun),   Do  Nieuwo  en   Ouhe-Kende  Weereld.     Ainaterdani, 

1()71. 
Mtinter(M  (Ivspinoaa),  Expo.sicion  sobro  Sonora  y  Sinaloa.     Mex.,  1823. 
Monui,  .Junta.*  do  (iuerra,  1713-15.     MS.;  Providenciaa  touiadaa,  1779. 

In  N.  Mex.,  Doc,  1(22. 
MorcUi  (Ciriacus),  Fa.sti  Novi  Orbia.     Venetiia,  177G. 
Morti  (.luan  A.),  Vi;ije  do  Indios  y  Diario  do  N.  Mex.,  1777.     In  Doc. 


atlas. 
Li'ipzig, 


MS. 


Mlx. 
MS. 


Hist. 
3d  8iT.,  iv.  305;  DuNurdenes  que  ae  advierteu  en  N.  Mex.,  17l>2. 


Morgan  (L.  B.),  Article  in  N.  Ainer.  Review.     April  1865). 

^lorri.s  {Win  <t.).  Address  before  Soc.  of  Vul.  Volunteers.     S.  F.,  18(j<i. 

Motfv  Padilla  (Matias),  Hiatoria  do  la  Compiista  do  N.  Galicia.  Mex.,  1870; 
also  MS. 

Mountiiina  and  Mines  of  New  Mexico,  1884.     !MS. 

Mowry  (Silvester),  Arizona  and  Sonora.  N.  Y.,  18(54;  froogranhy  and  Re- 
sources of  Arizona  and  Sonora.  Wash.,  18.")!(;  S.  F.  and  N.  Y.,  18.13; 
Memoir  of  the  i)roposed  Territory  of  Ariz.  Wash.,  1857;  Mines  of  tlio 
West.     N.  Y.,  ISGl. 

MitUer  (J.  W.),  Keiscn.     Leipzig,  1804.     3  vol. 

Murray  (Hugh),  Historical  Account  of  Discoveries.  Lond.,  1829.  2  vol.; 
Pictorial  History  of  the  U.  S.     Edin.,  1844. 

National  Almanac.     Plul.,  180.3-4.     2  vol. 

National  Convention  of  Cattlemen,  Proceedings. 

Nava  (Pedro),  Inforine,  1801.     In  Arch.,  Cal. 

Navarrcto  (.Martin  F. ),  Coleccion  do  Viajes.     Mad.,  182.')-37.     5  vol. 

New  Mexico  (or  Nuevo  Mojico),  Acts  of  the  Legislative  Assembly.  1851 
et  sefp ;  liureau  of  Imnugration,  Reports  on  Counties.  10  vol.  1881-2 
(see  authors'  names);  Bureau  of  Inuuig.,  Report  1883;  Cedulas,  MS. 
Collection;  Compiled  I^aws.  Sta  Fe,  1885;  Complete  Business  Directory 
and  (Jazeteer.  Sta  Fe  (1882);  Constitution,  n.  p.,  n.  d.  lOmo;  Corre- 
spondence on  Civil  Affairs,  1850.  (31st  cong.  2d  aess..  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  1); 
I)ofeu.saa  do  Misioneros,  1818.  MS.  In  Arch.  Sta  i'6;  Destruction 
of  .Spanish  and  Mex.  Archives.  (S.  F.,  1871);  Discurso  y  Proposicioncs. 
In  Pachcco,  Doc,  xvi.  .38;  Documentoa  para  la  Historia.  MS.  3  vol.; 
Exposition  and  Driving  Park  Assoc,  Premium  List.  Alhurquerque, 
1883;  Informe  del  P.  Provincial  al  Virey,  1750.  MS.  In  N.  Mex., 
Doc,  1-99;  Historical  Society,  Inaugural  Address.  Sta  Fe,  1881;  Jour- 
nal of  the  Convention  of  1849.  (31st  cong.  lat  sesa.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  17, 
p.  93);  Journals  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  1851  et  seq. ;  Laws  of  the 


XXXIV 


AUTHOUITIES  QUOTED. 


Territory.  Sta  Fe,  1852  et  seq.;  Memorial  sobro  el  N.  Mcx,  I.TO.VIGOZ, 
III  I'liulioco,  iJoc,  xvi.  1S8;  Measji^o  of  Oovernor,  18.")1  ot  himi. ;  Mining 
L'oniii.iuy,  I'ruliniiuury  K-jmrt.  N.  Y.,  18*»4;  and  tlio  N.  ^luxicans,  a 
i'lilitioal  I'rolilum,  187(i;  NeWHpapers  (see  names  of  towns  anil  list  in 
cliai>.  XXX.);  I'ointi'rson  the  Soutli-wost.  Toiu'kii,  1883;  lliiilroail  Laws, 
Catron  and  Thornton.  Sta  Ft-,  1881;  Real  Eitiito  in  Sta  Fe,  188;i;  Re- 
jiorts  of  the  (lovi-rnor  to  Sec.  of  the  Interior,  187l(  et  kocj.  In  U.  S. 
(Jovt  I»oe. ;  Its  Resources  and  Advantaj^es.  Stjv  Fe,  n.  d. ;  Rules  of 
the  House  of  Reiiresentatives.  Sta  Fe,  1S77;  Rules  of  tlie  Legislative 
Council.  Sta  Fe,  1877;  Schedule  of  Distances.  Ft  Union,  18l»7;  Scraps, 
a  col.  of  newspaper  clippings;  Statutes  (revised).  St  Louis,  ISC!');  Stock- 
growers'  Assoc,  By-laws.  Sta  Fe,  1884;  Supreme  Court  Reports.  S. 
F.,  1881;  Te-itiinonio  l)ado  en  Mejico  sobro  el  Desculirimiento,  ir»82-.S. 
In  I'aclieco,  Doc,  xv.  SO-l")!);  Tourist's  Shrine.  SUFe  (188*2);  Traslailo 
de  nna  Ceilula,  1021.  MS.  In  Arch.,  Sta  Fe;  Traalado  de  Posesion, 
l.")!)8.  In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xvi.  88-141;  Voice  from,  on  Private  I^iund 
Claims  Wash.,  1874;  Ytinerario  (151(7-9),  or  Discurao  de  las  Joruadas 
In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xvi.  2-8-70. 

New  Mexico  and  California,  Message  and  Documents,  1848.  (llUth  cong.  1st 
sess.,  11.  Kx.  Doc.  70.) 

Newliii  (,r.  \V.),  Proposed  Indian  Policy.     Phil.,  1881. 

2S'i>l  (.luan  A.),  Apuntamicntos.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d  sen,  iv,  50. 

Nih's' Re^isler.     lialtimore,  etc.,  181 1-41).     70  vol. 

Ni.iis  (F.  C. ),  Across  the  Continent.     Chicago,  n.  d. 

Niza  (Marcos),  Dcscubrimiento  do  las  Siete  Ciudades.  In  Pficheco,  Doc,  iii. 
325;  Raniusio,  iii.  350;  Hakluyt,  iii.  302;  Ternaux,  l.-itser.,  ix.  250. 

North  A  nerican  Review.     Boston,  1819  et  seff. 

Nolicia  do  Expediciones,  1744.     In  Sonora,  Matcriales,  iv.  007;  al.so  MS. 

Northern  New  Mexico  Stock  ( Jrowers'  Assoc,  Brand  Book.  1883,  Las  Veyas; 
1884,  Raton. 

Noticio.fo  (Jeneral.     Mex.  newspaper. 

Niiuvelkss  Annales  des  Voyages.     Paris,  1819-00.     1(58  vol. 

Nueva  Esparia,  Breve  Resumen  del  Descubrimientu,     MS.     1707.     2  vol. 

Nuevo  Mexico  (or  Mejico).     See  New  Mexico. 


Obediencia  y  Vasallaje  &  su  Magestad  por  los  Indies  de  Sto  Domingo, 

I;i  I'acheco,  Doc,  xvi.  101. 
(Igilby  (Jolin),  America.     Lond.,  1071.     Fol. 
( )lavido  y  Miclielena  (Henrique),  Autos  de  Visita,  17.18. 

dencia  liol  (iobernador,  1739.     MS. 
Oilatc  (Alouso),  Pide  so  Confirme  la  Ciipitulacion,  UUM). 

310. 
Oiiate  (Juan),  Copia  ile  Carta,  1599.     In  Pacheco,  Doc 
O.iwalil  (Fr.),  Californieu.     Leipzig,  1849. 
Otermin  (Antonio),  Conaulta  al  V^irey,  1082.     MS.;  Extractos  de  Doc, 

N.  Mcx.  sobro  levantamiento  de  1080.     MS. 
Overland  Mail  Co.,  Observations,  1800;  Memorial,  1800;  Services  (1857) 
Oviedo  y  Valdes  ((rouzalo  F.),  Historia  General  de  las  Indias.     Mad.,  18, 

4  vol. 
Owen  (Rich.  E.)  and  E.  T.  Cox,  Report  on  the  Mines  of  N.  Mex.    Wash. 
Pacheco  (Jo-iquin  F.)  etal.,  Coleccion  de  Documentus  Ineditos.     Mad 

-81.     34  vol.     (Cited  as  Pacheco,  Doc) 
Pacific  Coast  Directory,  1871-3. 
Pacific  Railrnad  Reports.     Wivsh.,  13  vol. 

Palafox  y  Meiidoza  (Juan),  Informc  al  Conde  de  Salvatierra,  1642.     MS. 
Palmer  (Wm  T.),  Colonisation  du  Colorado.      Paris,  1874. 
Palou  (Francisco),  Relacion  Historica,  Vida  de  Juuipero  Serra.     Mex.,  1787. 
Papeles  de  Jesuitaa.     MS.  Collection. 
Paredes  (Alonso).    See  Posadas. 
Parke  (John  (4.),  Report  of  Explorations,  1854.     InPac  R.  R.  Repts,  ii.;  Id., 

1855.     lu  Id.,  vii. 


1598. 

MS. ;  A\ltos  do  Resi- 
In  Pacheco,  Doc,  xvi. 
,  xvi.  302. 

Hist. 

51-5. 

1805. 
1804 


'i  1 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXV 


Pattic  (Jamoji  O.),  rcraonal  Narrative.     Cincinnati,  IS.'tt. 

l',itti.:i  (.1.  H.),  Hixtory  r.f  the  U.  .S.     N.  Y.,  IH(H>:  l«(>7. 

I'l'i'iilta  (.liian  SuarezI,  Notieias  HiHttiricaM.      Mad.,  1878. 

I'lt.rsou  ((.'harlei  J.),  Military  Heroes  of  the  Mix.  War.     Phil.,  1858. 

I'.'tu  (Morton),  Keioiirces  of  Aiiierii-a.     N.  Y.,  18(iO. 

IVttiiigiirn  N'l'wspaper  Directory.     N.  Y.,  1878. 

riio'iiix  (laZftte;   Herald;  nuWHiiapern, 

I'lko  |Z>'1>.    M.),    Airoiiiit  of  Travels.      I'hil.,   1810;   Exploratory  Travels. 

I^oiid.,  1811;  Voyajj'o  ail  N.  Mexicjue.      I'aris,  18I'J.     iJ  vol. 
I'liial  Drill,  newspaiier. 
I'iiiiirt  (.Midionse),  ( 'oloccion  do  Piiiieria  Alta.     MS. ;  Col.  de  Doc.  Holire  N. 

Mi'xieo.     M.S.;    Doeunieiiti  f<ir   the  History  of   tSoiiora.     M.S.      5  vol.; 

N'oya^'o  dans  rAri/.oiia.      Pari.s,  1877. 
Pino  (I'edro  li, ),  Exposicion  Siiciiita.    Cadiz,  1812;  Noticias  Histdricus.    .Mex., 

184!*. 
I'ixleu  (P.  ('.),  Dictation,  Fond  du  Lac  Cattle  Co.,  188.').      MS. 
Pope  (.loiinl,  Ueportof  Exploration  of  a  route  for  Pac.  K.  R.,  1854.     In  Pac. 

R.  R.  Repts,  ii. 
Popular  iSi'it'uee  Monthly. 

I'nrtcr  (day  K. ),  I'ity  Directory  of  Las  Vegas.     Las  V.,  1882. 
Po.tadiLs  (Alonso),   Inforinc.     In  Furnandez   Diiro,  Don   Diego  do   Peflalosa; 

al.^o  in  Doc.  Hi.st.  .Mex.,  M  ser.,  iv.  ill  I  (under  name  of  Paredes). 
Postoa  (Cliarles  D.),  Apachedand.    S.  F.,  18(>8;  Arizona.    In  Preseott  Miner, 

M;iy  7,  187.">;  Narrative.      In    IJrowne's  Apache  Country,   chai>.    xxiv,; 

Ueniini.scences.    la  Tucson  Citizen,  Apr.  15,  1884;  S[)ei;ch  in  H.  of  K.  on 

Ind.  AB'airs.     N.  Y.,  18(55;  Sun-worshiper.i.     .S.  F.,  1877. 
Poussin  ((i.  T. ),  De  la  Pui.ssancu  Aniericaine.     Parin,  1848,  2  vol.;  Question  de 

I'Dregon.      Pari -I,  184(5;  Tiie  Unite.l  .States.      Phil.,   1877. 
Powell  (.1.  \V.),  Exphiration  of  tho  Colorado,  18(i<.»-72.     \Va.sh.,  1875. 
Pi'e.sidios,  R  glaniento  i  Instruccion,  1872-;{.     Mad.,  1772  3. 
I'rcseott  Arizona  (Jazotto;  Arizona  Miner;  Arizonian;  .fournal;   newspapers. 
I'rieto  ((iuillernio),  Indicaciones;  Rontas  (ienerales.     M'X.,  18.")(). 
Prince  (L.  Hradford),  Historical  Skotclies  of  N.  Mex.   N.  Y.,  188;J;  Pamphlets, 

a  collection  of  5  hy  this  author. 
Piinipelly  (Raphael),  Across  America.     N.  Y.,  1870. 
Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes.     Lond.,  1025-6.     5  vol. 

llaniusio((;iov.  B.),  Navigationiot  Viaggi.    Venitia,  1554,  1583,  15li5.     3  vol. 
Rand,  McN'ally,  &  Co.,  ( Juide  to  Colorado  and  N.  Mex.     Chicago,  1879;  Over- 
land (iuide.     Chicago,  1883. 
Raymond  (Rossitcr  W.),  .Stiitistics  of  Minos.     ^V{l^h.,  1800-77. 
R:izona<hir,  El,  Mex.  ncwapaper. 
Reavis  (.lames  A.),  El  Cauclal  do  Hidalgo  (Peralta Grant).    S.  F.,  1884;  Coro- 

uailo'.s  Route.     MS. 
Relacion  del  Suceso.     See  Coronado,  Rel. 
Remesal  (Antonio),  Histuria  do  la  Provincia  de  S.  Vicente  de  Cliyapa.     Mad., 

1019. 
Revilla  Cigedo  (Virey),  Carta  de  27  Die,  1703.     In  Dice.  Univ.,  v.  42(5;  also 

MS. 
Reyes  (Francisco  A.),  Noticia  del  Estado  Actual  de  las  Miaionos.     In  Sonora, 

Mat.,  iv.  724;  also  .MS. 
Rihas  (Andres  Perez),  Historia  de  los  Trivinphos  de  Nvestra  Santa  Fe.    Mad  , 

lt)45. 
Rideing  (Win  H.),  A-saddle  in  th.  vVild  West.     N.  Y.,  1870. 
Riesgo  and  Valdes,  Meinori<»  Estadistica,  MS.     In  Pinart,  Doc.  Hist.  Son.,  i, 

107. 
Riley  (IJ. ),  Report,  Sta  Fe  Route,  1829.     In  Amor.  St  Pap.,  Mil.  Aflf.,  iv.  277. 
Ripley  (R.  S.),  War  with  Mexico.     N.  Y.,  1849.     2  vol. 
Ritch  (Wm(j.),  Aztlan.    Boston,  1855;  Chronologic  Annals.     In  Id.,  Legisl. 

Blue-Rook;  History  of  N.  Mex.    MS. ;  Illustrated  N.  Mex.    (SU  Fe)  1883; 

Legislative  Bine-Book.     SU  Fe,  1882. 
UisT.  Akiz.  and  N.  Mex.    c 


XXXVl 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


*;ii  • 


Rivera  (Minncl),  Loa  Oobemantei  de  Mexico.    Mcx 

Antiuua  y  Mmlunia  <le  Jalapa.     Mux.,  1809-71.     &  vol 

Rivurii  (rutlrn),  Diario  y  Derrotcro,  1724-8.     (iuatlicmala,  1 

llolwrt  (H.  M.),  Itincrarius  of  routes  in  Ariz.     S.  F.,  18(JU. 

UoltertH  (KilwanlM),  With  the  Invader.     H.  ¥.,  1H85. 

Holtertson  (Wni),  History  of  America.     Lond.,  1777.     2  vol. 

Kolilea  (Antonio),  Diario  de  log  Aflos  1605  y  1703.     In  ^'  >c. 
Her.,  ii. 

Kohaon  (Charlea  J.),  The  Maricopa  Stake.     MS. 

Rddenlxiugh  (Theo.  F.),  From  Everglade  to  Caflon. 

Romero,  Documentor,  Kxpedicion  (Ui  1823-0.     MS. 

Romero  (Ritnigiio),  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 

Rowoll  &  Co.,  (iazoteer.     N.  Y.,  1873. 

Royce  (Josiah),  California.     Boston,  1886. 

Riiiz(.Toa<iuiu  J.),  ( iohierno de laa  Miaiones,  1773,    MS, 

Rualing  (.Jamea  F.),  Acrosa  America.     N.  Y.,  1874. 

Ruxton  (Fred.),  Sur  la  Migration.     In  Nouv.  An.  Voy.,  cxxvi 

Ruxton  (Oeo.  F.),  Adventures  in  Mexico.     N.  Y.,  1848. 


1872.    2  vol. ;  HistorU 


36. 


Hist.  Mex.,  lit 


N.  Y.,  1876. 
In  Arch.,  Cal. 


InN.  Mcx.,  Doc, 1089. 
37. 


Sacramento  Bee;  Union;  and  other  newapapers. 

Safford  (A.  K.  P.),  Arizona.     MS.;  Arizona.     In  S.  F.  Spirit  of  the  Times, 

Dec.  25,  1877. 
Saint  Francia  of  Aaaiai,  Life.     N.  Y.,  1807. 
St  John  Apache  Chief;  Orion  Era,  newspapers. 

Salazar  de  Meudoza  (Pedro),  Monarquia  »le  Eapafia.     Mad.,  1770-1.     3  vol. 
Salmcron  (Cieronimo  de  Z.),  Relaeiunes  de  N.  Mex.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d 

ser.,  iv. 
Salt  Lake  Herald,  1877,  newspaper. 

Salvatierra  (Juan  M.),  Relacionea  1097-1700.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  4th  ser.,  v, 
San  Diego  Union,  newspaper. 

San  Francisco  Alta;  Bulletin;  Californian;  Cal.  Star;  Call;  Chronicle;  Exam- 
iner; Herald;  Post;  Scientific  Press;  Times;  and  other  newspapers. 
San  Luis  Poinsi,  Relacion  Circumstanciada,  1733.     MS. 
San  Miguel  (Juan  Rod.),  Foudo  Piadoso.     Mex.,  1845;  La  Repilblica  Mexi- 

cana.     Mex.,  1845. 
Sanchez  (Bartolomd),  Informe  al  Virey,  1785.  MS.;  Carta  de  1751.     In  So- 

nora.  Mat.,  i.  94. 
Santa  Anna  (Antonio  L.),  A  sns  compatriotas.     Apr.  12,  1858. 
Santa  Fe,  Centennial  Celebration.     Sta  Fe,  1876;  Conquest  of.    Phil,  1847; 

Inundacionesde  1707.  MS.    In  Pinart  Col. ;  Message  from  the  President. 

...   Arrest  of  Amer.  citizens.     Wash.,  1818. 
Santa   F^  CJazette;  N.    Mex.  Review;  Post;   Republican;  Trail;  and  other 

newspapers. 
Scenes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Phil.,  1840. 

Schoolcraft  (Henry  R.),  Archives  of  Aboriginal  ivn.wledge.  Phil.,  1860.  6  vol. 
Schott  (Charles  A.),  Distribution  and  Variation.     Wi.sh.,  1876;  Precipitation. 

Wash.,  1872. 
Scribner's  Monthly  Magazine. 
Sedelniair  (Jacobo),  Entrada  d  la  Nacion  do  Yur.ias,  1749.     In  Sonora,  Mat., 

i.  18;  also  MS. 
Semblanzas  de  los  Miembros  .  .Cdmara  de  Diputados.     N.  Y.,  1828. 
Serrano  (Pedro),  Informe  del  Provincial  sobre  Males  do  N.  Mex,,  1701.   MS. 

In  N.  Mex.,  Doc,  173 
Shakespeare  Mining  Journal.     (St  Louis,  1880.) 
Shea  (John  G.),  Expedition  of  Don  Diego  de  Pcflalosa.     N.  Y.,  1882. 
Sheldon  (Lionel  A.),  Administration  in  N.  Mex.     MS.     1885. 
Shinn  (Charles  H.),  Mining  Camps.     N.  Y.,  1885. 
SigUenza  y  Cidngora  (Carlos),  Carta  al  Almirante.     MS. ;  Mercuric  Volaiite, 

Recuperacion  del  N.  Mex.     Mex.,  1693.     (MS.  copy.) 
Silliman's  Journal  of  Science.     N.  Haven,  1819  ct  seq. 
Silver  King  Mining  Co.  Report.     S.  F,,  1880. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXVll 


MS. 


SimpHon  (.TatnciH.),  Coronado's  March.     In  Sinithsnniaii  Kept,  I8<>9;  Jouraal 

of  a  Military  RocoiinniHMaiico,  184U.     Phil.,  1802. 
Sinnloa,  Moinorias  para  la  Histuria.   M.S. 
Siiiiiloa  y  Sdiiora,  Cartas.     In  Doc.  Hint.  Mex.,  4th  net.,  ii. 
Sitgn^avcH  (L. ),  Report  uf  an  Expedition  down  the  Zufli  and  Colorado  (1851). 

Wash..  1853. 
Slattery  (Michael),  Stwik-raiHing.     1885.     MS. 
Sinitch  ((!.  C. ),  Original  I'apcrH  on  Arizona.     MS. 
Smith  (Hugh  N.),  Addrcaa  to  the  People  of  N.  Mox.     Wa«h.,  1850. 
SiiiithMonian  Institution,  Annual  Reports.     Wash.,  1853  et  seq. 
Smyth  (John  H.).  I^w  of  Honit-stcad.     S.  F.,  1875. 
Socieilad   Mexicana  de  (reografia,  Buletin.     Mex.,   18C1  et  seq.     (Includes 

Instituto  Nacional.) 
Sonora,  Descripcion  (Jcogrdtica,  1764.     In  Id.,  Mat.,  iv.  493;  also  MS.;  .Ma- 

teriale.s  para  la  Historia.     In  Doe.  Hist.   Mex.,  3d  scr.,  iv.;  4tli  svr.,  i.; 

also  MS. 
Sonorense,  El,  newspaper. 

Spiiniardri  in  N.  Mox.,  Anonymous  Notes.     MS. 
S|)aniHh  Empire  in  America.     Lond.,  1847. 
Spiegelhurjj  (Lehman),  Commerce  of  Sta  Fe. 
Spitz  (S. ),  ^lexican  Filigree.     StJi  Fe,  1884. 
Stjuier  (E.  (r.).  Article  in  Amer.  Review.     Nov.  1848. 
Stone  (Wilbur  F.),  (ieneral  View  of  Colorado.     MS. 
Stoiieroad  (N.  B.),  Dictation,  1  ■iSo.     MS. 
Storrs  (Augustus),  Santa  Fe  Trade.  1824.     In  U.  S.  Govt  Doc. 
Strattoii  (R.  B.),  Captivity  of  the  Oatman  Girls.     S.  F.,  1857;  N.  Y.  (IS.nS). 
Sturenburg  (R.),  Report  on  N.  Mex.  Mines.     In  U.  S.  Land  Off.  Ilepts,  1807. 

Taniaron  (Pedro),  Visita  del  Obispado  de  Durango  (1765).     MS. 

Taos  County  Herald,  newspaper. 

Taos  (Foru.udez  de).  Review  of  the  Boundary  Question.     Sta  Fe,  1853. 

Temple  (James  E.),  Statement.     MS. 

Teruaux-Compans  (Henri),  Voyages,  Relations  et  Memoires.     Paris,  1837-41. 

2  series,  10  and  8  vol. 
Thesaurus  Geographicus.     Lond.,  1709. 
Thompson  (A.  W.),  Law  of  the  Farm.     S.  F.,  1876. 
Thompson  (Waddy),  Recollections.     N.  Y.,  1844. 
Thrall  (H.  S.),  History  of  Texas.     St  Louis,  1879. 
Thrilmmell  (A.  R.),  Mexiko.     Erlanger,  1848. 
Tiempo,  El,  Mex.  newspaper. 
Tombstone  Epitaph;  Nugget;  newspapers. 
Tnrquemada  (Juan),  Monarquia  In(liana.     Mad.,  1723.     3  vol. 
Torre  (Mariano  R.),  Entrada  en  la  prov.  de  los  Mocjuinos,  1755.     MS.     In  N. 

Mex.,  Doc,  842. 
Trigo  (Manuel  de  8.  J.  N.),  Informs  sobre  Misioncs  de  Cebolleta  y  F^ncinal, 

1750.     MS.     In  N.   Mex.,  Doc.,   1090;   luforme  sobre  Misiones  do  N. 

Mex.,  1754.     In  Id.,  283. 
Troy  (Jerome),  Dictation  of  a  Sheep-raiser,  1885.     MS. 
TuUac  Arizonian,  newspaper. 
Tubac,  Libro  de  Mision.     MS. 
Tubutama,  Libro  de  Mision.     MS. 

Tucson  Arizonian;  Citizen;  Dos  Repriplicas;  Star;  newspapers. 
Tumacacori,  Libro  de  Mision.     MS. 
Tuthill  (Franklin),  History  of  California. 
Tyler's  Posts  and  Stations. 
Tyler  (Daniel),  Concise  History  of  the  Mormon  Battalion.  Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

United  States  Govemmmt  Documents  (Agriculture,  Census,  Chief  of  Engi- 
neers, Commerce  and  Navigation,  Education,  Indian  Affairs,  I^and  Office, 
Monetary  Commission,  Official  Register,  Secretary  of  Interior,  War,  etc., 
Statutes,  Surgeon-general,  etc.)  cited  by  titles  alphabetically  and  dates. 


11^ 


\  1 


h 


XXXVlll 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


United  States  Govemment  Documents  (House,  Senate,  Mi,cellaneou8;  docu* 
ments  and  reports,  etc.)  cited  by  congress,  session,  number,  and  page. 

Jnited  States  Geographical  Survey,  Annual  Reports  (Geo.  M.  Wheeler), 
1871-8.     Wash.,  8voand4to,  with  atlases. 

United  States  Geological  Survey  (Hayden). 

United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  1854-5,  Report  of  Wm  H. 
Emory.     Wash.,  1857.     3  vol. 

University  of  New  Mexico,  Ist  Annual  Catalogue.     (Sta  Fe)  1882. 

Vallejo  (Mariano  G.),  Documentos  para  la  Historia  de  Mexico.     MS.    2  vol. 

Valverde  y  Coslo  (Antonio),  Diario  y  Derrotero  del  Norte,  1719.  MS.  of  Pin- 
art  Col.;  Expeilicion  a  la  prov.  de  Moqui,  1730.     MS. 

Van  Tramp  (John  C. ),  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mountain  Adventures.  St  Louis, 
1860. 

Vargas  (Diego),  Acusacion  del  Cabildo  de  Sta  Fe,  1697-8.  MS.  In  Arch.,  Sta 
Fe;  Campanasde  1694.    MS.    Ditto;  ReconquistadeN.  Mex.    MS.    Ditto. 

Vega  (Placido),  Documentos.     MS.     15  vol. 

Velarde  (Luis),  Descripcion  de  la  Pimerla.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  i.  344;  also  MS. 

Volasco,  Historia  du  Royaume  de  Quito.     In  Ternaux,  Voy. 

Velasco  (Jose  F. ),  Noticias  Estadfsticas  dc  Sonora.     Mex.,  1850. 

Velasco  (Virey),  Relaciou  de  lo  que  desoubrid  Diego  de  Ibarra.  In  Pacheco, 
Doc,  xiv.  5."3. 

Venegas  (Miguel),  Noticia  dela  California.     Mad.,  1757.     3  vol. 

Vetancurt  (Augustin),  Chronica  de  la  Prov.  del  Sto  Evangelic  de  Mexico. 
Mex.,  1097,  1871;  Menologio  Franciscano.     n.  p.,  n.  d.;  Mex.,  1871. 

Victor  (Frances  F.),  The  River  of  the  West.     Hartford,  1870. 

Viagero  Universal.     Mad.,  1796-1801.     43  vol. 

Vigd  (Apolonio),  Biographical  Dictation,  1885.     MS. 

Vildosola  (Agustin),  (Cartas  <lel  Padre  Provincial,  1742.  In  Sonora,  Mat.,  i. 
1-17;  iv.  72i;  also  MS. 

Vildosola  (Gabriel),  Cartas  dclCapitan.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  i.  186. 

Villagri  (Gaspar),  Historia  de  la  Nueva  Mexico.     Alcaic,  1610. 

Villaseflor  y  Sanchez  (Jos^  A.),  Theatro  Americano.     Mex.,  1746.     2  vol. 

Voto  de  Sonora,  newspaper. 

Voyages,  A  Selection.     Lond.,  1812. 

Walker  (Joel  P.),  Narrative  of  a  Pioneer  of  '41.     MS. 

Warner  (J.  J.),  Reminiscences.     MS. 

Warren  (G.  K. ),  Memoir  of  R.  R.  routes.     In  Pac.  R.  R.  Repts,  ix. 

Washington  (John  M.),  Reports  of  the  Military  Governor,  1849.     (Slst  cong. 

1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  5.) 
Watts  (J.  H.),  Santa  F(5  AflFairs,  1878.     MS. 
Whipple  (A.  W.),  Report  of  Explorations,  1853-4.     Wash.,  1856;  Pac.  R.  R. 

Repts,  iii. 
Whitney  (J.  D.),  Metallic  Wealth  of  the  U.  S.     Phil.,  1854. 
Wilhelm  (Thomas),  History  of  the  Eighth  U.  S.  Infantry.    Headquarters, 

1873. 
Willard,  Inland  Trade  with  Mexico.     In  Pattie's  Narrative. 
Wilson  (Beuj.  D.),  Observations.     MS 

Wdson  (H.  T.),  Historical  Sketch  of  Las  Vegas.     Chicago,  n.  d. 
Wingficld  (Ed.  H.)  (Defence  of  his  Acts  as  Indian  Agent.)     Wash.,  1854, 
Wizlizenus  (A.),  Denkschrift  iiber  ein  Reise.     Braunschweig,  1850;  Memoir 

of  a  Tour  to  Northern  Mexico.     Wash.,  1848. 
Wood  Brothers,  Live-stock  Movement.     1880-4. 
Worthington,  Woman  in  Battle. 

Young  (Philip),  History  of  Mexico.     Cin.,  1850. 
Yuma  Arizona  Sentinel,  newspaper. 

Zabriskie  (J.  C),  Public  Land  LawR  of  the  U.  S.     S.  F.,  1870;  Supplement 

S.  F.,  1877. 
Zamacois  (Niceto),  Historia  de  Mejico.     Barcelona,  1877-85.     16  vol, 
Ziifiiga  (Ignacio),  R&pida  Ojeada  al  Estado  de  Sonora.    Mex.,  1835. 


«Ui. 


"T^ 


;i7 

T 


Mi 


^ 


(_     I 


o 


X 


7=" 


Ki< 


33 


^ 


(      '1 


I         'If 

»       \    '      I    ? 


.. A)ZWF»/rv  „ 


nMvAJO  INd^  Rk^SCRV. 

I 


a/ 


Ro  .V  ,     ft  ^  -^    i  '       I  J  \ 


r 


oSpringervUU. 


r 


..-  --\jti± 


w" 


r-     ,  - 


S>KtrCity*^.^' 


HISTOKY 


OF 


Arizona  and  Xeav  Mexico. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTORY   RliMARKS    AND  RESUMl!:. 

The  Abohkiines — New  Mexico  as  a  Field  of  ANTiyrARi.vx  Reseauc  ii- 
Conclision's  in  the  'Native  Racks' — TiiE  Pikiilo  Towns  asm  I'eoii.k 
— PiuMirivE  HisroKY— No  Phkhistoric  Relics — No  Aziecs  in  Aki- 
zoNA  AND  New  Mexico — A  Pkot?:st— Resume  of  North  .Vexican  His- 

TOKY-  KaKLY  IdEA.S  of  GEtMiKAPHY — ThE  StRAIT — C'ORTHia  ON  THE  Pa- 
CIKKV-NCNO    UE    (iuZMAN — SaN     Ml(il'EL    DE     CcLL\CAN — CALIFORNIA-— 

Eiui  AND  Flow  of  Enihusiasm  for  Northern  Exploration —Meac re 
Results-  Nu?:«/A  Galicia  and  Nueva  Vizcaya— Octline  ofNortheiin 
Annals   for   Three  Centuries — The  Northern   Mystery — Con.jec- 

TCRE      AN1<     F'aLSEHOOD — CaBEZA     DE     VaCAS     ReMAIIKAHLE      Jot'RNEY 

across  the  Continent — He  did  not  Enter  New  Mexico  or  See  the 
PcEHLo  Towns — Bibliographic  Notes. 

It  was  in  the  sixteenth  century  that  tlie  Spaniards 
first  explored  tlie  region  that  forms  the  tci'ritorial 
iiasis  of  this  volume.  The  discoverers  and  early 
('\j)lorers  found  there  the  home,  not  only  of  several 
wild  and  roving  tribes  of  tho  class  generally  denomi- 
nated savages,  but  of  an  aboriginal  people  much  further 
advanced  in  progress  toward  civilization  than  any  other 
north  of  Anahuac,  or  the  region  of  Central  Mexico. 
This  people,  though  comi)osed  of  nations,  or  tribes, 
speaking  distinct  languages,  was  practically  one  in  the 
arts  and  institutions  constituting  the  general  features 
<jf  its  emergence  from  savaffisni.     It  was  an  aoricul- 

O  O  O 

Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mkx.    1 


2  INTKOUUlTORV   REMARKS   AND  RESUME. 

tural  people,  dwellin^r  in  several -storied  buildings  of 
stone  or  adobes.  All  tliat  pertains  to  this  most  inti'i'- 
estinj^  peo[>le,  or  to  the  other  native  inhabitants  of 
Arizona  and  Nctw  Mexico,  has  been  put  before  the 
reader  in  an  earlier  work  of  this  scries.  My  present 
purpose^  requires  but  the  briefest  re[)etition  (»r  resume 
of  matters  thus  ])resented  in  their  proper  place,  and 
even  that  only  in  certain  peculiar  phases,^ 

This  region  offers  for  antiquarian  research  a  field 
not  surpassed,  in  several  respects,  b}'  any  in  America; 
for  here  oidy  we  find  a  people,  far  in  advance  of  the 
savage  tribes  if  far  behind  the  highest  tyi)es,  retaining 
many  of  their  .original  characteristics,  and  living  ou 
the  same  sites,  in  buildings  similar  to,  or  in  several 
instances  perliaps  identical  with,  those  occupied  by 
their  ancestors  at  the  coming  of  the  Europeans,  and 
for  centuries  before.  These  are  the  oldest  continu- 
ously inhabited  structures  on  the  continent;  and  these 
Puebh)  Indians — so  called  from  the  Si)anish  term 
applied  to  their  community-houses,  or  towns,  in  the 
absence  of  any  general  aboriginal  name — are  probably 
more  nearly  in  their  original  condition  than  any  other 
Amei'ican  tril)es.  It  is  therefore  hardly  possible  to 
overi'stimate  the  importance  of  these  tribes  for  ethno- 
logic study,  unless,  indeed,  we  adopt  the  extreme 
views  of  those  who  refuse  to  credit  testimony  to  the 
effect  tliat  the  most  advanced  Nahua  and  ^NTaya  na- 
tions possessed  any  trait  or  custom  or  institution  or 
degree  of  culture  different  from  or  superior  to  tiiose 
found  among  these  Pueblos,  or  even  inferior  tribes  of 
the  north. 

In  my  Native  Racrfi,  after  describing  the  monuments 
of  this  peculiar  peo[)le,  I  expressed  a  hope  that  the 
Wf)ik  might  encourage  further  research  and  the  pub- 
lication of  much  additional  information  on  the  subject, 

'  Set;  Kative  Pnrrs  nf  the  Pnrific  Sfnten:  tribal  relations,  maiirnTs  and  cus- 
toniH,  institutions,  general  description,  etc.,  vol.  i.,  p.  i'22,  4C.">  (>,  471-556; 
inytlidlogy  or  relitrioiis  ciistonis,  iii.  75  S.'i,  l.'?5-(),  170  5,  5'21-8;  laiigiiaue,  iii. 
51)8  !),  5',)H-G(K1,  071^,  G80-G;  autiquities,  ruiua,  relica,  and  historic  traditions, 
iv.  015-8G;  v.  537-8. 


^:J 


THE   PL'EHLO   INDIANS. 


nt  the  same  time  piodictinu;'  with  CMHifidonce — fouiulod 
1)11  the  uiiifoniiity  of  data  already  accessible  that 
luwiy  discovered  relics  would  not  difl'er  materially  in 
t\  pe  from  those  I  was  ahle  to  study,  and  that  they 
Would  requiie  \ui  essential  modification  of  my  con- 
vlusions  respectinjj^  the  primitive;  Xew  ]\[exicans.  This 
hope  and  prediction  have  proved  well  founded.  Dur- 
ing; the  decade  and  move  that  has  passed  since  my 
w<»rk  appeared,  ahh;  investiijcators  have  directed  their 
efforts  to  this  field,  with  results  in  the  form  of  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  peo[)le,  and  their  traditions,  lan- 
guages, and  material  i-elics  that  })robably  sur[)ass  in 
iiianv  resi)ects  all  that  was  known  before;  vet  these 
results,  so  far  as  I  am  familiar  with  them,  are  con- 
firmatory of  the  general  views  which  had  been  taken 
by  me,  and  which  it  seems  proper  to  embody  briefly 
here,  aboriginal  annals  being  a  fitting  preface  to  the 
record  of  foreign  invaders'  deeds  to  follow. 

Ill  their  sixteenth-century  explorations,  the  Sj)nn- 
iards  found  from  seventy  to  a  hundred  of  the  Pueblo 
towns  still  inhabited,  there  being  much  confusion  of 
names  in  the  different  narratives  of  succc^ssive  visits. 
^[()st  of  the  towns  cannot  be  definitely  identified  or 
located;  but  as  groups  they  i)resent  but  slight  diffi- 
culties; and  they  covered  substantially  the  same  ter- 
ritory then  as  now.  South  of  this  territory,  in 
snuthern  Arizona  and  northern  Chihuahua,  and  prol)- 
aMy  north  of  it,  in  southern  Colorado  and  Utah, 
tliough  there  may  have  been  exceptit)ns,  similar  widt^- 
spread  structures  were  then  as  now  in  ruins.  In  tl  o 
next  centurv,  chieflv  during  the  wars  followinu'  sue- 
cessful  revolt  against  the  Spaniards,  many  of  the 
towns  were  destroyed  or  abandoned,  the  nund)er  being 
reduct'd  in  that  period  or  a  little  later  to  about  twenty- 
five,  the  dates  and  circumstances  of  the  few  later 
changes  being  for  the  most  part  known. 

It  is  only  in  the  broadest  outline  that  the  history 
of  this  people  is  known  by  their  material  relics,  tradi- 
tion afFordins:  but  slight  aid.     Clearl  v  the  whole  region, 


1 


iU^ 


4  INTRt)DU(TOUY  REMARKS  AND  R1^;sUM6. 

cxtciurmu^  soiiiewliat  fartlicr  nortli  and  south  than  the 
houiuls  of  Arizona  and  Ni'W  Mexico,  was  in  the  ]>ast 
occupied  l)y.scini-civiliz('d  trihcs,  not  thHtiin*;  ainoii;^' 
themselves  or  from  the  l*uehh>s  nioi'e  tlian  do  the  lat- 
t  -r  as  known  sii\ee  tlie  sixteenth  century,  and  occupy- 
in<jf  tlio  most  fertik;  valh'vs  witli  their  stone  and  adoho 
t  >\vn  houses,  similar,  but  oftt'U  vastly  superior,  to  the 
later  well-known  dwollinj^s  of  the  Puehlos,  Loni^, 
])('rliaj»s  centuries,  hefore  the  Spaniards  came,  hej^aii 
the  decline  of  this  numerous  antl  powerful  peo]ile.  The 
cause  of  their  misfortunes  must  he  traced  to  wars  with 
savaL(e  predatory  tribes  like  the  Apaxdies,  and  with 
each  other,  drou^'ht  and  pestilence  contributiii|Li^  to  the 
same  end.  All  the  ruined  structures  and  other  rt'lics 
of  the  loni;'  }>ast  were  so  evidi'nth'  the  work  of  the 
J*U(>l)los  or  co^'nate  tribes  tliat  there  exists  no  jilausi- 
l)le  reason  for  indulij;in<_r  in  conjectural  taeories  re- 
spectiu'n'  tlu'  ai;ency  of  extinct  races.  Yet  nothing;  is 
more  enuunon  than  to  read  »)f  the  discovery  of  prehis- 
toric ri'lics  of  the  lon<j^-lost  race  that  onci;  peoj)It  d 
this  land.  ^Iv  work  has  had  but  sliijfht-eflect  to  check 
this  popuLar  tendency  to  the  marvellous. 
■  It  is  also  still  the  custom  of  most  writers  to  refer  to 
the  ruins  and  relics  of  this  reiiion  as  undoubtedlv  of 
Aztec  oriijjin,  and  to  adopt  more  or  less  fully  thi'  tlu.'- 
ory  that  the  ancestors  of  the  l^ut^blo  tribes  were 
Aztecs  left  in  Arizona  durini^  the  fanious  migration 
from  the  north-west  to  Mexico.  As  the  reader  of 
my  Xdfli'c  Jiaccs  is  aware,  it  is  my  belief  that  no  such 
U'eneral  mi'>i'ation  occurred,  at  least  not  within  anv 
])erio(l  reached  by  tradition;  but  whether  this  belief 
is  well  founded  or  not,  I  have  found  no  reason  to  mod- 


ity   my  | 


Dsition   that  the   New  Mexic 


m 


peoi 


nc  am 


I 


culture  were  not  Aztec."     The  Montezuma  myth  of 

"'Iivui  liariUy  ooiu'oivu  of  stnieturca  roared  by  human  liands  dili'iTiiig 
nioro  essi'iitially  than  tlio  two  olassos  in  (|Ui'sti(iii '  (Xcw  Mexican  ami  tlmso 
of  I'lMit.  Am.  ami  Mcx.)  '  In  tlio  common  use  nf  ailnlii's  for  Imildiiig  niatoiial; 
in  tiu>  pliiin  w.dls  risiny  to  a  licij^ht  of  srvcral  stories;  in  the  tirrace  struc- 
ture, alisi'iice  of  doors  in  tin;  lower  story,  and  the  entrance  hy  ladders;  in  tho 
absunou  of  arched  ceilings  of  ovcrlajniiiig  blocks,  of  all  pyramiilid  structures. 


MO   AZIKCS    1\    NKW    MKXICO. 


till'  l*utl»l<»  coiuiiuiiiitifs,  so  l;u'  at  least  as  the  naiU"  is 
c'oiiCfi'iK'd  it"  not  altii^ctiifi",  was  certainly  of  S|tanish 


i)rit;in. 


Monumeiilal   and    institutional   ivseuiManees 


ale  liaidly  suflieient  to  su<j^i;est  even  i-oiitact  with  the 
Nahua  nations,  yet  such  contact  at  one  time  or  an- 
other is  not  ini[)iol»alile,  and  is  indet-d  indicated  !»y 
the  dialects  of  some  of  the  ti'ihes.  I^ini»'uistic  alHni- 
ties,  however,  like  institutional  and  architectural  ru- 
send)liinees,  if  any  exist,  do  not  indicate  an  A/tec  haso 
for  the  Ni'W  Mexican  culture  at  the  hcLriimin^',  hut 
lather  a  su[>erstructural  clement  of  later  intnuhiction. 
1  otl'er  no  positive  assi'ition  that  the  northern  advance- 
ment wa-;  indim'iious  or  indejH'ndent  of  the  spirit  that 
actuated  the  inound-huilders  or  the  architicts  of  I'a- 
len(jue  and  Kxnial;  hut  I  i-laim  that  any  possihle  con- 
nection is  hut  vaguely  suppi^-ted  hy  the  evidence,  and 
may  at  least  he  ici^arded  as  anteilatiiiL;  the  period  of 
traditional  annals,  '{'he  origin  of  this  most  interest- 
in^'  alit)rii;inal   |»eop]e  is  a  legitimate  suhject  of  in\es- 


tiuatum,  and  tlieri'  are  manv  more  comi)  .ent  than 
myself  to  form  an  o[)inion;  yit  1  ftH'l  justified  in  pro- 
testinuf  against  the  too  i)i(>valent  teiidencv  of  most 
writers  to  accejit  in  this  matter  as  fact  what  is  at  the 
best  hut  vaL>ue  conjecture. 

This  c]ia[>ter  is  intended  to  Include  all  that  it  is 
necessary  to  say  in  a  preliminary  wny,  respi'ctint^-  the 
history  of  this  territoiy,  hifore  l>e^iMninn'  the  chroiu)- 
lo^ic  narrative  with  the  first  coming;'  of  the  Spaniard.s. 
.\n  ohviously  im])ortant  and  neci'ssarv  feature  of  this 
introductorv  matter  is  the  annals  of  Si)anish  nro^ress 


.f 


<inl 


liircil    lilixUs,  (pf   ;ill  aii'liitt'i'tiual  ilrcnritinii-:,  i  f   idols,  t('iii|ilrs,  .iiiil 


fVei'V  ti-aco  of  liiiililiii;;s  t'viilfiitlv  (Icsijjiinl  for  i'cli::iniii  rite,  n\  liurial-iiiiiiiiiil.i 


iiliii.'ill   niiiaiiis;  ;iiii 


I'llii 


uuMiiH  rclus   Hot  to 


■.II  111 
t'liitl 


oliaracttT  ol'  tin' 


HT  into  il 


•tails 


i-iiiscriptioiiM  am 


iiii  < 


tlif 


N.  Ml 


\.   IllOllUIIU'Ilts  [I 


sunt  no  analogies  to  any  of  tlu^  tinutlici'n  remains.      I  lio  not  niian  to  i'\)'rrss 
a  (IccicK'il  opinion  that  the  Aztecs  wii-ci  not,  sonic  lininliiMls  or  tliou  iainl  ;  of 


ci'iitiirics  asjo,  or  even  at  a  sonnw 


hat  1. 


-s  remote  ji 


iiiire.ls  or  tliouiaii 
'lioil,  iileiitieal  with   tli 


latives  fif  N.  Mex.,  for  1  jiave  great  faith  in  the  jiower  of  time  ainl  eiivirc 


nu'iit  to  Mdrk   unlimiteil    ehaiii'es   in 


any  peoi 


le:  J 


.Iv  ol, 
he.l 


nil. litest  ahsiirdity  to  ;-i\ii)po,-,e  that  the  niominieiit.s  ileseri 
of  the  A/tees  ilnriiig  a  niigratioii  southward  siiieo  the  1  Ith  centnry,  or  oi 
jienjil  •  nearly  allie  I  in  Mood  and  institutions  to  the  Azteci  urf  tl^t'y  weru  fonml 
in  Aniiluwc. '  2^\it.  Jiacc!<,  iv.  GS3. 


uni   tiiat  it  H  a 
Were  the  Work 


a  ly 


I  i 


6  IXTUODUCTOUV   UKMAUKS   AND   UKSU.MH. 

froiu  jMexit'o  iiortliward,  of  the  suoc'cssivc  stops  l)y 
wliicli  tlio  broad  ro^ioiis  soutli  of  this  distant  jn'oNinc'i.' 
were  discovorod,  ('X[»loivd,  and  to  soino  extent  Si'ttled 
l)i'loi'e  the  army  of  invasion  si-eured  a  foothoUl  in  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico.  But  this  is  a  suhji'ct  that  has 
lucn  presented  with  all  desirable  detail  in  the  Hrst 
Volume  of  my  Ifistofjj  of  the  North  Mexican  Stales,  to 
wliieh  the  reader  is  referred,  not  only  for  events  pre- 
ec  (lin^^  the  discovery  of  New  ^[exico,  but  for  later  hap- 
penings in  the  southei'ii  regions,  an  ac(juaintance  with 
which  will  greatly  stimulate  interest  in  and  facilitate  the 
study  of  theaccompanying  noithern  developments,  Be- 
cause this  matter  is  fully  treated  in  the  voluint;  alludid 
to,  and  because  it  is  also  jiresented  in  various  outline- 
combinations  as  a  necessary  introdui'tion  to  volumes  on 
other  northern  Pacific  stati'S,  I  may  prt)perly  restrict 
its  treatment  here  to  narrow  limits;  but  cannot,  con- 
sistently with  my  general  j)lan  of  making  each  work 
of  the  series  conj[)lete  in  itself,  omit  it  altogt'ther,'' 

As  soon  as  the  Spaniards  had  made  themselves 
mastejs  of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  their  attention  was 
attracted  in  large  degree  to  the  north  as  presenting 
new  and  })i'omising  fields  for  contpiest.  This  was  nat- 
ural Irom  their  comparatively  comi)lete  knowledges  of 
southern  geography  and  ignorance  oi*  the  north,  with 
its  })robably  vast  extent,  its  prospectively  rich  and 
powerful  nations  of  aborigines,  and  its  corresjxnidingly 
attractive  mysteries.  But  there  was  another  and 
moi'c  potent  incentive  in  the  current  theories  respect- 
ing geographical  relations  of  the  new  regions  to  Asia 
and  tlu!  Indies.  These  theories,  legitimately  founded 
on  the  slight  data  accessible,  furnish  the  key  to  all 
that  might  otherwise  be  mysterious  in  the  aimals  of 

'  In  like  maimer  the  record  in  Iiixf.  North  J/rx.  Staff  %  i.,  is  made  ooniplote 
liy  liiiot  rt'suiiu's,  in  tin;  iiropir  iilajos,  of  iiortlioiM  cv(!ut.s.  Tims  not  oidy 
:irv' the  suci'L'ssivc  lixpuditiotis  that  cxtcndid  licyond  .Sonora  and  C'liiliualuia 
info  Ariz,  and  N.  Mcx.  recorded  in  onllint',  I>nt  on  \i\k  127-U,  Ii7.'i-r>,  (»4"J  -4,  i.s 
a  skotch  of  N.  Mox.  history  in  1.')4()-1S1H);  and  ia  tiio  chapters  devoted  to 
Siiiiora  may  he  found  tlie  annals  ol  I'imeria  Alta,  which  included  s(tuthern 
Arizona.  Cha|).  1  of  Jlial.  Ctti,  i.,  is  a  resume  of  the  North  Mcx.  HUUtv,  iu- 
cLi  lini'  New  Mexico. 


'il 


PLANS  OF  CORTKS. 


nortli-wtstcni  exitloratiou.  So  t'ullv  liavc  tlicy  Ih'lu 
i'X|iliUiii'(l  l)y  iiic  rlst'wlui-t;  in  vurioiis  comiectitdis  that 
iiKTo  iiK'iition  may  jsulHcc  liero.  At  tir.st  it  was  sup- 
posed that  Columbus  had  reached  the  main  Asiatic 
coast,  which  mi^'lit  he  followed  south-westward  to  the 
Indies.  Then  a  ^Teat  island — really  South  America- 
was  I'oUMd,  which  did  not  seriously  conllict  with  the 
orii^inal  idea,  but  was  of  course  separated  from  the 
main  by  a  strait,  throuiih  which  vova<j'eis  to  and  from 
India  by  the  new  route  nmst  pass.  Further  explora- 
tion failed  to  find  this  strait,  l)Ut  i'i>vealed  instead  an 
isthmus  effectually  impeding  south-western  [jro^ress  in 
s]iij)s;  and  when  J  Balboa  in  1518  crossed  the  Isthnms 
to  find  a  broad  expanse  of  ocean  beyond,  and  others  a 
little  later  exi>lore(l  the  western  coast  for  manv  lea<'Ues 
northward,  it  became  apparent  that  the  old  geo<^raphi(! 
idea  must  bo  modified,  that  the  new  I'ejj^ions,  instead 
of  beinjj;"  the  Asiatic  main,  were  a  i;reat  south-eastern 
]>rojection  of  that  main.  The  idea  of  the  'strait,'  how- 
ever, had  become  too  deeply  rooted  to  hi;  easily  aban- 
doned; accordiniL;ly,  it  was  located  in  tin-  north,  alway - 
to  be  sought  just  beyond  the  limit  of  actual  exjilora- 
tion  in  that  direction.  Of  course,  this  cosmooraphic 
i^nis  fatuus  did  not  obstruct  l)ut  rather  stimulati-d  the 
<|Uest  for  new  kingdoms  to  coniiuer,  new  riches  for 
Si)anish  cotters,  and  new  souls  to  be  saved  by  si)iritual 
coiKpiest. 

Fully  imbued,  not  only  with  the  desire  to  exti'iid 
his  fame  as  a  coiujueror,  but  with  the  prevalent  geo- 
graphic theories,  llernan  Cortes,  within  a  yi'ar  or  two 
after  the  fall  of  Anahuac,  convinced  himself,  through 
re])oits  of  the  natives  and  ot"  his  lieutenants  sent  to 
l)Iant  the  Spanish  fiag  on  South  Si-a  shores,  that  the 
great  westward  treiul  of  the  Pacific  coast  that  was  to 
connect  the  new  regions  with  Asia  must  be  sought 
farther  north  than  the  latitude  of  Tenochtitlan.      The 


])lan  conceived  by  him  was  to  build  ships  on  tjie  I'a- 
cific,  and  in  them  to  follow  the  coast  northward,  then 
westward,  and  finally  southward   to  India.     In  this 


T 


i 


8  INTUODUCTORY    KIIMAKKS   AND   UKSUMK. 

voynijfo,  lit!  would  citlM  r  disrovcr  the  'Htniit,'  or  provo 
all  to  \h>  oho  ('oiitinciit;  diHcoviT  for  his  sovereign  rich 
coast  uikI  island  rcLfioiis;  [x-rliups  find  j^roat  kiiiL;(loiiis 
tocoiiquor;  iiiul  at  tin*  least  ('X[>lorc'  a  luw  roiito  to 
the  famous  Spice  Islands.  His  shi[»-yar'd  was  istah- 
lisluxl  at  Zacatula  in  hVJ'J,  hut  throULjh  a  scries  of 
misfortunes,  which  need  tiot  he  cataloLT'ied  here,  his 
maritiuK!  exjiloration  in  la.iO  liad  not  extended  ahove 
('(•lima.  Meanwhile,  howevi-r,  various  laiul  expedi- 
tions had  explored  the  religions  of  Michoacau  and 
southiaMi  Jalisco  up  to  the  latitude  of  San  I  Mas,  or 
ahout  "21"  .SO'.  In  the  interior  at  the  same  date  the 
advance  of  northern  exi)loration  had  readied  (^uerc- 
taro,  and  possihly  San  l^uis  l\>tosi,  in  latitude 
'J'J".  On  the  east  a  settlement  had  hei-n  founded  at 
]Mnuco,  and  the  LC^lf  coast  vai.ruelv  outlined  hy  .sev- 
eral  expeditions,  the  last  of  which  was  that  of  I'anHlo 
d(!  Narvaez,  whose  larjj^i^  force  landed  in  18'JcS  in 
Florida,  and  with  few  exceptions  perished  in  the 
attempt  to  coast  the  yulf  hy  land  and  water  to 
IMnuco. 

In  1531  the  first  ^^voiit  uioveinent  northward  was 
made,  not  hy  Cortes,  hut  hy  his  lival  Nuho  de  (Juz- 
man,  who,  witJi  a  lari;e  army  of  Spaniards  and  Indians, 
marched  from  Mexico  u[)  the  west  coast  to  Sinaloa. 
ILis  northern  limit  was  the  Yarjui  Kiver  in  ahout 
latitude  28°;  and  hranches  of  his  ex])edition  also 
crossed  the  mountains  eastward  into  Durani^o,  atid 
jxrliaps  Chihuahua;  hut  the  only  practical  result  of 
this  n'rand  expedition,  except  a  most  iliaholic  oppies- 
sion  and  slauijjhter  of  the  natives,  was  the  founding-  of 
the  little  villa  of  Sau  Miguel  in  ahout  latitude  2.")°, 
correspondino'  nearly  with  (^uliacan,  an  estahlishment 
which  was  permanent,  and  for  many  a  long  }•  ear  main- 
tained a  precarious  existence  as  the  isolated  frontier 
of  Spanish  vsettlement.  (Juzman  r(>turned  to  Jalisco, 
whose  permanent  occupation  dates  from  this  j)eriod; 


ukI  the  i^rovmce  or 


'kinud 


om   o 


f  N 


ueva 


Gal 


icui  was 


ushered    into    existence    with  jurisdiction    extending 


NOUTIIKUN   KXPKDITIONS.  0 

over  iill   the   t;ir  iioitli,  and  with   its  capital  snoii  fixiil 
at  (jrUiuluIajara. 

|}ut  Cortt'S,  thou^^li  oppoHcd  at  cvciy  step  l»y  liis 
cneiiiv,  (iu/Miaii,  ami  inxolvcd  in  other  VL'\ati(»us  dil- 
liciiitics,  coiitlmit'd  Ids  cllorts,  and  (lL's|iat(lic(|  scvri.d 
expeditions  hy  water,  one  ot  wliieli  was  wiveked  oa 
the  Sinaloa  coast  in  latitudo  2(5",  and  another  in  I.).".;! 
dise(»vered  wliat  was  sii[)|)ose(l  to  he  an  island  in  ahont 
latitude  24  .  lleri',  in  1.").'!.'),  Cortes  in  pei-son  at- 
tempted to  found  a  <'olony,  hut  the  enterprise  was  a 
disastrous  failure;  tlu!  settlenu^nt  at  Santa  Cru/-- 
rcally  on  the  j)eninsula — was  abandoned  the  next 
year,  and  the  place  was  named,  prohahly  hy  tho  set- 
tleis  in  their  disijjust,  California,  from  an  Amazon  isle 
"on  the  riij^ht  liand  of  the  Indies  very  near  the  terres- 
tiial  paradise,"  as  descrihed  in  a  po[>ular  no\el. 
MeanwhiU)  nothing  had  been  accom|)lished  farther 
east  that  demands  notice  in  this  connection;  and  the 
•leat  northern  bubble  seemed  tr»  have  l»urst. 

Vet  little  was  needed  to  renew  the  old  excitement, 
and  the  incentive  was  supplied  even  before  Cortes'  ill- 
fated  colony  had  left  California.  In  April  15;5(),  there 
airived  at  San  ^[iguel  de  Culiacan  Alvar  Nunez  and 
three  com})anions,  survivors  of  Narvaez'  expedition  of 
IjJS,  who  had  wandered  across  the  continent  through 
Texas,  Chihuahua,  and  Sonora,  and  who  brought  re- 
])orts  of  rich  towns  situati'd  noi'th  of  their  route. 
Thty  carried  tho  news  to  AEexico,  and  the  result  was 
a  series  of  more  brilliant  and  far-reaching  ex[)lorations 
hy  sea  and  land  than  any  that  lind  been  undertaken 
hctbro.  Sot(/s  wanderings  of  lo.'lH  4:5  in  the  Missis- 
sip[)i  Valley  may  be  connected,  chronologically  at 
least,  with  this  revival  of  interest.  Cortes  des[»atehed 
a  fleet  under  Ulloa,  who  in  l.'):!!)  exi)lore(l  the  gulf 
ti)  its  head,  and  followed  the  outer  coast  of  the  peiiin- 
.^ula  up  to  Cedros  Island  in  latitude  2S'.  Viceroy 
Meiido/a  took  the  fever,  and  not  oidv  sent  Alarcon  to 
u\c  head  of  the  gulf  and  up  the  liio  Colorado,  and  a 
little  later  Cabrillo  to'  the  region  of  Cape  Mendocino 


n 


10 


INTRODUCTORY   REMARKS  AND  RitsU.ME. 


on  the  outer  coast,  but  also  dtspatchod  Niza  as  a 
])ioiiecr,  aiul  prcsoiitly  A'^ascjuc/  do  Coroiiado  with  his 
mrand  annv  of"  '.'\[)lorcrs,  who  in  1540-2  traversed 
Sonora,  Arizona,  New  ]\[exico,  and  the  plains  north- 
eastward to  perhaj'S  latitude  40",  and  wliose  adven- 
tures will  be  narrated  in  the  following  chapters.  The 
exploreis,  however,  returned  without  having  achieved 
any  final  eon(juest,  »»r  established  any  permanent  st  c- 
tleinent;  and  again  interest  in  the  far  north  died  out — 
a  result  partly  due,  liowever,  to  the  great  revolt  of 
native  tribes  in  Xueva  Galicia,  kiu)wn  as  the  Mixton 
war  of  1540-2. 

With  the  sup])ression  of  this  rL\oU,  the  final  eon- 
(juest  of  Xueva  (Itdieia  was  eflected;  and  before  1550 
the  rich  niines  of  Zaeatecas  were  discovered,  and  the 
town  of  tliat  name  founded.  Exploration  of  the  north- 
ern interior  was  maiidy  the  work  of  miners,  though 
the  missionaries  were  alwavs  in  the  front  rank.  Fran- 
cisco  de  Ibarra  was  the  ureat  militarv  explorer  from 
1554,  his  entiadas  covering  thi;  region  corresponding 
to  the  Durango,  Sinaloa,  and  southern  Chihualiua  of 
modern  ma[)s,  besides  one  vaguely  recorded  ex]»e(lition 
that  niay  have  i^xtiiulcd  into  Arizona  or  Xew  JVEexieo. 
Aov)ut  15()2  the  new  ^)rovince  of  Xueva  Vizcava,  with 
Ibarra  as  governoi  and  capital  at  Durango,  was 
created,  to  inchide  all  territory  above  what  is  now  the 
line  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatecas,  theoretically  restricted  to 
tlie  region  east  of  the  mountains,  but  practically  in- 
cluding the  coast  provinces  as  well;  yet  the  auui<'ncia 
of  (jiuadahijara  rt'tained  its  judicial  jurisdiction  ove?" 
all  the  nortli.  l^^forc^  15G5  ther'e  were  mining  settle 
nu'nts  in  the  San  J^artolome  Valley  of  southern  Clii- 
huahua,  coi'responding  to  the  region  of  the  later 
]*;trral,  Allendts  and  Jimenez.  These  settlements  on 
the  east,  with  San  Kilipe  de  Sinaloa  o"i  the  west,  may 
be  regarded  as  the  frontier  of  S[)anish  occupation  in 


KiOO;  yet,  as  we 


shall 


itl 


presently  see,  several  expet 


d 


di- 


tions  had  jn'iietrated  the  country  north-eastward  even 


Xew    ^Mexico,  the   C( 


)n<pii 


'sf  of  which   province  at 


sevi:nti:i:nth-ckntuky  annals. 


11 


expcditiou 


IS  now  I. If 


liotioii  over 


Icimnits  oil 
west,  may 


ward  even 
H'oviiicc  at 


tills  diitc  was  tlius  far  in  advance  of  the  o-ciurnl  pro- 
vrcs  northward.  St)ut]i  of  the  Irontier  lino  as  noted, 
the  rc\!;!ons  of  Sin:doa,  ]Juiano-o,  and  soutln  rn  Ctia- 
liuila  Were  oeeupied  by  many  llourisliin^:  missions 
undtr  the  Jesuits  and  Franciscans;  and  there  were 
numerous  mining  settlements,  with  a  fw  military 
iiosts;  th<iUL;]i  the  general  Spanish  |:()pulalion  was  yc  t 
very  small. 

JSeventeeiith-century  ami;. Is  of  tlu;  noith  may  l)i' 
hrieily  outlined  for  present  puri)oses.  In  the  hegiii- 
ning,  Vizcaino,  on  the  outer  c(»ast,  re[)e  ited  C'ahrillo's 
(  xplorationstoor  hiyond  the  40th  })aralh  1;  while  pi  arl- 
iishns  and  others  made  many  trli)s  to  the  gulf  watt'rs. 
In  Sinaloa,  the  Jesuits  prospered;  in  Sonora,  begin- 
i.iiig  with  the  Yaqui  treaty  of  10 U),  and  the  conver- 
siiiu  of  the  ]Mayos  in  1G13,  the  missionaries  made 
constant  progress  until  a  large  ])art  of  the  ]>rovinee 
v.;is  occupied;  and  in  the  last  decadi',  not  o::ly  did 
])aia  California  become  a  mission  tield,  but  I'inieria 
Alta,  where  l*adre  Kino  pu.shed  forward  his  ex[)lora- 
tiniis  northward  to  the  Gila.  Eu?t  of  the  mountains, 
Xueva  A'izcava  was  for  the  most  part  a  land  of  war 
duiing  this  century;  eight  Jesuits  and  two  humlred 
'  paniards  lost  their  lives  in  the  Tei)eliuane  rc^volt  ;.f 
I>')1(»  in  iJuraniio;  but  the  missionaries  not  onlv  re- 
gained  lost  ground,  but  jiushed  forward  their  work 
jMuong  the  Taraliumares  of  Chihuahua,  where  also 
tliei'e  Wire  many  revolts.  Xorth-eastern  J)urango 
and  eastern  and  nortlierii  Chihuahua  ibrnied  the  mis- 
sion iit  Id  of  tiie   Franciscans,  whose  establishments, 

posed  to  the  fre(jUent  raids  of  savage   f  n  s,   main- 


(  \ 


lained  but  a  jirecarious  c>x;stence,  y.i  were  e\tende<l 
hetbre  1700  to  the  Casas  (irandes,  to  t!ie  site  of  tlie 
l;:ter  city  of  Chihuahua,  and  to  El  Taso  on  the  Ixio 
(  biiiide.  iMean while  the  mines  in  all  directions yielt hd 
rich  results;  and  a  small  military  force  under  tlu'  gov- 
ernors mananeinent  strove  more  or  less  inell'ectuallv  to 
]  rotiM't  mission-^  and  mining  ,'amps,  and  to  rejiel  the 
endless  and  ubi(|uitous  incursions  ol"  marauding  tribes. 


T 


12 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS  AND  R^SUMI^l. 


*   [| 


Noitlicni  ( 'oaliuila  was  occiipucl  by  the  Franciscans, 
and  several  settli-nients  were  founded  in  the  hist  (|uar- 
ter  (if  this  century.  Texan  annals  of  the  period  are 
divided  into  three  distinct  parts:  first,  tlie  various  ex- 
pechtions  from  Xew  Mexico  to  the  east  in  IGOl-  80; 
second,  the  disastrous  attenn)ts  at  colonization  hy  the 
French  under  La  Salle  in  iCkS'J-r;  and  thinl,  elloits 
of  the  Spaniards  from  108(5,  resultin<^''  in  several  ex 
ploriiitjf  expeditions  from  t'oahuila,  jind  in  the  foui'da- 
tioii  of  stiveral  Franciscan  missions  on  the  hraiirlus 
of  tlie  rivers  Trinidad  and  Neclies,  wliich  were  aban- 
doned in  1()D;1 

In  tlie  eighteenth  century,  but  for  the  concjuest  of 
Xayarit  in  l7i!l-'2,  the  provinces  of  Sinaloa  and  I  )u- 
ranL;(>  relapsed  into  thi;  monotonous,  unevi'ntfr.l  con- 
(htion  of  Xueva  (Jalicia,  that  of  a  f/'crra  dc  jxiz;  but 
Sonera  and  Chihuahua  were  more  than  ever  a //V /•/•</ 
degvcrra,  the  victim  of  nmrderous  raiils  of  A[)aehes  ami 
other  warlike  and  ])i'e(Iatory  tribes.  A  line  of  pre- 
sI(hos  was  earlv  estal)lishe<l  alonu'  the  nortliern  fVoiii  ier, 
wliich,  with  occasional  chauij^i'S  of  site  as  d'-maiuKil 
by  circumstances,  st'rved  to  prevent  the  abandoimu  iii 
(;f  the  whole  rej»'ion,  Tlu>re  was  lianllv  a  settlemt  nt 
of  any  kind  that  was  not  more  than  once  abandoned 
tcMuporarily.  Xew  nuncs  were  eonstantly  discoNcred 
and  worked  inuK'r  occasional  military  ])roti'ctitin  ;  lht> 
famous  mining"  excitement  of  tlie  JJolas  de  IMata,  at 
Ari/onac,  occurred  in  T7or-ll;  rich  placers  of  i^old 
wi're  found  in  Sonora;  and  the  lual  de  San  Felij  e, 
or  I'ity  of  Cliiliuahua,  sprang'  into  existiMice  nt-ar  the 
mines  of  Santa  ludaiia  earlv  in  the  centurv.  Tlie 
missions  showed  a  constant  de(Tnu',  wliich  was  not 
materially  allected  by  tlie  e\[)u1sion  of  the  Jesuits  and 


substitution  of  the  Franciscans  in    17( 
missions  were  founded,  but  mor 


)/ 


M 


uiv 


:e\\ 


e  wt-re  ahandoned,  arid 


most  became  but  }>etty  connnunitics  of  women,  (  hil- 
dren,  and  invalids,  or  convenient  resorts  of  the  able- 
bodi(>d  from  time  to  tinn-,  the  friars  reiainin^-  no 
prartic.  1   control.      There  was  but  slight  L-ain  of  ni  \v 


IMil 


PROGRESS  IN   THE  XORTIL 


13 


Fvaucls(  ans, 
ho  last  (|uar- 

0  ])eri()(l  arc 
V  various  cx- 

iii  1(50  I-  80; 
atioii  l)y  tilt' 
thinl,  i.'liorts 

1  several  ex- 
1  the  foui'da- 
tho  branches 
li  were  aban- 

L>  conquest  «'t" 
iU)a  and    1  )u- 
evt-ntl"i:l  con- 
i  (Ic  jHiz;    but 
cwv  a  li(  rra 
Apaches  jind 
line  of  ])re- 
hcru  tVonlicr, 
art  d''ni;»ndi  d 
bandonuuut 
I  settlcKK  nt 
abandoni'd 
V  discovered 
tection ;   th(> 
le   Plata,  at 
ici'l'S   of  .u'old 
San  Feli]  t\ 
ice  near   ilu- 
ntiirv.     Tlu- 
ieh   was   n<il 
Jesuits  ar.d 
^[any  '.:e\v 
mdoned,  aii<l 
women,  »  hil- 
of  the  a.bU-- 
reiainini;"   no 
ain  t)f  new 


terrltorv.  thoiiuli  in  IMnieria  Alta  the  nusslons  and 
i)residios  were  extended  northwai'd  to  San  Javier  del 
Hacand  Tubac,  in  what  was  later  Arizona.  On  the 
west  coast,  however,  in  1709-1800,  the  S[)anit5h  occu- 
|iation  was  extended  to  latitude  ;]?",  and  exploration 
to  tlie  noth  parallel,  while  the  Franciscans  founded  a 
scries  of  nineteen  new  and  flourishin;j^  missions  in  Alta 
('alifornia;  and  in  the  extreme  east  Texas  was  reoc- 
(iipied  in  I71()  --  with  missions  and  ]>residios,  the 
t  ouiitry  remaining'  j)ernianently  under  Si)anish  doniin- 
idu.  tliou;j,h  the  establishments  were  ne\er  pros[)erous. 

There  is  yet  another  introduction  or  accompaniment, 
pfitaininn"  aj)propriately  enough  to  the  early  history 
<if  Xew  Mexico,  to  which  I  mav  call  attention  Jiere, 
;it  ihe  same  time  su^«j,estin<;'  that  a  ])erusal  of  its  de- 
tails as  recorded  in  another  v<»Iunie  of  this  seiies  may 
yicM  moi'c  of  pleasure  and  })rotit  if  undertaken  a  little 
later,  after-  the  reaiU-r  shall  liav(>  made  himself  famil- 
iar witli  the  I'ecord  of  the  earliest  expeditions  as  pi'c- 
scuted  ill  the  openinj^  chapters  of  this  volume.  I 
allude  to  i\ic  mass  of  nioi'e  or  K'ss  absurd  conjectur.d 
theories  .'espectiiiL;'  northern  ij^eoo'raphy,  whicji,  |»leii- 
lifully  leavened  with  falsehood,  were  dominant  amoui;; 
writers  and  nia[)-makers  for  two  centuries,  and  whicli 

belon^iiiin-  as  much  and  as  little  to  Xew  Mexico  as 
to  any  ))ait  of  my  teri'itory—  under  the  title  of  the 
Nortlicin  Mystery  I  iia^;^  chosen  to  treat  in  my  J/is- 
l"-jl  <ij'  Ihe  X<)r(lni'c<<t  t'oasf^  The  earliest  theories 
iv.-.prrtiii'4-  the  _i;i'OL!fraphic  relations  of  America  to  Asia 
were  in  a  sense,  as  we  have  seen,  reasonable;  and  eoii- 
sistiiit  ;  but  after  the  ex])lorations  of  If).')!)  -\:],  this 
rlfiuenl  of  consistency  for  the  most  part  disappeared, 
as  the  Spanish  irovernment  lost  mutli  of  its  interest 
i.i  the  far  north,  with  its  faith  in  the  existi'nce  of  new 
and  wealthy  ivalnis  to  be  coiujuered  there.  There 
r.  niaiiied.  however,  a  liiin  belief  in  the  interoeeanic 
strait,  and  an  ever-}»rest'nt  fear  that  some  other  nation 

'  N  ol.  i.,  I'liai).  i.-i>-,  with  copies  of  many  old  maps. 


,"1 


14 


INTRODUCTORY   REMARKS  AND  RESUME. 


would  find  and  utilizu  it  to  the  disadvanta(,^o  of  Spain. 
Meanwliilf,  there  were  many  cx])Iorers  legitimately 
desirous  of  clearing  up  all  that  was  my.sterious  in  the 
north,  coiupierors  hent  on  emulating  in  that  direction 
tlie  grand  achie\enients  of  Cortes  and  Pizarro,  friars 
enger  to  un<iertake  as  missionaries  the  spiritual  co:i- 
(juest  of  new  realms  for  (Jod  and  their  king;  and  their 
only  ditficultv  was  to  gain  access  to  the  royal  treasury 
in  helialf  of  tlieir  respective  schemes.  The  far  of 
i'oreign  encroachment  was  a  strong  hasis  of  argument, 
and  in  their  memorials  they  did  not  hesitate  to  su[)- 
plenieiit  this  hasis  with  anything  tliat  might  tend 
to  reawaken  the  old  faith  in  northern  wivdth  and 
wonders,  Thes(>  interested  parties,  and  the  host  of 
tlieorists  who  cndmiced  and  exaggerate*!  tlieir  Views, 
genei'ally  succeedt'd  in  coiuincing  tliemselves  that 
their  views  were  for  the  most  part  founded  in  fact. 
"^I'he  old  theories  were  brought  to  light,  and  variously 
distorted;  the  actual  discoveries  of  l5.']9-4.3,  as  tin' 
years  j)assed  on,  heoanie  senii-my\hical,  and  were 
located  anywhere  to  suit  the  writer's  views,  Indian 
villages  being  magnified  without  scruple  into  gnwit 
cities:  each  new  discovery  on  the  frontier  was  de- 
scribed  to  meet  requirements,  and  located  where  it 
would  do  i]\c  most  good;  and  oven  the  aborigines,  as 
s'>«)n  as  tluy  learned  what  kind  of  traditions  pleased 
th(^  white  men  most,  ilid  excellent  service  for  tlic 
cause.  It  nmst  be  understood  tliat  much  of  all  this 
was  honest  conjecture  respecting  a  region  of  whicli 
little    or    nothing  was   known;"    but    theory    became 

•''A  late  writer  siiys,  soinewliat  in  tliis  ctmiifi'tidii:  'It  i.s  iliUk'nlt  for  pel- 
sons  ill  (lur  giMiunitidu  to  rcalizi.'  tlio  circuiiist  iiices  under  wliicli  tlu'  vurioiH 
exjH'ilitioiis  eoiiiieeteil  w  itli  N.  Mex.  were  liiinle  tluriiii;  tlie  Killi,  iiinl  iiule 'l 
tlie  ITtli,  ceutlliy.  Wi;  liiive  liceli  t<o  aceilstnliieil  to  tile  j,'eiit!ral  ^'eo:.'.  eimtoir 
of  tlie  Aiiier.  eoiitiiieiit  from  our  earliest  youth,  we  know  so  well  the  distaiui' 
from  oeeaii  to  oeean,  ami  from  the  ^ulf  to  the  Artie  ref^ioii,  that  it  s''e;ii.-(  liii 
lieiilt  to  reiiieiiiher  that  the  iiitrejiid  itxplorers  wlio  ixnetrated  to  the  north 
after  the  fall  of  the  Moiiteziiiiias  lad  no  idea  at  all  of  the  extrnt  of  the  main- 
laiid,  and  were  never  sure  as  they  aseeiided  a  mountain  luit  that  its  summit 
Would  lirhij.  to  view  the  South  Sea  to  the  west,  tin.'  North  S  a,  or  Atlaiitii'. 
to  the  east,  or  the  j;reat  Ar(!tie  Oeeaii  toward  tlii'  )Mile.  .  .  The  e\jilorer  oi 
those  days  was  travelling  entirely  in  the  dark.  Nothing;  in  inoie  modern 
timed  has  heea  siiiiilar  to,  or  can  again  rebcinble,  the  uneertaiuty  and  roiuanii; 


ME. 


THE  NOIlTlIEItX   MVSTKRV 


15 


go  of  Spain. 
leLi'ithnat<  Iv 
'I'ious  in  tlu' 
Kit  diivctioii 
izarro,  friars 
piritual  co-.i- 
i\y;  and  tluir 
)yal  troasurv 
The   frar  ('.f 
if  arn'unicnt, 
itato  to  su|>- 
niiglit    tmd 
woaltli   and 
tiio  liost  of 
tlioir  views, 
nsclvt's    tliat 
idod  in  fact, 
nid  vai'iously 
l)-4:?,  as  tlu" 
1,    and    well' 
iew.s,   Indian 
into  !j,rf;it 
lor  was  dc- 
'd   wlicro  it 
)()rigiii('K,  as 
ions  ploascd 
ice    f(ir   till' 
of  all  this 
in  of  wliicli 
)ry    l)erani.' 

ililli'jlllt  t'di-  pel 
hii-li  tlu;  viirioii- 
l(i:h,  iiinl  iiiilf  1 
■I'.il  gf'i,:.'.  ciintoi,!' 
Will  tlio  <listaiii  !■ 
tliMt  it  s."j;ii»  111. 
iti'il  to  t'lc  imitli 
■;ti  lit  <if  tlu"  iimiii- 
ihat  its  suiiiinit 
S  a.  (ir  Atliiiiti'-. 

.'rill-    CXplcH'l  r  nl 
ill    llKll'i'    llll)ll<  Til 

iiity  mill  niiuaiKi.' 


rapidlv  and  inoxtricably  niinnltd  witli  puro  fiction; 
and  there  were  few  of  tlie  repoitcd  wonders  of  the 
north  tliat  had  not  been  actually  seen  hy  some  hold 
navigator,  some  shi})-wreeked  nuii'incr  wandering  in- 
laixl,  or  some  iniaginativt'  prospector  or  Indian-fighter. 
Xot  only  did  the  strait  exist,  but  many  voyagei's  had 
found  its  entrance  on  the  east  or  west,  and  not  a  few 
had  either  sailed  through  it  from  ocean  to  ocean,  or 
reached  it  from  the  interior  hv  land,  'i'he  kinudoini^ 
and  cities  on  its  l)<i!d<s  were  described,  though  with 
discre[)ancies,  which,  indeed,  threw  no  doubt  on  its 
existence,  but  rather  suggested  that  the  whoh^  north- 
ern intei'ior  might  be  a  great  network  of  canals,  among 
which  the  adventurer — would  the  king  but  fit  out  a 
llect  for  him — might  choose  his  route.  Only  a  small 
]) 'rtion  of  the  current  speculations  and  falsehoods 
t'ound  their  way  into  print,  or  hav(3  been  preser\'ed 
lor  our  reading;  but  <juit(venough  to  show  tin;  spirit 
of  the  time.  The  resulting  complication  of  geographic 
ahsiu'dities,  known  as  the  Northern  Mystery,  has  had 
a  strange  j'ascination  ibr  me,  and  it ;  close  connection 
witli  the  eai'ly  annals  of  Xew  ^[exico,  as  with  those 
of  the  other  Pacific  United  States,  will  doid)tless  be 
apparent  to  all. 

lit  iliii  -I'  I  •lily  I'Xiiuilitioiis.  For  tlm  rod'iit  I'Xiiloroi'H  of  At'riiM,  for  rxaiiiiiir,  liail 
■d  |irrii('t  kiiowlu.lmi  of  tliu  sIkhiu  of  tliu  (ixtorior  of  llio  roniiiunt,  ami  k:ir\v  ix- 
aiily  \v  hat  tiilifs  livml  on  nai'li  .shore,  ami  what  livur.s  ciiniliuil  into  iMc'i  oocaii. 
.\11  that  was  K'ft  as  a  //  rni  hmyiniii  was  a  ci'rtiiu  aina  in  tlu;  ecTitri',  aiul  tliat 
o:'  known  k'niith  ami  '.reailth.  lint  tlie  early  explorers  of  Aineriea  literally 
kirw  nothiiiL,'  of  the  laml  they  entereil.  It  was  alisoliit.  ly  virgin  Miil. 
'liny  ini;;lit  liiiil  iinpassalile  mountains  or  eiiornioiis  lakes;  tiny  ini.uht  iiave 
to  traverse  almost  iiiterminalile  ilest'rts,  or  diseover  rivers  whose  wiiltli  Aoiihl 
ioiliiil  their  crossing;  they  mi^ht  ehaiiee  upon  gijaiitic  voliMimes,  or  liml 
tluniselves  on  the  shore  of  the  ultimate  ocean.  Ainl  as  to  the  iiihaliilants 
an  1  proitiiets,  they  ware  equally  ignorant.  \N'e  are  sometimes  iinliiee'l  to 
siiiilr  at  the  marvellous  stories  rrlateil  liy  someof  the  oMer  explorers,  .at  their 


still 


llr 


more  extravagant  t'Xpeetatious,  ami  the  crei 


ilnlity 


with  wliieh  ever\  tliintr 


::r  exaggerateil  or  unnatural)   relating  to  the   inw  lonliiient  was   li 


A.     ]$ut  we  must  remenilper  that  it  was  a  il  ly  of  real  n 


II. vi: 
ii.ithiiig  eon 


;ls  aiiil   that 


I'll  1.^ 


those  thiiiL'i  will 


iiri.igineil   more  extraorilin.ary  an. I   unexpeetiil    thai 


rl.l 


■li  hail  ali'eaily  heeii  iliseovriil  as  realitii'S.      A:i  entire  m 


oeeii  olieliei 


to  tl 


le  enterprise,  the  eiiriosi 


ity,  tl 


le  eiipiilitv, 


ami  tl 


LVohnee  of  maiikinil.      Tt  is  as  if  toil  ay  a  re.uly  nioile   ol  aieess   to  tl 


Union  Were  iliscovereil,  ami   the  liist  ailventiirers  to  the  lunar  regions 


tiiriieil  heleii  \\\i\\  iliainoiiils,  ami  lieariiiii  tiilini.;-!  of  rieh 


il 


hail 
ilers  far 


(;/  X. 


1  the  wililest  iinagiuatioii  of  former  generations.'  /'riiur'.t  Ili-t.  Skric/tiui 


M. 


VI,  10- IS. 


'I 


16 


IX.RODUCTOUY   RKMAllKS  AND  IlEsUM^. 


The  wanderings  of  Cabeza  de  Vaea,  including,  as 
most  or  all  writers  on  the  subject  have  aj^reed,  the 
lh"st  visit  of  Europeans  to  New  Mexico,  have  hcen 
recoidcd  somewhat  in  detail  in  another  volume  of  this 
series."  For  that  reason,  hut  cliietly  hccause  it  is  my 
o))inioM  that  Caheza  de  Vaca  never  entered  New 
]\lexico,  I  tievote  in  this  volume  ct)mparatively  little 
space  to  the  subject;  and  for  the  latter  reason,  what  I 
have  to  say  is  given  in  this  introductory  chapter  in- 
stead of  being  attached  to  the  record  of  actual  ex])lora- 
tions  in  the  mxt.  Alvar  Nunez,  or  Caheza  de  Vaca, 
Andres  Dorantes,  Alonso  del  Castillo  ^laldonado,  and 
a  neiiro  slave  called  Estevanico  were  the  onlv  known 
survivors  t)f  the  expedition  of  Narvaez  to  the  gulf 
coast  in  1528,  After  years  of  cajttivity  among  diflerent 
native  tribes,  they  finally  escaped  from  servitude  on  the 
Texas  coast,  crossed  the  continent  in  a  journey  that 
lasti'd  nearly  a  year,  and  arrivi'd  at  San  ^liguel  de 
Culiacau  in  A])i"il  1530.  The  success  of  so  remark- 
able a  trip  resulted  i'rom  the  leaders  wonderful  good 
luck  in  establishing  his  reputation  as  a  great  medicine- 
man among  the  natives,  who  escorted  the  strangers 
from  tribe  to  ti'ibe  along  the  way  with  full  laith  in 
their  su])ernatural  powers;  or  ])ercliance  the  wanderers 
were,  as  they  believed,  under  the  unraculous  protection 


o 


ft! 


leir  cfoc 


1. 


Naturally  no  jciurnal  was  kept;  but  a  rc>port  was 
made  on  arrival  in  jNIexico,  and  a  narrative  was  writti  n 


by  Al 


var 


N- 


unez  after  he  went    to  Spain  in    15 


Tliere  is  no  reason  to  (jUestion  the  good  faith  of  either 
repoit  or  narrative  as  written  Irom  memory;  but 
there  is  mucli  discrepancy  and  confusion,  not  only 
between  the  two  versions,  but  between  dilfcrent  state- 
ments in  each.      Moreover  the  narrative  inft)rms  us 


■  Si'c  Ili.sl.  North  M<:r.  States,  i.  GO-70. 


/,'<■/, 


lUr 


tintiii   ijiir  (, 


dk'i  All' 


iii'iiz,  etc.,    1st  jmli.   ill  l.")42,  with   later  dl.  as 


//  ('oiiH'iitiirUv^  ;u\<\  as  Xituj'rwjio",  also  Italian  and  Kruncli  translations. 


Tlio  rcjiort  niadu  in  Mex.  \'t',H]  is  known  only  l»y  tlio  version  in  Ovinlo,  llitt. 
I'l'L,  iii.  582.  Bnckinj,'liain  Smith,  in  his  oarefnlly  annotatc(l<'(('/r:(t  (/«'  \'iirti's 
J'i'l 'titii,  a  translation  of  the  narrative,  made  use  also  of  the  report  through 
Oviedo.     Tor  further  biblio''.  details,  see  ref.  of  note  6. 


CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


17 


liuliii«,s  as 
^rcftl,  tlio 
lave  hvvn 
mo  of  this 
io  it  is  my 
:rt'(l    New 
Ivfly  little 
on,  what  I 
•liaptcr  iu- 
al  exjilora- 
a  de  Vaca, 
onado,  and 
nly  known 
o  the  gidf 
\<jr  different 
Lude  on  the 
lurney  that 
Mi<j;uel  do 
SO  remark- 
llerful  <j;ood 
medicine- 
strangers 
1  faith  in 
wanderers 
)roteetiou 


that  tliey  passed  through  so  many  peoples  that  "the 
nuinory  I'aiU  to  recall  them,"  and  the  report  disposes  of 
an  important  part  of  the  journey  by  the  remark  tliat 
tiny  went  forward  "  many  days. "  There  are,  however, 
allusions  to  two  or  three  large  rivers,  which,  if  thj 
record  has  any  significance,  can  hardly  have  been  other 
than  t!ie  Tecos,  Rio  Grande,  and  Conchos;  and  the 
loute — sho^vn  on  the  annexed  map  without  any  at- 
tempt to  give  details — may  be  plausibly  traced  in 
(••eneral  terms  from  the  Texan  coast  near  Galveston 


C'AIiEZA    UE    VaL'a's   llOLTE. 


rt>jK)rt  was 

,as  written 

in    Ij:'7.' 

I  of  either 

nory;    but 

not   only 

rent  state- 

nforms  us 


;h  later  c<l.  as 
ih  tniiislatious. 
n  <>vii'(li\  lift. 
ih(ziiil<'  1 ''"■'■"••< 
cport  through 


north-westward,  following  the  course  of  the  rivers, 
then  south-west  to  the  region  of  the  Conchos  junction, 
then  westward  to  the  upper  Sonora  and  Yaqui  valleys 
in  Sonora,  and  finally  south  to  San  ]Miguel  in  Sinaloa.** 
The  belief  that  Cabeza  de  Vaca  passed  througli 
New  ^[exico  and  visited  the  Pueblo  towns  is  not  sup- 
ported l)y  the  general  j)urport  of  the  narrative,  or 
of  wliat    followed.     Not   only  is  it  Avellnigh  certain 

■* '  It  is  nut  possible  to  follow,  and  to  trace  jicographically,  tlio  erratio  course 
iif  t'al)i/a  (U'  N'aca  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  Uj  own  tale,  liowever 
authentic,  is  so  confused  that  it  lieconies  utterly  inv  ..j^ihle  to  estal)lisli  any 
iletails  of  location.'  BiimkUi'r'x  Ili4.  IiUm/l.,  tJ.  This  writer  of  IJSSl  seems 
to  imply  at  least  a  douht  that  N.  Mex.  was  iliscovered  at  thi.s  tini«.  I'riuoe, 
howeVLT,  in  'S;{,  //ixl.  Sk.,  SO,  Ul-2,  has  uo  doubt  of  the  discovery. 
lIl^sT.  Auiz.  ASi.  N.  l^EX.    2 


1 


18 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS  AND  RESUME. 


w 


m\' 


that  had  lie  seen  those  -NvoiRlerful  structures,  they 
would  have  figured  largely  in  his  reports  in  Mexicij, 
but  we  know  that  the  eliective  part  of  his  statement 
was  the  report,  obtained  from  Indians,  of  popuk)US 
towns  with  largo  houses  and  jilenty  of  tunpioisos  and 
emeralds,  situated  to  the  north  of  his  route.  There 
are  but  two  bits  of  testimony  that  might  seem  to  con- 
tliet  with  my  conelusion,  and  both,  when  examined, 
seem  rather  to  eonfii'm  it.  One  of  the  relations  of 
Coronado's  later  expedition  indieated  that  traees  of 
Cabeza  de  Vaca's  ])resencc  were  found  on  the  plains 
far  to  the  north-east  of  the  Santa  Fe  region;  but  in 
another  it  is  explained  that  they  simply  met  an  old 
Indian,  who  said  he  had  seen  four  Spaniards  in  the 
direction  of  Xew  Spain,  that  is,  in  the  south.  Again, 
according  to  the  narrative,  the  wanderers,  long  before 
tluy  heard  of  the  great  houses  of  the  north,  came  to 
"fixed  dwellings  of  civilization;"  and  indeed,  it  is  im- 
plietl  that  tliey  travelk'd  for  long  distances  in  the  re- 
ijfions  of  such  dwellings ;  but  that  these  were  not  the 
Pueldo  structures  is  clear,  not  only  from  the  lack  of 
description,  but  from  the  ftxet  that  the  natives  built 
new  houses  for  the  accommodation  of  their  •i'uests.  I 
sujiposc  these  fixed  dwellings  were  simply  rancherfa 
huts  of  a  somewhat  more  permanent  nature  than  those 
that  had  been  seen  farther  east  on  the  plains;  and  in- 
deed, the  Jumanas  were  found  before  the  end  of  the 
centur}'-  living  in  such  houses,  some  of  them  built  of 
stone.  Again,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  Esjjejo  in  1582 
found  anumg  the  Jumanas,  not  far  above  the  Conchos 
junction,  a  tradition  that  the  Spaniards  had  passed 
that  wav.  Even  Davis,  who  has  no  doubt  that  the 
party  visited  Xcw  ^Mexico,  has  to  suggest  that  that 
country  then  extended  much  farther  south  than  now, 
thus  somewhat  plausibly  proving  that  if  Alvar  Nunez 
did  nttt  come  to  New  ^lexico,  a  convenient  lack  of 
boundaries  enabled  the  province  to  go  to  Cabeza  de 
Vaca.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  most  positive  asser- 
tion that  can  be  made  in  connection  with  the  whole 


AUTHOllITY  Foil   KAIILY  ANNALS. 


19 


res,    they 
Mexico, 
statement 
populous 
loisrs  and 
There 
m  to  eon- 
ixaniined, 
latious  of 
traces   of 
tlie  plains 
u;  but  in 
let  an  old 
[•ds  in  the 
.     Au'ain, 
»n<>"  hcl'orc 
1,  came  to 
1,  it  is  ini- 
in  the  re- 
re  n(»t  the 
10  lack  of 
Lives  built 
^'uests.      I 
rancherfa 
jian  those 
,  and  in- 
nd  of  the 
1  built  of 
o  in  1582 
Conchos 
id  passed 
that  the 
that  that 
han  now, 
ar  Nunez 
it  lack  of 
'abeza  de 
ve  asser- 
he  whole 


matter,  oxcejit  that  the  wanderers  arrived  at  San 
Mi;j;Ufl,  is  that  they  did  not  see  the  Pueblo  towns; 
yet  it  can  never  bo  (juite  definitely  proved  that  their 
route  did  not  cut  off  a  small  south-i-astern  ct)rner  of 
what  is  now  Xi-w  ^[exico.  While  Caheza  dc  Vara  is 
not  to  be  credited  witli  the  discovery  of  the  ct)untry, 
he  was  the  first  to  approach  and  hear  of  it;  his  re- 
ports were  the  direct  incentive  to  its  discovery  and  ex- 
phtration;  and  thus,  after  all,  his  wonderful  journey 
may  still  be  regarded  as  the  beginning  of  Xew  ^[exi- 
can  annals. 

lill'.I.KifniAI'IIY   OF   KATtLY    NKW    MEXICAN    HISTORY. 

An  aliih,ilicti(;  list  of  wdi'ks  fniisultuil  in  tlio  prcparatinn  of  this  volnini'  i.< 
givtii  as  usual  at  its  lit'^iniiiiij,'.  ]>y  far  tlic  most  ini[Mii'tant  autlicritiis  for 
till'  Sfianisii  ami  Mii.xican  iiurioils  aro  of  a  (l<icunR'ntarj'  nature;  Imt  docu- 
moiits  ami  liipcika  n,latin.L;  to  speiial  cvints,  tmiios,  or  ijioolis  of  the  history 
will  lio  noticiil  hililiograiihically,  as  my  custom  is,  whin  their  siilijeets  in 
succession  jiresent  tlit  inselves  for  treatment.  iJesidi's  the;*',  there  are,  however, 
some  arcliive  collections  ami  griieral  works  in  maiuiscriiit  ami  jirint  coverinij 
thi'  wholi'  grouml  of  Spanish  and  Mexican  annals,  or  a  consideralile  jioitioii 
of  it,  ^liicli,  liavin;,' no  specially  appropriate  ehronoloLiic  place,  may  he  mo>t 
convenienlly  noticed  here.  This  note  may  also  proiierly  include  a  mention, 
not  oaly  of  gener.d  works  on  the  history  of  Arizona  and  Ni:w  Mexico,  hut  of 
others  devoted  mainly  to  other  suhjeets,  yet  coidaining  scattered  inI<irmatioii 
on  points  treated  in  this  vohinii',  and  also  of  various  culK'ctions  of  voyages  oi- 
docuinent.'j  rich  in  New  Mexican  matter,  the  sejiarate  iteiiw  of  which  will 
rci[uire  more  detailed  attenlion  t  Isewhere.  Miiition  of  Works  devoted  to  the 
modern  history  of  these  countries  as  territories  of  tlu'  Uniti'd  States,  eviii  if 
thi  y  include  a  RUperliei;d  outline  of  earlier  events,  will,  as  a  rule,  li*;  rcsui'ved 
for  later  cliapters. 

Naturally,  archive  records  are  liere  as  elsewhere   to  he  regarded  as  tin; 

tliis  case  theses  records  must  he  sought  from  a 


fo 


datioii  of  histe 


hut 


cty  of 


s,  of  which  the  archives  proper— that  i--,  the  documents  pre- 


sirved  in  government  kee[iing  at  Santa  Fe,  and  cited  liy  mu  as  .1 /'''.'(//vj  f/(? 
Sta  Fi ,  Ms. —are  not  the  most  fruitful  or  important.  The  earliest  records, 
tliose  prectiling  ItlSO,  wen;  almost  entirely  destroyed  in  the  revolt  of  that 
and  thr  following  ye;irs.  'J'he  hulky  acmuniulations  of  Uil)  later  years,  nev-r 
adeipiati  ly  careil  for  in  Spanish  ami  Mixican  times,  were  most  .shametidly 
neglected  under  U.  S.  rule.      Hundreds  of  documents  were  lost  or  destrove  I 


from  time  to  time,  until  ahout   INTO,  duriiej  the  rule  of  (; 


tl 


ir  I'ile,   will 


le  remaining  archives  weTc  I'emovid  trom  the  pa/ii 


d  .sold  for  w  ra 


1'1'i 


p.i])('r,  only  aljout  one  fonith  heing  reeovereil.  See  N.  Mex.  newsp  ipers  of 
l'>7n,  extracts  from  which  were  puhlished  in  pamphlet  form  as  A'.  Mi:i\, 
/)■ 'tniiiiiiii  <>/  Sjiiniit'/t  ciiid  Mijicmi  Arrlilrcn  in  X<irMi.iiro,  liij  L'niti il  Stitfi-yi 
'ijnrinU,  n.  p.  (187((),  Svo,  4  p.  After  .several  years  more  of  neglect  ami 
ruin,  tlie  fragments  were  at  la^st  gathered  \\\\  properly  eared  for,  and  rough'  . 
classitied  in  i.S.j  pastehoard  hoxes,  ])y  Judge  Samutl  KUison,  mIio  has  oeeli 
their  keep)  r  as  territririal  lihrarian  .since  1S81,  and  wlio  has  kindly  allnided 


s  in  Ins  eare. 


Thus  it  will 


me  every  facility  for  cniinulting  tlie  t 
seen   tiiiit  the   Arch.   St'i  /•'/,  tlujugh   immeiisi  ly  valualde  in  the   a-grigatr 
ami  containing  many  important  <locuments,  is  very  imperfect,  fragineiitary, 
and  utterly  inadetjuate  to  the  forming  of  iv  complete  record  of  the  country  "a 
•iiinuls  iu  any  phase.     It  in  vastly  iuferior  to  the  Airhiro  dc  Cali/ornin,  ko  ex- 


20 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS  AND  RESUME. 


tt'iisivfly  citrd  in  caiiothcr  work  of  this  series;  an.l  it  shoultl  also  l)c  noted 
that  tliu  sc.ili'  (111  vliieli  tills  voluiiie  is  written  liy  no  means  calls  for  or  \ivy- 
iiiits  so  (letailuil  a  ri'imiilnetion  of  the  archive  record  as  is  given  in  my  woik 
on  California.  In  tiie  jiajiers  at  Sta  Fe,  the  fragmentary  mission  liooks  ami 
other  ihicnnients  iinsiM'vid  at  some  of  the  old  imehlos,  ami  the  private  ar- 
chives of  New  Mexican  families,  tiiere  is  still  amlile  field  for  the  research  of 
historical  societies  or  imlividnals  who  may  delve  for  data  on  local  and  jursonal 
iniinitiie  of  the  old  times.  Many  documents  of  the  Arr/i.  Sfa  /'V  are  (.(iven 
HOitarate  titles  in  my  list,  and  are  noticed  under  their  proper  dates  in  these 
pai;es.  It  should  also  lii^  noted  that  a  few  documents  of  the  arciiives  I)cforo 
tlu'ir  destruction  were  consulted  hy  different  writers,  who  have  thus  preserved 
matter  not  without  value. 

Fortunately,  a  formal  search  of  the  .'^ta  Fe  arcl...eH  for  historical  jmrposea 
was  iriadi!  in  the  l.Sth  century,  while  tiic  records  wtTe  still  comparatively  in- 
tact. This  s(virch,  made  in  part  hy  Tatlre  Escalante  in  177f>,  and  comiileted 
liy  him  or  some  other  Franciscan  in  the  following  years,  covered  the  period 
froiii  ICiSl  to  1717;  the  result,  very  nmcli  more  complete  than  any  that  could 
lie  reached  hy  an  examination  of  the  oriuiual  records  in  their  present  eoiidi- 
tioii — though  I  have  fcunul  many  of  the  fragments  l)y  which  to  test  parts  (jf 
the  Work — was  sent  to  Mexico  and  S]iain,  and  it  is  still  extant,  though  1  he- 
li'.'ve  1  am  the  lirst  in  nuidern  times  to  consult  it.  It  is  cited  hy  me  uiuler 
two  titles:  1st,  Ksriil<iu/i',  Ciirta  i/il  /',  Fr.  Silri'sfrc  V(li'Z<liE'<i'(d<vili-,E-^i'ritii 
I'll  .'lie  Aliril  ik'  J77S  in'ios  (Sta  F<'),  fol.,  p.  liH  'itJ.  The  author  had,  it  seems, 
liecn  re(piestecl  by  his  superior,  1'.  .Inaii  A.  Morii,  to  search  the  N.  Mex.  ar- 
chives. Tiiis  letter  contains  an  epitouic  of  such  information  as  he  lias  found 
from  ICW  to  ICi'.t'J,  all  papers  of  earlier  date  than  ItJSO  having  heen  lost  in  the 
revolts  of  '80  or  1*7.  He  hopes  to  complete  the  search  in  a  month  or  two; 
thei'eforo  lie  was  ])rol)al)ly  the  author  nf  the  following;  2d,  Air/iirn  dc  JViirro 
Jh:iirit,  fol.,  p.  127-'J())S,  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  preceding,  covering 
the  period  of  ICiD'J -1717.  It  contains  many  copies  or  extracts  of  original 
jpapers,  some  of  which  still  exist  with  the  paging  as  here  given.  At  the  lie- 
ginniiig  it  is  divided  into  riiin/cnion,  and  later  into  paragrajihs  eorrespomliug 
to  the  adiiiiiiistrations  of  successive  governors.  Its  value  as  an  historical 
authority  of  course  recjuires  no  cxidanation.  Tliese  iiivalualile  reconls  are 
found  ill  MS.,  ill  the  Airhivo  (ri'iK-nd  ili-  Mr.riro,  toiiio  ii.-iii.,  the  Andrade- 
Maximilian  copies  of  which  are  in  my  Library;  and  they  were  also  printed, 
lS."i(),  in  the  Dor.  J/i<t.  Mc.r.,  3d  series,  pt  iv.  p.  1  lI^-'-'OS,  which  is  the  form 
in  wliieli  1  cite  the  KsrnlniiU;  Citrta,  and  the  Arch.  A\  Alex.,  though  I  have 
introduced  some  corrections  from  the  MSS. 

There  are  several  other  valuable  collections  of  archive  material,  each  con- 
taining important  papirsnot  found  in  any  other,  and  all  constituting  for  some 
jieriods  a  very  perfect  record.  Vol.  xxv.  of  the  Arch.  (Icn.  Mc.c,  MS.,  is  en- 
titled l>iiriiiiini/(M  juu'i  III  J/iHniiii  i/c  A'liii'o  Mixico,  of  which  a  coiiy  in  my 
Lilirary  tilling  l,7.")t)  pages  is  cited  in  this  volume  as  y.  ^^l'.v.  l)oc.,  MS.  These 
doeununts  areotlicial  reports  of  friars  and  secular  authorities  eovt;ring  a  large 
jiart  of  the  t8th  century,  but  also  including  some  very  important  papers  of 
tile  17th.  The  original  copies  seem  to  haveueen  made  both  at  Sta  Fe  and  in 
Mexico,  and  very  few  of  the  records  have  been  consulted  by  any  earlier 
writer.  M.  Alphonse  I'inart  has  a  ('vlirdnn  ilc  Dociiiniiitos  nolire  Niiei'o  Mix- 
ico,  composed  of  a  large  numlier  of  unbotiml  original  MSS.,  collected  by  liiiu- 
8clf  from  v.'rious  sources  and  kindly  furnished  for  uiy  use.  It  is  particularly 
ricli  in  otiicial  communications  between  the  rulers  of  N.  Mex.  and  the  .su- 
perior authorities  in  Cliiiiuahua  and  Mexico;  and  it  has  enabled  me  to  till 
many  a  gap  in  the  country's  annals.  Still  another  collection  of  original  and 
not  previously  used  matter  in  my  Librarj'  is  the  2\'ui>'o  Mexico,  (utiilii/i,  MS., 
GO  fol.,  which  contains  ISth-century  copies  of  some  35  roj-al  orders,  of  various 
dates  from  l(i31  to  1702,  selected  for  their  importance  in  connection  with  New 
Mexican  events.  I  think  tliia  collection  was  also  made  by  or  for  Padre  Morti. 
It  is  preceded  by  lioiiill't  (Aiitoiiin),  Ajmiitc.i  .lolur  Xiwm  Mexico,  177(5,  MS.,  31 
fol.,  a  valuable  outline  of  provincial  annals  to  date;  aud  is  followed  by  col- 
lections of  CiduLi*  on  P  ja  Cul.,  aud  other  proviucca. 


I 


ORIGINAL  RECORPS. 


81 


lo   I)e  nntt'il 

for  or  iiir- 

'v 

11  my  wdik 

lioiikM  itiiil 

inivatt!  ar- 

\'^ 

rL'si'iiri'h  of 

(' 

lul  jdi-sotial 

".I 

V  aru  jiiveii 

tus  ill  tliuso 

.^ 

livL's  l»f(iro 

18  preservuil 

jal  ]>urii(i.sea 

■I 

iratively  iii- 

% 

il  comiilctiHl 

■Nr 

I  tlu!  inricid 

'1 

Y  tliat  omilil 

v.si'iit  coiuli- 

tcst  parts  of 

;li()Ugli  1  l)e- 

.    <- 

)y  me  uikUt 

vl 

liiiifr,  Eirritii 

■ff 

111,  it  Hui'ins, 

N.  Mox.  ai- 

le  IiaM  fouMil 

11  lost  in  tlio 

.^' 

mth  or  two; 

-} 

lirn  (/('  Xitii'o 

I.i, 

iij;,  covcrinj' 
s  of  orij,'in;il 

'^ 

.'i 

At  tlif  lio- 

:'f 

u'respoiiiliiis:; 

11   liistorical 

•  records  are 

10  Aiiilratlu- 

ilso  iiriiited, 

\- 

is  tlie  form 

Liugh  I  have 

1,  each  con- 

-: 

iiiij  for  some 

% 

.Sis.,  is  cu- 

copy  ill  my 

.MS.    These 

iriiigalarge 

it  papers  of 

V 

a  l''e  and  in 

any  earlier 

^'iH't'O  Mcc- 

teil  by  liini- 

J- 

jarticularly 

fl 

iid  the  su- 

,"■ 

.  me  to  till 

4 

riginal  ami 

tlidiis,  MS., 

..,: 

1,  of  various 

1  with  New 

atlre  Moiti. 

70,  MS.,  :n 

(vud  by  col- 

'File  TO  volnmc.^  of  MSS.  which  make  up  the  ArrJilm  Cmrrnl  of  .Ui.rim,  or 
whi.li  rather  form  an  introduction  or  licginniiig  for  tln^  iiundriils  of  Vdhimca 
of  iicoi-ils  |ir('-iirv(  d  there  collecteil  from  all  parts  of  tlic  country  liy  order 
of  (alios  IV.,  dated  l''e!i.  '_'!,  17".H),  an'  rich  in  matter  on  our  present  siiljjirt. 
Ill  toiii.  ii.  ill.,  i>riiited  in  />ik:  IHM.  Mir.,  'M  series,  pt  iv.,  p.  1  -•J'J.")  -iMsidi  a 
the  /■^"••ilint-,  I 'mil,  and  tlie  Anh.  \.  Mi.r.,  already  noted,  are  found  thno 
other  important  doeiiuients  as  follows:  (1st)  .*>'(///»'/•()//,  Ittiiiriitui.i  ih'  lutlnA  liis 
rns'i-i  i/iif  I'll  <l  \iit'iit-Mi.ili'o  .<('  /imi  ivVo  //  Sn/'ii/n,  "</  j'lr  imir  I'aiiio  fmr  th mi, 
ill  II 1 1'  I'll  I  I'm  lie  J'i.!S  liiiMin  vl  ilv  lUJi!,  jnir  I'l  I'lvlrr  (li-ri'iiiiinoili'.  Xiriiti'  .Suliiirroii, 
vi'ilii-'iiliir  iff  it  (!(•'/(•»  lie  liM  iiininri'x  ilr  li  jinirhii'lil  ilrl  Sunto  h'r  iir/i'lii'.  Dili- 
i/iJin  It  X.  /lino  I'.  Fr.  FruiH'iirn  i/v  Ajmil'irit,  jmilrr  ili'  It  jiniriiirin  i/r  Ciiii/iiln  i'l 
1/  rniiii.iiirl't  i/riicriil  itr  /oil  Is  AiN  ili'  I'.^fa  A'l/i  (v»-A'<j> ///»  (printed  in  1S,")|)),  fol.,  p. 
I  ."i.'i.  For  more  ahout  the  author,  see  chap.  viii.  of  this  vol.  'I'he  work  wa.s 
a|)|iioviil  1>.\'  Kr.  Francisco  Velaseo  of  the  Franciscan  convert  in  Mexico  on 
Aiil;.  is,  l(i"J!).  It  is  a  very  interestint;  and  complete  ri'suinc'— the  liest  extant, 
whiii  taken  in  coiiiieetion  with  the  followin^' work — of  tlie  earliest  nortlierii 
explorations,  heiiig  hy  no  means  coiilined  to  N.  Mex.;  yet  the  writer  is  so 
fully  iiiihiied  witli  the  spirit  of  his  time,  and  so  eager  to  promote  new  tMitradas, 
that  lie  coiisidiralily  exag^'erates  reports  of  gold,  silvir,  great  cities,  and  otluT 
iiortle  rii  woiidei's,  and  soinewiiat  to  the  neglect  unfortunately  of  events  of  Ins 
own  tiling  on  which  he  might  have  thrown  much  light.  (iJd)  Xiil,  Ajuiii/itiiii- 
iiifiK  i/'ii' li  Iti.t  iiii'iiiorin.i  i/i'l  P.  Fr.  (I'lTiiiiiiiii)  ill-  Ziiniti'  lii~M  el  /*.  Jiiiiii  Auiniulo 
Sii  I  ill  III  i  'iimpiii'iiii  ill'  Ji  ■ot.i,  )io  fun  Mill) <■•'^'/«/o  jinii-tirn  ih  I  tcrri  no  i/iii'  sr  rita,  \j 
)io  i'.'<i/ni'  llii'iihii  I'll  III  inn  no  In.^  niemor'ni.t  yitnt  rotejur  In.i  con  il,  p.  iili- 1  \'2.  'llie 
author  was  a  missionary  in  Sin.,  Son.,  and  t'hili.  from  IiiHT  to  1710.  and  was 
eviilently  will  aci|uainti'd  with  all  that  had  heeii  accomplished  in  tlie  north, 
tlioiii;li  it  does  not  ajiinar  that  he  ever  visited  N.  .\Ii'X.  His  work  is  nioru 
valualile  in  a  sense  than  that  of  Salmeron,  since  it  ineliides  literally  or  in  siih- 
st  luee  .ill  the  litters  statements,  corrects  many  of  his  errors,  and  make  s  eon- 
siileraMe  additions  iri>m  the  author's  more  extended  knowledLie.  Niel  wrote  a 
century  later  than  .Saliiieroii,  hut  knowledge  of  iiorllii'rn  geograiiliy  had  in 
the  mean  time  made  hut  littU:  proLiress.  1  have  used  hotli  works  extensively 
in  my  study  of  the  Northern  .\lystery  i 


/'. 


ill  1,  L'/ilc-<  II  rnriosii.t  notirhi.'<  ' 


1,1  A'( 


another  work  of  this  seriis.     (.'{.I) 
Mi.riro:  Ciliiil'i,  1/  iif,i'<i.'t  nni'loni't  (on- 


jiiiiiiiti's;  Lo  nnli'jiiii  Iroilirion  ile  Cojinln,  cnint   no  solo  ile  los  linlii 
s/'iio  ijini'rnliui'nti'  ilr  foiln.i  lit.s  nitr 


M< 


I  .nriinos, 

•I  I  til 


riiini'<  inifntnii.'i  i/iie  in-  ilin rKo.i  fn mjio.-t  unlirrnn  it 
]ui',l.ir  lo-i  vii''/0'<  juiiKCK  lie  eitv  ynero-Muiiilo,  p.  'Jll-'Jii.  This  title,  cited  hy 
iiu'  in  earlier  volumes  as  Pitriili'-'i,  Xnti'-io't,  was  prohahly  intended  to  iiielndo 
other  ilocumeiits  besides  this,  the  special  title  of  which  is  Co]>ia  ile  lin  in/onne 


jiii'ho  ((  Sn  .Moi/esfiiil , 


lo.i  th 


i/rl  \i 


Me.i'ifO  (;/')/•  ('/  /'.  Fr.  Aton-so  ile 


J'liriilis).     lint  the  author's  name,  though  written  and  printed  Faredes,  and 


d  hy 


me  as   above   s 


stated 


in  earlier  volumes,  w  is  rea 


lly  F. 


,d,i 


d 


the  report  has  been  reci'iitly  republished  from  a  .MS.  of  the  Acad,  de  Hist. 


i'o.■lllll,l.^  (/■'(•.  .1/') 


In/o 


li  S.  M.  .•nilire  los  Hirni^  ili  Xui  ro  Mi 


(^iiiriiil 


ij  't'e'/ii'ii/o,  in  Fermmiliz  Dnro,  Don  Din/nile  Feint  lozn,  r>l{-('i7.    Therefore,  I  cor- 


rect the  error  (not  mine),  and  cite  it 


th 


d. 


/: 


llll<,  /ll/'l, 


Th 


writer  was  eustodio  of  N.  Mex.  in  l(i(J()-4,  and  a  missionarv  tluire  for  10  years 
bet 


It 


ore.     This  report  was  written  about  UiSti,  in  reply  to  a  royal  order  of  |i)7.S. 
■efers  mole  to  the  ret;ions  north  and  east  than  to  X.  Mex.  proper,  but  is 


iiniiieiisely  imiiortaiit  on  a  few  1 


le  retiions  nor 
fe 


lints  of  N.  Mex.  hist 


orv,  as  wi 


11   b. 


it,d 


later.     It  is  most  unfortunate  that  Fosadas,  like  Salmeron,  ilid  not  write 
more  fully  of  his  own  observations. 

Of  the  old  standard  chronicles  in  Spanish,  relating  for  the  most  part  to 
the  country's  earliist  annals  down  to  1700,  by  far  the  most  iin|iortaiit  for  [nir- 


pdses  of  this  volume  are  Ton/ueiiiinl'i,  M 
down  to  I(i08,  ami  I'efonrurf,  Croh 
able  matter  is  also  fi 


onnriiuin 


IniL 


•a  and  Menuli 


I'init,  hringing  the  recoit 


";/'">  o 


f  KiOl;  but 


■d 


some  valil- 


ound  in  Miu'liilit,  ilistorio  iJrle.siii.'itirii:  Orinlo,  I  list.  (! 


llirnrn,  Jli-it.  (len.:  <ioinitro,  Hist.  I  nit.;  Meilimt,  ('hrdnira:  BioHniont, 
:/''  Mi'-iioti-nn;  Moto  I'lulHit,  Coii'i.  X.  (lolirio;  and  especially  Villi 
Thi'iilro,  of  174S.     Other  useful  Spanish  works  of  similar  nature  are 


{■•die 


.Xuticiiin;  Cam,  Tres  Sijlo.i;  liecilla  Uijedo,  C'lrta  de  17i>J;  Aleyre,  Hu>t.  Conip. 


22 


INTIIODUCTOUY  IlKMAllKS  A^i»  KLSUMfi, 


,/('.<;/*.•  Fr'Jis,  //!■'>.  linir;  Ajxinrh),  I'lDiiftitw.  Vihiiteo,  jN'oA  Soiiorn:  niul 
K.-iriiili  I'll,  .\(it.  cliiliiiitliii  I,  All  till'  \M)ikH  (it  tliiM  i)ara),M';i[ili  nil.itc  mainly  ti> 
oilier  I'l  i^imiH,  Itut  contain  more  or  lt■^4.s  original  ami  useful  niattiial  mi  our 
tti-iitni  y. 

t.'olli"'iioiiH  of  iiianiisciijit  or  ardiivc  inatiiial  lia\o  liccn  naiiicd;  Init  tliero 
arc  (((ually  iinportant  <  nil,  etioii.s  of  original  lioiiiiiirnt.H  in  [print.  ( H  tliesc, 
two  ari'  i's|i((.i,illy  \alu;il)|i';  1st,  tin;  /inriinii n/n.t  jiiini  lii  J/ix/min  i/r  .M(.iiri>, 
Mcx.,  js.'iit  7,  "Jll  viil.  in  \  Miries,  of  wliieli  tlic  (S  voliinu'sof  tlic  'M  ami  4lli  stricrt 
relate  partiiularly  to  m'ltliern  rej^ioiis,  ami  eoiitain  vast  (|Uantities  of  inilis- 
iieiisalil':  matter  on  N.  Mexieo  ami  Arizona,  ii  lar;;o  portion  of  tlie  iloeumi'uts 
lieiiij^  Iroiii  XXwAidi.  (I'll,  lie  Mij-.  already  meiitioneil;  ami  '2>\,  the  ('(itiri-ii,n 
(Ir  I hiriiiiioitiix  lini/i/ds  I'l  lutiriis  ol  iliyi'iiliiiiiiini/it,  cniniilii^til,  1/  riilinirjii'luii  i/r  lilH 
jiii.-'i  *(uiii  s  l'i,-^niiiiiliut  III  Aiiiiiii'ii  jl  ( li'iiiiii'i,  .'•iiriii/ii.i,  rii  nil  iiiiii/nr  Jiiirfr,  ihl  Hiil 
An-hirii  ill'  liiiliiis.  Madriil,  IJSOl  SO,  8vo,  !(.")  vol.  'J'liis  colloction,  from  Mio 
name  of  its  first  editor,  1  liavi;  cited  as  J'lir/uro,  (ul.  J)iic.  Vols.  XV.,  xvi.,  aro 
•if  j,'reatest  value  a.^  containinjj;  ori^^inal  reeoiil.s  of  Onate'.s  cfiiiqucst;  Imt  voLs. 
ii.,  iii.,  iv.,  ami  xix.  also  contain  useful  doeiiim^nts.  Ti  riiiiH.r-(^oiii]nin>*,  Vi»j- 
ii'ji'K,  III  I'lliiiiix  it  Ml'  iiiiiifi  .1  ( h'iijiiiiiu.r  jHiiir  xirrir  li  lli'istuiriili  hi  ih  cnni'i  I'ti'  ile 
I'A  nil  i-iiim ,  Paris,  Is.'i"  H,  serii!  i.  toiii.  ix.-x.,  i.s  a  collection  containing  trans- 
lations of  the  chief  original  authorities  on  the  cx[)editions  of  Ni/.a  ami  ( 'oro- 
nado;  \\  liile  tlic  old  si, indard  Voyage  collections,  /f'dliii/f's  I'oi/'ii/i.s^  lt'iiiiii<io, 
S'li'i'jiliiiiii,  and  I'unliiiii  /lis  /'ili/niiiis,  contain  documents  vliose  value  «an 
origin. dly  very  great,  though  somewhat  impaired  now  liy  their  appearance 
cl-ewhi  ri'  in  liettir  form.  Neo  also  rinrkla,  Col,  JJoc;  A'dnir/vVc,  Col.  I'iiijin; 
iuid  I'liinii  i/'s  C/iroii.  liiit.    I'oi/, 

Of  till'  iM.S.S.  contained  in  the  collections  cited,  or  existing  separately  in 
my  Lilirary,  laeh  of  whieii  is  duly  noticed  in  its  place  in  the  following;  ciiap- 
teiN,  iheri'  may  lie  name(l  here  tlie  following;  O/irmin,  Eitnirtns,  IGNt)  l!;  Ai/<til, 
Mi'iiii'ii  il,  l(>7ti;  \'iiriiii.<,  Ji'ii'iiiii/iih^t'i,  Itl'.l'J;  /iL,  Ciiinji'iniii  ilr  'J.,  J/i«/'(/,  A  u<i- 
I'i'ifi;  III.,  Jlii./iM  i/i'  Ciiirni,  17l;>-l"i;  A/.,  I'l-ur'nli  iirim.  \"'.\;  Hurlmlo,  C'liil- 
]iiu'iii,  171.'):  llintiiiiiiiiiti ,  Iti.iiiliii'-i'i,  \~'M\  Otiirklr  >/  Mii/ii'li  ml,  Aiiln-i,  l7.'iS  9; 
.M'liilo-.ii,  I'isiili'iiciii,  17J4;  Jfi  I'/iiili),  Ji'ilwiiiii  ill'  in  Sii  rrii  Aziil,  ]~i'.i;  Id., 
jXii/i'i'i.'i  ilil  i/r'Hi  'J'i''jU' 11/11,  171.S;  /(/.,  hijormi',  l~M;  Miiirluro,  hicl'invion, 
\~i\\\  /'I.,  /'i lirioii  .■<olirc  yiti'tiji'i-t,  1749;  /'/.,  liifunui',  174'.t;  Cml  lUn"  i/  Unhnl, 
/,'iiliii'i'l,iii  iltl  A'lirnji'i,  1745;  /</.,  TiMiiiKiiiio  .lohfe  Ci>iiiiiiirlii\t,  171S;  'I'rii/o,  In- 
fiirnii,  17.'iO;  III.,  liij'oi'iiiv,  17")4;  (I'iii  iiii.'<  ]/  Jlomi.iitus,  Jiliilin.i,  174.");  ^V.  Jliw., 
Jiijhriiir  ill  I  I'.  I'riiriiii'iiit,  17.")0;  /('.,  Dij'infiia  ilv  Min'miii  ro.i,  ISIS;  l!iiilihjiii'.ilt 
In  Torn',  Enti'iiiln,  X'i't'i;  To  inn  run,  Vi.iita  ilii  Olii.'<yo,  \~['A);  l.'ij'orn,  Viiji  a  Sla 
Fr,  MM;  S/ii  Ft,  Jiillmlti'ionis  ill'  Jl'!7:  r/v.Njio,  //yy'(>c;//(' (177(>);  hWnliinti-,  III- 
j'lirnii'  1/  Diiirin,  177.");  A/.,  Cnrtn  tli>  t77<j';  Anzn,  Dinriog,  177'.*-iS();  Moiii, 
Di'.iiinli  ni.i  en  A'.  Mi.r.  (17!)-);  Jlniz,  C'lil'iiino  ili-  Miilinii.f,  177.'?;  '•J'rnnio,  In- 
forme,  17(il;  Jlziirhi,  Injnrnn',  17S7;  A/.,  K.^lmln  ile  JlUioiic,  17SS;  J)itrinh/o, 
Inj'ormi  ihl  O/ii.ijio,  17bl(;  Iaziihu,  Notifin,*,  17t)0;  Vlincon,  1  nfonne  mhti'.  In- 
dlisliiit.<,  KSOH. 

And  among  the  most  important  of  similar  documents  in  print  the  follow- 
ing: \izi,  J-)i.-<niliriinii'n/o,  ITiIiU;  Cii.s/iiniiln,  Uilncion,  l.")4l)-l.';  Coronmlu,  llvla- 
cion  ill i  Siiri'-<o,  I.")4()  'J;  JiirniiiHh,  Jiilnri'in,  l.")4()-'J;  AV-jwyo,  Hiiuciun,  l."'S'_';  Id., 
E.i)iidiinfi',  l.")S2;  A'.  Mu:,  Ti.<tiinonio,  1.")Sl'-;{;  A/.,  Mnimrinl,  I. V. I.")- 1 »)(»'_';  Id., 
Ytini riirio,  l.")47-'.(;  A/.,  'l'rn.-<liiilo  di:  J^o.si.iioii,  l.")l)8;  Id.,  Jji-<nir.<o  y  l'ro)>o.n- 
cion,  l(iO"J;  Martin,  Aaianlo,  l.")S.'i;  Lonni.i,  A.-^iinto,  loSil;  Ciidliiho  ili-  .Viwrt, 
Miinoriii,  l.")'.H);  (h'uiU',  Copin  dv  (.'arln,  liVJit;  Fny/iis,  Hd'iriun,  lOlil;  JJinniif 
ijuiz  and  E-<cidanti\  J)iario,  1770;  tlarci.-i,  JJittrio,  1770;  Milijnns,  Dciitontra- 
cioni-i,  IS'J'J. 

( >f  separately  printed  books  on  special  topics,  inconiparaMy  the  most  note- 
worthy is  I'illiu/rii,  lli.it.  X.  Mix.;  liut  there  may  also  lie  mentioned  limnvi- 
de.i,  .Miiiioriid  and  UnjUisti',  KiHO-l;  Siijiifiizn  //  iloinjoro,  Mircnrio  Vulnnte, 
lO'.Kt;  <'r(.-<jio,  Mi'innriiil  AJn.iliido,  17158;  l'n.iiilii).i,  Itujlaincnto,  1772-H;  I'ino, 
F.rjin.iirion  and  i\'o(i(iii.-i  Jlistiiririi.i,  181'J;  J'iLr'.i  Arr/.  of  F.rjiid.,  lSOO-7; 
Coi/iiir''i  l.iisl  Trii})})i'i\i,  1807-10;  ,Sta  Ft,  Mt-^i.  (f  l'ii:.iiilt)d,  1818. 

Most  of  the  matter  cited  relates  to  the  Siianish  period.  P'or  the  Mexican 
annals  the  records  are  not  only  much  lesd  complete,  but  of  a  iliilereut  nature 


LATKR  AUTHOIIITIES. 


Sonora;  and 

iiti'  liiailil\  ti> 

itllWll    nil  lilir 

111;  lint  thi-'ro 
it.     «)f  tla'so, 

ill    ill'     Ml.lico, 

and  -Itli  Mrii'H 
itii'.s  III'   iiiilis- 

lu'  lllll'UIIK'lltf* 
,  tllf  (nlir,-i(.)l 
ihi'.iii'ii'ii  ill'  /"•'< 
^l(ll/l',  ill  I  III  III 
tioii,  from  Miu 
.  XV.,  xvi.,  arc 
icst;  liiit  viiIh. 
'viii}>iiii'<,  \  i>;i- 
I  ill  riiiii'ir/i'  ili; 
itaiiiing  trans- 
i/.,i  an' I  t  'iifo- 
i«/''.<,  l!iiiiiii.<ii^, 
mm'  vuliiL'  wa.s 
•ir  apin'aranco 
/(',  lot.  I'iujcs; 

I  separatuly  in 

.illdwin^  cliaii- 

lliSd  •_';  All' I' I, 

^]liii/iii,  \iiH- 

liirtiiilii,   ( ''iiii- 

AiUn.<,  IT.-iS  it; 

III,   174:i;    A/., 

),  III  ciiriii'itin, 

I  ill„.<  II  ilii'i'd, 

18;    'J'rlijii,  III- 

Ji'i;  y.  Jli.r., 

;  Hiulrhjlii-.  lit 

■II,  I'iiiji  a  .S/u 

K-trnbiiiti,  In- 

70-80;    Miiifi, 

;  :•''  rnniii,  hi- 

88;  DiHiDiijo, 

iniie  .lohn:  In- 

lilt  tl'c  follow- 
[iroiimlii,  Ji'i'lil- 
[iiii,  l.-.S-J;  /(/., 
'.(.')- jtiU-J;  III., 
■.<()  1/  I'iii)>ii4- 
yini'io  ill'  So--<a, 
llOOl;  Diuiiin' 
lev,  Dcnujutra- 

llie  Jiiost  notu- 
IkhiimI  Jii  iiiifi- 
I'lirio  Vuliiiite, 
"•1-M  I'iiio, 
\iiil.,    1800-7; 

1  tlic  Mexican 
I'creut  nature 


'i 


in  Konic  ri'spiots;  that  i«,  the  narrative  lian  to  be  ekod  c  \t  with  frnitcmenta 
troni  maiiv  snnroes,  wliieli  are  iiulicateil  in  my  niites,  anil  need  not  lie  eata- 
In^'ued  111  re.  .Among  the  chief  »'".!i.es  of  iiifoiinatioii,  however,  may  l>0 
mtiitiollicl  the  Mi'.iirii,  Miiiioriii.i,  of  tiie  ditlerent  ilcli.irtnieiits;  the  r.  S.  (I'lii't 
l>,u\:  various  .Mexican  iieWHpaiiers;  A'(7'i'  lliii'itln-,  A  rri  liij  ■ .  iln-iiy.,  anil 
otlier  eollrciions  of  law.s;  fragments  from  tlie  Airh.  Sta  h'r,  M.<.;  Jlirnim, 
njiiiilit:  Al'il'i  /i'i]x>it;  Sun  Minimi,  //')"<''.  Mu::  /ini/'iiiiniifi;  U'liliim/i'  Mi.i:: 
III.,  A]iiiiil('-i:  ilriiij'n  Ciiiniiii'i-fi'  nf  tliv  /'mirii.i:  Kiinl'ilV.'*  Xnrr.  of  Ihv  Ti.mn 
Sin  Fi  I'j'.qnil.;  t'lthniir'n  Xnti-^;  I'riiln,  /I'liilux;  StnrM  iSfa  Fii  Tnulr:  W'iU 
Uiiil'i  hdiiiid  Tniilr:  /'iliii'.i  /{ijuvl:  J'ii/tii''.H  Sun::    Wilwn.'t  OImh-i:,  MS. 

.Miieliol  what  jireeedes  relates  mainly  to  New  .Mexico,  hut  also  in  |>:irt  to 
Arizona.  Standard  authorities  for  the  early  annals  of  Ari/oiia  proper,  or 
t'iiiieria  .\lta,  include  A}K)<f'iliri»i  A/uin'-i  ili'  bi  C'oiiiji.  ilr  ./i.iii!<:  Siiiiiini,  Mil- 
tiviiilii,  "SXS.  (torn,  xvi.-ii.  of  tlieyl;r/i.  (Ivii.,  and  prnited  in  />'«•.  Hi*!.  Mi.r., 
'M  .series,  toin.  IV.  pp.  tS'.t  ;")•_'(»,  4tli  series,  tom.  i.  pp.  1-4(18,  which  is  the  most 
valiialil  '  )  all,  separate  titles  heiiig  given  to  many  documents  as  mentioned 
in  chap.  XV.  et  seij.);  Miiinjr,  JIMftrin  ilr  la  /'iimriit;  \'i  iinlv,  Jhirrijirinn; 
Ali'/n;  JIM.  ('oiiiji.  Jixmi;  I'l'wju.i,  .^'ntii-'niM  ilv  CuL;  Sulrulii  rru,  lliliirlnmn; 
I'iiiiiii,  i'liliiriim  ill-  J'iniiria  Altii,  MS.;  Tiuimron,  Vi.iitu,  MS.;  Arririri/a, 
('riniiiii  ,Si  nijii'ii:  III  i/m,  Solinn. 

'I'hiis  li  rniidahle  lieing  the  array  of  original  authorities,  it  liecomes  necessary 
to  I'uiisider  the  Use  of  them  that  lias  hen  maile  hy  modern  writers.  Tlie  lirst 
pi, ice  among  siicli  writers  belongs  without  iplestion  to  \V.  W.  II.  I'avis,  who 
was  I'.  S.  attorney  in  New  Mexico  in  IS.'iIS-'t,  and  whose  work  was  '/Vc  .Sjiun- 
i.tli  ('i)iiijiiist  i/  Ai  ir  Mi.iii-o,  III)  W.  ir.  11,  Diirlt,  A.  M.,  iiiniiliir  of  tlir  '  ll'n- 
tnrii'til  Sni'ii/ii  I'/  J'l  iiiiiiilriiiiiu,'  nwl  tin  '  Xrir  Ynrk  (li'iii  uloijirul  uwl  JJ!oiirii}ilii- 
ml  Siii'iiti/.'  itiiflinr  iif  '  Kl  Hrhiiji),  or  AV»'  Mi.iici)  and  lur  /'mjiti,'  '  //islnrii  <;/' 
till'  lii./lli  I'm,.  J'lijiiiiiiif,'  '  IliMory  i<f  llir  Hurt  Fiiiiiili/,'  mid  ' 'I'lir  l.i/i  y' 
ti'iiiirn!  Jiiliii  \iirii).'  I)oylestown,  I'a.,  KSliK,  8vo,  4l2.")  p.,  portrait  ami  niai). 
'I'his  woriv  .s  little  more  than  a  sliglitly  condensed  version  or  translation  from 
the  English,  French,  and  .Spanish,  of  the  narratives  of  successive  expeditions, 
from  that  of  Calieza  de  Vaea  (hiwii  ncai'ly  to  1700.  The  author  writes  in  a 
clear  aiid  pleasing  style,  au<l  has  ailded  to  his  work  not  only  a  map,  hut  somo 
useful  notes  drawn  from  his  own  knowledge  of  the  countr}'.  His  translationa 
from  tlie  French  are  better  than  those  from  the  Spaui.sh.  l)ownto  tiie  end 
of  Coroiiado's  expedition.  Ids  work,  from  the  well-known  printeil  narr.itivt^s, 
is  careful  and  accurate  enough,  but  after  that  period  irregular  and  sometiiiies 
ineX[ilica1ily  careless.  Tliis,  however,  doubtless  results  to  a  large  extent  from 
tiie  londitioii  in  wliicli  he  found  his  originals,  llis  authorities  for  the  later 
cliaiiters  wiri!  MS.S.  of  the  An'li.  Slu  /V,  or  fragments  of  a  few  of  the  docu- 
ments that  1  have  eiti'd  from  the  same  and  other  sources.  He  also  obtained 
from  Texas  a  copy  of  a  portion  of  what  he  calls  Onate's  journal,  perlMjis  a 
fiagiiieiit  of  Saliiieron;  and  he  attaches  more  importance  than  they  ileservo 
to  the  Works  of  Frejcs  and  Lareuandieru.     MrHavis  falls  into  some  radical 

eirors;  notwilhstanding  the  title  of  his  1 k,  he  really  knows  very  little  of 

tlu  'coni(Ui'st "  proper,  even  putting  its  dati;  seven  years  too  eaily;  .md  ho 
has  till-  faulty  method  of  not  clearly  indicating  his  sources  for  many  points — 
apparently  sometimes  with  a  view  of  concealing  their  \ioverty.  Yet  the  work 
has  received  and  merits  high  praise,  indicating  much  intelligence,  and  con- 
sidei'alile  research  under  unfavorable  circumstances  on  the  [larl  of  the  writer. 
His  earlier  book.  El  (li-'ni'jo  (N.  Y.,  ISoti),  contained  also  miuli  hlstoriial 
inforiiiation,  witli  a  narrativo  of  personal  advonture  and  a  description  of  tlio 
country  and  its  people. 

There  has  been  but  one  other  formal  attempt  to  write  tho  history  of  New 
^Icxico,  and  that  has  resulted  in  the  work  called  Jlii/orirul  SLrlrln'-x  a/  Xiin 
Ml  lii'o  j'loni  till'  E'liiii.it  liicord.i  to  llm  Annvirun  OrnqiiUiitii,  li'i  I..  Briid/ord, 
/'riiirr,  I'll. ■iiili  III  of  tlir  1  [iitorii'id  Soriilij  of  Nni^  Mc.iii'n..  Lnti'  <  'lihf  Jii-'</iir  of 
Si'ir  Mi.iii'o,  I'tr.  Second  edition.  N.  Y.  and  Kansas  City,  188.3,  rjiiio,  '.\'M  p. 
This  unpretentious  and  excellent  little  work  covers  the  same  ground  as  that 
of  Davis,  but  continues  the  story  to  1847.  So  far  as  the  Spanish  period  ia 
coucerned,  it  is  not  a  work  of  original  research,  but  for  the  most  part  a  cou- 


1^1 

'I 


24 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS    a^d  RfiSUMfi. 


densation  of  the  story  as  told  by  Davis,  though  some  of  the  well-known 
printeil  originals  are  naiiiotl  in  tlio  preface;  the  I'enalosa  hoax  is  accuptud  as 
autliority  for  a  chapter,  and  a  few  of  Davis'  errors  are  corrected,  wliile  others 
— like  tlie  introduction  of  several  viceroys  in  the  list  of  governors — are  re- 
]icated.  The  fact  tliat  in  so  small  a  volume  40  pages  are  devoted  to  the  wan- 
derings of  Alvar  Nunez  in  Floriila  and  Texas,  and  20  pages  to  those  of  Niza 
in  Sdiiora  and  Arizona,  while  six  pages  suiiice  for  Onatc's  conquest,  illustrates 
pr(ilial)ly  not  so  nuicli  the  authors  idea  of  symmetry  as  the  nature  of  his  au- 
thorities. Indeed,  welluigli  all  tiie  faults  of  the  book  are  attributable  to  tlie 
authoritii's  rather  than  to  the  author.  He  gives  an  excellent  introduction, 
nowhere  in!''  es  an  effort  to  conceal  tiie  paucity  of  his  sources,  and  writes 
thronglidut  in  an  admirable  ami  interesting  style.  His  conclusions  always 
command  respect;  his  narrative  of  llttii-century  annals  could  hanlly  be  im- 
proved in  matter  or  manner;  and  the  work  as  a  whole  merits  higher  praise 
than  the  preceding  remarks  might  seem  to  indicate. 

In  tiiis  connection  shrmld  be  noticed  tlie  Historical  Introduction,  to  stndics 
amoiiij  the  Sri/eiitiiri/  hnHiiiin  of  Nein  Mexico,  F'drt  i.,  hi/  Ail.  F.  Bmii/ilicr.  Bos- 
ton, bSSl,  Svo,  33  p.  This  is  an  introduction  to  the  PiqK-rn  of  the  Arcliifolo<ji- 
ciil  /ii,4itiit.fi  of  Aiiiericii,  Aiiiericiin  Series  i.,  and  relates  mainly  to  L'oroiiado's 
expedition,  with  particular  reference  to  the  original  pueblo  sites,  but  with 
notes  bearing  on  later  cntradas.  A  contiimation,  bringing  the  annals  of  ex- 
pl.iration  down  to  1005,  is  promised,  Imt  so  far  as  I  know  has  not  appeared, 
liandelier,  a  writer  of  high  standing  on  archieologieal  topics,  shows  an  aciiuaiut- 
aiice  with  the  most  important  of  the  original  authorities;  namely,  the  Col. 
D'lC,  Imd.,  and  the  Doc.  Jli.if.  Me.c;  and  witiiin  the  narrow  limits  which  lie 
has  thus  far  assigned  liimself  in  history  proper,  his  work  merits  Ufithing  but 
tlie  highest  praise.  Jolin  (iilmary  Shea's  The  E.cpedition  of  Don  Dinjo  Dio- 
niiioilc  I'd'i'ilosd,  etc.,  N.  Y.,  1S8'J,  including  Freijta.1,  liclacion  del  di.sctiliriiiii- 
ciito  ili'l  p^ii.^  ij  ciiidiid  de  (juirira  echo  jinr  D.  JJii'ijo  J)ioiii,tio  de  Peualo.'Hi,  and  an 
Kngii.sli  translation  f.f  tlie  same,  Freiftiis,  lielition,  etc.,  merits  iiientiim  liere, 
by  reason  of  its  introiluetory  and  supplementary  notes,  though  the  main  nar- 
rative relates  to  a  single  expedition,  and  one  that  in  reality  was  never  made. 
Much  more  important — though  \jerhaps  it  should  be  properly  named  earlier 
in  this  note  as  a  collection  of  original  material — is  the  Don  Jfiejo  de  Peilalo.sa 
y  .tu  dx.tcn'iriiiiiinti  del  reino  de  Qiiirira.  Inthr,ne  pre.tentado  d,  li  Itad  Acade- 
viiii  de  Jli.^torin  2>>r  el  ciqiit'in  de  niirlo  Ce.mreo  Fernundez  Diiro,  indiridiio  de 
niimero.  Madrid,  1SS2,  large  Svo,  100  p.  Fernandez  Dure  not  only  presents 
the  Freijt'i.i,  lielntion,  an^l  all  other  matter  given  by  Shea,  but  in  his  comments 
proving  that  narration  to  be  a  hoax  he  iatroduees  much  original  information, 
incluiUiig  the  A'^.  J/',/'.,  Di.-<cnr.to  y  Propo.slcion;  Po.^idn.f,  Difornie;  and  Lojkz, 
Memorid,  entire.  He  also  appends  a  Noticin  de  ali/iiniin  cj-jieilicimir.f  orijiinisni- 
diM  en  j\iiei'ii  Expaiiil  ji'ini  dcKCidirir  l)^  territorio.i  del  Norte  i/  .lenidndiiiiieiUe  los 
reinii.f  de  ( 'i.'mla,  (Jnirira  if  TeijiKiijo,  arranged  chronologically  fioin  "{'i'lW  to  1783; 
and  concludes  with  a  resume  of  \'illagrd's  history  of  the  conquest.  Thus  the 
whole  work  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  modi.'n;  times  on  our  .subject. 

Millr.t  lli.4oricid  ■'Sketch <f  Smitii  Fe  formed  a  part  of  tlio.SV  i  Fe  Centennial 
Cele''riiti>>H  of  177(),  anil  deserves  mention  froiii  the  fact  that  the  aULlior,  David 
,1.  Miller,  was  translator  and  chief  clerk  in  the  U.  J"-,  surveyor-general's  oHice, 
being  well  aeijuaiuled  with  the  archives.  Wm  (t.  Hitch,  for  many  years 
territorial  secp'tary  and  sometime  governor,  an  I  president  of  the  Historical 
Society,  has  given  much  attention  to  tlie  early  as  well  as  modern  history  of 
the  country,  as  .shown  in  his  Azthin.,  The  Jl/.-ifori/,  Ne.'<onrci'.%  and  Attractions  of 
2\t!i'  Me.i-iro,  tithed.,  Boston,  ISS.");  and  by  the  C  ronoloijiciil  Annoli  of  Nan 
Me.iico.  at  the  end  of  Ititch'.t  Leji.-ila  e  Bliie-lntok  of  the  Territory  of  Xen^  Mix- 
icy,  Sta  I'e,  1887.  It  may  be  added  that  (iregg,  Camincrceofthe  /'rairie.i,  and 
Meline,  Tiri}  Th<ni.iantl  Milis  on  J/or.ieinick,  included  in  their  works  a  sketch  of 
early  history;  and  quite  a  number  rf  modern  books,  pamphlets,  an<l  news- 
paper and  magazine  articles  might  be  named  as  containing  simil.>.r  and  more 
or  l.'ss  accurate  resumes  not  resulting  from  actual  research.  So  far  as  Ari- 
zona projier  is  concerned,  there  are  no  modern  works  which  merit  notice  so  far 
as  early  history  is  coucerneU.     I  uIiouLl  not,  however,  forget  to  alhulo  to  a 


T. 


WINSOR'S  CRITICAL  HISTORY. 


25 


largo  number  of  valuable  antiquarian  cssaj-s  on  the  location  of  Cibola,  Tiguox, 
Clucliilticalu,  etc.,  continuing  a  coiisidcralilc  amount  of  geographic  aud  liis- 
toric  (lata.     Simpson's  Coromulo'a  March  is  one  of  the  best  of  these. 

Just  as  these  pages  go  into  print,  I  have  received  The  Nnrmtire  and  Criti- 
oil  }/i-^'iiri/  of  Aiinrim,  cilitid  I'lj  Ju-ftiii  Wii'-or,  Uhninim  of  J/arvurd  Uiiirer- 
sl/i/,  etc.  Vol.  ii.,  Boston  an<l  N.  Y.,  largo  Svo,  040  p.,  with  many  niapj, 
piirtrait.-!,  and  otliir  ilhi.strations.  Volhuies  i.  and  iii.-viii.  are  to  be  pub- 
fi.slicd  later.  Mr  Wiusor's  volume  cov  ;rs  a  considerable  part  of  the  liild, 
both  j.'eo):raphicand  clironrbigic,  that  I  lave  treated  in  this  aud  carliir  works 
of  tiiu  present  series;  the  ai.thor  has  horn  red  luy  work  by  citing  it  constantly 
with  occasional  comments  of  praise  or  londenuiation,  but  always  in  a  spirit 
of  iairness;  ami  with  his  treatment  of  my  researches,  on  the  wlmlc,  I  aui  con- 
tent. Had  I  occasion  to  go  over  the  tield  again  with  Winsor's  wdik  before  me, 
I  should  tiiul  it  helpful,  cite  it  often  with  ct.mmendation,  and  doubtless  have 
occasion  to  criticise  some  of  its  details,  'iue  latest  writer  in  the  light  of  new 
evidence  and  special  research  on  certain  points  has  and  always  will  have  this 
adv:intage.  This  is  obviously  not  the  place  for  a  critical  estimate  of  tlie  new 
work,  even  if  I  had  the  time  for  such  a  ..tndy  as  its  claims  and  merits  deserve. 
Mr  Winsor  as  editor  employs  a  corps  of  authors,  who  write  under  their  own 
names;  aud  an  eD'ort  is  Uiade  todri-washarpdi.stinction  for  the  beuelit  of  ditl'er- 
cnt  classes  of  readers  l)etween  the  narrative,  critical,  and  bibliographic  portions 
of  the  Work.  This  plan  has  iUi  olivious  advantages,  and  probably  its  defects  as 
Well.  Whether  Mr  Winsor's  system  of  coi  i[ieration  is  or  not  on  the  wlmlc  supe- 
rior to  my  own  for  the  production  of  a  cdutinuous,  symmetrical,  ancl  accurate 
histoiic  record  of  a  broa>!  territory,  with  all  its  geographic  and  clironologio 
complications,  it  is  yet  too  eaily  to  decide.  Wlien  the  work  is  completed,  wo 
may  see  if  all  the  gaps  have  been  filled.  In  this  volume  the  editor  is  also  to 
a  great  extent  the  autiior;  he  is  an  expert  in  bibliography,  witli  exceptional 
resources;  ami  in  the  result  Ihi;  l)ibliographic  element  piedominates  in  space 
aud  in  value.  Occasionally,  if  I  mistake  not,  this  predominance  is  somewhat 
liio  m:irked,  as  whei-e  in  the  case  of  radically  ()p[)osiiig  views  aud  arguments 
on  the  part  of  different  authorities,  the  auUior  is  content  to  simply  note  llie 
conllict  without  so  clear  an  opiidtin  of  his  own  as  a  'critical  history  '  should 
contain.  Sianetiuies,  indeed,  the  author  implies  a  preference  for  the  vi"W  that 
apparently  is  not  stipported  by  tiie  critical  notes.  Asa  rule,  the  various  nar- 
ratives sliow  a  high  order  of  literary  merit,  notable  fairness  of  triNitnient,  and 
as  much  unity  as  could  be  expected  in  the  proib-ctions  of  dillcrcut  writers. 
The  work  i.-,  a  noble  contribution  to  A;i-ei-ican  history',  a  monument  of  con- 
scientious and  lab(jrious  researcli,  as  well  as  of  great  liter.ary  skill  on  the  pai  t 
of  edit  ir  and  authors,  and  mechanically  a  magnificent  specimen  of  book- 
making. 

One  chapter  of  Winsor's  work  demands  i)articular  nf)tice  here,  as  being 
dev(]ted  to  a  sulvject  treatc'l  in  this  volume.     This  is  chapter  vii.,  |).  473-504, 


rl;/  K 


I'  i(ir(i/i(iiis  (), 


■^litidi   o/"  J  iiicrird. 


!/•  ^■< 


J/' 


The 


lUl  lliiinj   ir.  Jhii/iii'i,    Ai-rhiiitii'jiriil 


e  autlior  has  also  written  on  the  same  subject  in 


th 


.1  ///;■ 


cdiiri'i,  Oct.  ISSl,  and  cites  also  son 


le  wri'-iuns  o 


f  H, 


aii'l  Savage  in  the  same  jmblication  on  the  identity  of  C'lbol  i,  t,liiivira,  etc., 
ih  have  not  been  used  by  me.      Mr  llayiies'  treatise   should  be  cjassid 


wicii  til 


pf  Si 


ip.- 


Davi 


mice,  lian 


chdi< 


d  oth 


as  nieiitioui 


d 


this  note.     It  is  a  clear  statement  of  tiie  earl 


d   iu.l 


judicious  It  not  ver 


■y  cla 


icr  e\[)e.iitious,  ^^■lth   pertinent 


■ate  not(!s.     Ii  it  adils  iiotli 


iiig  iniportaiit  m 


the  way  ol  theory  orevidence,  it  is  because  Simpson  and  l>avis  and  tlie  rest  liad 
lelt  little  to  be  added  either  l)y  Hay  lies  or  myself.  I  think  the  author  has  not 
siitlicicutly  fonsidereil  my  argument  to  the  etiect  that  ( 'alicza  de  X'aca  ilid  not 
(liter  New  Mexico  (p.  474);  while  agreeing  for  the  most  part  with  his  praise 
of  l>avis,  I  cannot  accept  his  conclusion  that  Davis  is  'likely  to  remain 
always  the  leading  authority '  on  Coroiiado's  route  (p.  40'J),  in  view  of  the 
tut  tlKit  the  author  in  (juestion  has  tallen  into  several  railical  errors;  1  know 
Hot  why  "Tiguex  should  be  ]>laced  west  of  the  Rioiirande,  between  Acoina 
and  (Juirex  '  (p.  4S5),  when  the  writer  seems  to  favor  liaudelier's  view;  aud 


' 


11 


r 


26 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS  AND  RfiSUMfi. 


I  deem  it  not  hypercritical  to  object,  in  a  work  of  this  character,  to  the  use 
of  iintiquated  fo'-uis,  confusion  of  Spjinish,  Italian,  English,  and  French 
forms,  and  the  careless  use  and  uon-uso  of  accents,  na  excmiililied  in  tlie 
following  uaiiR's:  C'oniiiostella,  (juadalaxara,  Pamphilo,  Nizza,  New  (iallicia, 
Melchior,  d'Arellano,  d'Aivarado,  Roderigo,  Crarcia,  Garcia  Loju'Z  do  C'ur- 
dci'as,  Cicuye,  and  Cihola  (for  Compostela,  Gnadalajara,  Panlilo,  Niza,  Niicva 
Gal.ciaorNew  (ialicia,  Melchor,  Arellano  or  de  Arellano,  Alvarado,  Kodrigo, 
Garcia,  (Jarcia  Lopez  de  Cilrdenas,  Cicuye,  and  Cibola).  The  author's  con- 
clusions agree  for  the  most  part  with  my  own,  which  is  not  a  radical  licfect,  in 
my  opniion.  It  is  notieoablo  that  the  reconl  extends  only  to  Coronado's 
e.\[)editi()ii,  or  15'12,  except  that  the  editor  adds  a  note  on  the  lato  works  of 
Fernandez  Duro  and  Shea,  giving  a  list  of  the  later  expeditions  nientionid 
bj'  the  former,  very  Ijriefly  noting  without  coinnieut  his  exposure  of  the 
I'enahisa  hoax,  not  noticinr  my  own  remarks  on  the  same  subject,  and  ratlur 
strangely  ignoring  the  most  important  work  of  Villagra.  It  would  naturally 
be  expected  that  the  later  explorations,  con(]uest,  and  settlement  of  New 
Mexico  shc)uld  lind  place  in  a  volume  entitled  Sp<iiiU/i  L'.rjilonilioii.i  mid 
StftU'iiiriil.'iinAinericd/roiii  thr  FiJ'tvunth  to  (lie  Sieentcvntk  Coitiiri/.  I'resum- 
bly,  however,  this  record  will  be  given  in  another  volume;  in  whieii  case, 
time  (if  publication  permitting,  I  hope  Mr  Wiusor  may  liud  theae  chapters  of 
mine  helpful.  ' 


CHAPTER   11. 

NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IX   ARIZONA. 

1539-1540. 

The  'DiscovKRKn.s — V.'cf.koy  Mf.nhoza's  Plans — Fray  Marpos  hk  Xiza  anp 
Tin:  Nkcho— JorRNEV  to  the  North— Wdndehkcl  KEroiirs  ok  the 
Seven  Cities — Fate  of  Estevanico,  the  B'irst  PioNEEiioF  Arizona 
— Fray  Marcxw  in  Skihto''  CIrola — New  KiNtiiuui  of  San  Francisco 
— Ni/.a's  Report — Disccssion  of  the  Ror  ve  from  Sinaloa  to  Zi  ni — A 
New  Firor — Cortes  and  Ulloa— Alarcon  on  the  R.o  Colorado,  or 
llcENA  fii  lA — Francisco  Vas<h-ez  de  Coronauo— A  (Irank  Akmv 
—  Diaz  anh  Zaldivar — BiRLiocRArnY  of  i  he  Expedition-The  So- 
N(iR A  Setilement — Melchor  Diaz — From  S()N</Ha  to  Cinn.A — 'iiiE 
Riicie -CniciiiLiicAi.E — Map — Ideni'ity  of  Cihola  and  Zi  ni— Con- 
qikst  of  Cranada — The  Friar  Ccrsed  and  Sen  t  Home-  T(>rai:"s  Ex- 

PEDIIION  to   Tu.SAYAN,  OH   THE   AloyCI    Tl  EULOS — CAKDENAS  N'isns  THE 

Canon  of  the  Colorado. 


The  glory  of  discovering  tliis  territory  must  be  given 
to  a  negro  and  a  Franeisean  friar,  who  crossed  the 
hue  into  Arizona  in  1539.  So  great  was  tlie  interest 
taken  hy  Viceroy  Mendoza  in  the  statements  of  Ca- 
l)e/>a  de  Vaca  respecting  tlie  populous  towns  of  which  he 
hud  heard  on  his  way  across  the  continent,  that  he  at 
once  planned  an  expedition,  in  1537,  buying  the  slave 
l^tevanico  and  obtaining  the  services  of  liis  master 
])()rantes,  as  guides;  but  the  project  was  temporarily 
abandoned,  and  no  more  is  heard  of  Dorantes  or  Mal- 
donado,  Alvar  Nunez  having  gone  to  Europe.^ 

Jjatc  in  1538,  however,  with  a  view  to  exploration 
and  conquest  on  a  grander  scale,  and  under  a  new  pol- 
icy, so  far  as  treatment  of  the  natives  was  concerned, 
it  was  arranged  that  Francisco  Vasqucz  de  Coronado, 

'Mciiiloza's  letters  to  the  king,  1537-40,  in  Parhccn,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  200  7; 
Florida,  Col.  Due,  13G,  139;  Termiux-Cwtpaiui,  Voi/.,  seric  i.  toin.  ix.  p.  2S7. 

(27) 


1 


iiiili 


2S 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


tlin  iicwly  appointed  governor  of  Nueva  Galicia,  should 
ni;ih»-  a  tour  of  inspection  to  tiio  northern  parts  of  his 
pro.mee,  and  there  set  on  foot  certain  preHniinary  in- 
vestigations by  the  aid  of  friars  and  hberated  Indian 
slaves,  subsequently  devoting  himself,  should  the  re- 
sults jirove  satisfactory,  to  the  organization  of  a  force 
for  the  proposed  military  expedition.  Not  much  is 
known  of  several  preparatory  tours,  intended  mainly 
to  ins[)ire  confidence  in  St>anish  good  faith  and  reform 
among  the  natives  of  northern  Sinaloa;'"  but  one  had 
a  broader  scope,  and  is  fully  recorded,  being  the  one 
that  involves  the  discovery  of  Arizona. 

Fray  ^Farcos  tie  Niza,  chief  of  the  Franciscan  band 
destined  for  the  northern  field,  was  an  Italian,  who  had 
come  to  America  in  1531,  had  gone  with  Pizarro  to 
Peru  in  1532,  served  in  Nicaragua,  and  come  noith 
with  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  being  a  man  of  prominence 
in  liis  order,  of  ardent  zeal  for  all  new  enter[)rises,  and 
witlinl  of  lively  imagination.^  Having  received  spe- 
cial insti  uctions  fr(»m  the  viceroy  through  Con)nado 
in  November  1538,  Fray  Marcos  set  out  from  San 
^IigU"l  on  the  7tli  of  March,  1539,  accompanied  by 
another  friar  named  Onorato,  the  negro  Estevanico, 
and  a  band  of  nativcvS  from  Culiacan.  On  the  Peta- 
tlan'  Onorato  fell  ill,  and  was  left  behind;  but  Niza 
wont  on  "as  the  holy  s[)irit  did  guide"  him,  always 
kindlv  welcomed  bv  the  natives,  but  with  no  notable 
orcun-ence  for  some  25  or  3.0  leagues,  exce])t  that  lie 
met  Indians  from  tiie  island  where  Cortes  had  been — 

^St^o  ///..y.  Xi,i-/./i  .}[■:,:  S/.,  i.  7'J-.%  note;  3,  f(ir  ;i  few  details. 

'^  Fnr  liiii.u.,  .sec  I'itiiiiriiit,  Mfuoliiijio  /•'rmiri.-icitiin,  'A~  (]i.  117-10  of  o<l.  of 
1871);  MdiiiicOi,  JJist.  Erl,.^.,  (174;  TonjiiciiiiKln,  Moimni,  Iwl.,  iii.  4'.l!»  .')(K); 
ami  F/';in<  rail,  /Ifcrro  Gdicnil,  MS.,  41,  where  Fr.  Marcos  is  !<aiil  to  Ii;ivi'  luen 
the  foiuKler  of  the  Fran,  iiroviiu'ia  of  Lima.  \n  the  iiitrod.  to  I'rin.-ii-o,  Jli.tt. 
J\(ii/iiiiiii<  i/i'  (jiiili),  as  jnil)  hy  Teriiaux,  also  preface  to  L'axtdi'nila,  J\'<  L,  v.,  ho 
is  .-said  to  have  heeii  the  autlior  of  several  work.4  ou  the  coiKjuest  and  native 
races  of  Quito  and  Peru.  In  '4()-.3  he  was  proviiiciiU  of  his  order  in  Mexico, 
thoniih  nio.st  of  the  time  ahsent  in  the  m.rtli,  where  he  lost  his  healtli.  He 
lived  lat<'r  in  Jalajia.  and  died  at  Mexico  in  liroS.  Niza  is  the  jiroper  Sjiaii. 
form  of  his  name,  tliat  of  the  tovn  Nice,  tlie  Italian  fi>rm  hting  Nizza.  lor  a 
portrait — not  .-itated  to  have  t»  eu  Utken  from  an  Arizona  phot  ij,'rap!i  of  l.");}',) — 
see  /•Vo.sY'.s  /'irt.   l/isf.  Met:.   IS.") 

*  I'lulilo  de  Pctatuau  iii  the  original,  as  priuted;  poaaibly  not  ou  the  Rio 
Ftitutiau  (thu  iSinaluii). 


w 


1    IIL. 


^it^'a,  should 
parts  of  Lis 
MJiiiinary  in- 
P^ftJ  Indian 
»"iJ  the  re- 
1'^  <jf  a  force 
["t  much  is 
I'^'^'^i  mainJyr 
aiul  ivforni 
put  one  ],,i,| 

^'^S"  the  one 

'scan  band 
''.who  Jiad 
^izarvo  to 

'""1^'  Jio]-tii 
^'oiiiinence 

■l""'s<'.S  and 

2<-'ivtd  spe- 

^'"'■•'Jiado 

^'■oiii  San 
fiinied  hv 
^stevanjc(") 
the  JVta.' 

''"t  Xiza 
'1,  alwav,, 

0  "otaliio 
'  th^t  ],e 


'.^  "f  O,?.   of 
■>h:>vv  Ik.,,.., 

!>'"'  "ativo 
■■•''"'•     Ho 


THE  NORTHERX  Re,; 


ION. 


'^""'^  -NoiiiI£UE«-,    I.s    Ij 


y>ii). 


1^ 


m 


so 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA, 


California — half  a  league  from  the  main,  and  they 
told  him  of  30  other  inhabited  islands  beyond,  and  of 
pearls.  Then  after  four  days'  journey  through  an  un- 
inhabited tract,  he  came  to  a  people  who  had  never 
heard  of  Christians,  who  called  him  Saj'ota,  or  'man 
from  heaven,'  and  who  knew  of  large  settlements  in  a 
valley  four  or  five  days  inland,  where  cotton  was  used 
for  clothing,  and  gold  for  implements  and  ornaments. 
For  three  days  his  way  led  him  through  the  country 
of  this  people,  till  he  came  to  Vacapa,  a  settlement  of 
good  size  and  plenty  of  food,  40  leagues  from  the  sea. 
At  Vacapa  Niza  remained  some  nine  days,  sending 
messen<;;ers  to  the  coast,  who  brouL^ht  back  tidinu;s  of 
the  pearl  islands — now  34  in  number — and  cowhide 
sliields.  Here  he  met  natives  from  the  cast,  known  as 
' pintados,' who  had  something  to  say  of  the  'seven 
cities.'  And  from  here  he  sent  the  negro  ahead  to 
explore  the  way,  and  after  four  days  Estevanico  sent 
back  such  glowing  reports  of  what  he  had  heard  about 
Cibola,  with  its  seven  great  towns  and  stone  buildings 
and  turquoises,  that  even  the  credulous  fraile  hesitated 
to  credit  them.  About  the  Gth  of  April,  with  two 
islanders  and  three  'pintados'  added  to  his  company, 
he  left  ^"acapa,  and  in  three  days  came  to  the  people 
who  had  given  the  negro  his  information  about  Cibola, 
and  wlio  now  gave  the  good  friar  his  fill  of  marvels. 
Pressing  on  for  five  days — possibly  including  the  pre- 
vious three — through  a  well-settled  country,  they  came 
to  a  pleasant  and  well-watered  settlement  near  the 
borders  of  a  desert.  Between  Vacapa  and  this  place 
without  nmch  doubt  they  had  crossed  what  is  now  the 
southern  bound  of  Arizona.* 

^  Vacapa,  or  S.  Luis,  was  a  ranchcrfa  from  12  to  101.  southward  of  Ronoita, 
or  S,  Mill-cold,  visitoil  by  Kino  ami  Maiigu  in  I()".tt)-I701,  and  shown  on  Kino"^ 
map.  See  J/M.  iXor/h  Mix.  St.,  i.  72  ">,  271,  495,  4!t'>;  Mawjc,  Hist.  l'i,neriii, 
327;  Apift.  Aj'nirn,  273-4,  2S2-5.  Manj;e  uotou  tiie  place  as  the  one  panscil 
by  Coronailo's  (Niza's)  cxped.,  as  described  by  llcrrera.     Padre  (iarces,  JJimin 

flh'iTotcro,  3()5,  in  1777  says:  '  El  jmeblo  do  Hacapa  (pio  cita  so  halla  hoy  en  la 
'apa}i;uerla  con  nond)ro  de  QiiitoUmrapi,  en  len(pia  pima  (piiore  decir;  en  Bm; 
quiere  decir  tide,  eonque  en  (j^uitoliape  dice  talt'  c/ii'/uito.'  Evidently  there  in 
typographic  confusion  here;  but  Vacapa  may  have  been  Quitobac.  This  name 
of  Vacapa  is,  of  course,  au  important  point  iu  following  Niza's  route.     The 


MARCOS  DE  NIZA. 


31 


and   they 
:)ncl,  and  of 
uiih  an  un- 
had  never 
ta,  or  'man 
Mncnts  in  a 
•n  was  used 
ornaments, 
lie  country 
ttlement  of 
3ni  the  sea. 
ys,  sendinr; 
L  tidings  of 
id  cowl  lido 
t,  known  as 
tb.e  'seven 
o  ahead  to 
vanico  sent 
lieard  about 
ic  buildhigs 
le  hesitated 
1,  with  two 
s  company, 
the  people 
out  Cibola, 
marvels, 
the  prc- 

thcy  came 
t  near  the 

this  place 

is  now  the 


mrd  of  Sonoita, 
liowu  oil  Kino's 

I/ist.  Piimriii, 

tho  oiu!  jiasst'il 

( Jarcea,  JJinrii) 

I  lialla  hoy  en  la 

ik'cir;  on  Bm' 
(Iciitly  there  is 
ac.  This  naiiic 
I'a  route.     The 


iisr 


The  desert  having  been  crossed  in  four  days,  the 
route  lay  for  five  days  through  a  fertile,  irrigated  val- 
l<y,  with  many  settlements  of  superior  and  friendly 
Indians.  This  may  be  reasonably  regarded  as  the 
(Jila  valley  in  the  region  of  the  Pima  villages.  Hero 
the  friar  "understood  that  the  coast  turned  abruptly 
Mestward,  which  means  simply  that  the  natives  de- 
scribed the  ocean  as  much  farther  off  than  the  gulf  coast 
had  been  in  the  south;  but  lie  says  he  went  in  person 
and  saw  that  such  was  the  case,  which  was  hardly 
possible.^  These  people  knew  of  Cibola,  wore  tur- 
([uoises,  and  in  some  cases  cotton,  and  they  told  of 
woollen  garments  woven  in  Totonteac  from  the  fur  of  a 
small  animal.  In  one  of  the  rancherias  was  met  a 
native  of  Cibola,  who  gave  much  information  about  its 
seven  towns,  Abacus  bcinij  the  lartj^est — exaggerated 
though  in  a  sense  tolerably  accurate  descriptions  of  the 
since  well-known  Pueblo  towns.  He  also  told  of  other 
towns  and  provinces.^  !Many  others  confirmed  and 
supi)leniented  the  reports  all  along  the  way;  turquoises 
and  hides  and  other  articles  from  Cibola  were  plenti- 
ful ;  and  the  negro,  whose  zeal  ke[>t  him  far  in  advance 
with  his  native  attendants,  sent  back  the  most  encour- 
asi-iiiLj  messafjes.  For  three  davs  more  thev  travelled 
in  this  valley  or  a  similar  one ;  and  then,  on  the  9th 

idontity  is  not  certain,  as  these  rancherias  were  sometimes  movofl  lonij  dis- 
taiK'is.  Jf  Ni/a  wiiit  so  far  west  ho  must  have  turiiett  eastwanl  latiT,  fur 
fnmi  that  Wioapa  he  cimM  not  have  travelleil  5  or  8  days  uortlnvard  in  a 
sittlod  couiitiy  to  tho  borders  of  a  desert.  Wliipple's  location,  I'nc.  R.  U. 
l!i}'t'<,  iii.  )((t,  of  v.  in  the  region  of  Magdaleiia,  as  hitlierto  fa%'c>ri'd  by  nie, 
Ui^t.  Xorth  M'x.  St.,  i.  72-"),  making  tlio  jdeasant,  well-watercil  settlement 
iirar  the  desert  in  the  Tucson  region,  would  1)o  much  more  convenient;  but 
the  general  features  are  clear  enough,  and  iu)thing  more  eau  bo  hoped  for. 

^  '  Y  asi  fui  en  demaiula  della  y  vi  clararrieiite  ([uc  on  los  'Mi'  vuilve  al 
Oneste,  do  ijuo  no  meiios  talegria  tuve  quo  do  la  buena  nueva  <lo  la  tierra. ' 
Airji,  />(.v«7//<.,  3IV,).  Of  course  the  lat.  '.iH'  was  all  wroiitf,  Wo  shall  tiiul  a 
similar  statement  about  the  westward  trend  m  Corouado's  narrative,  but  more 
clearly  e.\])lained  by  tho  statement  that  hero  the  gulf  ended,  li  Niza  continued 
N.  \v.  from  the  Sonoita  region  to  the  (iila,  and  Lhenco  up  that  river,  a  visit  to 
tho  head  of  the  gulf,  if  possible,  must  still  be  regarded  as  very  innirobablo, 

•  South-east  of  Cibola  was  tho  kingdom  of  Marata,  with  many  largo  towns, 
though  weiikened  by  wars  with  Cibola;  another  in  tho  same  direction  was  To- 
touteae.  tlio  most  populous  and  richest  of  all;  and  another,  Aeus  (distinct 
from  Ahaciis,  which  was  only  a  town),  in  a  direction  not  statcil.  Tlieso  refer- 
euces  woro  clearly  to  the  N.  Mux.  i'ucblo  towua  towoi'd  or  ou  tho  Kio  Grauile. 


82 


NIZA  AND  COKONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


of  !May,  they  entered  tlie  final  despohlado;  that  is,  from 
tlie  renion  of  the  modern  PhotMiix  or  Florence  they 
entcnnl  tlie  mountainous  uninhabited  tract,  their  course 
lying  north-eastward,  toward  Zuni. 

For  twelve  days  Fray  Marcos  pressed  on,  following 
the  negro's  route,  and  well  supplied  with  food  by  the 
natives  accompanying  him,  until,  on  the  21st  of  May, 
he  met  one  of  Estevanico's  men  returning  with  the 
worst  of  news.  On  reaching  Cibola,  instead  of  the 
usual  welcome,  the  negro  had  received  an  order  not 
to  enter  the  town,  on  pain  of  death,  being  forced  to 
remain  with  his  company  in  a  house  outside,  without 
food,  and  being  deprived  of  all  the  presents  he  had 
received  on  the  journey.  Next  day,  one  of  the  men, 
going  to  a  stream  for  water,  looked  back,  and  saw  the 
negro  running  away  from  pursuers,  wlio  killed  some  of 
his  companions.  Then  he  made  haste  to  inform  the 
friar.  Niza's  companions  M'-re  greatly  terrified,  but 
went  forward  at  his  solicitation ;  and  one  day's  jour- 
ney before  reaching  Cibola,  two  more  of  Estevanico's 
men  were  met,  wounded,  and  stating  that  the  negro 
had  been  killed.^  Thus  perished  black  Stephen,  the 
discoverer  of  Arizona. 

There  were  threats  among  Niza's  followers  of  hold- 
ing him  responsible  for  the  killing  of  their  friends,  and 
the  friar  said  he  was  willing  to  die:  but  throucfh  the 
agency  of  gifts  and  threats  the  excitement  was  calmed. 
He  then  went  forward  with  two  chiefs,  and  from  a 
hill  got  a  glimpse  of  Cibola,  on  a  plain  at  the  foot  of 
a  round  hill,  just  as  the  natives  had  described  it,  and 
apparently  more  populous  than  Mexico,  though  said 


*  Castafieda,  Relation,  12-13,  tells  us  that  Stephen  had  a  weakness  for  rich 
gifts,  including  handsome  women;  that  lie  made  a  demand  on  the  Clholans 
for  their  wealth  and  women;  that  his  claim  of  heing  the  predecessor  of  white 
men  who  were  coming  to  teach  theni  seemed  suspicious,  on  account  of  his  color; 
and  that  they  put  him  to  death  as  a  spy  sent  l)y  eneniies  coming  to  subjugate 
them,  releasing  his  CO  companions,  though  retaining  a  few  boys.  Coronado, 
Hakluyt,  iii.  380,  says  the  Uiholans  claimed  to  have  killed  him  because  he 
killed  and  violated  their  women,  and  was  reported  to  be  a  'wicked  villain.' 
One  of  his  comrades,  a  boy  from  Potatlan,  remained  at  Cibola,  and  was  found 
by  Coronado.  News  of  Est^van's  death  was  also  given  to  Alarcon,  oa  the 
Colorado. 


RETURN  OF  FRAY   MARCOS. 


33 


at  is,  from 
dice  thoy 
leir  course 

following 
od  by  the 
it  of  May, 
;  with  the 
sad  of  the 

order  not 

forced  to 
e,  without 
ts  he  had 
f  the  men, 
id  saw  the 
cd  some  of 
inform  the 
rrified,  but 
day's  jour- 
stevanico's 

the  negro 
ephen,  the 

Irs  of  hold- 
iends,  and 
rough  the 
las  calmed, 
bd  from  a 
\he  foot  of 
led  it,  and 
ousfh  said 


kkness  for  rich 

li  the  ClUolans 

lessor  of  white 

|utof  his  color; 

to  subjugate 

IS.     Coronado, 

Im  because  he 

licked  villain.' 

Ind  was  found 

larcon,  on  the 


to  be  the  smallest  of  the  seven  in  a  province  far  ex- 
celled by  otliors  beyond.  A  cross  being  erected  on  a 
lieap  of  "stones,  formal  possession  was  taken  in  Men- 
doza's  name,  for  the  king,  of  all  that  region,  as  the 
new  kingdom  of  San  Francisco.  Then  Fray  Marcos 
liastened  homeward,  "con  liarto  mas  temor  que  comi- 
da,"  at  the  rate  of  eight  or  ten  leagues  per  day.  In 
a  valKy  stretching  eastward  below  A'^acapa,  he  saw  far 
off  .seven  '  poblacioncs  razonables,'  and  heard  that  gold 
was  plentiful  there,  but  deemed  it  best  to  postpone  a 
clo.ser  examination.  At  Compostela,  perhaps  in  June 
or  July,  he  reported  to  the  governor,  to  whom  he  had 
before  sent  messengers  from  various  points;  and  in 
Au^nist  went  with  Coronado  to  JSIexico.  where,  on  the 
2d  of  September,  he  formally  certified  the  accuracy 
of  his  report." 

Cortes  claimed  that  Niza's  narrative  was  fiction, 
his  pietended  discoveries  resting  only  on  reports  of 
the  natives  and  information  derived  from  Cortes 
himself;  but  Don  Hernan  was  not  in  this  instance  an 
imi)artial  critic.'"  Coronado  and  his  companions,  in 
their  expedition  of  the  next  year,  disappointed  in 
their  expectations,  applied  some  plain  terms  to  certain 
phases  of  the  friar's  misrepresentations.  Padre  Kino 
seems  to  have  thought  that  the  Gila  ruins  mioht  have 
been    Xiza's    seven   cities,    and    Humboldt    partially 

*  Xizn,  De.w}iri)inento  de  Ins  Siefe  Ciudmhn,  in  Parhero,  Doc.,  iii.  .^25-51, 
incluiliiig  Mc'iidiiza's  instructions  of  Nov.  ",iS,  and  a  certificate  of  1*.  Ciudad- 
K()(h-iL;c»,  tlie  iirovinoial,  dated  Aug.  2(),  '.'V.);  Ital.  transl.  in  Rniiiu/iio,  Xnri,/., 
iii.  I).")!)  !(;  Knyl.,  in  llnkluyt's  Toy/.,  iii.  IWti-T;};  French,  in  TcniniuK-Cninjiuim, 
Vo;/.,  serie  i.  toni.  i.x.  2.")(i-84.  For  a  long  list  of  additional  references,  .sec 
JJM.  Xortli  Mv.r.  St.,  i.  74-5.  A  lew  others  are  PtniUa,  Not.  JIM.,  I  KJ-S, 
148  !»,  M\  :\;  Mni'liH't,  IIU.  Edci.,  .S<J8-4(K);  Kemcml,  HiM  "^hi/ap',  Kilt-l; 
Purrhds  hk  I'ihiniiivs,  iv.  15G0-1;  Iinnileiirr\  Ill^t.  Iiitroil.,l~\)',  Priiirc'.s  /list. 
.«•.,  lHi-115;  Z<iiiinr,n.i,  Hist.  Mvj.,  iv.  t>()()-9,  6.52-9;  Lk  ■>  Mex.,  ii.  l.'ilMi; 
Burnti/\i  V/iroii.  Hixt.,  i.  189-92;  J/iiitnii'.f  Jlam/honk;  31  -G;  Mmjlinio'ii  Si 
Fnwi.t,  .'JT.H^;  Uitlell,  in  Cnli/onwin,  i.  1^0-5;  Pou.i.vii,  i 
;J4()-1;  id.,  <Jue.ilioii  de  COrv<inn,  18;  /(/.,  The  U.  S.,  234; 
4."?;  Grah<im'.H  hUnw.,  207;  hi/nnd,  Vny.,  i.  bk  i.  200-1;  ' 
Vouiitnj,  32;  .4rh.onn  J/ist.  (Elliott  &  Co.),  3.")-(i. 

^"Jrnz'xdi-rl.i,  Cil.  Dor.,  ii.  xxviii.-ix.;  Cortex,  Enrritos,  299-304;  A'urar/vte, 
Cnl.   Viujis,  iv,  209.     Cortes  says  he  liad  tried  to  enlist  the  friar's  services, 
impaitiuf:  with  tliat  view  what  he  had  hiarned  in  the  north.     Ho  also  accused 
N.  of  similar  treaclicry  in  Central  and  South  America, 
Hist.  Aitiz.  and  N.  Mrx.    3 


.tUKonre  Annr.,  i. 
''otjdijcs,  Stlirlinn, 
nzciis'  Alarrdlous 


M 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


accepts  that  view."  And  most  later  writers  have 
had  occasion  to  dwell  on  his  gross  exaggerations, 
sometimes  indulging  in  harsher  ternjs.  Yet  tlie  fact 
that  Coronado,  accompanied  by  Niza  to  Cibola  in 
1540,  with  all  his  criticism  does  not  seem  to  doubt 
that  the  friar  actually  made  the  trip  as  he  claimed,  is, 
of  course,  the  best  possible  evidence  against  the  theory 
that  he  visited  northern  Sonora,  and  imagined  the  rest. 
A  close  examination  shows  that  nearly  ail  the  state- 
ments most  liable  to  criticism  rest  solely  on  the 
reports  of  the  natives,  and  only  a  few,  like  the  visit 
to  the  coast,  and  the  actual  view  of  a  great  city  at 
Cibola,  can  be  properly  regarded  as  worse  tlian  exag- 
geration. My  space  docs  not  permit  the  reproduction 
of  descriptive  matter  with  sufficient  fulness  to  illus- 
trate the  author's  inaccuracies.  Fray  Marcos  was 
an  imaginative  and  credulous  man,  full  of  faith  in 
northern  wonders,  zealous  for  spiritual  conquest  in  a 
new  field,  fearful  that  the  great  enterprise  might  be 
abandoned;  hence  the  general  couleur  de  rose  of  his 
statements ;  hence  perhaps  a  few  close  approximations 
to  falsehood;  but  there  is  no  good  reason  to  doubt 
that  he  really  crossed  Sonora  and  Arizona  to  the 
region  of  Zufii. 

As  to  his  route,  so  far  as  details  are  concerned,  the 
narrative  furnishes  no  foundation  for  positive  theories, 
though  possibly  by  a  reproduction  of  all  the  data  with 
carefully  prepared  topographic  maps,  obviously  im- 
practicable here,  approximately  accurate  results  might 
be  reached.  As  far  as  the  Gila  valley,  Niza's  route 
was  possibly  farther  west,  in  part  at  least,  than  that 
of  Coronado,  to  be  noticed  presently;  I  have  no  doubt 
that  it  crossed  the  region  between  the  Pima  villages 
and  Florence ;  and  beyond  that  point  the  two  routes 
were  perhaps  nearly  identical.  I  refer  the  reader  also 
to  the  map  given  later  in  this  chapter. 

"  ApoKt.  A/anes,  253.  '  On  est  tcnte  de  croire  que  les  mines  ties  Casas 
ftrandes  du  Gila. . .  .pourraient  avoir  donne  occasion  aux  contes  deliitees  par 
le  bon  pfere  Marcos  de  Nizza.'  Ensai  Pol.,  310.  Heylyn,  Vosiikxj.,  9(57-8,  says, 
'  so  disguised  in  Lyes  and  wrapped  up  in  fictions  that  tlie  liglit  was  little 
more  than  Darkness.'  Coronado  '  found  the  Fryer  to  be  a  Fryer;  nothing  ut 
tucmanti  true  in  all  his  Helatiouo. ' 


ULLOA  AND  ALARCON. 


writers  have 
aggerations, 
Yet  tiio  fact 
to  Cibola  ill 
;m  to  doubt 
L>  clainiod,  is, 
it  the  theory 
ined  tlie  rest, 
ill  the  state - 
ilely    on    the 
ike  the  visit 
^reat  city  at 
ie  than  exag- 
reproduction 
ness  to  illus- 
Marcos  was 
I  of  faith  ill 
lonquest  in  a 
use  might  be 
e  rose  of  his 
proxiinations 
son  to  doubt 
izona  to  the 

)ncerned,  the 
tive  theories, 
10  data  with 
jviously  iiii- 
'esults  might 
Niza's  route 

t,  than  that 
ave  nodoulit 

inia  villages 
e  two  routes 
reader  also 


mines  des  Casas 
oiites  (lebitees  I'^ir 
moij.,  907-8,  8a.\  ■<, 
le  light  was  litili; 
Fryer;  nothing  ut 


I 


$ 
M 


J'reliininary  reports  of  Niza's  progress,  sent  soutli 
by  clie  friar  and  reaching  Mexico  before  July  Ibii'J — 
j)()ssibly  including  an  outline  of  what  he  said  of  his 
tliscoveries  after  his  return  to  San  Miguel  or  Compos- 
tela— moved  Cortes  to  renewed  effort,  lest  perciiance 
tlie  great  northern  prize  should  elude  his  grasp;  for 
he  claimed  the  exclusive  right  of  conquest  in  that 
direction,  and  had  strenuously  but  vainly  oj)posed 
Mendoza's  act  in  preparing  for  an  expedition;  though 
he  denied  that  the  friar's  pretended  discoveries  had 
atiy  foundation  in  truth.  He  had  a  Heet  ready,  and 
lie  made  haste  to  despatch  three  vessels,  under  the 
coniniand  of  Francisco  de  UUoa,  from  Acapuico  in 
July.  As  this  expedition  did  not  reach  the  territory 
now  under  consideration,  its  results  being  confined  to 
a  survey  of  the  gulf  and  peninsula  coasts,  and  espe- 
cially as  the  voyage  has  been  fully  recorded  in  another 
volume,'"  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  say  more  on 
the  subject  here.  The  viceroy  also  entered  into  a 
contract  with  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  with  a  view  to  north- 
ern exploration,  but  the  Mixton  war  and  Alvarado's 
death  prevented  any  practical  results.  After  protest- 
ing and  struggling  against  the  new  expeditions  of 
1540,  Cortes  went  to  Spain,  and  appears  no  more  in 
northern  annals. 

Another  expedition  by  sea,  fitted  out  by  Mendoza 
to  cooi)erate  with  that  of  Coronado  on  the  land,  was 
that  of  Hernando  de  Alarcon.  This  also  has  been 
described  elsewhere,"  and  as  an  exploration  of  the 
gulf  requires  no  further  notice  in  this  connection  ;  but 
in  August  and  September  Alarcon  made  two  trips  in 
boats  up  the  Colorado  River,  which  he  named  the 
Buona  Guia.  He  possibl}''  passed  the  mouth  of  the 
(lila,  though  he  mentions  no  such  branch;  and  it  may 
he  regarded  as  probable  that  he  at  least  passed  the 
Arizona  line.  This  party  also  heard  reports  of  Cibola, 
and  of  Niza's  adventures;  and  near  the  mouth  of  the 

'^ Sie  //«/.  Korth  Mex.  St.,  i.  77-82j  and  on  the  Alvarado  contract,  p.  96. 
^'JU.,  i.  yo-5. 


M  NIZA  AND  COKONADO  IS  AUIZONA, 

Colorado  they  left  letters,  found  a  little  later  by  a 
branch  of  Coronado's  expedition  under  Melehor  IJiaz. 

Governor  Coronado,  as  we  have  seen,  oamc  to 
Mexico  with  Niza,  to  consult  the  vic<'roy  and  make 
final  arrangements  for  the  conquest  of  Cibola  and  its 
seven  cities.  The  conditions  were  niost  favorable; 
Mendoza  was  an  enthusiastic  8upf)orter  of  the  scheme ; 
the  friar's  tales  were  eagerly  listened  to,  and  often 
repeated  with  the  usual  distortio!»s;  an  air  of  secrecy 
and  mystery  on  the  part  of  Coronado  served  still 
further  to  excite  the  popular  interest;  and  never  since 
the  time  of  Nuno  de  Guzman  had  the  response  to  a 
call  for  volunteers  been  so  satisfactory.  There  was  a 
fever  of  exploring  zeal,  and  it  seemed  as  if  the  whole 
I)opulation  of  Mexico  might  be  easily  induced  to 
migrate  northward.'*  Niza  was  made  provincial  of 
his  order,  and  the  Franciscans  became  zealous  in  the 
cause.  A  force  of  300  Spaniards  and  800  Indian 
allies  was  easily  enlisted.  Many  of  the  former  were 
gentlemen  of  good  family  and  high  rank,  some  of  them 
bound  to  serve  Coronado,  who  was  made  captain-gen- 
eral of  the  expedition,  only  by  their  promises  as 
gentlemen.  The  names  of  those  bearing  by  actual 
rank  or  courtesy  the  title  of  ca[)tain  are  given  in  the 
appended  note.^^     In  February  1540,  the  army  was  at 


"Says  Suarez  tie  Peralta,  in  his  A^oft'citw,  14S,  148-9:  'Fne  de  manera  la 
grita,  (jue  no  se  trataba  ya  ilu  otra  co»a.  ,  .Era  taitta  la  cutliyia  quu  a  todo:) 
puso  la  iiueva  de  las  Siete  <  "ludailen  mic  no  solo  el  virrey  y  marques  levaiitariui 
los  pies  paifi  yr  a  ella,  siuo  a  ttMta  la  tiun'a,  y  tanto,  que  por  favor  sc  ncgo- 
ciaba  ul  yr  los  soldados,  y  sacar  liyuuvia;  y  era  du  iitanera  :;'!<!  bu  veudiaii,  y 
no  peii.salia  el  (juu  la  tenia,  sino  quo  ya  em  titulo  por  lo  menos,  poi-que  lo  cii- 
care{,'ia  ul  frayle  que  habia  veuido  de  alia,  do  suorte,  que  dezia  ser  la  niujor 
cosa  que  habia  eii.t'l  mundo. .  .Suguii  el  lo  piutaba,  dubia  ser  el  parayso  ter- 
fonal. . .  Kii  todo  esto  dijo  vurdad.* 

'•"IV'lro  de  Tobar,  standard  Ixjarer;  Lopo  de  Samaniego,  maestro  do 
cam[)()  (killeil  at  C'hanietla);  Tristan  de  Arellano,  Pedro  de  Quevara,  G.irci- 
Lope/.  ilo  Ciirdenas,  Juan  ile  Zaldivar,  Francisco  do  Obando,  Alonso  Manri'|iie 
de  Liira,  (ioniez  Suarez  de  Sigucroa,  Juan  de  Sotouiayor,  Juan  de  Jaraniillo, 
Rodrigo  Maldonado,  Diego  Lopez,  Diego  (Jutierrez;  Pablo  Melgosa  de  Btirgos, 
coin,  of  the  infantry;  Hernando  de  Alvarado,  com.  of  tlm  artillery;  Francisco 
de  Barrio-nuevo,  Melehor  Diaz,  Juan  Gallegos,  Lope  de  Urrea.  Luis  llandrez 

de  Vargas,  Francisco  Garbolan; Ribero,  factor;  Vdiega.     Castaiieda  gives 

Bouie  iu  formation  respecting  the  family  aiul  rauk  of  several  of  these  otticers. 


CORONAI>0'S  EXPRDITION. 


37 


later  by  a 
Ichor  Diaz. 

1,  came    to 

and  niako 
uula  and  its 

iu,V(»ral)lt'; 
,lio  sclicuie ; 

and  ()<'ton 
•  of  8ccrecv 
served  still 
never  since 
?8ponse  to  a 
[here  was  a 
f  the  whole 
induced  to 
rovincial  of 
alous  in  the 
800  Indian 
[ormor  were 
)nie  of  them 

aptain-gen- 
)ronii8e8  as 
by  actual 
fiven  in  the 
rniy  was  at 


de  manera  la 
i(;ia  quu  &  todos 
ques  levaiitanm 
favor  se  nego- 
o  Bu  veudiaii,  y 
IS,  por"-(ue  lo  cil- 
ia Her  la  lufjor 
el  parayso  tur- 

o,  maestro  de 
Que  vara,  G.irci- 
lonso  Mauri' [lie 
n  de  Jaraiuillo, 

Kosa  de  BiSrgos, 
ery;  Francisco 
Luis  llaiiiirt/'/ 
Castafledagivts 
f  theab  otiiucrs. 


■« 
I 


'■?i 


Conipostela.  whither  went  Vicenjy  Mendoza  t(»  deliver 
a  jiartiiij,'  address  of  encouragement;  and  in  April  the 
i,Miieral  with  an  advance  party  set  out  from  San 
^Ii'j;uel  de  Culiacan. 

iJt'fnre  leaving  the  north  for  M(^xico,  Coronado  had 
dispatched  Dia/  and  Zaldivar,  with  fifteen  men,  to 
verify  as  far  as  possible  Xi/a's  rep(»rts.  This  [»arty 
stoted  in  Novend»er  1539,  and  perhaps  reached  the 
(Jill  valley^  but  on  account  of  the  excessive  cold 
decided  not  to  attempt  a  crossing  of  the  country 
beyond.  From  the  natives  they  obtained  information 
;ib()ut  Cdjola  and  the  other  provinces,  similar  to  that 
given  by  the  friar,  but  considerably  less  attractive 
and  highly  colored;  and  they  also  learned  that  the 
Cibolans  had  re(pjested  the  south-western  tribes  not 
to  permit  the  Christians  to  pass,  but  to  kill  them. 
Tills  rej)ort  was  brought  south  by  Zaldivar  and  three 
men,  wjio  met  Coronado  at  Chametla;  and  while  the 
news  was  kept  secret,  it  was  generally  understood  to 
be  had,  and  Fray  Marcos  hrd  to  exert  his  eloquence 
to  the  utmost  to  prevent  discouragement.'* 

1  append  a  note  on  the  bibliography  of  Coronado's 
expedition."     As  I  have  said,  the  general  left  ISan 

'"Mcndoza'a  letter  to  the  king,  of  April  17,  ir)40,  with  quotations  from 
Diaz'  report,   /'nc/iecn,  Dor.,  ii.  3.")t)^G2;  ('it.itiii)rilii,  U<1.,  2'i'M. 

"  The  moat  uoiiiidete  narrative  is  that  of  Pedro  ("astafleda  do  Naycra, 
kiKiwii  to  the  world  oidy  through  the  French  trauMlation,  ('n-tOtni'iln,  Itdntioii 
tin  \'(ii/iii/e  lilt  Ciliolii,  in  Tt'rnnii.r-('oiiijtiiiiK,  Voij.,  seric  i.  toin.  ix.  '_'4t>ji.,  with 
ail  iiiiiieiiilix  of  various  doc.  jiertaining  to  tlie  subject.  The  author  accoiii- 
j>:imed  the  exi>e(litioii  in  a  capacity  not  stated;  wrote  alxiut  •_*()  ytars  alter 
till'  oee\irreiice  of  tlie  events  descrihed,  and  ace.  to  M.  Ternaux  wa.s  a  resi- 
dent of  Culiaean.  He  was  a  man  of  ability  and  education,  beini;  a  ino.it 
eiitertainini;  elironicler,  and  apparently  a  faitliful  hi.storian.  Tliere  is  a  di.- 
grre  of  inaccuracy  in  dates,  but  otlierwise  the  record  is  remarkably  clear  and 
satisfactory.  Fernandez  Duro,  in  Wia  Siitirins  ile  AiiiiiuM  Exjui/irioini,  l'_','», 
re'iTesents  the  Spanish  original  as  pub.  in  /'nrhern,  JJoc,  ix.  or  xiv.  'M'.i;  but 
this  is  ail  error.  If  it  is  pub.  in  some  otlier  vol.  or  p.  of  that  col.,  1  have 
imt  touiid  it.  A  copy  of  the  Span,  original  is  .said  to  have  existed  in  the 
l.eiiii':  collection  iu  54,  when  an  effort  was  made  to  have  it  printed  by  tlie 
Siiiithsoiiiaii  Inst. 

Tlieic  /iro  two  other  accounts  written  by  ofTicera  connected  witii  the  expe- 
dition. Tlio  first  is  the  Hilnrion  i/cl  Suir'io  ile  lii  Jormnlit  i/im  Fnui.  I'liwjwz 
ill  <  niviiiiiln  /lizo  en  vl  Denruliriiiiiiiiti)  (le  Vi/ioln,  in  Floriiln,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  147-54; 
also  ill  I'lirheco,  Doc.,  xiv.  318-'2y,  from  an  original  at  Simancas.  Tlie  writ- 
er's name  is  unknown.  The  second  is  the  Itelurion  que  diii  il  Cnyitun  Junn 
Jnnimillo,   iu  Florida,  Col.   Doc,  i.  154-153;  Pachcco,  Doc,  xix,  304-lS;  and 


88 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


Miguel  about  the  middle  of  April,  taking  with  him  50 
horsemen,  a  few  foot-soldiers,  a  body  of  native  allies, 


I 


transl.  in  Ternnux,  i.  ix.  3G4-82.  These  narratives,  though  less  extensive 
tlian  that  of  CaHtiifiuda,  aru  hardly  less  iiniiortant  in  several  respects,  both 
autliors  liaviiig  acconipaiiieil  ("oronado  throughout  the  march  to  Quivira.  A 
letter  of  ( 'oronado  to  the  viceroy,  dated  Aug.  3,  1540,  and  describing  the 
events  of  the  campaign  down  to  date,  is  found  translated  in  Ramtutio,  Advii/., 
iii.  3oy-U3;  and  JJidlw/t's  Voij.,  iii.  373-9.  His  letter  of  April  20,  '41,  to  the 
emperor  is  not,  so  far  as  I  know,  extant;  but  a  later  letter,  of  Oct.  20,  '41,  de- 
8cril)iiig  tlie  expod.  to  Quivira,  is  found  in  Pacheco,  Dor.,  iii.  3G2-9;  repeated 
in  .xiii.  201-8;  and  in  Tirnaux,  i.  ix.  355-03.  In  I'nchvo,  Doc.,  xix.  5i:y-32, 
is  tlie  Trtidiulo  i/e  Ian  Xiicnis,  a  letter  or  report  from  C'ibola,  dated  July  .JO, 
'40,  giving  an  account  of  the  march  and  ()f  the  taking  of  Cibola,  the  writer's 
name  not  appearing. 

Among  tlie  cany  standard  writers,  Mota  Padilla,  Coiiq.  iV.  Gal.,  iii.  it, 
158-Oi),  sei  Ills  to  be  the  only  one  giving  details  not  apparently  not  drawn  from 
the  originals  named  above;  but  his  additions  are  for  the  most  part  of  slight 
iniportaiico  and  of  unknown  origin.  Other  references  to  authorities  of  this 
class  are  as  follows:  Tovquenuula,  Jfoiiunj.  Iml.,  i.  009-10;  iii.  358-9,  610-1'..'; 
IJerrera,  J /int.  Gen.,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  11-12;  Oviedo,  HiM.  Gen...  iii.  \('6\ 
i,.  19;  Goiiiant,  Hkt.  I'>d.,  272-4;  'Iv.ndicta,  Hint.  Erli-.t.,  400;  Beamnout,  Croii 
Mich.,  iv.  213-34,  378-S();  livnzoni.  Hist.  Mnmlo  Xitovo,  107;  Bernal  Diaz, 
lli.<  Colli/.  Mcc,  2;{5;  La.'i  t'lui.i.i,  UM.  Apol.,  nos.  32-7,  127-9;  Ri'mJi,  Triitm- 
j>/in,s,  2(i-7;  VeiK'ijii.-*,  Sot.  Cal.,  i.  107-9;  tlavhjero,  Stor.  Vol.,  153;  Ali'ijic, 
Jl'iKt.  Coinp.  J.,  i.  2.37-8;  Sitliiifion,  Rcl<mni)<'.i,  7-9;  Ctivo,  Trea  Siijlwt,  i.  127-9; 
I.orcnz'iiio,  in  Corti'.i,  JIi.it.  Me.i\,  325;  Galvnnos  Di^cov.,  220-7;  Noticitu  de 
Exjx'd.,  .MS.,  241-2;  Simdon,  Mem.  llUt.,  M.S.,  10-12. 

Among  modern  writers  who  have  added  to  their  version  of  the  narrativ.j 
useful  conrnents  on  tlie  route,  etc.,  the  first  place  should  lie  given  to  Gen.  J. 
H.  Siitipsou,  t'ornnndo'x  Mairh,  in  Smitfixonian  liejit,  '09,  p.  308-40,  who  'las 
di.scussed  the  (juestion  of  route,  localities,  etc.,  in  a  manner  that  left  littl';  or 
nothing  to  be  desired.  Davis,  Sjinn.  Coiiq.  of  N.  Me.r.,  141-23.3,  han  givjii  a 
coii<len.sed  traiuslation  of  Castifieda,  with  notes  and  remarks  from  his  own 
kiKiwUiliji'  of  tlie  country.  The  result.i  of  Baiidelii^r's,  Hist,  fid  roil.,  O-li'.l, 
iuve.sti^'atioiis  on  tlie  identity  of  the  pueblo  groups  visited  by  Coronado  have 
been  most  satisfactory,  this  writer  liavini  access  to  documents  and  books  not 
kiiwwii  to  the  others.  In  the  same  conuecti'Hi  may  be  name<l  the  following 
work^i;  I'r'.iice's  Hint.  Sk:,  110-48;  Gnllntiii,  in  Ainei:  E/linol.  Snr.,  Trnn.'^.,  ii.; 
Siinitr,  in  Aiii'<:  Ji'i'rieir,  Nov.  "48;  iV/iijiide,  in  I'ar.  N.  K.  Reyitx,  iii.  108-1'-': 
Moi-'/itn,  in  A'.  Am.  I'ir.,  A[>ril  'tJ'.i;  Midllinmen,  Riinen,  ii.  211-12,  403;  Knionf^ 
Ni>tJ:%  I'i9,  i:<4;  Aliertn  Rrpt,  3(»th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  Ex.  Doc.  41;  Ires'  ('<•' 
Jlir.,  19  'JO;  Diiri.i'  El  Griir/o,  01  70;  Sc/^oolcr(^/'t's  Arch.,  iv.  23-3!';  vi.  07-71; 
Millir's  Cridcii.  Sk:,  13. 

See  also  t)ie  following  general  riferonces:  Pm/iio.  in  Soc.  Mex.  Genij.,  2d 
ep.,  ii.  138  40;  Esnidero,  Xot.  Son.,  9,  27  9;  GottJ'hedt,  N.  Wilt,  500-1;  Lwt, 
NoniM  Orhi.i,  '299  305;  .Mtvjin,  Jli.if.  f'nir.  Ind.,  01  2;  liiinieif's  Cliroii.  Jl/.il.. 
i.  210  17;  '-'//,  in  Sor.  J/,v'.  Geo;/.,  viii.  481-2;  Moiitni.iis,  X.  Weereld,  '209-1.'': 
Piireliim  lim  PihjriuH.'i,  v.  853;  (lidtidin,  in  Amer.  Efliiioij.  Six:,  i.  201;  /(/.,  in 
Xoiir.  .1)1.  Viiif.,  cxxxi.  '247-74;  Iliuton,  n  Id.,  cxxvi.  44;  />e  Couici/k  Cidli. 
(Ii.,  14;  Mm/er's  Me.c.  AzfiT,  i.  115;  Jhmeiier/i'.i  /h'scnx,  i.  174-9,  182;  Grecii- 
h,vr\  Or.  it'iid  Cnl,  00  1 ;  Ind.  Aff.  Rept,  '03,  p.  388;  Mnrniy'.t  Hint.  Triv:, 
ii.  73-9;  /iriirkeiiliridije's  Me.r.  Litters,  81;  Id.,  Enrli/  IHxriw.,  7-15;  I)ohli',s  .trf 
Hud.  R'li/,  102;  Fedi.r,  fOrii/oii,  08-9;  l.<triliivr'.H  ffi.^f  Mur.  J)i.-<rov.,  ii.  98  '.'; 
Croiiine'.i' Xot.  Wenltli,  31;  liroinie's  L.  Cal.,  10-17;  Glec-ionn  Hist.  ViUh.  C'< 
i.  00  b;  TidhiWs  HUt.  Vol.,  10-11;  F.-ii/net,  La  (  ol.,  7;  Marelmmt,  Voy.,  i. 
viii.;  liorlier's  Hist.  Il'e.s/.  St.,  547;  Fnrii/inni's  Life  in  Gm.,  1'25  0;  Larenoii- 
dkre,   Mex.  GtuU.,    145;   Taylor,  in  Cal.  Farmer,   Feb.  21,   Mar.  14,  Aug.  2.'!, 


Wa 


i 


SONORA  TO  CIBOLA. 


with  him  50 
lative  aUies, 


eh  less  extensive 
"ill  respects,  both 
h  to  Quivira.  A 
1(1  describing  the 
RaniUMto,  Nnviij., 
•ril  20,  '41,  to  the 
if  Oct.  20,  '41,  de- 
3G2-9;  repeated 
')oc.,  xix.  «2y-32, 
a,  dated  July  ;J0, 
bola,  the  writer's 

.  N.  Gal.,  iii.  a, 
y  not  drawn  frrnn 
ist  part  of  sliglit 
athorities  of  this 
ii.  358-9,  610-1:.; 
<l.  Gen.,  iii.  1C8; 
Beinintoiit,  Cron 
1)7 ;  Bcrnal  Diaz, 
9;  lii'ms,  Triiim- 
'iiL,  153;  Ali'ijrc, 
'••*  Siijlwt,  i.  12t-9; 
16-1;  Notkia-1  de 

of  the  narrativ  J 

given  to  Gen.  j . 

308-40,  who  li.is 

hat  left  littl';  m- 

■233,  has  givjii  :i 

3  from  his  own 

St.  In/ ml.,  9-29, 

Coronado  have 

:s  and  books  not 

il  the  following 

v.,  Tnin,i.,  ii.; 

■pt.",  iii.  108-12; 

2.  403;  Ei)ion/'-i 

.41;  /res'  Col. 

13-3!';  vi.  07-71; 

Mex.  Geoij.,  2d 
It,  500-1 ;  Laet, 
't  Climii.  Hilt., 
Yeeirhl,  209-1.".; 
.  201;  hi.,  ill 
;  Coinry'.-i  Vatli. 

9,  182;  Grci'n- 
1 .1  Jli<l.   Tnv'., 

15;  Dohli's  Acd 
»'.>ro?'.,  ii.  98  '.I; 
Hi-it.  CiUh.  C'l  . 

■/iiiiifl.    Toy.,  i. 

5  t>;  Lnrennii- 
r.  14,  Aug.  2:1, 


and  all  the  friars,  including  Marcos  de  Niza.  His 
route  was  across  the  Yaqui  to  Corazones  and  the 
Sonova  valley,  thence  continuing  his  way  northward. 
At  the  end  of  April  the  main  army  under  Arellai.:^ 
also  left  San  Miguel  for  Sonera,  where  the  Spaniards 
founded  a  settlement  at  San  Geronimo  and  remained 
till  October,  then  joining  the  general  in  the  far  north, 
exce})t  a  garrison  left  at  the  new  town.  With  the 
fortunes  of  this  Sonora  settlement  of  San  Gerdniuir, 
abandoned  after  a  change  of  site  before  the  leiurn 
of  Coronado,  we  are  not  directly  concerned  iiere.  It 
should  be  stated,  however,  that  Melclior  Diaz,  sent 
back  from  Cibola  to  command  the  garrison  of  80  men, 
made,  in  1540,  an  expedition  to  the  gulf  s^iore,  and 
tiience  up  the  Ct)lorado,  which  he  crossed  to  make 
explorations  southward  on  the  western  bank.  He 
dl<i  liot,  apparently,  reach  the  Gila,  but  he  may  pos- 
sii'ly  have  passed  the  Arizona  line.  He  gave  the 
naiDc  Ilio  del  Tizon,  from  the  fire-brands  with  which 
the  natives  warmed  themselves,  to  the  Colorado, 
which  Alarcon  had  called  Buena  Guia;  and  in  this 
enterprise  he  lost  his  life.^^ 

Tiie  march  of  Coronado's  party  from  Sonora  to 
Ci'ltola  in  June  and  July,  and  tliat  of  the  main  army 
under  Arellano  in  Xovember  and  December,  presented 
nothing  of  special  importance  or  interest  for  the  cliron- 
iclers,  who  have  given  us  biit  few  particulars  of  adven- 
ture or  hardship.  For  us  the  chief  interest  centres 
upon  the  route  followed,  which,  in  its  general  features, 
is  by  no  u'eans  so  vaguely  recorded  as  has  often  been 
suppcsed,  tliough  in  the  absence  of  the  original  diary 
tlic  narrati^  ;s  are  naturally  confusing,  incom})lete,  or 

T)-.^:  Uinlons  ILm.  '  oA-,  38C-91;  Hittdl,  in  CnUformm,  i.  130-0;  Pmi.'i.vn,  Pim- 
snnr,-  \i,ier.,  i.  34  '3;  lil.,  IJucKtion  tie  l'< hrijon,  18-20;  lil..  Tlif  L\  S.,  2:U  5; 
I  ".'/".V'",  'Sckrtioii  i/'  Ctiriou-t,  46  S;  Fri'je.<,  Ui-<t.  Bnrr,  191-5;  Ariz<in<r  Hint. 
(Klliiitt),  .'^7  42;  .ItKeiiiij/'x  Dlrcrt.,  307;  ZmnncoiM,  J/ixt.  Mij.,  iv.  (il)5,  054  7; 
/./.■• '(tv,  E.rylor.,  i.  95;  liaiirro/t's  Jlisr.  ''.  ^S'.,  i.  40;  Miirrys  Tliirtij  Yntr-i, 
7h-l);  Kcrr'-i  Col.  Toy.,  ii.  110-11;  Baabm,  Comj>e>ulio,  10-11;  Julaiiun's  J/iM. 
Ariz.,  (i;   //(j(///('.<'  Ariz.,  17. 

"■For  Diaz' expud.  aud  the  annals  of  S.  Gen5uimo,  see  111.4.  Xorlh  Mux. 
St.,  i.  87-90. 


40 


NIZA  A:TD  CORONADO  in  ARIZONA. 


perhaps  erroneous  as  to  details,  for  some  of  which  I 
refer  the  reader  to  the  appended  note.*" 

'".laramillo,  Jiel.,  who  was  with  Coroiiado's  advance,  gives  most  details. 
The  route  to  Souorawamis  foUown:  Culiacan;  4  days  to  Rio  Petatlaii;  .3  days 
to  Rio  Sinaloa;  5  days  to  Arroyo  de  Cedros;  3  days  to  Rio  Yaijui;  'i  days  to 
an  airoyo  wiiere  were  straw  huts;  2  days  to  the  village  of  Corazones;  time 
not  jjiveii,  distance  jierliajis  0  or  7  1.  (10  1.  ace.  to  I'<'l.  del  Siic<'ir,,  'MS),  appar- 
ently o;i  the  same  stream,  to  Sonora;  anil  1  day  crossing  the  stn-am  to  a  vil- 
lage called  (doul)tfully)  lapa  (clearly  regarded  as  in  tlie  .Sonora  valley).  Froiu 
Sonora  aliout  4  days  over  the  desert  (or  unoccupied  country),  to  the  arroyo 
called  Nexpa  (prohably  the  Sta  Cruz,  but  possildy  the  S.  I'edro);  2  days  down 
this  .stream;  thence  t'lrning  to  the  right  at  (or  to)  t!ie  foot  of  a  mountain 
range,  which  was  followed  for  2  <lays,  and  winch  was  said  to  he  called  Chieliil- 
tie-ealli,  crossing  which  range  they  came  to  a  deep  stream,  Mitli  stee[)  hanks 
((Jil.i  or  S.  Pedro?).  How  much  they  turned  to  the  riglit  (pcrhaiis  only  keep- 
ing on  N.  wliile  tlio  stream  turned  to  the  left)  f)f  the  ^exjia,  or  liow  near  tlicir 
route  was  to  the  mts  followed,  is  not  shown;  but  that  they  were  between  the 
iSta  I'riiz  and  S.  Pedro  seems  clear  enough.  Elsewhere  J.  says  they  gave  the 
name  C'hichilte  Calli  to  the  place  where  they  passed,  because  tliey  had  learned 
from  Ind.  fartlier  back  that  they  called  it  so.  What  j)recedes  is  from  the 
French  version;  the  Span,  original  (wliich  may  be  imperfectly  i)rinted)  idlTers 
somewhat,  as  follows:  2  days  down  the  Nexpa,  then  leaving  the  streani,  '  we 
went  to  the  right  to  the  foot  of  the  cordillera  in  a  journey  of  2  days,  where 
we  learned  that  it  was  called  t'liichiltie.  There  (clearly  "  Ohiehiltie  AUi  "  is  a 
niisjiriut  for  Cliichilto  Calli)  the  cordillera  being  passed,  we  went  to  a  dei'p 
arroyo  and  Canada,  where  we  found  water  and  gra-ss  for  the  horses; '  or  eUe- 
whcre,  'which  (the  cordillera  de  sierras  300  1.  from  Mex.,  correcting  an  evi- 
dent error  of  punctuation)  M'u  named  C'hichitte  ('alii,  etc'  J.  says  that  from 
this  place  they  turned  to  the  N.  E.,  thus  implying  that  the  previous  course 
hail  been  N.,  which,  with  the  general  tenor  of  all  the  narratives,  is  fatal  to  tlie 
theory — slightly  favored  by  Bimdelier — that  Coronado  may  have  crossed  the 
main  sierra  to  the  Chihuaiiua  Casas  Graudes,  and  then  turned  N.  (or  N.  w.) 
to  Zufii.    J.  does  not  mention  any  ruin. 

C'astafietla,  p.  40-1  (who  waa  with  the  main  army),  tells  us  simply  that 
Coronado  crossed  the  inhabited  country  till  he  came  to  ( 'liichilticale,  '  where 
the  desert  begins.'  '  He  was  especially  afflicted  to  see  tiiat  this  Chichiltic.de, 
of  whicii  so  much  had  been  said,  was  reduced  to  a  house  in  ruins,  and  witli- 
out  roof,  but  which,  nevertheless,  seemed  to  have  be<'n  fortitied.  It  was 
clearly  seen  that  this  house,  built  of  red  earth,  was  tlie  work  of  civiliziil 
people  come  from  afar.  They  left  this  place  and  entered  the  desert.'  The 
last  village  tovvanl  the  desert,  visited  iiy  Niza  (p.  12).  Begiiming  of  the 
desert,  200  1.  from  Culiacan,  reached  by  Diaz  and  Zaldivar  (p.  2'.().  Tlie  main 
army  passed  a,  province  called  Nacapau,  where  grew  tunas,  or  lud.  ligs,  and 
reached  Chiclidtieale,  near  which  they  saw  a  thick  of  horned  sheep,  and  then 
entered  the  desert  (p.  5:?-4).  Name  of  Chichiltieale  given  foriiitily  to  the 
place,  because  the  friars  fnund  in  that  region  a  house  which  iiad  hmg  been 
inhabited  by  a  ])eople  from  Cibola.  Here  the  country  ceases  to  be  covered 
with  (irhres  I'pinou;  and  changes  its  aspect;  here  the  gulf  ends  and  the  coast 
turns.  (This  i'lentities  the  place  with  Niza's  fertile  valley,  supiiosed  by  him 
to  be  in  3.")".)  'ihe  mts  follow  the  same  direction  (that  is,  they  trend  west- 
ward), and  must  ho  crossed  in  order  to  enter  again  into  the  plains  (p.  ItiO  I  •. 
The  lilt  chain  is  that  of  the  South  Sea  (that  is,  the  main  sierra  and  its 
braiiehes),  and  from  Chiehilticde,  where  the  mts  begin,  to  Cibola  is  80  leagues 
(p,  188).  The  general  course  from  Culiacan  to  Cibola  is  a  little  k.  of  N.  (p. 
ISl). 

S.iys  Coronado,  Ildkliif)/,  iii.  37."):  'I  departed  from  the  Carncones,  and 
always  kept  bj'  the  Sea  coiust,  as  neere  as  I  eould  iuilj:e,  and  in  very  deed  I 
still  found  my  sulfe  the  farther  oil';  in  such  sort,  that  when  I  arrived  at  Chi- 


ill 


of  which  I 


2«  most  details, 
■"t'tatl.'in;  3  days 
'aijiii;  'A  (lays  to 
LVtrazoufs;  time 
>'■•",,  318),  appar- 
Btn-aiii  to  a  vil- 
V  valley).  Froiii 
),  to  tlie  arroyo 
o);  2  (lays  down 
;  (if  a  iiMiiuitaiii 
o  calk'il  Ciiii^'liil- 
ith  stc'i'j)  banks 
[•liap.s  only  kcup- 
ir  liow  near  their 
oro  ]ietwe(.'u  thu 
ya  tlicy  gave  the 
tiioy  liad  learned 
edes  is  from  tlio 
y  ])rinted)  (dff(!rs 
the  stream,  '  wo 
of  2  days,  where 
iehiltie  Alii '"  is  a 
!  went  to  a  deep 
horses; '  or  else- 
irrecting  an  cvi- 
f.  says  that  from 
previons  coursi; 
!s,  is  fatal  to  the 
lavo  crossed  the 
led  N.  (or  N.  \V.) 

us  simply  that 
liltieale,  '  where 
C'hiehiltioale, 
ins,  and  with- 
rtitied.  It  was 
k  of  civilized 
desert.'  The 
innint,'  of  the 

1»).     The  main 

Ind.  ligs,  and 

dieep,  and  then 

irnitily  to  the 

had  lonj:;  been 
to  lie  covered 
and  the  coast 

pposed  liy  him 
y  trend  west- 
i'ns  (p.  1(10  |i. 
sierra  and  its 
a  is  80  leaeue-i 

tie  K.  of  N.  (p. 

'aracones,  and 
in  very  deeil  I 
[irrived  at  (.'hi- 


m 


ROUTE  OF  CORONADO. 


41 


In  the  map  the  reader  will  find  the  general  limits 
of  the  route  indicated,  with  no  attempt  to  show  de- 
tails, by  the  dotted  lines  on  the  right,  and  Niza's 
route  by  those  on  the  left.  The  location  of  Sonora, 
in  the  region  of  Arizpe,  though  there  are  difficulties 
respecting  the  exact  sites  of  Corazones,  San  Geronimo, 
and  the  village  of  Sonora,  may  be  regarded  as  unques- 
tionable. That  Coronado's  route  was  via  the  Santa 
Ci'uz,  and  the  site  of  the  later  Tucson,  or  that  Chichil- 
ticale,  the  place  where  he  changed  his  course  to  the 
north-east,  was  in  the  region  where  the  Gila  emerges 
from  the  mountains,  is  hardly  less  certain.      Chicx.  il- 

chilticalo  I  found  myselfo  tenne  dayes  ionrney  from  the  Sea;  and  the  father 
proviiiciuU  sayd  that  it  waa  onely  but  five  leagues  distance,  aiid  that  he  liad 
seeiie  the  same.  Wee  all  conceived  gnat  griefe,  and  were  not  a  little  con 
founded  when  v, <•  iv'w  that  wee  found  euery  thing  contrary  to  the  information 
which  he  had  ,;i\'  ii  your  Lordship,'  and  more  to  the  same  purport.  He  says 
that  the  coast  i...i^ii  west  opposite  Corazones  10  or  12  1.,  and  he  had  heard  of 
the  ships  jiassing.  He  remained  2  days  at  Chichilticale,  and  on  June  21st 
entered  tlie  desert  or  mts  beyond.  In  the  Reliichn  del  S'lnso  there  is  no  in- 
fnniiation  about  the  route  from  .Sonora  to  Cibola;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
anoii.  h  tter  in  I'ur/iern,  Dor.,  xix.  529. 

i'n  the  route  beyond  Chichilticale,  Jaramillo  says:  3  days  K.  E.  (from  the 
Canada  reached  by  crossing  the  mts)  to  a  river  named  S.  Juan,  from  the  day; 
2  days  more  to  N.,  vo  river  called  Balsas,  because  it  had  to  bo  crossed  on 
rat'ts;  2  short  days  to  Arroj'o  de  la  Barranca,  nearly  N.  E. ;  1  day  to  Itio  Frio; 
1  day  throu^'h  a  pine  wood  to  an  arroyo,  where  3  men  died  of  jioisou;  2  days 
to  the  Arroyo  Vermejo,  n.  e. ;  and  2  (lays  to  the  tirst  town  of  Cdjola.  James 
A.  Keavis,  a  man  well  ac(iuainted  with  this  rej,'ion,  where  he  has  a  large  land 
claim,  in  CorrtumlnK  llnitle,  a  MS.  kindly  furnished  for  my  use,  identities  the 
streams  as  follows;  the  deep  arroyo,  perhaps  I'inal  Creek;  S.  Juan,  south 
fork  of  the  Rio  Salado;  Rio  de  las  Balsas,  White  Mt  River;  Arroyo  de  la 
Barranca,  Summit  Spring;  Rio  Frio,  Colorailo  Chi(piito;  next  arroyo,  Carrizo; 
and  Kio  Vermejo,  Ziifii  River.  Castafteda  (p.  41)  says  that  in  15  days  they 
ariiv(d  within  8  1.  of  Cdiola,  on  a  river  called  V'ermejn  (red),  on  account  of 
its  soily  and  red  waters;  and  (p.  55)  that  the  main  army,  3  days  into  the 
des.  it,  on  a  river  in  a  deep  ravine  found  a  large  horn  that  Coronado  had  seen 
and  left  as  a  guide.  One  day  before  reaching  t'l'liola  they  had  a  gale  and  snow 
storm.  From  Ciiichiltieale  to  Cibola  80  1.  (p.  i(i2).  Cdiola  was  in  a  narrow 
valley  between  steep  mts.  The  largest  town  was  called  Muzaipn!  (p.  l<i3-4). 
Coronado  (ll'd-liii/f,  iii.  375)  says  that  after  3i)  1.  they  found  tresh  rivers  and 
gras.;  alio  Hax,  esiiecially  on  a  river  called  Rio  del  Lino  (prob.  Colorado  Chi- 
i|intni;  then  they  came  to  the  city  of  (iranada;  and  (p.  377)  there  were  7 
tnwi's  within  4  1.,  all  called  Ciiiol  i,  luit  no  one  of  them  .so  named.  Oiilv  ono 
was  luyer  tiian  that  called  by  C.  Oraii.id a.  wliieh  had  some  2U()  houses  within 
til  ■  walls,  and  perhaps  'MM  others,  .laramillo  says  there  were  5  towns  within 
ti  1.  Castafieda  ip.  42)  says  that  Clbol  i  was  theviUage  called  (iranada.  In 
the  Rili.idii  ,1,1  .Siii-t.io,  310  20,  tlu!  author  says  that  Niza  had  understood  all 
til-  7  towns— which  really  had  from  l."iO  to  3iM)  houses  each  -to  be  one  city, 
called  Cibola.  The  route  from  Culiacan  is  240  1.  n.  to  34'  30'  (at  Chiehilti- 
(  del,  and  theiie.;  N.  K.  to  Cibol  i  in  aliout  .'{(i  (really  aliont  3."i  ).  Ni/a  had 
Understood  thtj  l.iryust  tow  n  to  be  called  Abacus,  as  will  be  remembered. 


42 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


ticale,  tlio  'red  house,'  a  ruin  which  gave  name  to  the 
place,  has  been  generally  identified  with  the  famous 
Casa  Grande  of  the  Gila,  and  I  find  no  reason  to  ques- 
tion the  identity.  The  ruin  in  itself  would  not  suffice 
to  fix  the  route,  but  it  goes  far  to  confirm  the  general 
purport  of  all  the  evidence.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
suppose  that  Coronado's  Chichilticale  was  the  casa 
grande  itself,  but  rather  a  place  named  for  that  re- 
markable structure,  not  far  away.  Niza  had  probably 
received  his  impressions  of  the  Gila  valley  from  the 
Pima  villages;  Diaz  had  noted  rather  the  adobe  ruin; 
and  Coronado  may  have  passed  to  the  right  of  it,  or 
merely  gone  with  a  small  party  westward  to  cxamiiu' 
it.  Nothing  short  of  a  miimte  diary  of  each  day's 
journey  could  be  expected  to  give  a  clearer  idea  of 
the  course  followed.  I  make  no  attempt  to  identily 
the  streams  crossed  on  the  march  north-eastwaid 
from  the  Gila  between  Florence  and  the  San  Pedro 
mouth  to  Cibola. 

The  identity  of  Cibola  and  the  Pueblo  towns  of 
Zuhi  is  so  clearly  established  by  all  the  evidence,  ami 
has  been  so  generally  confirmed  by  such  investigators 
as  Simpson,  Davis,  Prince,  Bandolier,  and  others,  that 
I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  even  to  fully  recapitulate 
the  proofs.  Xo  other  group  of  towns  w^ill  at  all  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  narratives.  The  difficultii  s 
and  objections  hardly  merit  notice.  The  few  avIki 
have  favored  other  groups  have  been  led  mainly  by  a 
desire  to  justify  some  exaggerations  of  the  discovereis, 
by  finding  ruins  to  represent  a  grander  Cibola;  and  in 
support  of  their  conclusions  have  found  little  nmro 
than  the  presence  of  ruins  in  most  directions  from 
most  groups.  Tlie  position  of  Cibola  as  the  first  Piu- 
blo  province  found  in  coming  north-east,  or  left  '  n 
going  south-west;  its  geographical  relations  to  Mocjdi 
in  the  north-west  and  Acoma  on  the  east;  the  definite 
statement  of  Castaheda  that  as  far  as  Cibola,  and  a 
dav  or  two  l)evond,  the  streams  flowed  into  the  South 
Sea,  but  later  into  the  Xorth  Sea;  the  correspondeiut. 


name  to  the 
the  famous 
asoii  to  ques- 
Id  not  suffioe 
1  the  general 
necessary  to 
vas  the    casa 
for  that  re- 
hatl  probably 
[ley  from  the 
I e  adobe  ruin; 
'iirht  of  it,  or 
■d  to  cxamnie 
)f  each  day's 
learer  idea  of 
pt  to  identity 
orth-eastward 
le  San  Pedro 

sblo  towns  of 

evidence,  and 

investigate  »rs 

k1  others,  that 

y  recapitulate 

ill  at  all  mert 

[le  difficulties 

lie  few  wli<» 

mainly  by  a 
le  discoverers, 

ibola;  and  in 
d  little  more 
irections  from 
the  first  Piu- 
ist,  or  left  "1 
ions  to  Mo(jiii 
it;  the  definite 
(M)ola,  and  a 
nto  the  Sontli 
orrespondouet. 


DISCOVERY  OF  AIIIZOXA. 


48 


^         %■ 


CV-cupua 


Jacu|)a  o|  ^  '  *^ 


ii.  '  ..(Tucson V;  iVAWv<t   *    V%, 

■'?.  r>:1l  ^^>i  -'Wv      ^ 


: m  V 

fll'  i  XT',   lYk  > 


1/  -  . 


\ 


iHv.'rmi>sill6i 


^"^« 


(   (MiDS  VIM)    AMI    Sl/.\    IN     AUI/ONA. 


T 


44 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IX  ARIZONA. 


of  one  of  its  towns  on  a  rock  to  tho  ruins  of  Old  Zufii, 
and  of  tlie  rest  to  the  still  existinj^  town  and  ruins  in 
tlie  vicinity;  and  the  agreement  from  the  time  of  Es- 
ptjo  of  all  the  early  Spanish  authorities  who  wrote 
intelligently  on  the  subject — appear  to  me  conclusive. ■" 
Thus  about  the  10th  of  July — I  give  only  approxi- 
mate dates,  without  pointing  out  minor  discrepancies 
in  the  different  narratives — Coronado  and  hiis  men 
came  in  sight  of  the  famous  Cibola.  The  town  first 
apjinjached,  and  named  by  the  Spaniards  Granada, 
stood  on  a  rocky  mesa  corresponding  to  the  ruins  of 
Old  Zuni;  the  one  seen  by  Niza,  if  he  saw  any,  was 
in  tlie  valley,  like  the  pueblo  still  standing  but  per- 
haps built  later;  while  the  others  are  still  represented 
by  heaps  of  ruins.^^  The  people  of  Granada,  not 
appreciating  the  benefits  to  be  gained  by  submission 
to  the  Spaniards'  king  and  Christians'  God,  came  out 
in  warlike  array  to  annihilate  the  little  band  of  invad- 
ers, their  arrows  killing  a  horse  and  piercing  a  friar's 
gown;  but  with  the  battle-cry  of  'Santiago'  the  sol- 


ii 


"AresuiiK?  of  rc>.  ;ons  for  the  identity  in  given  in  my  Native.  Races,  iv. 
073-4.  Biiiulelier,  llift.  lutrail.,  12-10,  gives  an  excellent  analysis  of  tlie  evi- 
dence. E,sj)ejo,  livlddon,  117-20,  180,  found  at  Zuni  some  Mex.  Ind.  whom 
Coronado  left  at  C'il)ola,  and  therefore  his  testimony  to  the  identity  should 
be  in  itself  conclusive.  True,  there  are  two  copies  of  E.'s  Rdiwian,  one  of 
which  gives  the  name  Ame  or  Ami  instead  of  Zuiii,  thus  suggesting  tlu;  su.s- 
liiciou  that  tlie  latter  name  in  the  other,  and  Hakluyt's  version  from  it,  may 
possibly  have  heen  an  interiiolation;  but  I  think  it  more  likely  that  Anie  is 
a  misprint;  at  any  rate,  the  proof  is  more  than  sutficient  without  this.  Sal- 
mcroii,  h'clarinm'",  7  0,  writing  in  1028,  speaks  of  Cibola  as  the  capital  of  tlie 
Zuni  province.  Davis,  ,S';«i«.  Cow/.,  120,  found  in  a  MS.  of  1088  a  reference 
to  Zuiii  as  the  buffalo  province,  which  he  reganls  as  conclusive. 

Aliout  the  origin  ol  the  word  Ciliola  there  seems  to  be  no  certainty.  It  i< 
the  S|);uiisli  name  in  modern  dictionaries  of  the  American  bison,  or  buffalo 
(feininine  of  c/'/o/o),  and  wa.s,  I  suppose,  of  American  origin.  I  learn  frina 
Catschet,  through  '  iiidelier,  Ili-if.  Iiifroi/.,  9,  that  Si'iuUxld  in  the  Isleta  dia- 
lect means  'hufl'alo.'  We  may  suppose  cither  that  the  Spaniards,  fimling  .i 
strin.;e  animal  during  their  trip  to  tlio  much  talke  I  of  seven  cities  of  Cibola, 
fornie<l  a  needed  name  from  that  of  the  towns;  or  that  the  towns  had  previ- 
ously ri'ecived  the  native  name  of  the  bull'alo.  1  think  it  not  unlikely,  how- 
ever, that  the  name  was  never  a[iplied  to  tlie  towns  till  after  the  Spaniaids 
came;  but  that  the  latter,  far  in  the  s.  w.,  lu^aring  the  name — that  ol  tin' 
buffalo  or  l>ull'ilo  ccmutr}' — often  usimI  by  the  natives,  took  it  for  grantid 
that  it  bebinged  tf»  the  cities  or  province,  the  Ind.  gradually  adopting  the 
usage.  But  all  is  mere  conjecture,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned.  In  a  note  to  ii 
doc.  in  /'iir/iirn,  Dor.,  iv.  2!>'.t,  Cibola  is  said  to  l>e  the  name  of  a  province  or 
its  capital  in  I'ern,  nofeil  for  its  liides. 

■-'  See  descrii).  of  these  and  other  ruins  in  Xat.  Ixitca,  iv.  041-74. 


-Ul:, 


■ 


TAKING  OF  ClBOLA. 


46 


f  Old  Zuni, 
lid  ruins  in 
time  of  Es- 

who  wrote 
conclusive."" 
ily  appro  xi- 
iscrepancies 
nd  his  men 
3  town  first 
Is  Granada, 
the  ruins  of 
aw  any,  was 
ng  but  per- 

represented 
-ranada,  not 
f  submission 
)d,  came  out 
,nd  of  invad- 
nnir  a  friar's 
ao;o'  the  sol- 

Native,  Hares,  iv. 

iialysis  of  the  evi- 

Mex.  Iiid.  wliom 

identity  sliouM 

's  Riliu'ioii,  one  of 

ggesting  till!  HU.s- 

sioii  from  it,  may 

kely  that  Anie  is 

tlio'ut  this.     Sal- 

tho  capital  of  tlio 

ll)S8  a  reference 

ilVO. 

certainty.  It  is 
)i.siin,  or  Initialo 
I.  I  learn  friuji 
in  the  Isleta  dia- 
aniards,  finding  a 
cities  ol  CiUola, 
towns  had  prt  \  i- 
(it  unlikely,  how- 
ter  tiie  Spaniards 
aine — that  ol  tiie 
it  for  ^i-antid 
ally  adoptnig  the 
In  a  note  to  a 
of  a  province  or 

041-74. 


dlers  charged,  and  drove  them  within  the  walls,  kill- 
iii<>-  several.  The  town  was  taken  by  assault,  after  a 
sti'u<'yle  in  which  the  general  was  knocked  down  by 
stones  thrown  from  the  roofs,  and  had  his  foot  {)ierced 
l)y  ail  airow."  Submitting,  the  natives  forthwith 
abandoned  their  town.  A  few  days  later  the  other 
villages  sent  in  their  formal  submission,  with  some 
c-ifts;  but  on  being  urged  to  become  Christians  and 
Spanish  subjects,  tliey  fled  to  the  hills.  Some  of  them 
ranu'  back  as  the  weeks  pa.ssed  by;  and  relations  be- 
tween tlie  two  races  during  the  conqueror's  .stay  were 
friendly,  tliougli  marked  by  caution  on  the  part  of  the 
natives. 

And  now  that  Coronado  was  at  last  master  of  the 
fanmus  'seven  cities,'  both  he  and  his  companions  were 
griivdusly  disappointed.  They  had  found,  indeed,  an 
agricultural  people,  living  in  stone  and  adobe  houses 
of  several  stories,  dressed  to  some  extent  in  cotton, 
skilled  in  the  preparation  of  buffalo  hides,  and  various 
other  petty  arts,  and  even  having  a  few  turquoises. 
Yet  the  kin<;dom  of  rich  cities  had  dwindled  to  a 
small  })rovince  of  small  and  poor  villages,  and  tlte 
(•on(juest  seemed  a  .small  achievement  f(jr  .so  grand  and 
costly  an  expedition.  Doubtless,  however,  the  Pueblo 
towns  as  they  w'ere  found  would  have  exeited  nmch 
admiration  but  for  the  contrast  between  the  reality 
iind  the  brilliant  magnificence  of  the  invaders'  expecta- 
tions. On  making  in(|uiries  respecting  Xiza's  three 
i^rand  kingdoms  outside  of  Cibola,  they  learned  that  of 
Marata  the  natives  had  no  knowledge  whatever ;  that 
Totonteac  was  said  to  bo  a  hot  lake,  with  four  or  five 
Jiousi's  an<l  other  ruined  ones  on  its  shores;  and  that 
Acus,  a  name  that  had  no  existence  'with  an  aspira- 
tion iKtr  without,'  was  ])robably  Aeuco,  a  small  town 
and  not  a  province.  Kight  lieartily  was  the  padre 
pi'o\  iacial  cursed  l^  tlie  army  for  Ids  gross  exaggera- 
tions, to  which  a  much  harsher  term  ^vas  freely  applied. 

'"■  Acconling  to  the  Jtfl.  del  Surfsn,  the  Spaniarits  were  n  [)ul.sed  iu  tho 
assault,  and  had  lO  withdraw  to  a  short  distance  aud  use  their  tire-arms. 


46 


NIZA   AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA. 


What  Fray  Marcos  had  to  say  in  his  own  defence 
does  not  appear;  but  Cfbola  was  soon  made  too  hot 
for  the  good  friar,  who  was  sent  back  to  Sonora,  and 
thence  farther  south,  to  appear  no  more  in  northern 
annals.'^''  Ho  probably  departed  with  captains  Diaz 
and  (iallego,  wlio  in  August  were  despatched  witli 
orders  for  the  main  array  under  AreHano,  who  was  to 
join  the  general,  leaving  Diaz  in  command  at  Sonora, 
wliile  Gallego  should  go  on  to  Mexico,  carrying  Coro- 
nado's  rrport  of  August  3d,  as  already  cited. 

C'on)iiado  remained  at  Zuni  from  July  to  Novem- 
l)er.  Notwithstanding  his  disappointment,  he  had  no 
thought  of  returning  without  making  additional  ex- 
plorations; and,  indeed,  there  were  reports  of  more 
distant  provincis,  where  fame  and  wealth  might  yet 
be  successfully  sought.  The  most  brilliant  indica- 
tions pointed  to  the  east,  whither  we  shall  follow  the 
invaders  in  the  next  chapter;  but  information  was 
also  obtained  about  a  province  of  Tusaj'an,  with  seven 
towns,  situated  some  25  leagues  toward  the  north- 
west, doubtless  the  Moqui  villages."*  Before  August 
3d  Captain  Tobar,  with  a  small  force  including  seven- 
teen horsemen  and  Fray  Juan  Padilla,  was  sent  to 
explore.  Marching  for  five  days  through  an  unin- 
habited country,  this  party  entered  the  province  by 
stealth,  and  approached  one  of  the  towns  at  night. 
In  the  mt»rning  the  surprised  inhabitants  came  out, 
and  after  listening  to  what  the  strangers  had  to  say, 
they  drew  on  the  ground  a  line  which  nmst  not  be 
passed.  Then  Fray  Juan,  who  had  been  a  soldier  in 
his  youth,  lost  his  patience,  and  said  to  the  captain, 
"IncK'ed,  I  know  not  for  what  we  have  come  here." 
The  Sjianiards  made  a  charge;  and  the  natives  after 


^^. 


''^CoMarictla,  RpI,  48. 

"  Tlio  naino  is  also  written  Tucayan,  Tuzaii,  Tusan,  Tucaiio,  and  in  Cas- 
tafieila's  cliapterhuailiug  Tiitaliaoo.  Castaileda  in  one  place  (p.  Hio)  gives 
the  (li.stanee  a.s  20  1.  lii  die  li'il.  dd  Succm  the  distance  id  ^ivcTi  as  li.'i  1. 
veatward;  .I.araniillo  says  it  was  f)  days.  The  real  distance  to  Mocjui  in  a 
straiglit  line  is  over  40  1.  Whipple,  Pin-,  li.  It  Rej>t<.  iii.  108^1'j:,  thinks 
Tnsayan  was  not  Motjni,  Imt  perliaps  identical  with  the  Kio  X'erde  ruins 
which,  however,  are  still  farther  from  Zufli. 


AT  THE  MOQUI  TO\VNS. 


47 


)wn  defence 
lade  too  hot 
Sonora,  and 
in  northern 
iptains  Diaz 
atchecl  with 
,  wlio  was  to 
d  at  Sonora, 
rrying  Coro- 
ted. 

y  to  Noveni- 
it,  he  had  no 
dditional  ex- 
irts  of  more 
,li  miglit  yet 
lliant   indica- 
dl   follow  the 
•rmation  was 
n,  with  seven 
[1  the  north- 
afore  August 
luding  seven- 
was  sent  to 
ly-h   an  unin- 
provnice  by 
ns  at  night. 
iits  eanie  out, 
had  to  say, 
must  not  he 
n  a  soldier  in 
the  eaptaiu, 
come   here." 
natives  after 


losing  many  lives  were  defeated,  and  sued  for  peace, 
hriiiging  gifts  of  food,  cotton  stuffs,  leather,  and  a 
few  tur(|Uoises.  They,  too,  admitted  the  invaders  to 
their  towns,  similar  to  those  of  Cihola  but  somewhat 
larger,  and  became  for  the  time  submissive  vassals 
of  the  king  of  Spain.  They  had  their  tales  to  tell 
of  marvellous  things  Ix-yond,  and  mentioned  a  great 
rivei',  several  days'  iournev  down  the  course  of  which 
lived  a  nation  of  very  tall  men.  Thereupon  Don 
l*edro  returni'd  and  reported  to  the  general. 

Then  Ca[)tain  Cdrdenas,  who  had  succeeded  Sa- 
manicgo  as  maestro  de  campo,  was  sent,  with  twelve 
iiu'ii,  to  seek  the  great  river  and  the  tall  men.  Being 
kindly  received  by  the  people  of  Tusayan,  who  fur- 
nished guides,  Cardenas  marched  for  twenty  da3's,  or 
iifty  leagues  as  one  narrative  has  it,  westward  over  a 
desert  countrv,  and  at  last  reached  the  river.  But  so 
liigh  were  its  banks,  that  though  deemed  as  large  as 
tlie  river  that  flows  })ast  Seville  in  S[)ain,  and  said  by 
the  Indians  to  be  over  half  a  league  wide,  it  looked 
like  a  mere  rivulet  flowing  three  or  four  leagues  below; 
and  so  precipitous  that  in  five  or  six  days'  journey  the 
Spaniards  could  find  no  place  where  they  could  get  to 
the  water.  At  the  most  favorable  spot,  three  men  spent 
a  day  in  the  attempt,  but  only  succeeded  in  descend- 
iiiL"'  about  one  third  of  the  distance.  Beinf;  advised 
hy  the  guides  that  it  would  be  impos^tilK!  to  ])enetrato 
farther  for  want  of  water,  Cardenas  Teturned  to  Cibola. 
This  was  the  first  visit  of  Europeans  to  the  great 
canon  of  the  Colorado,  a  region  but  rarely  penetrated 
e\('n  in  modern  times.  It  was  clearly  understood  by 
the  cliT'ouielers  of  the  ex[)edition  that  this  river,  flow- 
ing from  the  north-east  to  sou^.h-south-west,  was  the 
]|i()  del  Tizon,  discovered  by  Melclior  J)iaz  near  its 
mouth.  No  further  exj)lorations  wi-re  attenn»ted  in 
this  direction,  and  the  Alfxpii  towns  were  not  revis- 
ited by  Europeans  for  more  than  forty  years."^ 

- '  ?i;(lrn  di'  Sotomayor  w;i»  the  clirnnicler  of  this  branch  oxpiHlition,  accord- 
in^'  to  C.istaiiuJa;  ami  tliu  thruu  iiuMi  wlio  triul  to  roach  tlic  Ijottoin  of  'ho  great 


48 


NIZA  AND  CORONADO  IN  ARIZONA, 


caflon  were  Capt.  Mulgosa,  Juan  fJaleraa,  and  aa  unnamed  soldier.  On  tlio  way 
back,  at  a,  oaMcade,  tliey  found  eryatalu  of  salt.  A  westward  courHB  from  Mocjui 
would  have  led  to  tlie  Colorado  at  the  junction  of  the  Colorado  Chi(juitii, 
Mhere  the  main  river  turns  abruptly  to  N.  of  W.  As  no  crossing  ol  tlie 
branch  is  mentioned,  and  as  the  course  of  the  river  is  given  as  N.  E.  to  s.  h. 
W.,  it  would  be  much  more  convenient  to  suppose  that  Ciirdenas  went  N.  W. 
to  the  river,  and  followed  it  southwanl,  but  not  much  importance  can  be  at- 
tached to  this  matter.  Gomara,  JliM.  fm/.,  272,  and  some  other  writers, 
speak  of  ( 'ardenas'  trip  as  having  extended  to  tlie  sea,  perhaps  confounding 
it  with  that  of  l)iaz  to  tlie  gulf.  This  may  partially  account  for  the  subse- 
quent curious  tran.sfer  of  Coronado's  diucovunea  from  thu  N.  £.  interior  to  the 
M.  w.  coast  ou  uiauy  early  maps. 


er.  On  tlio  way 
iiFHe  fniin  Mmpii 
lorado  C'hi(iiiiti>, 
croaHiiig  ot  tliu 
as  N.  E.  to  H.  s, 
iiiaswent  s.  w. 
tance  can  be  at- 
3  other  writers, 
ips  coiifoiuuliiig 
b  for  the  8ul)se- 
;.  iuterior  to  tho 


'it'- 


% 

M 


CHAPTER  III. 

CORONADO  IN  Ni:W  MEXICO. 

1540-1542. 

At  f'iitni.A,  or  Zini— Alvauado'.s  Torn  in  the  East— Tales  of  tiik 
TruK  BiKFAi-o  I'l.AiNs— Acico,  TniiEX,  AM)  CicuYE— Map— Akkivai, 
(pk  Akki.i.ano  and  the  Akmy— In  Wintku  Quakters— Spanish  Oit- 

ItAilES— A  WlNTEll  OK  SnoW  AND  WaKKAHE  —  EXPEUITION  TO  TIIK 
NoKTH-KAST— COUONAIIO     IN     QlIVIIlA  —  WkjWAM     ViLLACiKS    ANU     N(» 

(uii.!)— Back  at  Tkhex— The  Kio  Gkande  Valley— PtEBLo  Names 
— Skioni)  Winter  in  New  Mexico — Plans  for  a  New  CoNyiEsr — 
OuiiERs  TO  Keti'rn — Dissensions — Fray  Juan  de  Padilla— March 
TO  .SoNORA — A  Demoralized  Army — Kemakkh  on  Results — North- 
ern Mystery  and  Early  Maps — Ibarra's  Entradas,  1503-5 — The 
Name  of  New  Mexico. 


The  discovery  of  New  Mexico  dates  from  the  7tli 
to  the  10th  of  July,  1540,  when  General  Francisco 
A'asquez  de  Coronado  arrived  from  the  south-west  at 
tlic  province  of  Cibola,  or  the  Zufii  towns,  as  related 
ill  the  last  chapter.  On  the  14th  the  general  visited 
a  peuol  four  leagues  distant,  where  the  natives  were 
said  to  be  fortifying  their  position,  and  returned  the 
same  day.^  During  the  absence  of  Cardenas  on  his 
trip  to  the  Moqui  towns  and  Rio  Colorado,  there  came 
to  Cibola  a  party  of  natives  from  the  eastern  province 
of  Cicuye,  with  gifts  of  various  leathern  articles  and 
offers  of  tribal  friendship  and  alliance.  Their  chief 
and  spokesman  was  iaiigotes,  so  named  by  the  Sjian- 
iaicls  for  his  long  mustaches,  and  he  had  much  to  say 
of  the  '  cows,'  that  is,  the  buffaloes,  of  his  country. 


'  <'nro»nilo,  Traslado  de  las  Ntievas,  532.  Nothing  is  said  of  results  or  of 
the  ilirectioii.  Tho  fortiKed  peflol  suggests  the  well-known  Inscription  Rock 
t-iist  ot  Zufti,  though  the  distance  as  given  is  too  small, 

Hl!<T.  AUIZ.  AND  K.  Mex.    4  ( 49 ) 


4^. 


^ 

^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


142  |28     II 2.5 
•ij  lU    1 2.2 

2.0 


1.8 


1-25      1.4      1.6 

^ 

6"     

► 

m 


^ 


/a 


^% 


r 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


4n^ 


v 


^ 


^\ 


6^ 


^ 


■^^ 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTER.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  S72-4S03 


c> 


60 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


Accordingly,  Captain  Alvarado  was  ordered  with 
twenty  men  to  accompany  the  natives  on  their  return, 
and  to  report  within  eighty  days  respecting  their  coun- 
try and  its  wonderful  animals. 

In  a  journey  of  five  days^  Alvarado  came  to  a  town 
named  Acuco,  supposed  to  be  Niza's  Acus,  built  like 
Granada  of  Cfbola  on  a  rock,  and  accessible  only  by  a 
narrow  stairway,  terminating  in  mere  holes  for  the 
hands  and  feet.  The  inhabitants  were  hostile  at  first, 
but  on  threats  of  battle  made  peace  and  furnished 
food.  Three  days  more  brought  the  party,  in  a  dis- 
tance of  twenty  leagues  toward  the  east,  according  to 
one  of  the  narratives,  to  the  province  of  Tiguex,  with 
its  twelve  towns  in  a  broad  valley,  on  a  large  river 
flowing  from  north  to  south,  said  to  be  well  settled 
for  fifty  leagues  or  more,  and  to  have  villages  for  fif- 
teen or  twenty  leagues  fnnn  the  river  on  either  side. 
This  province  became  the  centre  of  subsequent  opera- 
tions; and  indeed,  Alvarado  at  this  time  recognized 
its  advantages,  sending  back  a  recommendation  to  the 
general  to  come  on  and  establish  here  his  winter  quar- 
ters. Then  he  went  on  with  Bigotes  for  five  days  to 
Cicuye,  on  the  border  of  the  phiin  The  natives  in 
respect  of  friendliness  fulfilled  tl  .omises  that  had 
been  made  by  their  ambassadors,  and,  besides  their 
specialty  of  hides,  their  gifts  included  some  cloth  and 

'  Thirty  Icagties  ace.  to  Coronado,  Bd.  thl  Siiceno.  In  the  Flnriili  Col.  Dor., 
C.'i-J).  is  fimnil  tho  Riinrion  ile  lo  ijite  J/eniaiuto  ile  Aicinulo  ;/  Fntif  Juan  de 
PiiiliUn  ili'Mnihru'ron  eu  di'imnidn  de  la  mar  del  Siir  (Norto?),  of  wliich  the  sub- 
Btaiice  is  as  follows:  Left  (Iraiiada  Aug.  21),  1">40,  toward  Cwo  ( Aeiico);  2  1.  to 
an  old  editice  like  a  furt;  1 1.  to  another,  and  a  little  farther  to  a  third;  then  a 

Sretty  liiige  city,  all  in  ruins  G  stories  high;  11.  to  another  city  in  ruins, 
lere  is  tlie  separation  of  two  roads,  one  to  C'hia  (to  left  or  N.),  and  the  other 
(to  s.  and  riffiit)  to  Coco  (Acoma),  which  town  is  hrietly  descrilietl;  thence  to 
a  '  very  good  laguna '  (iterhaps  that  where  the  pueldo  of  Laguna  stands  in 
modern  times);  and  thence  to  a  river  called  Nuestra  Seilora,  from  the 
day  (Sept.  8th,  the  arrivjil  being  on  tlie  7th,  making  the  whole  journey  9d. 
instcail  of  8,  as  in  Castafteda).  Tlien  follows  a  description  of  the  12  pueblos 
of  this  prov.  (Tiguex,  not  named)  in  the  broad  valley.  It  is  also  stated  that 
there  are  7  i>ueblos  abandoned  and  tlestroyed  by  the  wild  tril)es  of  tlie  plains, 

!)rob.  referring  to  those  in  the  direction  of  Pecos;  also,  that  in  the  wliole  coun- 
Ty  are  8;)  towns.  There  is  no  record  of  the  journey  beyond  the  river.  Some 
descriptive  matter  on  a  large  town,  3  stories  of  tJipia  and  3  of  wood,  witii 
l.'i.OOO  inhab.,  apparently  Taos.  As  we  shall  see,  Castafleda  states  later  that 
Alvarado  bad  visitud  Braba  (Taos)  ou  his  journey  to  Cicuye. 


1 

I 


i 


TALES  OF  EL  TURCO. 


SI 


o/.  Dor., 
mill  (If 

U  Bill)- 

2  1.  to 
then  a 
riiiiiB. 
1  other 
eiice  to 
mils  ill 
)n'i  the 
ley  Oil. 
niehhis 
I  that 
plaiiiH, 
u  couii- 
Soiiie 
1,  witJi 
cr  that 


I     si 


even  turquoises.  But  wliat  particularly  attraotod  the 
captain's  attention  here  was  the  statements  of  an  In- 
dian, who  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  Hurall,  or  Hc'inile, 
•some  300  leagues  farther  cast  toward  Florida.  From 
Hoinething  in  his  appearance  this  man  was  named  hy 
the  Spaniards  El  Turco,  or  the  Turk.  He  spoke,  'tout 
autrement  qu'il  n'aurait  dii  le  faire,'  of  great  cities  in 
his  country,  and  of  what  was  yet  more  enticing,  gohl 
and  silver  in  large  quantities;  and  his  tales  were  sent 
l)ack  by  special  messengers  to  the  general.  After  such 
news,  buflaloes  seemed  of  slight  importance;  yet  Alva- 
rado,  in  compliance  with  his  instructicms,  made  a  trip 
out  into  the  plains  in  search  of  them,  with  the  Turk 
as  a  guide,  and  he  found  the  animals  in  great  numbers. 

In  this  tour  he  followed  a  river  for  some  100 
leagues  south-eastward.  Then  he  returned  to  Tiguex, 
where  he  found  that  Cilrdcnas  had  arrived  from  Cibola 
to  prepare  winter  quarters  for  the  army,  and  where 
Alvarado  now  remained  to  await  the  general. 

From  the  preceding  narrative  of  Alvarado's  expedi- 
tion, the  reader  familiar  with  the  country,  or  having  a 
map  before  him,  will  naturally  identify  Acuco  with 
the  since  famous  and  still  existing  puel>lo  of  Acoma, 
the  province  and  river  of  Tiguex  with  the  valley  of 
New  Mexico's  'great  river,'  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte,  and  Cicuye  at  the  edge  of  the  buffalo  ])lains, 
from  the  vicinity  of  which  a  river  flowed  south-east- 
ward, with  the  now  ruined  pueblo  of  Pecos.  The 
record  of  subsequent  happenings  will,  I  tiiink,  confirm 
these  first  conclusions  beyond  all  doubt;  and  I  append 
some  descriptive  and  other  matter  from  the  different 
narratives  which  point  irresistibly  in  the  same  direc- 
tion.'    So  far  as  Acuco  is  concerned,  tlie  identity  has 

'Aciico  5  days  e.  of  Cibola  and  3  days  w.  of  Tiguex,  Owtafleda,  (iO,  71; 
.301.  and '20  1.  substituted  for  the  5  and  3  days  in  I'd.  ilel  SureMo.     On  tlie 

1.  bu 


more 
an 


march  of  the  main  army,  Acuco  was  passed,  but  no  distances  are  civen  b 
C'astarteda,  82.  Jaramillo,  309,  places  this  village  about  midway — 1  day  mor 
or  less— of  the  9  days' journey  from  Cibola  to  liguex;  but  this  author,  by  a  . 
evident  blunder,  calls  the  village  Tut.ihaco,  which,  as  will  be  seen,  w:i.s  an- 
other place.  Eaton,  as  cited  by  Schoolcraft,  Simpson,  and  others,  gives 
Mah-koo-kee-ah  as  the  Zufli  uame  of  Acoma.  Bandelier,  14,  gives  tiio  Cjueres 
name  aa  Ago. 


i 


I  ii. 


!'1!I 


m 

m 
m 


89 


CORONADO  IX  NEW  MEXICO. 


never  been  questioned,  I  believe ;   yet  there  will  be 
found  in  most  of  the  early  narratives,  indications  that 

Ti>j;uex— also  printed  Tihuox  and  Tihueq— is  40  1.  N.  (e.?)  of  Cibola.  C'lnta- 
fifilit,  )(>.")(».  3  d.  (eastward)©'  \ciu;o.  JiL,  71.  It  has  1'2  vil.  on  a  great 
river;  tiie  val.  is  alxnit  2  1.  wide,  and  bounded  on  the  w.  Iiy  high  snowy  nits; 
4  vil.  at  tiie  Umt  of  the  ints;  3  others  on  the  heights.  Id.,  107-8.  Tiguex  is 
the  central  point  of  all  the  pueblos;  4  vil.  on  the  river  IkjIow  T.  are  s.  E.,  Ikj- 
cau^e  the  river  makes  a  bend  to  the  E.  (no  such  bend  appears  on  nio<lern 
ntnp.s);  up  and  down  the  val.  the  region  explored  extends  about  13<)  1.,  all 
inhabited.  A/.,  182.  20  1.  E.  of  the  peflol  of  Aeuco,  a  river  flowing  from  N.  to 
».,  Will  settled,  with  70  pueblos,  larue  and  small,  in  its  whole  extent  (ami 
braiK'hes?);  tlie  settled  region  extends  TiO  1.  N.  an<l  8.,  ami  there  are  some  vil. 
15  or  ill)  1.  away  on  either  side.  Hi-l.  del  Siireso,  323.  On  the  river  are  15  vil. 
within  20  1.,  an<l  others  on  the  branches.  Jaramillo,  309.  Coronailo,  Puchero, 
D<v.,  iii.  3o8,  says  T.  was  the  best  province  found;  yet  not  desirable  for  Span, 
oocuiiation.  Crallatin,  73,  followed  by  Davis,  185,  and  Prince,  128,  put  Tiguex 
on  the  Puerco.  The  reasons  are  the  N.  E.  direction  of  Jemez  from  T.,  anilthe 
great  river  crossed  after  passing  Cicuye,  which  these  authors  identify  witii 
tiie  Rio  ( irande.  In  my  opinion,  these  points  are  of  slight  weight  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  general  tenor  of  all  the  narratives.  It  seems  incredible  that  the 
Spaniari'.s  tiliould  have  described  the  valley  of  the  Puerco  as  the  broad  valley 
of  a  large  river  on  which  and  on  its  branches  for  over  100  1.  on  the  right  and 
left  Were  situated  most  of  the  pueblos.  Daris  admits  that  the  Puerco  was 
but  a  Hinall  stream,  but  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  full  or  flooded  at  the 
time;  yet  in  a  year  and  more  the  Span,  had  ample  time  to  learn  its  compara- 
tive size.  Tliey  went  in  their  explorations  far  below  the  junction,  and  if  tiie 
Rio  Tiguex  had  been  the  Puerco,  its  junction  with  a  larger  river  would  nat- 
urally have  been  noted.  See  also  what  is  said  below  on  Cicuye.  If,  how- 
ever, any  further  proof  is  needed,  we  have  the  fact  that  Es]>ejo,  ascending  the 
Rio  ( trande  40  years  later,  found  the  province  of  '1  iguas  with  reports  of  Coro- 
nado'"  visit  and  fights  with  the  natives.  Enpejo,  Ret.,  112-13.  This  province 
of  the  Tiguas,  distinct  from  the  Teguas,  or  Tehuas,  was  well  known  at  the 
end  of  the  Kith  and  in  the  17tii  centuries,  being  on  the  Rio  Grande  and 
aliiioHt  certainly  in  the  region  of  Sandia.  Bandelier,  HUt.  Iiilroil.,  18-20, 
after  a  stnily  of  documentary  evidence  which  he  cites,  and  which  I  shall  have 
ooca.sioii  to  use  later,  has  no  hesitation  in  locating  Tiguex  at  or  near  Berna- 
lillo. Sijuier,  Kern,  and  Morgan  had  previously  located  Tiguex  ol  the  Rio 
(irande,  above  the  Puerco  junction.  Simpson,  Corotutdo'n  Mnrch,  334-5, 
while  admitting  that  some  of  the  evidence  points  to  the  northern  location, 
yet  chooses  to  hn<l  Tiguex  below  the  mouth  of  the  Puerco,  l)ecause  only  there 
IS  the  valley  bounded  on  the  wist  by  snowy  mts,  the  Socorro  Range,  citing 
also  Jrfferyii  A  tins  of  1773,  which  puts  Tigua  at  the  foot  of  those  mts. 
Simpson's  view  of  this  matter  would  remove  some  of  the  difficulties  in  con- 
neetiiin  with  Espejo's  trip,  as  we  shall  see;  but  it  would  also  create  other  and 
greater  clifticulties. 

Cicuye  (printed  also  Cicuic,  Cicuique,  Ticuique,  Tienique,  and  Acuique), 
reported  to  be  about  70  1.  east  of  Cif)ola,  CiitiUiiieda,  07,  5  d.  from  Tiguex, 
strongly  fortified,  with  houses  of  4  stories.  Jd.,  71.  On  the  way  back  from 
(}iiivir:i,  Coronado  reached  the  Rio  ile  Cicuye  30  1.  lielow  where  lie  crossed  it 
on  till!  way  fnun  C,  ami  followed  it  up  to  C.  The  Ind.  said  it  flowed  into 
tlic  Rio  Tiguex  20  d.  below.  /(/.,  134.  Built  on  the  summit  of  a  rock,  form- 
ing'a  sipiare,  with  houses  of  4  stories;  500  warriors.  A/.,  170.  In  a  narrow 
valley  between  pine-covered  mts,  on  a  little  river,  Id.,  179  70  1.  from  Cdiola 
and  30  1.  from  the  edge  of  the  jdains;  the  last  village  toward  the  east.  Id., 
IS8.  Between  Cicuye  and  Quirix  there  is  a  small,  well-fortified  village  called 
by  the  Span.  Xiinera  or  Ximena  (S.  Cri8tdl>al  ace.  to  Bandelier),  and  another 
larger  one,  nearly  abandoned,  called  by  the  Span.  Silos,  and  a  3d,  entirely 
ruiueJ,  as  was  said,  by  an  irruption  of  the  Teyas  savages  5  or  G  years  before, 


PROVINCE  OF  TIGUEX. 


53 


the  ori»;inal  Acoma  may  have  been  farther  north  tlian 
the  modern  jjenol  pueblo,  and  more  nearly  in  a  line 
bL'twoen  Zuni  and  Tiguex.  As  to  Tiguex  and  Cicuye, 
(lallatin,  followed  by  Davis  and  Prince,  has  located 
the  former  on  the  Rio  Puerco,  and  the  latter  west  ot 
tiie  Rio  Grande.  These  authors  thus  escape  from  a 
few  slight  difficulties,  to  become  involved,  as  it  seems 
to  me,  in  many  greater  ones,  ignoring  several  clear 
points  in  the  testimcmy  and  the  genenJ  tenor  of  the 
records.  While  Tiguex,  however,  was  certaiidy  in  the 
Rio  (jrande  valley,  there  remains  a  slight  doui)t  as  to 
its  latitude,  such  excellent  authorities  as  Simpson  and 
Bandolier  differing  in  their  conclusions.  The  latter 
puts  the  pueblo  and  province  in  the  region  of  Berna- 
lillo and  Sandfa,  while  the  former  prefers  a  site  liehtw 
the  mouth  of  the  Puerco.  Although  Simpson  makes 
one  or  two  strong  points  in  favor  of  his  position,  yet 
the  preponderance  of  evidence  is  overwhelming — 
amounting,  I  think,  to  proof — in  support  of  the 
northern  site  of  Tiguex.'    Much  that  may  seem  vague 

they  having  attacked  Cicuye,  but  without  succesa.  There  are  7  vil.  hot.  C. 
ami  tlie  Siurra  Nevaila,  one  of  tliem  subject  to  V.  and  half  destroyed  l>y  tl.e 
savages  (possibly  tiie  one  called  Silos  above),  til.,  177  1).  'Ihe  l.irgest  of  tlie 
onlinary  pueltlos,  with  houses  4  ami  5  stories  hiah;  !.">  1.  east  of  tlie  Uio  ile 
Tijjuex,  on  the  b<irder  of  the  buffalo  iilains.  h'el.  iTrl  Siieeso.  Four  days  (east- 
wanl)  from  Tiguex,  past  2  vil.  not  nainetl;  then  .S  d.  a  little  more  n.  K.  to 
the  Uio  de  Ticuique  (Cicuye);  then  n.  k.  into  the  jilains.  JuntniiUi,  Hd'.t. 
Siniiison,  .S.3G,  shi>ws  that  the  way  from  Pecos  to  the  Uio  (iallinas  (the  main 
branch  of  the  U.  Pecos)  leails  N.  K.  about  TiU  miles  over  rough  mts,  and  may 
have  taken  4  days  (only  .S  ncc.  to  Jaramillo);  also  that  the  (iallinas,  being 
flooded,  might  require  a  bridge  and  be  called  a  large  river  in  May  and  •liuie. 
He  might  have  adiled  that  Alvarailo's  earlier  trip  down  what  may  have  been 
tills  stream  for  UM)  1.  may  have  had  something  to  do  with  its  being  called  a 
large  stream.  S.  also  notes  tiie  place  called  Sayaque,  rese:iibliiig  ( 'iciiye,  on 
Jeffreys  atlas.  It  must,  however,  be  admitted  tliat  if  the  great  river  was  the 
(rallinas,  the  omission  of  any  mention  of  the  Canadian,  so  large  and  so  near, 
is  rciiiarkable.  Davis,  198-9,  ami  Prince,  I'JS,  put  Cicuye  on  the  Uio  .leiiies 
or  on  or  near  the  Rio  (irande  and  west  of  that  river,  in  the  region  of  St.a  Ana. 
This  is  to  lit  the  location  of  Tiguex  on  the  Puerco,  ami  the  only  merit  of  tliis 
theory,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  is  to  provide  a  great  river  to  be  bridged — though 
hardly  three  days  from  Cicuye — and  D.  has  even  heard  of  some  traces  of  a 
briilge  in  this  region!  The  theory  of  I),  and  the  others  wouM  completily 
ignore  all  the  pueldos  E.  of  the  Rio(rrande.  Ititndelier's  conrirination  of  the 
iilentity  of  Pecos  and  Cicuye  derives  especial  weight  from  his  personal  exam- 
iuation  of  Pecos  and  the  adjoining  region.  111-17.  He  tells  us  that  the  alio- 
riginal  name  of  Pecos  was  Acpii  or  Agin  (Agiu»),  2();  and  he  8Uggest><  that 
the  original  .Spanish  of  Castiifleda  may  possibly  have  been  Acuye  instead  of 
Cicuye,  especially  as  the  uaiue  is  in  one  narrative  (lid.  del  Huceeo)  written 
Acuique. 


54 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


to  the  reader  of  this  cliapter  will  become  perfectly 
clear  from  later  records. 

Meanwhile  Corouado,  having  despatched  Alvarado 
to  tlie  east,  and  having  sent  Cdrdenas,  after  his  return 
from  the  north-west,  to  prepare  winter  quarters  at  Ti- 
guox  as  already  rt^lated,  awaited  at  Cibola  the  arri'  al 
of  the  nuiin  army  under  Arellano,  who  came  late  in 


COROSADO  IN    NkW    MeXICO. 

November  or  early  in  December,  without  having  had 
any  noteworthy  adventures  on  the  march  from  So- 
nora.*  Then  the  general,  ordering  the  army  to  rest 
for  twenty  days  before  following  him,  started  for  Ti- 
gui;x  with  thirty  men.  Instead  of  the  direct  route  by 
way  of  Acuco,  or  Acoma,  he  went  farther  to  the  right, 
or  south,  bent  on  new  discoveries,  as  he  had  heard  of 

*  Castafteila  is  clearly  in  error  when  he  says  the  army  left  Sonora  in  the 
iniiUlle  uf  Sept.,  and  that  Arellano  remained  behind. 


IN   WINTER  QUARTERS. 


other  towns  in  that  direction.  His  party  suffered  se- 
verely on  the  way  for  want  of  water,  which  had  to  be 
souirlit  in  the  mountains,  where  the  intense  cold  was 
as  oppressive  as  the  thirst  had  been  before;  yet  in 
eleven  days  they  reached  tlie  Rio  Grande  at  the  prov- 
ince of  Tutahaco  with  its  eight  villages,'  hearing  of 
others  ftirther  south,  and  then  following  the  river  for 
four  leagues  up  to  Tiguex. 

Here  Coronado  found  Cdrdenas  and  Alvarado  await- 
ing him,  together  with  the  Turk,  to  whose  tales  of 
eastern  wealth  he  listened  with  the  greatest  pleasure 
and  credulity,  all  his  companions  becoming  presently 
most  enthusiastic  in  their  hopes  of  a  grand  conquest 
in  the  near  future.^  These  hopes  doubtless  made  them 
less  careful  than  they  might  otherwise  have  been  to 
conciliate  the  natives  of  Tiguex.  Unmindful  of  the 
viceroy's  instructions,  and  of  the  new  Indian  policy  of 
which  Coronado  was  to  be  the  exponent,  the  invaders 
did  not  hesitate  to  take  such  houses  as  they  desired 
for  their  own  uses,  turning  out  the  inhabitants  with- 
out ceremony,  and  otherwise  disregarding  the  property 
rights  of  the  people  who  had  given  them  so  kind  a  re- 
ception. The  friendly  f»)lks  of  Cicuye  received  no 
better  treatment,  except  that  as  yet  they  had  not  the 
army  to  support.  Alvarado,  being  sent  to  obtain  cer- 
tain golden  bracelets  which  the  Turk  falsely  claimed 
to  have  left  at  that  pueblo,  arrested  Bigotes  and  an- 

*  Tutaliaco  with  8  vil.  4  1.  down  the  river  s.  E.  from  Tiguex.  CdAtaileda, 
76,  1U8,  18*2.  Nr>t  named  in  the  Het.  del  SuceM.  By  Jaraiiiillo,  :M9,  it  is 
confounik'd  with  Aouco.  8impaon  docs  not  attempt  to  identify  it.  Davis, 
I8()-l,  and  I'rinee,  KW,  entirely  misunderstand  tlie  route,  and  mistranslate 
the  original  of  CiistaOeda  to  identify  this  province  with  the  Laguna  group  N. 
of  Acoma.  Kandelier,  '21-.S,  identities  Tutahaco  with  the  region  of  Isleta,  a 
coniiiaratively  modern  pueblo  (that  is,  nimloru  in  its  actual  site;  the  origi- 
nal Isleta  was,  liowuver,  as  we  shall  sec,  in  the  same  region,  though  possi- 
bly a  little  farther  south).  Tiiis  conclusion,  which  of  course  cannot  be 
qiicNtioned  in  view  of  the  distance  from  Tiguex,  makes  Tutahaco  practically 
one  of  the  'ligua  towns.  Tiiere  is  something  suggestive  of  possible  error  in 
the  existence  of  a  province  of  8  towns  only  4  I.  IkHow  the  other  12,  and  about 
wiiieh  so  little  is  said;  still  the  record  is  clear  en(Uigh. 

"By  Mota  l'a<lilla,  Conq.  X.  Gal.,  160  ct  secj.,  and  by  some  other  writers, 
Copala  Lake  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  regions  resiHscting  which  the  Span- 
ianls  at  this  time  heard  from  El  Turco  and  others.  The  same  author  states 
on  authority  not  known  that  the  town  where  the  Spaniards  were  lodged  was 
called  C'oofer. 


66 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


other  chief  because  tlie  ornaments  were  not  produced, 
and  brought  his  prisoners  in  chains  back  to  Tiguex. 
The  general  called  upon  the  natives  for  a  large  quan- 
tity of  clothing  for  the  army  soon  exiiected  to  arrive, 
refused  them  time  to  call  a  council  to  apportion  the 
tax  among  the  towns  as  was  their  custom,  and  sent 
soldiers  to  take  the  clothing  by  force,  the  Indians 
being  obliged  in  many  cases  to  take  the  garments  off 
tlieir  backs.  A  Spanish  officer,  coolly  calling  to  an 
Indian  to  hold  his  horse,  ascended  by  a  ladder  to  an 
upper  apartment,  where  he  violated  tlie  Indian's  wife, 
and  the  wronged  husl>and  could  get  no  justice.  One 
pueblo  was  burned  for  some  offence  of  the  inhabitants 
not  clearly  specified ;  and  many  other  outrages  were 
committed.  It  is  fair,  however,  to  state  that  Casta- 
fieda,  on  whom  we  have  to  depend  for  particulars  of 
this  winter's  bloody  deeds,  was  not  very  friendly  to 
Coronado;  and  in  the  other  brief  narrative  it  is 
implied  tliat  the  troubles  began  with  the  killing  of 
horses  by  the  natives.  Whatever  may  have  been  the 
truth — and  I  have  no  doubt  that  these  haughty  caba- 
lleros  were  as  usual  utterly  disregardful  of  the  In- 
dians' riii'hts — the  result  was,  that  civilization  and 
Christianity  were  soon  in  bad  odor;  and  when  Are- 
llano arrived  with  the  main  army  from  Cibola  in 
December/  the  whole  province  was  in  open  re\olt. 

The  winter  was  spent,  so  far  as  the  heavy  snow- 
fall and  intense  cold — to  which  neither  men  nor  ani- 
mals were  accustomed — would  permit,  in  efforts  to 
conquer  or  conciliate  the  revolted  pueblos.  Captain 
Cdrdenas  marched  against  the  town  where  the  woman 
had  been  outraged,  gaine«l  the  roofs  by  assault,  and 
there  fought  constantly  for  two  days  and  one  night. 
Meanwhile  the  Mexican  allies,  by  introducing  inflam- 
mable material  tiirough  subterranean  passages,  forced 
the  defenders  to  sue  for  peace.     C     '   '      "  '  ' 


mn>i 


liTosai 


^Tlic  Ist  night  out  frnin  Cfbnla  the  army  was  lodged  at  the  largest  town 
of  the  province,  named  Mu2a(|(ie,  8onie  of  wliose  houses  are  said  to  have  been  7 
stories  high.  Tiieir  later  route  was  v  ia  Acuco,  where  they  were  kindly  received, 
and  where  many  cliuibud  to  the  top  of  tliat  famous  peaol.  Ca«taileUa,  7U-83, 
163. 


SPANISH  OUTRAGES. 


HI 


la  111 


iam- 

)rced 

>and 


Lopoz  responded  to  their  signs  by  crossing  their  arms, 
wliereupon  the  Indians  threw  clown  their  arms  and 
surrendered.  Being  conducted  to  tlje  tent  of  Captain 
Cilrdenas,  tl)c  latter  ordered  them  to  he  hurned  alive; 
and  on  seeing  the  preparations  the  prisoiurs,  ahout 
100  in  nuniher,  resisted  desperately  and  were  slaugh- 
tered. Cilrdenas  alleged  that  he  had  no  knowledge 
of  the  capitulation,  and  had  followed  his  general's 
orders.*  A  few  escaped  to  tell  their  countrymen  ln)W 
the  Spaniards  kept  their  promises;  and  from  this  time 
to  the  final  departure  of  the  army  the  people  of  this 
province  refused  to  listen  to  any  propositions  of  peace 
from  a  race  they  could  not  trust.  They  defended 
themselves  by  barricading  their  towns,  (»r  ran  away 
to  tlic  mountains,  but  to  every  oflTer  of  pardon  and 
conciliation  they  simply  pointed  to  past  acts  of  bad 
faith.  Captain  Cilrdenas  going  with  thirty  men  to 
tiie  pueblo  of  Tiguex  to  propose  terms  was  re(|uired 
to  advance  alone  and  unarmed;  and  being  knocked 
down,  was  with  difficulty  rescued,  several  others  being 
seriousl}^  wounded.  Nearly  all  the  natives  of  the 
province  had  taken  refuge  in  this  pueblo  and  an- 
other three  or  four  miles  distant. 

Then  Coronado  advanced  with  his  army  to  attack 
Tiguex,  but  was  repulsed  in  the  first  assault  by  the 
stones  and  arrows  of  the  defenders  with  twenty  men 
wounded,  several  of  them  fatally.  Then  followed 
a  siege  of  50  days,  with  many  assaults  and  sorties,  in 
which  were  killed  some  200  of  the  natives  and  a  num- 
ber of  Spaniards,  including  Captain  Obando  and  a 
gentleman  nanjed  Francisco  de  Pobares."  The  be- 
sieged, suffering  for  want  of  water,  dug  a  well  inside 
the  town,  which  caved  in  and  buried  thirty  of  their 

"  Mnta  Pa<1illa,  Ifiiit.  Conq.  N.  Gal,  101,  says  that  Cardenas  was  afterward 
imprisoaud  in  Spain  for  this  act.  Frujes,  aco.  to  Eirwlfro,  \iit.  Son.,  'JT-'J, 
saysi  C.  was  sentenced  aiul  imprisoned  in  Mex.  Uustauiiinte,  in  (loimira,  llixt. 
Mij:  (ed.  18'2(i),  184,  says  that  C  died  at  t'hainetla.  As  we  shall  see  pres- 
ently, C.  left  N.  Mex.  for  S|>ain  via  Mex.,  in  advance  of  the  army. 

*  CastaAeda,  07-8,  says  that  ()V>ando  or  Cardenas — it  is  not  clear  which — 
was  captured  and  carried  alive  into  a  pueblo  during  one  of  the  exiMiditiims; 
pcrhapii  C,  since  it  is  said  that  O.  was  maestro  de  campo  inC.'s  absence. 


S8 


CORONAIX)  IN  NEW   MEXICO. 


number.  A  little  later  they  were  allowed  to  send 
away  women  and  children,  about  100  of  whom  de- 
jmrted ;  and  after  two  weeks  more  of  resistance  tliey 
all  attempted  to  escape  by  nij^ht.  The  movement 
beinj^j  discovered,  the  fugitives  bravely  atUvcked  the 
foe,  and  were  either  cut  down  or  driven  to  perish  in 
the  icy  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande,  A  similar  fato 
befell  those  who  had  taken  refuge  in  the  other  town; 
and  all  the  villages  were  taken  and  plundered,  the 
inhabitants  being  killed,  enslaved,  or  driven  from 
the  province.  Not  one  submitted,  or  would  accept 
the  conquerors'  permission  to  return  to  his  home. 

The  natives  of  some  of  the  other  provinces,  how- 
ever, proved  more  tractable.  The  pueblo  of  Chia, 
a  large  and  populous  one,  four  leagues  west  of  the 
river,'"  sent  in  its  submission  voluntarily,  and  was 
visited  by  a  captain,  the  inhabitants  being  intrusted 
as  a  maik  of  especial  confidence  with  the  care  of  four 
useless  bronze  cannon.  Another  party  was  sent  to 
the  province  of  Quirix,  or  of  the  Queres,  situated  north 
of  Tiguex,  and  including  seven  pueblos."  The  people  of 
the  first  were  timid  and  ran  away,  but  being  overtaken 
and  reassured  as  to  the  strangers'  intentions,  they  not 
only  became  friendly,  but  aided  in  tranquillizing  the 
whole  province.  During  the  winter,  also,  Coronado 
found  occasion  to  visit  Cicuye,  or  Pecos,  where,  to  con- 
ciliate the  people  with  a  view  to  his  proposed  expedition 
eastwanl,  he  liberated  one  of  the  captive  chieftains,  and 
promised  the  early  release  of  the  other. 


; 

i 


'"Tho  pueUlo  of  Cia,  Zia,  or  Silla  still  stands  in  about  the  place  indicated. 
It  ia  nicntioiioil  liy  (Jiuitailuda  and  witlioiit  location  or  description  in  Rd.  lU'l 
Surctio.  Tiiu  name  Silla  is  probably  a  corruption,  as  tlio  Mexicans  pronounce  it 
Siya  or  Ciya.  This  direction  of  Cia  is  of  course  a  point  in  favor  of  the  northern 
location  of  Tiguox,  and  against  that  on  the  Tuerco,  though  tiiere  is  no  certiiinty 
that  the  nioiUrn  site  correspontls  exactly  to  the  ancient.  This  is  a  pueldo, 
however,  which  we  shall  find  often  mentioned  in  tlie  17th-century  annals. 
Davi.-i,  202,  mistranslates  '4  1.  distant  on  tite  river '  to  suit  his  theory. 

"Tlie  province  was  later  called  S.  Felii>e  de  Queres.  Its  pueblos  of  S. 
Felipe,  8to  Domingo,  Sta  Ana,  Cochitf,  and  Cia  still  stand  in  the  same  region, 
though  as  we  have  seen  Cia  in  1540  was  named  by  Caataflcda  as  a  distinct 
pueluo.  Quirix  is  also  printed  Quivix.  Tlicre  seems  to  I>e  no  reason  to  doubt 
its  identity  with  Queres,  a  well-known  name  of  later  annals. 


4 


MAHCH  TO  gl'lMKA. 


SO 


It  was  not  until  Mav  1541  that  tlic  ice  in  tlio  Rio 
Oraiulo  wan  suttioioiitlv  thawed  to  make  the  streani 
fonlahle;'"' and  on  tlie  5th  of  tliat  month  the  jrenernl 
marclu'd  witli  liis  entire  force  in  seareh  of  the  ri'ported 
wealth  of  the  regions  heyond  Ti«,'uex,  havini,'  previously 
8«'iit  Captain  Tohar  back  to  Sonora  to  brin*;^  up  half 
the  forci'  left  there.  At  Cieuye,  Bij^otes  havin*,'  he"n 
nleasejl  in  aceordanee  with  an  earlier  pr«>inisi,  the 
Spaniards  were  received  as  friends,  and  a  jj^uide  was 
ohtaimd,  wh(»  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  Quivira.  The 
Turk  had  before  this  time  rendered  himself  liable  to 
suspicion  in  respect  of  his  veracity,  bein«j;  also  detccteil 
ill  divers  conversations  with  the  devil;  but  as  the  new 
«;uide,  named  Xabe,  confirmed  to  some  extent  his  re- 
])orts  of  ^old  and  silver,  the  Spaniards  wen;  much 
elated  at  their  prospective  conquest.  A  march  of  three 
or  four  days  t)ver  a  mountainous  country  brouji^ht 
them  to  '*a  jjfreat  and  very  deep  river  which  flows 
also  near  Cieuye,  and  was  therefore  named  liio  do 
Cieuye, "  where  it  took  them  four  days  to  construct 
a  bridije.  This  river  would  seem  to  have  been  the 
Gallinas,  the  eastern  and  lander  branch  of  the  IVcos.'^ 

A  little  later  they  entered  the  j^reat  buffalo  plains, 
and  in  ten  days  came  to  the  first  habitations  of  the 
wandering  tribes.  Details  of  Coronado's  long  march 
over  these  vast  plains  have  but  little  intrinsic  interest, 
antl  still  less  importance  so  far  as  the  history  of  New 
Mexico  is  concerned;  moreover  the  records,  as  might 
naturally  be  expected,  are  far  from  being  sufficiently 

'^  It  iimst  have  l)eon  a  most  extraordinary  winter;  Imt  prolwUlv  the  floods 
following  till)  lircaking-up  of  the  ice  may  have  heeii  a«  fonnidalue  oh.sta>'Ii>!< 
to  fiiriliiig  as  the  ice,  and  a  montli  of  AooiIh  slioiihl  iierliap:-.  1h)  inohided  ia  the 
delay,     (.'oronado,  however,  gives  the  date  of  starting  as  Aiiril  '2'M. 

^■^  An  we  have  seen,  the  size  of  this  struain  lias  to  he  explained  liy  the  sea- 
son of  flood,  with  the  possible  addition  of  earlier  exploration  liy  Alvarado. 
To  tlins  explain  away  the  tliffieulty  i%  a  very  different  matter  from  Davis' 
siinilar  theory  alHutt  the  Rio  I'uereo,  because  on  the  Pueri'o  the  army  Hi>ent, 
if  I),  and  the  others  are  right,  two  winters,  and  had  ample  time  to  learn  its 
size  and  its  connection  with  the  Kio  Grande;  while  the  Cienye  was  merely 
crossed  at  this  point  once  in  May,  and  was  once  or  twice  explored  below  and 
xhowii  to  be  really  a  large  river.  D.'s  position  that  the  Cieuye  was  the  Rio 
(iraiide  is  wholly  untenable.  Yet,  as  I  have  said,  it  is  strange  that  the 
Canadian  fails  to  figure  in  these  narratives. 


COUONAUO  IN  NKW  MEXICO. 


minuto  to  cnal»lo  us  to  fix  the  exact  route  followed. 
Alxiut  the  expedition  in  general,  however,  there  is 
little  or  nothinjjf  of  mystery  t)r  eonfusion.  Aeeonlijijj 
to  Castafieda,  the  army  marched  in  37  days  to  a  point 
250  leajjfues  from  Ti^uex,  on  a  north-north-east  course 
for  the  larger  part  of  the  way,  and  perhaps  all,  though 
the  most  enticing  reports  pointed  to  the  east,  and  the 
statements  respecting  the  direction  are  at  the  last  not 
quite  clear."  Jaramillo  implies  that  more  than  half 
the  journey  was  directed  eastward.  1  think  it  clear 
that  east-north-east  is  nearer  the  general  route  fol- 
lowed than  north-east.  Two  tribes  of  Indians,  the 
Querechos  and  Teyas,  both  migratory,  dwelling  in 
skin  tents  and  living  chiefly  on  buffalo  meat,  were 
passed  on  the  way;  and  their  reports,  though  contra- 
diet|)ry,  seemed  to  confirm  the  idea  of  a  ricli  country 
farther  on.  The  explorers  also  visited  a  rancheiia, 
where  an  old  native  explained  by  signs  that  ho  had 
seen  Cabeza  de  Vaca's  party  in  the  south. 

Besides  Xabc,  there  was  another  Quivira  Indian 
named  Sopete  or  Isopete,  accompanying  the  army, 
who  had  declared  the  Turk  a  liar,  without  gaining 
much  credit,  as  the  Querechos  had  rartially  confirnu  d 
the  latter's  testhnony;  but  what  1  le  Teyas  said  fa- 
vored Sopete's  version,  and  indicated  that  the  Turk, 
f)erha)>s  from  a  desire  to  reach  his  own  country,  had 
ed  the  Spaniards  much  too  far  east,  Quivira  being  in 
the  north.  Finall}',  in  a  valley  which  formed  the 
extreme  eastern  limit  of  the  exjiloration,  it  was  decided 
at  a  council  of  war  held  about  the  middle  of  June 
that  the  general  should  go  with  thirty-six  picked  men 


; 


'♦CaatafCeda'a  statements  from  time  to  time  seom  to  foot  up  23  days  from 
Cicuye,  exclusive  of  thu  4(1.  dctentiou  in  briilge-building  and  others,  Ki  d. 
at  least  luting  n.  n.  k.  ;  then  in  summarizing  he  says  they  had  marched  37  d. 
at  the  rate  of  (5  or  7  1.  per  day,  or  a  total  of  '2^)0  1.  from  Tiguex.  The  Jfel,  del 
Sure-ii,  on  the  contrary,  gives  the  march  as  ]  50  1.  E.  and  then  50  1.  H.  Jara- 
millo agreca  with  Castfifteda  that  the  route  Wiis  N.  n.  e.  for  alK>ut  10  d.  from 
the  crossing  of  the  Cicuye  to  the  country  of  the  Querechos;  but  he  says  that 
for  20  d.  or  more  from  that  point  they  turneil  oast,  or  at  least  more  toward 
the  east.  Coronado  in  his  letter  says  the  march  was  S)  d.  to  the  great  })lain3 
(from  Tiguex),  then  17  d.  to  the  Querechos,  and  5  d.  to  the  Tcy;is  without 
any  definite  indication  of  the  direction. 


QUIVIUA   FOUND.  It 

in  soart'Ii  of  Quivira,  while  the  main  army  untU'r 
Arellano  should  return  to  Tij^uex.  The  cliitf  reason 
for  this  (looision  was  the  lack  of  other  food  than  huf- 
falomeat;  hut  (^oronado  states  also  that  the  guides 
had  already  confessed  t  '".fc  they  had  deceived  him 
respecting  the  huildings  of  0"ivira,  which  were  really 
of  straw.'''  Arellano's  force,  after  remainin<^  fifteen 
days  to  hunt  huffalo,  returned  in  twi'nty-five  days  hy 
a  shorter  and  more  southern  route — in  itself  a  proof 
that  they  had  gone  far  to  the  east  rather  than  mo 
north — to  Ti»(uex.  On  the  way  they  passed  many  sal!  - 
marshes,  noticed  nmltitudes  of  prairie-dojjfs,  reached 
the  llio  ("icuye,  t)r  lVct)8,  thirty  leaj^ues  he'  «  v  the 
former  crossinj^,  followin«:r  it  up  to  the  puehlo,  an- 1 
h-arning  thn^  I'lat  river  flowed  into  the  Tiguex,  or 
}{\o  Grande,  some  twenty  days'  journey  helow.  The 
arrival   it  Tij^uex  was  hefore  the  end  ot  July.'* 

After  leaving,' the  main  army  Coronado  went  north- 
ward for  about  forty  days  over  the  plains  till  he 
reached  Quivira  late  in  July,  remained  there  twenty- 
five  days,  and  arrived  at  Ti«;uex  on  his  return  in 
August  or  September.'^  Quivira  proved  to  be  one  of 
several  Indian  villages  of  .straw  huts,  or  wigwams,  on 
or  near  a  large  river.  The  inhabitants  resembled  tlie 
roving  Querechos  and  Teyas  in  most  respects,  but 
were  .somewhat  superior,  raising  a  small  <]uantity  of 
maize.     The  country  was  an  excellent  one  in  respect 

'*/'(ir/(pro.  Dor.,  iii.  .TCo. 

'"On  tliis  return  im  Iml.  woman,  slave  of  Zaldfvar,  oscaped,  ami  afterward 
within  S)  days  she  fi;U  into  the  hands  of  Spaniards  in  Fh)rida,  wlio,  liowuver, 
claiini'd  to  have  been  at  the  time  over  'MO  1.  in  tlie  interior.  So  Castuaeda, 
l.'i."),  Iiuard  from  these  Span,  in  Mexico. 

•'Coronado,  in  his  hftter  of  Oct.  '2()th,  says  ho  travelled  42  d.,  makin)^  07 
ill  ;dl  from  Tigiiex  (ajipareiitly  I'.i  hy  computation),  or  over  'MO  1.,  to  Quivira 
".•.">()  1.  from  Mex.,  and  ni  40°.  CastJiAeda,  wlio  was  not  with  the  general,  saya 
the  journey  out  was  48  days,  an<l  the  return  40  d. ;  and  that  all  was  over 
the  plains,  tliough  at  Quivira  some  mts  hcgan  to  be  in  sight.  Tlie  author  of  the 
Ii(  L  dii  Suceno,  who  acc<unpanied  the  party,  says  they  tra'':dled  30  d.  N.  to  the 
Uio  de  Quivira,  and  .30  I.  more  to  the  settlements,  IWO  1.  ut  (from  Tiguex), 
ainl  200  hack;  also  putting  Q.  in  40^.  Jarainillo,  also  with  Coronado,  saya 
ahout  30  d.  N.  (short  days  and  irregular  ace.  to  tlie  water);  named  i\  '  Uio 
de  S.  Pedro  y  S.  Pablo  for  the  day  of  arrival  (June  29th);  then  to  R.  Quivira 
(possibly  the  same,  as  the  text  is  not  clear),  and  down  that  river  n.  k.,  7  or  8 
<l.  to  Q.,  where  they  were  after  the  middle  of  Aug.  (?).  A  cross  was  set  up 
bearing  the  general  s  name  at  Q. 


62 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


:i     1 


of  soil,  climate,  and  natural  productions;  but  the  peo- 
ple had  no  knowledjjfe  of  the  precious  metals;  and 
even  in  their  reports  of  large  tribes  beyond,  there  was 
but  slight  indication  of  either  wealth  or  civilization. 
Moreover,  El  Turco  now  confessed  that  all  his  tales 
had  been  lies;  but  he  claimed  to  have  told  them  at 
the  instigation  of  the  people  of  Cicuye  that  the  Span- 
iards might  be  led  far  out  into  the  plains,  to  perish  or 
to  be  so  reduced  in  strength  that  on  their  return  they 
might  be  easily  vanquished.  Having  put  the  Turk 
to  death,  the  general  returned  by  a  more  direct  route 
to  Cicuye,  where  Arellano  came  to  meet  him,  and 
thence  to  Tiguex. 

Coronado  and  his  associates  believed  Quivira  to  be 
in  latitude  40°,  and  about  "200  leagues  north-cast  of 
Tiguex.  There  is  nothing  in  the  Spaniards'  descrip- 
tions of  the  region,  or  of  the  journey,  to  shake  con- 
fidence in  Simpson's  conclusion  that  it  was  in  the 
modern  Kansas,  between  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri 
rivers ;  yet  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  quite  possible  that, 
as  Bandelier  is  inclined  to  think,  Coronado  travelled 
more  in  a  circle,  and  did  not  go  so  far  to  the  north; 
and  elsewhere  in  recording  Texan  annals  of  the  next 
century,  I  have  said  that  "it  is  to  the  east  and  south- 
east of  Santa  Fd,  to  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas 
of  modern  maps,  that  we  must  look  for  the  scene  of 
Spanish  explorations  in  this  century,  and  that  there 
is  no  need  of  placing  Quivira  in  the  far  north-east  or 
beyond  tlie  Missouri,  as  many  writers  are  fond  of 
doing."  ^^  It  is  not,  however,  of  much  importance  in 
connection  with  the  history  of  New  Mexico  to  fix 
definitely  the  location  of  this  wigwam  province,  even 
if  it  were  possible.  Several  writers,  misled  by  the 
name — including   rather   strangely   Davis,  who    was 


'"//«<.  N'ortli  Mex.  St.,  i.  391,  and  preceding  pages.  In  the  earliust  edi- 
tions of  the  Ntitii'e  Riwes,  iv.  (57-,  I  carelessly  8ai(i,  'Quivira,  if  not  one  of  the 
Pueblo  towns  of  the  Rio  Grande,  was  at  least  not  more  distant  than  the 
region  of  the  S.  Juan  or  its  tributaries,"  having  then  in  mind  the  popular  idea 
of  Q.  ivs  a  great  town,  and  not  the  statements  of  the  original  records.  lu 
later  issues  the  statement  has  been  changed. 


EXPLORATIONS  ON  THE  RIO  GRANDE. 


63 


well  acquainted  with  the  geography  of  the  country— 
liave  fallen  into  the  blunder  of  identifying  Quivira 
with  the  ruins  of  Gran  Quivira  of  mixed  Spanish  and 
native  origin  at  a  much  later  date,  and  situated  only 
two  or  three  days'  journey  south  of  east  from  Tiguex.*" 
^leanwhile  Captain  Arellano  made  preparations  for 
passing  a  second  winter  at  Tiguex,  meeting  with  many 
dirticulties  on  account  of  the  continued  hostility  of  the 
])oople,  who  still  refused  to  occupy  their  towns.  Are- 
llano also  caused  some  further  explorations  to  be  made. 
Captain  Barrio-nuevo  was  sent  up  the  valley  north- 
ward. First  he  visited  the  province  of  Hemes,  or 
Jemes,  with  seven  towns,  one  of  which  in  the  same 
rouion  still  retains  the  name.^  The  inhabitants  of 
this  province  submitted,  and  furnished  supplies;  but 
not  so  those  of  another  province  of  Yuque-Yunque, 
who  abandoned  their  two  fine  towns  on  the  river  and 
fled  to  the  mountains,  where  they  had  four  others 
strongl}'^  fortified  in  places  difficult  of  access  ;^^  yet  a 
store  of  food  was  left  in  the  deserted  villages,  with 
fine  earthen-ware,  and  glazing  that  indicated  the  prol>- 
able  existence  of  silver  mines.  Twenty  leagues  farther 
up  the  river  this  party  came  to  a  large  town  built  on 
both  banks  of  the  stream,  with  wooden  bridges  con- 
necting tlie  two  parts,  and  with  the  largest  cstn/as  yet 
seen.     Its  name  was  Braba;  ,the  Spaniards  called  it 

"Prince,  138-40,  dous  not  follow  Davis  in  this  instance,  Iwlieving  that  the 
army  reached  the  cafions  of  the  Canadian  branches,  and  that  Corouado  reached 
Kansas. 

^'Castafieda,  138,  says  that  B.  went  up  the  river  northward  and  visile  I 
Hemes;  hut  on  p.  168  lie  says  that  Hemes  was  7  1.  N.  k.  of  Tit,'ui'X  (or  per- 
haps from  Qiiirix).  This  is  the  chief  support  of  those  who  put  liguex  on  tl;-; 
I'uerco,  liut  I  have  no  ''ouht  it  is  an  error  for  N.  w.  Acconling  to  Uaiidclier, 
l-'.'l,  109-10,  the  Pecos  l.ingua^e  was  spoken  at  Jemes,  and  tlie  original  puelilo 
was  at  the  S.  Die^'o  niins,  13  miles  n.  of  the  present  site.  This  author  also 
includes  in  this  Jeines  group  the  prov.  of  Aguas  Calientcs,  with  3  puelilos 
lueuticmed  hut  not  located  by  CastiiAcda,  182.  I  know  of  no  special  reason 
for  or  against  this  latter  identification,  except  that  Ojos  Calientes,  or  Aguas 
Cal.,  is  applied  on  some  modern  maps  to  ruins  N.  of  Jemes. 

^'  Yuque-Yunque  is  identified  by  Bandelier,  18,  23-4,  with  the  Tehua  group 
N.  of  .St;i  Fe,  including  S.  Ihlefonso,  S.  Juan,  Sta  Clara,  Pujuiwpie,  Namhe, 
iiiid  Teuupie.  In  strong  confirmation  of  this,  1  note  that  S.  .luau,  or  S. 
<  Jahriel,  tlie  capital  of  N.  mex.  in  the  early  years  of  the  17th  century,  is  called 
in  Kxritlaiite,  'Mrta,  116,  S.  (labriel  del  Y'unque.  Iho  later  Cuyamunque  may 
•ildu  have  some  uoaaectioa  with  this  uame. 


04 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


i 


Valladolid;  and  its  identity  with  Taos  can  hardly  be 
questioned  "^  Leavinj(  the  northern  country  in  jieace, 
Barrio-nuevo  returned  down  the  valley  to  Tiguex. 
Another  ofticer  was  despatched  down  the  river  tt)  ex- 
plore its  lower  branches,  as  mentioned  by  the  people 
of  Tutahaco.  He  advanced  eighty  leagues  southward, 
to  a  place  where  the  river  disappeared  underground, 
to  appear  again  below,  as  the  natives  said,  larger  than 
ever."^  Somewhere  on  the  way,  but  not  necessarily  at 
the  southern  limit  of  the  exploration,  they  found  four 
large  villages,  whose  people  oflered  no  resistance. 
These  were  the  southernmost  pueblos,  and  may  be  itleu- 
tified  with  those  of  the  Piros  in  the  Socorro  region, 
abandoned  during  the  wars  of  the  next  century.'^* 
This  concludes  the  list  of  the  New  Mexican  pueblos 
visited  by  Coronado  or  his  officers,  most  of  which,  as 
we  have  seen,  can  be  identified,  in  groups  at  least, 
with  reasonable  accuracy.  It  is  noticeable,  however, 
that  the  group  between  Zuni  and  Tiguex,  represented 
by  Laguna,  Cebolleta,  Moquino,  and  Pujuaque,  is  not 
mentioned,"'  and  as  a  matter  of  fact,  these  pueblos  did 
not  exist  till  much  later. 

After  these  explorations   had   been  accomplished, 

''Braba  is  written  also  Yuraha.  Castafleila,  139,  says  that  Alvarado  had 
visited  tliis  town  <m  his  Ist  trip  to  Cicuyo,  which  liardly  suuins  yrobahlo.  On 
p.  \S'2  he  says  Braba  was  the  last  province  toward  the  n.  e.,  up  tlie  valley, 
and  had  but  one  town.  In  the  Jiel.  del  Succso,  Yuraba  is  mentioned  as  the 
northern  limit  of  exploration,  the  largest  pueblo  in  the  country,  witli  some 
I5,0(K)  inhab.,  and  ditfcring  somewhat  from  the  others  in  its  construction.  1'lie 
distance  of  'JO  1.  from  the  Tehua  towns  is  suiticiently  accurate.  Castaileda, 
lt»8,  mentions  a  province  of  Acha,  40  1.  N.  E.  of  Tiguex;  but  in  his  summary, 
182,  this  prov.  is  not  named.  This  leaves  us  to  suppose  either  tliat  Acha  and 
Braba  were  the  same,  or  to  follow  Bandelier,  U.'l,  in  identifying  Acha  with 
Picuries.  B.  also  not«8,  101)  -10,  120,  that  from  Taos  in  the  n.  to  Isleta  in  the 
south,  including  Picuries,  8.  Cristobal,  Sandia,  and  (lalisteo,  the  same  lan- 
guage was  spoken,  that  of  tiie  Tanos. 

•ii'YXw  'istiince  would  carry  the  party  nearly  down  to  lat.  33",  and  below 
the  limit  of  the  pueblo-town  region.  Of  course  this  distance  would  be  absurd 
if  applied  to  the  Puerco.  The  sinking  of  the  river  has  not  been  very  satis- 
factorily explained,  except  as  nearly  all  streams  in  t'-.is  region  are  swallowed 
up  in  the  sand  at  certain  dry  seasons.  See  Sim'pson'a  Coronado  s  Marcli,  323, 
with  nuot.  from  Gallatin  and  Humboldt  on  tliis  subject. 

'^'Bandelier,  24,  who  notes  that  Senccii,  farther  a.,  waa  a  Piros  pueblo 
founded  under  Span,  auspices  in  1630. 

'■'In  his  summary,  Castafleda,  179-82,  mentions  6  pueblos  in  the  snowy 
tnountaius;  but  the  refuroDce  would  seem  to  be  to  the  Cicuye,  or  Pecos,  re< 
gioa. 


A  SECOND  \VTNTER. 


65 


Captain  Arellano  sot  out  with  i'ortv  horsemen  to  meet 
the  ireneial  on  his  return  from  Quivira,  having  a  H}j[ht 
with  the  natives  of  Cieuye,  whore  Coronado  soon 
joined  him.  The  report  from  Quivira  was  a  bitter 
(Jisappointment.  For  some  unexj)laine<l  rea-son,  the 
iriiide  Xaho  had  remained  with  the  army,  and  ho 
maintain«'d  to  the  last  the  truth  t)f  wiiat  had  been 
said  of  iLjold  and  silver  in  his  eountry,  rejoicing  at  tho 
ajtproaeh  of  Coronado  to  confirm  his  statements, 
and  correspondingly  disappointed  at  tho  actual  result. 
Ills  wortls  and  manner  had  great  intluence  on  tho 
army,  which  had  unwillingly  parted  from  the  giiieral 
in  the  east.  Many  of  tho  officers  and  soldiers  tlid  not 
hclievo  that  ho  had  nuulo  so  long  a  march,  or  so 
thorough  a  search  as  ho  pretended;  oven  the  com- 
maiKJer  and  his  companions  evidently  still  retained 
some  hope  of  eventual  success  in  tho  north-i'ast;  and 
these  circumstanees  partially  account  for  the  grand 
nMe  subse<juently  played  by  (Quivira  in  the  injaginu- 
tion  of  explorers,  writers,  and  maj)-makers.  The  plan 
was  to  undertake  a  new  expedition  out  into  the  plains 
in  the  spring  of  1542,  as  the  rainy  season  had  already 
begun.  Just  as  the  army  was  going  into  winter  cpiar- 
ters  at  Tiguex,  Captain  Tobar  returned  from  Sonora 
with  half  tho  force  that  had  been  stationed  at  San 
(h'lVtnimo.  By  this  party  Captain  Cardenas,  who 
had  broken  an  arm,  received  news  that  called  him  to 
Spain,  and  soon  started  with  a  few  others,  carrying 
Coronado's  letter  of  ()ett)ber  -Oth  to  tho  kini;. 

Tho  winter  was  for  the  most  i)art  an  unevoiitful 
one ;  but  there  was  considerable  sutt'ering,  especially  lor 
want  of  clothing,  as  tho  nativis  were  still  hostile  and 
itfused  to  reoocupy  their  towns  or  to  furnish  supplirs. 
Therefore  the  soldiers  became  discontented,  and  there 
was  nuicli  disagreement  between  tho  gene»*al,  oflieers, 
and  gentlemen  about  tho  distribution  of  such  fotnl  and 
•  lolliing  as  remained.  At  the  ap|>roach  of  spring, 
wlien  preparations  for  a  new  expedition  had  been  far 
advanced,  Coronado,  while  engaged  in  a  tournament 

IIisT.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    5 


ii 


i  i 

'i  *■ 


I 


86  CORONADO  IX  NEW  MEXICO. 

on  a  day  of  festival,  was  thrown  by  the  breakinof  of  a 
t^irth,  and  received  from  jSIaldonado's  horse  a  kick  on 
the  liead.  He  was  seriously  injured  and  lonjj^  confined 
to  his  bed.  After  [)artial  recovery  he  had  a  dangerous 
relapse,  caused  by  tiie  return  of  Cilrdenas  with  news 
that  the  Sonora  colonists  had  been  massacred  by 
Indians.  Superstition  also  had  its  influence  on  his 
weakened  mind ;  for  a  necromancer  in  Spain  had  lon^ 
ago  predicted  for  hiuj  a  brilliant  career  in  a  distant 
land,  to  be  terminated  by  a  fall  that  would  cause  his 
death.  The  prevailing  discontent  among  officers  and 
men  tended  greatly  to  increase  the  leader's  despon- 
dency and  his  desire  t»)  return  that  he  might  die  near 
liis  wife  and  children.'^"  The  soldiers  at  last  presented, 
or  were  induced  to  present,  a  petition  for  return;  it 
was  decided  in  a  council  of  otKcers  to  grant  the  peti- 
tion, abandoning  further  attemps  at  con<|uest;  and 
the  corresponding  orders  were  issued;  some  of  the 
gentlcaen  officers  opposed  this  resolution,  and  others 
soon  repented  of  their  vote ;  but  apparently  a  majority, 
including  the  general,  though  willing  to  shirk  respon- 
sibility, were  not  really  desirous  of  remaining;  and 
notwithstanding  the  alleged  protests  of  many,  and 
their  demands  to  be  allowed  to  continue  the  enterprise 
with  a  part  of  the  arm3%  Coronado  refused  to  nu)dify 
his  plans,  and  even  renjained  in  his  tent,  ])retending 
to  be  in  worse  health  than  he  really  was,  in  order  to 
escape  tiie  importunities  of  his  associates. 

Fray  Juan  de  Padilla  and  l^adre  Luis,  a  lay  brother, 
resolved  to  reniain  in  the  country  and  make  an  attem[)t 
to  convert  the  natives  of  Cicuye  and  Quivira.  An 
escort  was  furnished  as  far  as  Cicuye,  where  Padre 
Luis  remained;  while  Fray  Juan,  accompanied  by  a 
Portuguese  named  Campo,  a  ni>gro,  a  mestizo,  antl  a 
few  Mexican  Indians,  pressed  on  to  Quivira.  Subse- 
quently st)me  sheep  were  sent  to  Brother  Luis,  and 
the  messengers  reported  him  as  saying  that  he  hail 

"He  had  shortly  before  married  a  daugliterof  the  treasurer,  Alonso  do 
Rstra<la.  M(!ndoza's  letter  of  '37  in  Floriilit,  Cot.  Doc,  i.  l'J8  i);  Berind  Diaz, 
nU.  Comj.  Alex.,  235. 


■.f 


FATE  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


ft7 


4 
-,'•« 


been  wtU  received  by  the  masses,  thougli  the  old  men 
liated  him,  and  would  pr()bal)ly  bring  about  his  tieatli. 
Aicor  tlie  departure  of  tlie  army  notliing  was  ever 
known  respecting  the  fate  of  this  pioneer  missionary 
of  Pecos.  But  the  Portuguese,  with  some  of  his 
companions,  is  said  to  liave  found  his  way  later  by  the 
gulf  coast  to  Mexico,  bringing  the  report  that  Padilla 
litid  received  the  crown  of  martyrdom  at  the  hands  of 
tlie  Quivirans,  who  killed  him  because  he  insisted  on 
going  to  attempt  the  conversion  of  a  hostile  tribe. 
This  is  substantially  the  version  of  Castaiieda;  but 
there  are  several  others;  and  respecting  the  number, 
names,  and  nationality  of  the  padres  and  their  attend- 
ants, the  place  and  manner  of  their  death,  or  the  cir- 
cumstances of  their  escape,  hardly  two  writers  agree. 
This  shows  that  little  was  really  known  on  the  sub- 

•       i.  "27 

ject. 

"  Jaramillo,  316-17,  says  that  he  left  with  P.  Luis  <le  Kscalona  a  slave  boy 
naiiu'il  I'i'istiibul;  also  that  suverul  ImliiUis,  one  uf  them  a  TaniMcaii  iiaiiicil 
AuiliV's,  ami  two  negroes,  one  named  Sehiistiaii  holoiiging  to  J.  ami  aiiotlu'r 
tlif  slave  of  Melclior  I'erez,  remained  Ixihind;  also  that  1*.  ratlilla  took  to 
Quivira  a  Portuguese,  a  negro  who  was  a  kind  of  suburdinate  friar,  a  mestizo, 
and  2  lud,  of  Za])otlan,  all  dressed  as  friars,  takiug  also  sheep,  mules,  and  a 
liorsc.  After  Padilla  Wiis  killed,  the  Portuguese  and  Sebastian  the  Indian  {':) 
cseaiied  to  Paniieo.  J.  suggests  that  Soltastian  might  give  useful  inlormatiou 
about  the  route  to  Q.  from  the  east.  Tonjuemada,  MoiKini.  Iiiil.,  iii.  (JIO  I'J, 
tills  us  that  Paddlawas  an  Andalusian  who  hail  bean  guardian  at  Tulaui'ingo 
anil  Zai)otlan.  He  was  one  of  5  friars  who  went  with  ("orouailo,  another 
biini;  I'r.  Juan  do  la  Cruz,  and  the  two  remaining  in  the  far  north  with  Andres 
del  ( 'ann)o,  the  Portuguese,  and  '2  Ind.  of  Michoacan.  P.  went  with  the  '.i  at- 
tenilanls  iu  quest  of  new  tribes  to  eonvert.  Seeing  that  he  was  to  bo  killed 
lie  sent  the  Portuguese  away;  and  the  two  lud.,  LiU'a.sand  Sebiistian,  manageil 
liy  the  aid  of  miraeles  to  escape,  though  the  latter  soon  died.  Fr.  Juan  de  la 
till/,  reuuiineil  at  Tigne.x,  ami  not!  'iig  wiis  ever  known  of  his  fate.  Same 
virsiiiu  •  lf",f.'V^r,  Jlinl.  Krlin.,  74'.'  5,  and  I'vf'iiinii-t,  Metioliojio,  l'_'l-*2. 
fiiiniara,  ,  l:id.,'l~\,  calls  Padill.i's  comp.'inion  Fr.  Francisco  (or  jirob. 
Fninoisean),  an»l  there  were  \'l  Michoaean  Ind.  IJoth  friars  were  killed, 
liraunitiiit,  Vrou.  t/e  Mich.,  iv.  ■■<78  S(»,  represents  Fr.  Marcos  do  Ni/a  ami  Fr. 
I'miel  aa  having  relumed  with  the  army,  leaving  in  the  N.  Fr.  .luan  de  Pa- 
dilla, Fr.  Luis  de  Kscalona,  ami  the  lay  brothers  Fr.  L\iis  tie  Ubeda  and  Fr. 
.luan  de  la  Cruz,  with  tiie  two  Michoaean  (/o/kkAw,  J^iieas  and  Sebiustian,  be- 
.si.lcs  some  other  Ind.  and  the  Portuguest^  and  negro  (w  ho  later  became  a  friar 
in  Mich.),  It  is  st.ited  that  Padilla  ami  Cruz  were  killtMl,  and  im[dieil  that 
the  others  were  also;  but  the  Portuguese  and  2  Mich,  donados  crossetl  the 
Missouri  and  reached  Panueo,  and  later  Mich.  Herrer;i,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap. 
I'J,  seems  to  follow  Jaramillo.  Mota  Padilla,  ll'txt.  Cow/.  N.  d'ul.,  It>7-!*, 
gives  about  the  same  versitm  as  Beaiumuit,  but  does  not  name  Esealona;  and 
lit.'  adtLs  that  Fr.  Juan  de  la  Cruz  ami  Fr.  Luis  tie  UbtMla  remained  at  CtHpiite 
(I'lcu^ve  ?),  while  Padilla  went  to  Quivira  antl  was  killeil.  Cruz  was  shot  stion, 
hut  Lhetla  lived  iu  a  hut  and  diil  good  deeils,  antl  nothing  wiis  known  of  \\\h 
ileath.    'The  first  martyrs  of  the  church  iu  the  U.  S.'  Dc  Couicet/'a  CiUli.  Vh., 


68 


COUONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


The  return  march  of  Coronado's  army  was  begun  in 
April  1542.  All  natives  of  Tiguex  and  other  provinces 
of  tlie  north  who  had  been  enslaved  were  now  released, 
for  fear  that  if  they  were  carried  to  Mexico  their  fate 
would  he  avensxed  on  the  friars  who  remained;  but  a 
number  of  Mexican  Indians,  besides  those  who  went 
with  tlic  missionaries  to  Cicuye  and  Quivira,  remained 
at  Cfbola,  where  they  were  found,  Jis  we  shall  see, 
many  years  later.  Between  Tigucx  and  Cfbola  over 
thirty  horses  died,  though  apparently  in  good  condi- 
tion. It  should  be  noted  that  from  horses  left  in  the 
country  during  this  expedition  may  have  originated 
the  innnense  drov(.>s  that  in  later  times  ranged  the 
plains  northward,  though  I  have  found  no  positive 
evidence  of  so  early  an  origin;  also  that  sheep  were 
introduced  by  Coronado.  The  march  from  Cibola 
south-cat-tward  was  uneventful.  At  Chichilticale,  on 
the  Gila,  they  met  Captain  (iallegos  with  retinforcu- 
ments  and  supplies.  The  members  of  this  party  were 
greatly  disapi)ointed  at  meeting  a  retreating  army, 
instead  of  joining  the  conquei'ors  in  the  enjoyment  of 
Quiviran  spoils.  The  gentlemen  officers  thus  reen- 
forced  renewed  their  efforts  for  a  renewal  of  the  eon- 
quest,  or  at  least  for  a  halt  until  the  viceroy  could  be 
consulted;  but  the  soldiers  would  listen  to  nothing  of 
the  kind.  Gallegos'  men  and  others  were  insubordi- 
nate, but  Coronado  had  lost  all  control,  his  autliority 
both  as  general  and  governor  being  disregarded.  Most 
of  the  force  disbanded  at  Culiacau  in  June;  and  Coro- 
nado finally  reached  Mexico  with  barely  100  men. 
Though  at  first  coldly  received  by  Mendoza,  he  gave 
ex})lauations  which  were  satisfactory,  was  honorably 
relieved  of  his  command,  and  as  soon  as  his  health 
was  restored  resumed  his  duties  as  governor  of  Nueva 
Galicia. 


Thus  ended  the  grandest  exploring  expedition  of 
the  period,  in  which  th>.  Spani^nds  learned  in  a  sense 
all  that  was  to  be  known  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 


HESULTS  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


tli(>U|L,'li  tlicv  tlld  not  find  tlio  wonders  they  had  souu'lit, 
uiid  tliDUgli  thoy  neitlicT  renienibcred  nor  niado  any 
uso  of  their  discoveries.  Tlie  great  !Mixton  revolt 
jirevcntt  d  any  innnediato  resumption  of  nortlieru 
(•ntirj)risi;s,  wliieli,  however,  would  very  like  ly  not 
liuve  l»een  prosecuted  in  any  event.  Castaneda,  writ- 
ini^  twenty  years  later,  expresses  the  opinion  th.it  in 
order  to  find  any  of  the  greiit  things  belit^ved  to  bo 
connected  in  some  way  with  the  Indies,  they  should 
have  directed  their  course  to  the  north-west  instead 
of  the  north-cast;  and  he  suggests  that  Quivira  anil 
tlie  adjoining  regions  migJit  be  reached  by  a  better 
route  tlirough  the  interior,  or  from  the  gulf  coast, 
with  aid  of  the  guides  who  had  escaped  in  that 
direction  after  the  friar's  death. 

Tlie  narratives  of  Coronado's  expedition  we  have 
found  remarkably  accurate  in  a  general  sense,  and 
([uite  as  satisfactorj'  as  any  records  except  an  original 
detailed  diarj'  with  maps  could  be  ex})ected  to  be. 
The  general  route  has  been  easily  traced,  and  several 
principal  points  on  the  journey  have  been  identilied 
witli  reasonable,  accuracy.  There  is  a  notable  absence 
of  exaggeration  and  mystery;  indeed,  the  country,  its 
people  and  its  towns,  are  represented  as  they  actually 
t'xistcd.  Yet  it  is  no  less  remarkable,  after  making 
allowance  for  the  stories  scattered  broadcast  in  ^SEex- 
ico  and  Spain  by  the  returning  soldiers  of  Coronado's 
army,  how  little  effect  this  ex[)loration  had  on  geo- 
giaphical  knowledge.  For  two  centuries,  though 
the  narratives  were  extant  and  occasionally  repeated 
with  approximate  accuracy,  and  though  now  and  then 
an  official  report  showi-d  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  facts 
ill  certain  circles,  no  map  within  my  knowledge — ex- 
cept Padre  Kino's  and  a  few  others  on  the  regions  of 
]*inieria  Alta  up  to  the  (iila — throws  any  light  on 
the  geography  (»f  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  or  makes 
any  I'onsideral'le  approach  to  the  general  cartographic 
n  suits  that  might  have  been  reached  by  a  fairly  in- 
telligent use  of  the  Coronado  narratives  alone. 


70 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


i 


ii: 


n-i  I    ! 


'■    !i 


.   .! 


^1       i'i 


'    19 


The  historian  Gomara  before  1554  represented 
Coronado  as  having  reached  the  coast,  where  he 
saw  ships  from  Cathay  with  decorations  in  gold  and 
silver;  thus  layini^  the  foundation  for  endless  confu- 
sion.^ Espejo,  visiting  New  Mexico  in  1582,  as  will 
be  related  in  the  next  chapter,  while  he  found  traces 
of  Coronado's  visit,  had  no  definite  idea  of  that  otficer's 
explorations.  Benavides,  writing  in  1G30,  though  cus- 
todian of  the  Franciscans  in  New  Mexico  for  years,  giv- 
ing a  good  account  of  the  country,  and  even  describing 
Coronado's  journey,  seems  not  to  have  had  the  slight- 
est idea  that  Xew  Mexico  had  been  the  region  ex- 
plored.'-^  Mota  Padilla  about  1740  gravely  tells  us 
that  if  Coronado  had  gone  farther  north  and  sonie- 
wliat  westwardly  he  would  prol)ably  have  discovered 
what  is  now  New  Mexico.*'  Many  more  accounts 
might  bo  cited  of  similiar  nature,  with  others  much 
more  and  much  less  inaccurate ;  and  I  may  add  that 
most  modern  writers — that  is,  those  who  allude  in  a 
general  way  without  special  investigation  to  this  ex- 
l)edition — have  evidently  regarded  it  as  mysterious 
in  most  of  its  geographic  phases,  and  have  had  a  vague 
idea  tliat  almost  any  place  from  California  across  to 
Florida  may  have  been  visited  by  Coronado,  if  indeed 
the  exploration  w'as  not  altogether  mythical,  I  think 
it  time  that  the  mysterious  elements  of  the  subject 
should  be  eliminated. 

And  here  I  may  suggest  to  the  reader  a  perusal  of 
the  chapters  devoted  to  the  Northern  Mystery,  as 
already  referred  to.''*  There  will  be  found,  besides 
the  curious  complication  of  inaccuracies,  exaggera- 
tions, and  falsehoods,  current  for  two  centuries  or 
more  and  resting  on  the  expeditions  of  Niza  and 
Coronado  as  well  as  on  others  real  and  fictitious,  a 
reproduction  of  many  old  maps,  which,  while  includ- 

^"Oomarn,  Hkt.  I>id.,21i. 
'•  Bettuv'nlen,  lieqvente  Remonstrafjve,  108-17. 
3"  Mola  /'iidllUi,  Com/.  N.  GoIHa,  1(5'J. 

"'  Sco  JfUt.  Norfhiivsi  CoaM.  i.,  cliaii.  i.-iv.,  this  series,  especially  maps  on 
p.  49,  M,  65,  C8,  82-4,  104,  108,  110,  114,  128,  131. 


EARLY  MAPS. 


n 


incf  in  a  sense  tlie  territory  now  under  consideration, 
ciuinot  l>o  ropc^ated  conveniently  here,  except  one  of 
1J'.»7,  wirkh  t'xi)luins  itself.  On  the  others  will  be 
seen  on  the  South  Sea  coast,  or  on  tributaries  of  the 
ijult'  of  California,  between  latitudes  35°  and  45°  for 
the  most  }>art,  scattered  with  but  slight  ren^ard  to  any 
kind  of  order,  the  names,  variously  spelled,  of  Seven 
Cities,  Quivira,  Sierra  Nevada,  Cieuic,  Axa,  Tiguex, 
Cucho,  Cibola,  Tuchano,  Totonteac,  (iranada,  Marata, 
Chiehueo,  Kio  Tizon,  Laguna  de  Oro,  New  Mexico, 


Wytfliet-Ptolemv  Map  of  lol)?. 


Bio  del  Norte,  Rio  ]^ravo,  Rio  Biiena  Guia,  ^Foqni, 
Ameies,  Zuny,  and  finally  after  1700  Santa  Fe  on  a 
river  flowing  into  the  Mexican  gulf  Of  these,  Qui- 
vim,  ^[arata,  New  Mexico,  and  Granada  transformed 
into  New  Granada  are  made  prominent  often  as  prov- 
iiu'is,  while  the  province  or  kingdom  of  Tolm  is  added. 
At  last  in  1752-G8  the  maps  of  De  L'Isle  and  Jett'erys, 
witli  all  their  absurdities  in  other  parts,  give  a  tolera- 
hlv  accurate  idea  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  in  their 


73 


CORONADO  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


m 


Sill; 


rivers  and  otlicr  general  features,  details  being  largely 
and  wisely  omitted. 

While  Coronado's  was  the  last  of  the  grand  mili- 
tary expeditions  for  half  a  century,  and  while  for 
much  longer  the  far  north  was  left  almost  exclu- 
sively to  the  theorists,  yet  toward  the  north  there 
was  a  constant  progress  in  the  interior  through  the 
efforts  of  nuncrs  and  missionaries  in  Nueva  (ialicia 
and  Nueva  Vizcaya,  destined  in  time  to  cross  the  lino 
of  our  territory.  It  was  forty  years  before  the  line 
was  again  passed,  unless  there  may  have  been  one 
exception  in  the  expeditions  of  Francisco  de  Ibarra 
in  15r»;]-5.  From  a  point  not  very  definitely  fixed 
in  the  sierra  between  Sinaloa  and  Durango,  Ibarra 
marched  for  eight  days  to  a  point  from  which  he 
saw  a  large  town  of  several-storied  buildings;  and 
later,  having  gone  to  Sinaloa,  he  says  he  "  went  300 
leagues  from  Chametla,  in  which  entrada  he  found 
large  settlements  of  natives  clothed  and  well  provided 
witli  maize  and  other  things  for  their  support;  and 
they  also  had  many  houses  of  several  stories.  But 
because  it  was  so  far  from  New  Spain  and  the  Span- 
ish settlements,  and  because  the  governor  had  not 
people  cnt)ugh  for  settlement,  and  the  natives  were 
hostile,  using  poisoned  arrows,  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
turn." "  Beaumont,  deriving  his  information  from  un- 
known sources,"  as  I  have  written  elsewhere,^'^  "adds 
that  Ibarra  was  accompanied  by  fifty  soldiers,  by 
Pedro  de  Tobar" — of  Coronado's  expedition — "and 
by  Padre  Acebedo  and  other  friars.  His  course  was 
to  the  right  of  that  followed  by  Coronado  and  nearer 
New  ]Mexico.  He  reached  some  great  plains  adjoin- 
ing those  of  the  vacas — the  buffalo  plains — and  tlKic 
found  an  abandoned  pueblo  whose  houses  were  of  sev- 
eral stories,  which  was  called  Paguemi,  and  where 
there  were  traces  of  metals  having  been  smelted.     A 

''  Seo  JliiL  Xorih  Mex.  St.,  i.  105-10;  also  Itxirra,  Relaclon,  482-3;  Velium, 
Rclnrhii,  ^yi^'^-(i]•,  Beaumont,  Cron.  Mich.,  v.  5.'i8-41.  Vargas,  K.  Mcj:  Textim., 
12S)  (alxmt  ir>83),  tells  us  that  Ibarra  'revolvid  sobro  la  parte  del  uortc  hasU 
que  did  en  los  Valles  de  las  Vacas. ' 


IBARRAS  K.\?KI)ITI()NS. 


7S 


few  (lays  later,  as  tliis  wiiter  seems  to  say,  Iharra 
nachej  the  j^rcat  city  of  l^a^ine,  a  most  luaiitiful 
city  ailorncd  with  very  sumptuous  cdifioes,  exteudiii;^ 
over  three  lea«jjues,  with  houses  of  three  stories,  very 
Inland,  with  various  and  extensive  plazas,  and  the 
jioiiscs  surrounded  with  walls  that  appear  to  he  of 
masonry/'  This  town  was  also  abandoned,  and  the 
])e()ple  were  said  to  have  gone  eastward.  It  is  difli- 
cult  to  determine  what  reliance  should  be  plaeinl  on 
]?eaumont's  narrative;  and  there  appear  to  be  no 
(grounds  for  more  than  the  vaguest  conjecture  as  to 
what  region  was  thus  explored  by  Ibarra.  He  may 
have  visited  some  of  the  abandoned  pueblos  of  the 
(«ila  valley;  or  may,  as  Beaumont  seems  to  think, 
have  gone  farther  to  the  regioti  of  the  Moqui  towns; 
or  jK'rhaj)s  he  went  more  to  the  east  and  reached  the 
Casas  (jtrandes  of  Chihuahua. 

There  is  nothing  that  can  be  added  to  throw  new 
light  on  this  subject,  and  i  simply  leave  the  record  of 
what  was  possibly  a  new  crossing  of  the  Arizona  line. 
It  i.s  perhaps  worthy  of  notice,  however,  that  in  con- 
luction  with  Ibarra's  entrada  of  1503  the  province 
of  ('o|)ala  is  mentioned,  a  name  that — though  here 
applied  apparently  to  Topia  or  an  adjoining  region 
ill  the  .sierra — figured  later  in  the  mythic  nortliern 
giography;  and  especially  that  on  his  return  Gov- 
ernor Ibarra  boasted  that  he  had  discovered  a  '  new 
^Ftxico'  as  well  as  a  new  Vizeaya.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  from  this  circumstance  the  name  Xew  Mexico 
came  to  be  applied  in  later  years  to  a  countr}"^  that 
Don  Francisco  had  probably  never  seen.  Another 
noteworthy  circumstance  in  this  connection  was  the 
discovery  in  15G8  by  a  party  of  mining  prospectors 
from  Mazapil,  in  northern  Zacatecas,  of  a  lake  which 
was  formally  named  Laguna  del  Nuevo  Mexico.  This 
lake  was  apparently  one  of  those  in  the  modern  Coa- 
liuila,  hut  the  tendency  to  find  a  *  new  Mexico '  in  the 
north  is  noticeable.^ 

^■'  I'l  ■<fi,iioiiin  del  i/rtriili.  ;/  ■pmesion  de  Ui  Loijuna  del  Nueiuy  ^VwiVo,  hcrho  por 
Fni',.  ( :iiiii,  ti'ii.  de  idcaldc  mayor  de  liH  Mimis  de  Maxcipil  en  lu  iVwewt  GuUcia, 
ill  J'iic/i(co,  Doc.,  xix.  535, 


CHAPTER  IV. 

ENTRADAS  OF  KODIlKiUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 

1581-1583. 

Tub  Franciscans  in  Niteva  Vizcaya— Fray  Auustin  Rodkkiukz— Phovincb 
or  San  Fempe— Dktails  or  WANDERiNiis — I'iiamuhcado's  Reitun— 
Testimony  in  Mexk'o— RinLiooRAriiY  or  the  Entkaim— Thk  Fkiaiis 
Killed — Antonio  Espejo  and  Fhay  Ukrnardino  Belthan-— Ui-  thk 
Rio  uel  Norte — The  Jumanah — Traces  or  Cabeza  de  Vaca — Thk 
Pueblos — Nkws  or  Coronauo — Map— To  Acoma  and  Zuni— Moyi  i 
Towns — Silver  Mines— Retirn  or  Beltran  and  Part  or  the  Com- 
tany  —  Esi'EJo  Visits  the  Qitires,  Uhatk«s,  and  Tanos — Pe(!os  or 
Cici'iQUE— A  Hostile  Province — Down  the  Rio  db  Vacas  and  Home 
— The  Name  New  Mexico. 


B  '         ) ' 


Forty  years  had  passed  away,  and  in  tliat  time  the 
achievements  of  Fray  Marcos  and  Francisco  Vasquez 
had  been  welhiigh  forgotten,  or  at  least  had  taken 
the  form  of  vague  and  semi-mythic  traditions,  so  min- 
gled witii  baseless  geographic  conjectures  as  to  retain 
but  the  frailest  foundation  of  historic  fact.  But  in 
those  years  Spanish  occupation  had  gra.^ually  extended 
over  a  broad  field  n  rthward  from  Nueva  Galicia  to 
the  latitude  of  sou.  lern  Ciiihuahua.  Here,  in  the 
region  correspondinjj  3  the  later  Allende  and  Jimenez, 
known  then  by  the  v  "ious  names  of  San  Bartolome, 
Santa  Bdrbara,  Santa  Bdrbola,  and  San  Gregorio,  rich 
mines  had  been  disc  vered,  a  flourishing  settlement 
had  sprung  into  existence,  the  Franciscan  friars  were 
striving  with  their  accustomed  zeal,  and  a  small  mili- 
tary force  was  maintained  for  the  protection  of  miners, 
missionaries,  and  a  few  settlers  from  the  ever-impend- 
ing raids  of  savajje  tribes  of  the  north  and  east.^ 

*  For  the  annals  of  this  region  in  the  IGth  and  17th  centuries,  see  Ilinl- 
North  Mex.  States. 

(74) 


FRAY  AOUSTIN  RODRIGUEZ. 


75 


One  of  tlio  missionary  band  stationed  at  this  fron- 
tier out|)o.st  of  the  San  l^artolonid  valley  was  Fray 
Ai^^jMstiti  Hodrijnfuez,'^  In  the  wanderings  to  which 
ho  was  called  by  duty  and  by  his  ardent  tleaire  for 
miutyrdoni,  the  good  friar  came  in  contact  with  the 
Coiiclios,  who  lived  on  the  river  so  called,  and  from 
them  he  heard  rumors  of  a  superior  |)coi)le  dressi'd  in 
cotton,  whoso  home  was  in  the  nor*^h.  Padre  Agus- 
tiii  ciianced  to  have  read  Caheza  de  Vaca's  narrative, 
and  this  gave  the  new  reports  additional  interest  in 
his  eyes,  though  he  appears  to  have  known  nothing  of 
Coronado's  entrada.  If,  while  winning  his  c(>veted 
crown  of  martyrdom,  he  could  also  achieve  the  glory 
of  a  new  conquista  espiritual,  so  much  the  better  for 
himself  and  his  order.  Therefore,  in  November  1580, 
lie  a[»plied  to  Viceroy  Coruna  for  a  license  to  under- 
take the  enterprise,  apparently  visiting  M'fxico  for 
that  purpose.  The  king  had  forbidden  new  entradas 
except  with  royal  license;  yet  the  viceroy  took  the 
lilierty  of  authorizing  the  organization  of  a  volunteer 
escort  not  exceeding  twenty  men,  who  might  also 
caiiv  along  some  articles  for  barter;  the  padre  pro- 
vincial gave  the  required  permission;  and  the  friar  re- 
turned to  San  Bartolome  to  fit  out  his  i)arty. 

Two  other  Franciscans,  padres  Juan  de  Santa  Maria 
and  Francisco  Lopez,  were  assigned  by  the  jtrovincial 
to  the  new  field;  eight  or  nine  soldi(>rs  of  the  twenty 
allowed  were  induced,  in  the  hope  of  finding  mines,  to 
volunteer  their  services,  one  of  the  number,  Francisco 
Sanchez  Chamuscado,  being  made  their  leader;^  and 
from  eight  to  fifteen  Indian  servants,  besides  a  mes- 
tizo named  Juan  Bautista,  were  engaged  for  the  trip. 

•Ill  the  narrative  attached  to  Espejo'a  relation,  more  widely  circulated 
th;m  any  other,  ho  i.j  called  Ayuatiii  Kuiz,  and  liy  tliis  name  lie  is  known  to 
iiiii  lorn  writers;  hut  the  original  records  to  he  cited  presently  leave  no  tloulit 
oil  the  matter;  and  he  ii  also  called  Rodriguez  hy  Torquemada,  Arlegui,  Mota 
r.ilill.i,  Aparicio,  and  othcrti.  Vargas,  in  Pacheco,  J^oc,  xv.  131,  calls  him 
Ay;nionte. 

^  Their  names  were  Pedro  Buatamante,  Henian  Gallegos,  Felipe  Escalante, 
Horiiando  Barrundo,  and  (according  to  Villagrd)  Pedro  Sanchez  de  Chavez, 
■'uiiii  Sanchez,  Herrera,  and  Fuensalida.  There  were  perhaps  8  men  besides 
tlio  leader. 


I '  ]<■ 


K'ii 


76 


ENTRADAS  OF  RODRIGUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 


Tin's  party,  some  twenty  strong,  set  out  from  San 
Bartolomc  on  the  Gth  of  June,  1581,  and  followed  the 
Rio  C^)nclia,  or  Conclios,  down  to  its  junction  with  a 
very  large  river  which  they  named  the  Guadahjuivir, 
really  the  Rio  Grande,  or  Bravo  del  Morte.     Up  this 


Early  Routes  to  New  Mexico. 


I.  A 


river  they  marched  for  20  days,  or  80  leagues,  as  they 
overestimated  the  distance,  to  the  first  group  of  inir- 
blos,  to  wiiich  province,  or  rather  to  the  whole  region 
of  the  pueblos,  they  gave  the  name  of  San  Felipi.'. 


.i:iii:.'i'i 


EXPLORATIONS  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


77 


arriving  in  August/  This  first  group  was  in  the 
Socorro  region,  being  the  same  visited  by  Coronado's 
oHiccrs.  From  this  point  they  continued  their  jour- 
]iiv  up  the  valley,  and  visited  most  of  the  groups  on 
tlu!  main  river  and  its  branches.  I  append  an  outline 
of  their  movements,''  from  which  it  will  be  a[)pareMt 
tliat  the  towns  visited  cannot  be  accurately  identified 
from  the  meajjre  details  of  the  testimonv,  the  fjood 
faith  of  which,  however,  there  is  no  reason  to  ques- 
tion. A  pueblo  of  Puaray  was  made  the  centre  of 
operations,  and  from  later  records  it  is  reasonably 
clear  that  this  place  was  in  the  Tigua  province,  or 
Coronado's  Tisfuex.  Here  the  friars  remained  while 
the  soldiers  made  all  or  part  of  their  exploring  trips; 
and  here  they  were  finally  left  with  their  Indian 
attendants  and  the  mestizo,  bv  Chanmscado  and  his 
men,  who  set  ovtt  on  their  return  in  December  or 

*  IJarnuulo  aiul  Escalante  in  their  lielacion  state  tliat  from  S.  Bartolonie 
they  travulloil  31  days  among  tril)U3  of  wilil  Intl.,  then  1!)  days  through  a 
desert,  iininhabitei'.  country,  and  on  Aug.  ir)th  found  an  Ind.  mIio  tohl  of  a 
iiuiize-produeing  people  ahead,  the  puchlos  being  reached  on  Aug.  'ilst;  )>ut 
there  is  some  eoufusion,  as  :U  and  19  d.  from  June  Cth  would  not  he  Aug. 
IJth. 

'Tlic  statement  of  B.  and  E.  as  cited  in  note  4  is  that  tlie  1st  pueMo  h.id 
4.')  houses,  and  half  a  league  farther  were  found  5  more  towns;  and  in  all  the 
iiroviiiee  for  a  space  of  60  1.  there  were  01  towns  with  a  pop.  of  over  i;!(),(KK). 
riie  tulliiwing  is  the  narrative  of  Biiatamaiite  an<l  (iallegos;  Heard  of  many 
jmeliliis  on  both  sides  of  the  river;  vent  on  up  tliu  river,  visitiiig  many  and 
seeiuf^  iriore;  reae'ncd  a  pro\  iiee  oi  ditlercnt  language  and  dres.s;  and  still 
another  w  itli  l)etter  houses,  a  gooil  de.->erip.  of  the  towns  being  given.  ('I'liis 
iJKiy  lie  suppo.sed  to  have  Icen  tlie  Tigua  prov.,  or  Coronado's  Tiguex.)  Tlit';i 
tliey  left  the  river,  but  still  went  N.  one  day  to  a  largt'  pueblo  of  401)  or  fiOO 
h.ms.s  (if  4  or  ii  stories,  which  they  called  Tlascali  (possibly  Cia);  and  lieard 
of  a  liirge  settlement  10  d.  farther  N.;  but  turned  b.iek,  and  from  one  of  tlio 
puililiis  previously  visited  ind  named  Castihlavid  crossed  the  river  to  tiio 
s.  (?),  and  by  a  small  branch  river  went  to  3  tine  puelilos,  where  they 
lieurd  of  11  more  of  a  different  nation  fartlier  up  not  visited,  this  valley  (not 
eleiir  if  it  was  the  one  with  3  or  that  witli  II)  lieiiig  named  Valleviciosa. 
Tinn  they  went  301.  in  dif.  directions  in  i(iiest  of  l>niralo,  linding  many,  es- 
peeiidly  at  certain  springs  and  plains  which  they  called  Llanos  de  S.  Fran- 
eise.i  y  Agiias  Zareas;  saw  also  a,  rancheria  of  wild  Ind.  with  dogs  carrying 
hunlens.  Thence  they  returned  to  the  pueblo  (one  of  the  3),  and  from  that 
pouit  Went  down  the  river  to  a  pueblo  called  I'uaray,  or  Puara  (near  Tiguex). 
Here  they  heard  of  a  valley  of  Came  in  the  s.,  wliich  t!iey  visited,  linding  0 
piieMos  of  a  dif.  nation,  hearing  also  of  a  valley  of  Asay,  or  Osay,  with  ."> 
inielilds  anil  much  cotton,  but  the  snow  preveuteil  their  going  fartlier.  Back 
ai  I'uaray  they  went  14  1.  across  the  Sierra  Morena  to  visit  some  tine  salin.is, 
«liere  they  <ibtained  speeimeiu  of  salt  for  Mexico,  and  where  they  saw  and 
hiiid  oi  other  towns.  Ileturning  again  to  I'uaray,  where  the  friars  had 
reiuiiiied,  Chaaiuscado  auJ  his  soldiers  started  back  fur  S.  Bartoleine. 


I 


i 
I 


i 


78 


ENTRADAS  OP  RODRIGUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 


Januar}''.  The  natives  had  been  everywhere  friendly, 
and  no  trouble  was  anticipated;  or  at  least  tlicro  is 
no  evidence  that  the  missionaries  objected  to  the  de- 
parture of  the  escort. 

On  his  return  to  San  Bartolome,  Chaniuscado  ant] 
some  of  his  men  started  for  Mexico  to  report,  particu- 
larly on  some  mininj;^  prospects  they  had  found  in  the 
far  north;  but  the  leader  died  on  the  way.  In  ^lay 
1582  the  testimony  of  two  of  the  men  was  taken  before 
the  viceroy,  and  this,  as  supplemented  by  other  evi- 
dence a  little  later,  constitutes  our  best  authority  on 
the  expedition  of  Padre  Rodriguez.^  This  su[)[)le- 
mentary  investigation  was  occasioned  by  rumors  that 
the  friars  left  in  tlie  north  had  been  killed;  and  Bar- 
rundo,  one  of  Chaniuscado's  men,  testified  that  among 
the  southern  Indians  who  had  voluntarily  remained 
at  Puaray  were  three  named  Andres,  Francisco,  and 
Ger6nimo,  the  latter  a  servant  of  the  witness.  Fran- 
cisco had  made  his  appearance  at  San  Bartolouie,  and 
had  stated  that  Padre  Lopez,  the  guardian  or  chief  nf 
tlie  friars,  had  been  killed  by  the  natives  of  Puaray, 
whereupon  the  three  Indians  had  taken  flight,  belie\- 

"  {Nueim  Mexico),  Tcatimonio  dado  en  Mijico  nohre  el  Drscvlirimiento  de  rAw- 
eiciUiiii  li'ijiitiJi  advlnitte  de  las  tnituis  de  Santa  liiirliola,  <ioln'rnacion  de  Dicijo  •/<' 
I'rirra;  rKi/o  ilisciihninicnto  se  liizo  en  virtinl  de  ckrta  licem'ia  (/w  jtidio  Fr.  vl;/"-- 
till  l{o(lrl(jitiz  1/  olras  rcliij!(>i<oii  t'rnncMraiioH.  AcoiiijKtilan  reliicioiic.i  de  t^Vc  </'>- 
cnlimnhnto  y  otroK  documentor.  Alios  i.TiS,?-,'?.  In  Pachccn,  hoc.,  xv.  80-1.");). 
First  we  have  tliu  tustiinony  of  Bustaiiiaiiie  and  Grallegos,  given  May  l(itJi, 
the  (lay  after  their  arrival,  jip.  80-95;  2(1,  testimony  of  Ileni.  Barrundo,  taUiii 
Oct.  '20th,  \)\>.  95-7;  3d,  report  of  the  viceroy  to  king,  Nov.  1st,  with  otlur 
co^re8^1.  of  later  date,  pp.  97-101;  4th,  E--"pfjo,  J'clacioii,  as  noted  elsewlun', 
including  a  biicf  preliminary  account  of  Rodriguez' triji,  pp.  I0l-'2ij;  .")Ui,  .lu 
undated  resume  of  the  N.  Mex.  expeditions,  including  those  of  Rodriguez  a'l  I 
Espejo,  by  Francisco  Diaz  do  Vargas,  pp.  l'JtJ-37;  Gth,  views  of  Rodrigo  Ri'i 
de  Losa  on  the  preparations  necessary  for  a  new  entrada,  resulting  in  that  ni 
Espejo,  pp.  1157-4(J;  7th  (EKC(Uunt,e  and  Barrumlo),  liilic'mn  Breve  y  rvnlndi  ra 
del  ilcMcnlifrmietUo  dd  AWco  Mexico,  a  statement  hy  two  of  Chaniuscado's  men, 
made  after  the  return  of  part  of  Espejo's  force,  pp.  14()-i)0.  (Also  given  in 
Cartas  de  huiids,  '230-3.)  A  repetition  of  Es[)ejo"s  relation  follows  in  another 
expediento.     For  other  authorities,  see  the  following  note. 

All  the  witnflBSes  si>cak  of  the  discovery  of  mines,  and  E.  and  B.,  Rd.,  1  *'••, 

Sivo  the  following  details:  'Asimismo  descuhrimoa  en  la  dicha  tierni  ome 
escubrimiontoa  Jo  minas  con  vetas  uiuy  poderosas,  todas  elliis  de  nietides  <lu 
plata,  que  de  los  tres  dellos  se  truxo  el  niofcil  a  esta  ciudad,  y  se  did  a  Su 
Exoeleucia;  el  lo  niaudd  ensayar  al  ensayador  do  la  casade  la  inoneda,  el  >'ii:d 
los  ensayd  y  les  hallo,  nl  un  metal  dellos  &  la  nutad  do  plataj  ol  otro  hallo  a 
veinte  marcos  por  <j[uiiital,  y  al  otro  ciuoo  marcos. ' 


■M 


\i 


THE  FIRST  MARTYRS. 


79 


lug  from  the  tumult  they  heard  that  Rodriguez  and 
Santa  Marfa  were  also  killed.  Andres  was  killed  lui 
the  return,  but  Gcr6nimo  was  found  in  the  Zacatecas 
mines,  and  confirmed  what  Francisco  had  said,  coming 
to  Mexico  with  the  witness,  but  subsequently  disap- 
pearing. This  may  be  regarded  as  practically  all  that 
was  ever  known  respecting  the  circumstances  of  the 
friars'  death.  It  would  appear,  however,  that  Santa 
Maria  was  the  first  to  die  instead  of  Lopez,  and  that 
he  was  killed  at  some  distance  from  Puaray,  where 
the  others  met  their  fate.  Some  variaticms  of  the 
storv,  i)ossiblv  resting  to  a  slifjht  extent  on  additional 
int'ormation,  are  appended. 

'Espejo,  Rel.,  184,  175-7  (112-15),  represents  Sta  ^faria  as  the  first  victim 
at  a  ilistance  from  I'liaray,  and  even  stiitos  that  lie  was  killetl  hefore  Chaiiiiia- 
aulo'a  departure;  hut  this  last  would  seem  unlikely,  sincu  it  would  iuvolvo 
lliu  witnesses  in  direct  falsehood.  E.  may  have  confounded  C. 's  return  with 
that  of  the  3  Indians  a  little  later.  In  Ilitkluijt'.i  Voii.,  iii.  383,  38"J-1)0,  is 
given  a  version  of  Rodriguez'  (called  Ruiz,  as  already  ii(»teil)  cx[ieditiou  with 
that  of  Kspejo,  in  Si)au.  and  Engl.,  taken  from  Uonzalez  de  Memloza's  Uist. 
Chiim,  ed.  of  Miulrid,  158(i,  whicli  I  have  not  seen.  Laet,  A'orit,i  Vrhis,  30!>, 
took  the  account  from  the  ed.  of  1589.  I  have  the  ItaL  ed.  of  '80  and  tlio 
Sjiun.  <if  '9(1,  neither  of  which  contains  this  matter.  Neither  does  Brunet  or 
any  other  hihliographor  that  I  have  consulted  note  any  sucli  ditl'erence  in  edi- 
tions; though  of  course  I  do  not  douht  that  such  a  curious  ditl'erence  exists. 
Tills  version  is  the  one  followed  hy  most  modern  writers,  as  Wh'qrfiU,  in  I'nr. 
11.  /.'.  /iVj*<,  iii.  li;^15.  It  is  given  suhstantially  in  Moittnnuti,  -V.  Wienlil, 
'-'1.")  K;;  and  Dufipi'i;  iV.  Welt,  'i-l'i-S;  thjWnjs  Aiiivr.,  292-;");  IJolmci'  AiiiinLi 
('/  Aiiii'r.,  i.  95. 

i',  Ziirute  de  Salmeron,  Rchdone-i,  9-10,  and  P.  Niel,  Apiint.,  87-8,  fol- 
lowed hy  Davis,  Sfxiii.  Vonq.,  2."i4-9,  rrinee,  IJiM.  SL:,  149-52,  and  others, 
tell  us  tiiat  at  I'uara  (located  hy  Davis  8  miles  ahove  Alhunjuerque)  the 
soldiers  refu.'ied  to  go  oti,  and  in  spite  of  the  friars' persuasions  ahaniloned 
tlnin  and  returned  to  the  south.  Tins  padres  went  on  to  (ialisteo,  of  tlie 
Tanos  nation,  where  P.  Sta  Maria  volunteered  to  go  on  to  Mexico  for  a  mis- 
sionary reenforcement,  while  the  others  returned  to  I'uara.  Sta  Maria 
crossed  tlie  Sandia  Mts,  an<l  on  the  3d  tlay  at  H.  I'ahlo  (S.  Pedro  aee.  to  Xirl, 
lierliaps  S.  Pedro  y  S.  Pahlo),  of  the  Teguas  (Tiguas)  nation,  when  ho  stopped 
to  nst  under  a  tree,  the  natives  killed  iiiin  and  burned  his  remains.  After  a 
season  of  spiritual  prosperity  at  Puara,  P.  Lopez,  while  engaged  in  his  devo- 
tions ahout  a  league  from  the  pueblo,  was  killed  hy  an  Intl.,  and  liis  body 
was  brougiit  for  burial  to  the  town.  P.  Ruiz  (Rodriguez)  was  now  alone,  l)ut 
eviii  the  protection  of  the  Tigua  chief,  who  removed  him  to  Santiago  r,  league 
and  a  halt  up  the  river,  could  not  save  his  life;  and  his  dead  body  was  soon 
tlu'own  into  the  river.  Tiio  remains  of  Lopez  were  disinterred  '.i  1014,  and 
relmried  in  the  church  at  Sandia.  Of  ccuirse  the  statements  of  Salmeron  and 
Niel  conntiand  respect,  even  though  the  source  of  their  ioiormation  is  not 
delinitely  known.  Davis  seems  to  have  translated  Salnieron's  text — which  on 
p.  278  he  says  he  was  unable  to  find — without  knowing  it,  having  probably 
seeu  a  MS.  copy  which  ho  may  have  mistaken  for  an  original  doc.  in  the 
arelnves. 

Tor(juuukada's  version,  Monarq.  Ind,,  iii  459,  626-8,  is  similar  to  that  just 


I       I 


80 


ENTRADAS  OF  RODRIGUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 


It  seemed  to  the  viceroy  and  his  advisers  in  Mex- 
ico altogether  proper  and  even  necessary  that  sonie- 
tJiing  should  be  done,  not  only  to  ascertain  the  fate  of 
the  two  friars,  and  succor  them  if  still  alive,  but  to 
investigate  the  truth  of  Chamuscado's  reports  respect- 
ing silver  mines,  and  the  general  desirability  of  the 
northern  province  for  Spanish  occupation.  But  long 
before  the  red-tape  processes  in  vogue  at  the  capital 
could  be  concluded,  the  expediente  completed,  the 
king  consulted,  and  any  practical  result  reached,  a 
new  expedition  was  planned  and  carried  out  indepen- 
dently of  the  national  authorities. 

The  Franciscans  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  were  naturally 
much  troubled  about  the  fate  of  Padre  Rodriguez  and 
his  companion,  after  the  return  of  their  native  attend- 
ants with  reports  that  one  of  the  three  friars  had  been 
killed:  and  Padre  Bernardino  Beltran  was  ea<xer  to 
represent  his  order  m  a  new  entrada.  Don  Antonio 
Espejo,  a  rich  citizen  of  Mexico  who  chanced  to  bo 
sojournhig  temporarily  at  the  Santa  Bdrbara  mines, 
and  who  had  a  taste  for  adventure,  was  willing  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  the  expedition,  and  serve  as  com- 
mander. There  was  no  time  to  consult  the  viceroy, 
but  the  alcalde  mayor  of  Cuatro  Cienegas  took  it  upon 

noticed.  Ho  gives  some  biographic  matter  about  the  three  martyrs.  Rodi- 
guoz  was  a  lay  friar,  a  native  of  Niebla  vi  Spain,  wlio  had  penetrated  soiin^ 
distance  norllivvard  before  he  went  to  Mex.  to  get  a  licenao  for  the  expedition. 
Lopez  was  an  Andalusian,  and  superior  of  tlie  band.  Sta  Maria  was  a  Cata- 
lan, versed  in  astrology,  wliich  peculiarity  led  him  to  try  a  new  route  of  n- 
turn.  The  friars  went  on  150  1.  after  the  stddiers  left  them,  to  N.  Mex.—  so 
named  by  tliis  party.  His  meaning  ia  perliaps  that  the  escort  turned  back 
somewhere  iuthe  El  I'aso  region,  and  tlitl  not  reach  the  pueblos.  This  autiicr 
is  f(dlowcd  literally  or  in  substance  liy  Vetancur,  Cr«n.,  'Jo;  IiL,  Menoh'jio, 
57-8,  1,'W;  Mendieta,  liiit.  EdcH.,  Tti--");  an  1  Fernandez,  IJi.it.  Erlen.,  5'rfi. 
Arlcgui,  C/inni.  tic  Zac,  2'27-S2,  gives  a  similar  version,  but  tells  us  that  tl'c 
soldiers  turned  Iiack  at  S.  Bartolome,  and  the  friars  kept  on  to  a  spring  eallc  I 
Sta  Maria  de  las  C'anetas  (in  northern  Chihualma),  where  two  were  killed, 
after  the  other  had  starti^l  to  return,  l)y  a  tribe  hostile  to  the  one  with  wliom 
they  worked.  Aparieio,  Coiwciito-i,  '2H\,  makes  the  date  1551,  and  the  distaiuc 
to  tlie  Tij'uas  400  1.  Mota  Padilla,  Comj.  X.  OaL,  1G7-9,  tells  us  they  went 
beyond  tlie  Tiguas  ami  were  killed  in  the  prov.  of  Marata!  Alegre,  J/l-l- 
C'oiiip.  J('nH.i,  i.  3'J0-7,  seems  to  have  no  idea  that  they  went  so  far  north  as 
N.  Mex.  Alcedo,  J)kc.,  iii.  183-4,  implies  that  Ruiz  accompanied  Espejo. 
V  illagni,  I/ist.  N.  Mex.,  35,  gives  a  poetical  version,  and,  as  we  have  scni, 
names  the  nmndjcrs  of  Chamuscado's  party.  See  also  Calk,  Noficiati,  101  '.': 
Siil'iziir,  Mnnnrquiii  de  Esyafia,  ii.  ;I5S-9;  Firjcs,  Uiat,  Breve,  145;  P'mo,  X. 
Mex.,  5;  St  Francis'  H/'e,  575, 


ANTONIO  ESPEJO. 


81 


L  Mex- 

somc- 
iate  of 
but  U) 
•espect- 

of  the 
ut  long 

capital 
ied,  the 
chod,  a 
iidcpeu- 

laturally 
fuez  and 
)  attend - 
lad  been 
easxer  to 
Antonio 
ed  to  be 
■a  mines, 
i*T  to  pay 
as  com- 
viceroy, 
fc  it  upon 

Ityra.  RoiU- 
jtrated  soino 

cxpedititm. 

waa  a  Cuta- 

route  of  n- 
_  Mox.-  s(i 
Iturued  baik 

This  author 

f.,  MllMloiji", 

■Ics.,  5T  H. 
us  that  tl'c 
«priugcalUl 
Iwere  kilU'ii 
le  with  whom 
the  distunio 
^s  they  wi  i>t 
^legre,  lH^t. 
[far  north  as 
Inied  Esi'fj"- 
have  sfiii. 
I^iritw,  101   -; 
45  J  Pino,  ^^ 


liimsclf  to  issue  the  needed  license  and  commission; 
Iburteen  soldiers  volunteered  tor  the  service;**  a  num- 
ber of  native  servants  were  obtained ;  Espejo  fitted 
out  the  party  with  the  necessary  arms  and  supplies, 
including  115  horses  and  mules;  and  the  start  was 
nuule  from  San  Bartolomd  on  the  lOtli  of  November, 
1582.  The  route  as  before  was  down  the  Rio  Conchos 
to  the  junction  of  the  Bravo,  a  distance  of  59  leagues, 
accomplished  in  fifteen  days,  as  is  somewhat  vaguely 
indicated  in  the  narrative.'     On  the  way  Espejo  found 

•"The  soldiers  were  Juan  Lopez  de  Ibarra,  Diego  Perez  de  Lujan,  Oaapar 
lie  Lujan,  Cristobal  Sanchez,  (iregorio  Hernandez,  Juan  Hernandez,  Miguel 
S.iuchu/.  Valeneiano,  with  wife  and  two  sons,  Ldzaro  Sanchez  ami  Miguel  San- 
chez Nevado,  Pedro  Hernandez  de  Almaiisa,  Francisco  liarreto  (llarrero  or 
IJairoti)),  Bernardo  do  Luna  (or  Cuna),  Juan  de  Frias,  and  Alonso  Miranda. 
Tho  llnkluyt  version  does  not  give  the  force.  Aparieio  says  there  wen  100 
linrseiiien.  Vargas,  1.11-2,  says  there  were  17  nieu  and  a  woman;  and  he 
names  the  padre  Pedro  de  Heredia.  Espejo,  himself,  in  one  letter,  E.rjwdicnte, 
]')l,  says  lie  had  15  uu'.ii.  Arlegui  and  Mota  Paililla  tell  us  there  were  two 
friars,  tlie  latter  naming  the  2d  Juan  de  la  Cruz. 

^Enjxjo,  Ih'liicioii  del  Vituje  que  yo  A  nlonio  Espejo,  ciudmlano  de  la  Hiidiul  de 
Mtj-icn,  nnttiral  de  hi  ciuilatl  de  Cdrdolxi,  h'ae  con  catorce  mldadoa  y  tin  reliifiono 
tic  la  orilcn  de  San  Frnitciaco,  d  lua  provinciaa  y  poblaciones  de  la  J^'iifiti  Mexico, 
a  nuii'ii yiine  yor  iwnibre  lii  Nueva  Andalucia,  d  coiUemplacion  de  vii  patria,  en 
Jill  lid  alio  1582,  in  N.  Alex.  Testim.,  101-26;  repeated  with  a  few  verbal 
variations  on  pp.  103  et  secj.  of  tho  same  vol.  Paclieeo,  Doc.,  xv.  This  is  of 
course  the  best  authority  for  tho  expetlition,  being  written  at  S.  Bartolome  iii 
Oct.  I.')83,  just  after  the  author's  return.  Tliere  are  also  some  items  of  infor- 
iiuitiou  in  KMpcjo'a  letters  and  other  doc,  in  the  X.  Mex.  Testivi.,  and  Eitjiejo, 
Ej}>idU'nti',  in  tlie  same  vol. 

The  best  known  authority,  and  indeed  in  substance  the  only  one  consulted 
liy  Miodern  writers,  is  that  in  llakluyt's  Voy.,  iii.  .18,^96,  in  Spanish  and  Eng- 
lisli,  under  the  following  title:  El  Vuiie  que  hizo  Antonio  de  Espeio  en  el  anno  de 
cclivnta  y  tre.i;  el  qual  con  sus  companneros  denuhrieron  vna  tiei~ra  en  que  hallaroH 
i/uiiize.  Prouinciaji  toilaa  llenas  de  ptieblott,  y  de  ca-saa  de  qtuUro  y  cinco  niton,  d 
qiiii-n pu.iiiron  por  nomlire  El mteuo Mexico,  por  parecerm en  vmcluvt coxas  al  riejo, 
I'tc,  takeu  from  (ionzalez  Mendoza's  Hist.  Vliina,  as  mentioned  in  note  7  of 
this  chap.  This  narrative,  written  in  the  third  person,  is  in  parts  identical 
with  the  lielacion,  but  in  other  parts  diflFers  widely;  and  it  doi-'s  not  appear  on 
what  the  variations  rest.  Tho  original  lielacion  clears  up  some  of  the  ditficul- 
ties  found  in  connection  with  the  Viaje,  but  also  creates  some  new  ones.  I 
shall  follow  the  former,  but  indicate  the  principal  variations  in  my  notes. 

iSahneron,  lieUidones,  11,  Niel,  Apuutaciones,  88,  and  Villagra,  UK  N. 
Mc.r.,  35,  barely  mention  Eapejo's  entrada;  Davis,  Sjxin.  Conq.,  24()-()l,  fol- 
lows mainly  llakluyt's  translation,  introducing  a  few  verbal  and  other  changes 
from  a  source  not  mentioned,  some  of  them  being  evidently  errors;  and  noth- 
iii:,'  is  added  to  tho  Hakluyt  version  by  any  of  tlio  following:  Torquemada, 
Mowtrq.  liid.,  iii.  359;  Mendieta,  Hint.  Eclen.,  400-1;  Dexcrip.  de  America, 
li;Mtl;  .Mon-lli,  Fast.  Nov.  Orbis,  28;  PHir/iajt  his  Piljriniea,  iv.  15G1-2;  Ale- 
[in;  m.4.  Coiiip.  J.,  i.  327;  Calle,  Notirutu,  102;  Aparieio,  Comvntos,  281-2; 
Moia  /Willi,  Conq.  N.  Oal.,  167-9;  Lnet,  Nov.  Orlm,  309-14;  Mont(niu.%  N. 
n'emU,  243-0;  Gotf/i-iedt,  N.  Welt,  561-5;  Otermin,  in  N.  Mex.  Doc.,  ii.  1135- 
4;<;  Prince's  JILit.  SL,  15a-60;  Whipple,  in  Par.  R.  R.  Pept-t,  iii.  113-15; 
Hr,irlc,nridije'8  Early  Diaeov.,  17-21;  Arix.  Hist.  lEUiott),  43:  HitUotia  Hand- 
IaaiL;  387-8. 

Hist.  Ariz,  and  K.  Mex.   6 


1! 

ill        ;■    ■; 

f 

M  11  ■ 

1  i 
i         1   . 

<  1.  i  i  ' 

'\  i' 

{■ 
i: 

t   : 
1 

■1: 

'    '■      1     !     " 

;!j 

lii'Ml 


82  ENTRADAS  OF  RODRIGU'^Z  AND  ESPEJO. 

silver  prospects,  and  passed  through  the  country  of 
the  Conclios,  Pazaguatcs,  and  Tobosos  successively, 
all  being  friendly,  though  the  Tobosos — in  later  years 
rivalling  the  Apaches  in  their  savage  raids — at  first 
fled,  because,  as  they  said,  they  had  formerly  been  ill 
treated  by  a  party  of  Spaniards. 

About  the  junction  of  the  rivers,  and  extending 
twelve  days'  journey  up  the  Rio  Grande,  were  the 
Juraanas — the  name  being  written  also  Jumanos  and 
Humanos — or  Patarabueves,  who  like  the  Tobosos 
were  hostile  at  first,  attacking  the  camp  at  night,  kill- 
ing a  few  horses,  and  fleeing  to  the  mountains;  but 
like  the  rest  they  finally  listened  to  explanations,  '^ave 
and  took  gifts,  furnished  guides  and  escorts,  and  be- 
canu  altogether  friendly.  These  Jumanas  in  several 
respects  were  superior  to  the  southern  tribes,  and 
especially  in  their  buildings,  many  of  which  were  flat- 
roofed,  and  probably  built  of  stone  or  adobes,^**  being 
doubtless  Cabeza  de  Vaca's  "fixed  dwellings  of  civili- 
zation;" for  indeed,  these  natives  had  a  smattering  of 
Christianity,  obtained,  as  they  explained,  irom  "three 
christians  and  a  negro"  who  had  passed  that  way  in 
former  years," 

From  the  Jumana  province,  which  must  have  ter- 
minated I  think  some  distance  below  the  modern 
boundary  of  New  Mexico,  the  Spaniards  went  on  up 
the  river,  but  nothing  definite  is  recorded  of  time  or 
distance.  Two  populous  provinces  of  inferior  but 
friendly  natives  were  traversed,  eight  days'  journey 
apart,  about  which  little  could  be  learned  for  want  of 
an  interpreter,  not  even  the  names  of  these  nations.  In 
the  first  the  people  had  some  cotton  cloth  and  feather- 
work,  which  they  were  understood  to  have  obtained 
by  bartering  buffalo  and  deer  skins  with  a  western 

" '  Casas  (le  Azotea,  bajas  y  con  buena  traza  de  pueblos. '  The  Hakluy t  ver- 
sion has  it  tie  calu-diito,  that  is,  of  masonry,  but  this  ia  not  iu  the  original. 
Many  of  the  dwellings,  liowevor,  wore  mere  straw  huts.  There  were  5 
towns  and  10,()00  inhabitants. 

"  See  p.  18  of  tliis  vol.  This  is  almost  positive  proof  that  Cabeza  de  Vaca 
did  not  cuter  N.  Mex. 


UP  THE  lilO  GEANDE. 


83 


people ;  and  they  also  on  being  shown  samples  of  silver 
indicated  that  plenty  of  that  metal  could  be  found  five 
davs  westward.  In  the  second  province,  where  the 
raiieherias  were  near  lagoons  on  both  sides  of  the  Kio 
del  Xorte — so  called  here  probably  for  the  first  time — 
was  found  a  Concho  who  told  of  a  large  lake  fifteen 
da}s  westward,  on  the  borders  t)f  which  were  many 
towns  of  houses  several  stories  high.^"  He  ofteied 
to  guide  the  Spaniards  thither,  but  their  duty  called 
theiu  to  the  nortli. 

Still  up  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grandt;,  through  for- 
ests of  mezquite,  pine,  cottonwood,  and  other  trees, 
journeyed  Espejo's  company  for  fifteen  days,  or  80 
leagues,  without  meeting  any  inhabitants;  and  then, 
twelve  leagues  beyond  a  rancheria  of  straw  huts,  they 
reached  the  first  group,  or  province,  of  the  pueblos, 
wliere  the  houses  were  from  two  to  four  stories  high, 
and  where  ten  towns  were  visited  on  both  banks  of 
the  river  in  two  days' journey,  and  apparently  others 
were  seen  in  the  distance,  all  containing  a  population 
of  some  12,000  friendly  natives,  whose  manners  and 
customs  are  described  with  tolerable  accuracy.  This 
southernmost  group  umst  be  identified  with  those 
visited  by  Coronado  and  Rodriguez,  beginning  appar- 
ently in  the  region  of  latitude  34°,  and  certainly  l»e- 
tween  Fra  Crist6bal  and  the  mouth  of  the  Puereo.'^ 

Half  a  league  beyond  the  limits  of  this  first  district 
they  entered  another,  that  of  the  Tiguas,  or  Coro- 
iiado's  Tiguex,  and  soon  came  to  the  pueblo  t»f  Puara — 
also  written  Puala,  Pualas,  and  Poala — near  the  site  of 
the  modern  Bernalillo,  as  we  have  seen,  and  one  of  IG 
towns  constituting  the  province.     It  was  at  Puara,  as 


'-'  It  is  idle  to  speculate  on  the  possible  meaning  of  these  reports.  There 
v;i.-f  no  such  lake  with  its  towns,  unless  possibly  the  reference  was  to  Laguna 
:unl  its  adjoining  group  in  tlie  N.  w. — which  group  almost  certainly  was  not 
in  ex,  itence  at  that  time. 

'M)avis  and  Vrince  Xiink  it  wasin  the  region  of  Isleta;  and  indeed,  the  two 
ilays'  journey  from  Socorro  might  well  include  Isleta,  or  Coronado's  Tutahaco. 
In  till'  X.  Mi'jc.,  Tnuliulo  de  Pos,  116,  the  southernmost  pueblo  is  named  Tre- 
11  iijuil.  Tlie  4  days  spent  in  this  prov.  may  or  niay  not  have  included  the  two 
ilii)  s  lULutionod  as  the  extent  of  the  prov. 


84 


ENTRADAS  OF  RODRIGUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 


i' 


I  > 


ii        ,.i< 


was  now  definitely  ascertained,  that  padres  Rodriguez 
and  Lopez  with  their  attendants  had  been  killed;"  and 
the  natives,  fearing  that  vengeance  was  Espejo's  object, 
fled  to  the  mountains,  and  nothing  could  induce  them  to 
return;  but  fortunately  they  left  in  the  towns — or  pos- 
sibly the  town,  for  it  is  not  quite  clear  that  any  but 
Puara  was  abandoned — a  plentiful  store  of  food/^  Not 
onlv  was  information  here  obtained  about  the  friars, 
but,  writes  Espejo,  "we  found  very  truthful  statements 
that  Francisco  Vasquez  Coronado  was  in  this  province, 
and  that  they  killed  here  nine  of  his  soldiers  and  forty 
horses,  and  that  for  tliat  reason  he  had  destroyed  a 
pueblo  of  the  province ;  and  of  this  the  natives  of  these 
pueblos  gave  us  an  account."  This  clear  statement, 
omitted  in  tlie  Hakluyt  version  of  the  narrative  hith- 
erto followed,  would  have  saved  Gallatin,  Davis,  and 
others  from  the  error  of  locating  Coronado's  Tiguex 
on  tlie  Rio  Puerco. 

The  main  object  of  the  entrada  had  now  been  ac- 
complished, and  the  return  was  talked  of;  but  it 
seemed  to  the  leader  that  as  there  were  reports  of 
other  friendly  provinces  farther  on,  especially  in  the 
east  and  not  far  off,  the  opportunity  was  good  to  do 
his  Majesty  good  service  at  comparatively  slight  cost 
by  additional  ex])loration ;  and  this  view,  being  dis- 
cussed in  council  at  Puara,  was  approved  by  Padrv 
Beltran  and  the  rest.  Accordingly,  with  two  com- 
panions, the  captain  went  in  two  days  eastward  to  a 
province  of  the  Maguas,  or  Magrias,  on  tlie  borders 
of  the  buffalo  plains,  where  he  found  eleven  pueblos 
of  some  40,000  inhabitants,  and  where,  as  he  learned, 
Padre  Santa  Maria  had  been  killed.  It  was  a  country 
of  pine  woods,  without  running  streams,  and  with 
goo^  indications  of  metals  in  the  mountains  on  the 

•*  There  is  nothing  to  show  that  the  remains  were  found  as  Davis  states. 

"Salmeron,  JieL,  11,  sfiys  the  town  was  sacked  by  Espejo  in  vengeance; 
Niel,  Apuni..  88,  that  the  guilty  ones  were  brought  to  justice;  and  Arlegui, 
Cron.  Zac,  2*21,  that  several  thousand  Ind.  were  killed;  but  nothing  of  this  is 
in  the  original,  and  it  is  improbable,  considering  E.  's  small  force  and  his  am- 
bitious views  for  the  future.  Yet  it  is  stated  by  Zaldfvar,  in  N,  Mex. 
Meitumal,  that  £.  on  his  return  burned  Puara  and  garroted  16  lud. 


PROVINCE  OF  THE  QUIRES. 


86 


way.'*     Thence  he  returned  to  Puara  on  the  Rio  del 
Norte. 

The  next  move,  and  of  the  whole  company,  was  one 
day's  journey  of  about  six  leagues  up  tlie  river  to  the 
province  of  the  Quires,  or  Coronado's  Quirix,  with 


EsrEJO  IN  New  Mexico. 


its  five  pueblos,  and  15,000  people,  where  the  stran- 
gers were  given  a  most  friendly  reception,  and  where 
(•bsorvations  showed  a  latitude  of  37°  30',  at  least  two 
degrees  too  far  north.     Then  they  went  two  days,  or 


'"'In  Eufx-jo,  Ejfed.,  156,  the  prov.  of  Magriaa  is  said  to  adjoin  that  of  the 
Tigiias  on  the  N.  E.  Thus  it  would  seem  to  have  been  in  the  (jahMteo  region 
thiiugli  I  know  of  no  ruins  to  indicate  so  large  a  prov.,  and  some  other  ditiicul- 
tits  will  ajmear  in  connection  with  later  wanderings.  Davis  and  Prince,  mis- 
li''l  iir()l)ably  by  the  word  clbola  ('esta  provincia  confina  con  las  vacas  quo 
llim.ui  de  Civola')  or  '  buffalo,'  represent  this  exped.  as  having  been  directed  to 
the  west. 


II !' 


I     ' 


I  ^11 


m 


ENTKAUAS  OF  KODRKJUEZ  AND  ESl'EIO. 


some  14  leagues,  to  a  province  of  the  l^unames — also 
written  Puniaiiies  and  Cunanies — with  five  towns, 
the  cai)ital  biinu;  Sia,  or  Siay,  of  eij^ht  })hizas,  anil 
houses  })lasteretl  and  painted.  This  puehlo  was  on  a 
small  tributary  of  the  Rio  (irando  Howiiii;  from  the 
north;  but  clearly  the  distance  is  nuich  exai^gerated 
if  it  is  to  be  in  any  way  identified  with  the  C'ia  of 
modern  times.^'  The  next  province,  six  lea«^ue8  to 
the  north-west,  and  doubtless  up  the  branch  river,  was 
tliat  of  the  Eniexes — Emeges  or  Amejes — clearly 
that  of  Jemes,  with  seven  pueblos  and  some  .']0,000 
souls,  one  of  the  towns,  a  laro;e  one  in  the  mountains, 
not  being  visited.  From  Jemes  Espejo  gives  his 
course  as  to  the  west  for  15  leagues — really  over  20 
leagues  south-west — to  Acoma,  on  a  penol  50  yards 
high,  accessible  only  by  steps  cut  in  the  solid  rock. 
Its  population  was  estimated  at  over  (1,000.'^  The 
next  stage  of  the  journey  was  four  days,  or  24  leagues, 
westward  to  Zuhi,  or  Cibola,"'  with  its  six  pueblos, 
and  over  20,000  people. 

At  Zuhi  the  Spaniards  found,  not  only  crossa^^ 
standing  near  the  towns,  but  three  christian  Indians 
still  livinjif,  who  had  come  with  Coronado  40  vears 
before.  These  were  Andres,  Gaspar,  and  Anton, 
natives  of  Culiacan,  ]\[exico,  and  Guadalajara,  respect- 

'"  There  were  over  20,00()  inhab.  in  the  province;  mines  were  reportod  in 
tlie  sierra,  and  oven  rich  ores  were  shown.  In  the  Hiikluyt  version  thi' 
puehlo  i.s  called  L'iii.  There  ean  he  no  doul)t  of  the  general  identity  of  tlii.-i 
region  with  the  valley  of  Cia  and  Jemes,  though  l)esides  Espejo's  careless 
distances,  hotli  puehlo  sites  have  probahly  been  changed  in  later  times. 

'""Aec.  to  iV.  Mi'j:,  Meiiioridl,  '206-1,  crosses  were  found  here  as  at  other 
points  in  the  west.  Espejo  tolls  us  that  the  Aconians  had  their  cultivated  and 
n'rigated  fields  2  1.  from  the  peflol,  where  the  stream  was  dammed.  The 
mountain  trihes  are  numerous  and  warlike;  they  are  called  l^hierechos  (the 
name,  it  will  he  noteil,  that  Coronado  applies  to  a  nation  on  the  eastern  plains), 
and  work  for  the  puelilo,  besides  bringing  salt,  game,  ami  skins  to  trade  for 
cotton  and  other  articles.  It  is  noticeable  that  Espejo  elsewhere,  E.r}ie<lii'ii/i; 
157,  puts  Acoma  N.  w.  of  Quires.  Here,  as  in  otlier  earlier  narratives,  it 
would  lie  more  convenient  to  locate  Acoma  farther  north  than  the  pefinl 
pueblo  of  later  years. 

'"The  Hakluyt  version  has  it,  'que  so  nombra  en  lengua  de  los  naturahs 
Zuny,  y  la  llanian  los  Espannoles  Cibola;'  but  the  original  reads,  Spie  la  pin- 
vincia  Uamaii  Zuni,  y  por  otro  nombre  Cibola,'  or  in  the  other  copy,  'y  K' 
llaman  Ame  (or  Ami)  y  per  otro  nombre  Cibola. '  One  of  the  6  pueblos  ia  called 
Aquico,  p.  lis. 


,iii; 


AT  ZUXI  AND  MOQUI. 


87 


ivily;  and  they  told  «)f  the  oxiilorations  in  the  west 
made  l)y  CDronado's  captains,  Don  IVdro  do  Tohar 
beinj^  nuniod.  What  was  still  more  interestinjj;,  they 
assorted  that  GO  days'  journey  in  the  west,  far  heyond 
wlitre  Coronado's  men  had  been  forced  to  turn  back 
for  want  of  water,  there  was  a  j^reat  lake  with  many 
sottk'inents  on  its  banks,  where  the  people  had  «;()ld 
ill  abundance,  wearing  that  metal  in  the  form  of 
bracelots  and  ear-rings.  This  fabulous  lake,  as  wo 
have  seen,  was  destined  to  play  an  im])ortant  rcMo  in 
annals  of  the  Northern  Mystery.  Hi'ro  at  Zuni, 
Padre  Beltran  and  four  or  five  of  the  soldiers  an- 
nounced their  desire  to  return  to  Xueva  Vizcaya, 
believing  it  useless  to  search  for  gold  and  silver  where 
( 'oronatlo  had  failed  to  find  them,  and  also  that  their 
fi»rco  was  too  small  for  a  further  advance.  These 
men  were  accordingly  left  at  Zuni  with  permission  to 
return  ;  but  the  leader  resolved  to  visit  another  prov- 
ince reported  to  be  not  far  distant. 

With  nine  soldiers,  the  three  Mexican  Indians,  and 
loO  friendly  Cibolans,  Espejo  marched  westward  from 
Zuni,  and  in  a  journey  of  four  days,  or  28  leagues, 
readied  the  province  of  Mohoce,  or  Mohace,  with  five 
large  pueblos  and  over  50,000  inhabitants.  One  of 
the  towns  was  Aguato,  or  Zaguato.""  There  can  bo 
litth;  doubt  that  the  Mohoce  province  was  identical 
with  the  Moqui  towns.  The  people,  though  they 
sent  messengers  to  warn  the  strangers  not  to  approach 
on  pain  of  death,  were  easily  convinced  of  the  visitor's 
friendly  intentions,  and  gave  them  a  most  enthusias- 
tic welcome,  loading  them  with  cotton  manias  and 
food,  besides  delighting  their  ears  with  confirmation 
of  the  tales  respecting  wealth  in  the  far  west.  The 
horses  inspired  more  fear  than  the  men,  and  Espejo 
liumored  the  terror  of  the  natives  by  adniitting  the 
animals'  ferocity,  thus  inducinj;  the  chief  to  build  a 

■^"Tho  name  Mohoce,  suggestive  of  Mo(|u(,  is  not  given  in  the  Hakluyt 
voraiiin,  only  the  pueblo  Zuguato  being  nanietl.  In  the  later  A'.  Alex.,  Memo- 
riitl,  "JOti-T,  the  following  pueblos,  in  connection  with  E.'s  trip,  are  named 
as  liiiiig  apparently  in  the  western  region:  Deziaquabos,  Gaspe,  <Jomupavf> 
Majauaui,  uml  Olalla. 


ENTRADAS  OF  RODRKIUI-IZ  AND   KSl'KIO. 


kind  of  stono  fort  to  hold  the  monsters — a  fort  wliich, 
in  case  of  trouble,  might  be  useful  to  the  small  Span- 
ish force.  Hakluyt  notes  this  as  "a  witty  policie  to 
bo  used  by  the  English  in  like  cases."  Here  they 
remained  six  days,  visiting  all  the  pueblos,  and  be- 
coming so  firmly  convinced  of  the  natives'  friendship 
that  the  leader  left  in  the  province  five  of  his  men  to 
return  to  Zuili  with  the  luggage. 

With  four  of  his  soldiers  and  some  Moqui  guides, 
Espejo  set  out  to  find  rich  mines  reported  in  the  west; 
and  after  a  journey  of  45  leagues  over  a  mountainous 
country  he  found  the  mines,  and  with  his  own  hands 
obtained  rich  samples  of  silver  ore.  On  the  streams 
he  found  large  quantities  of  wild  grapes,  walnut-trees, 
flax,  magueyes,  and  Indian  figs.  Several  settlements 
of  mountain  tribes  were  visited,  where  the  people 
raised  maize  and  were  uniformly  friendly.  These 
natives  also  told  of  a  great  river  beyond  tlic  moun- 
tains— clearly  the  Colorado;  and  drew  liberally  on 
their  imagination  for  the  additional  information  that 
the  river  was  eight  leagues  wide,  with  great  towns  ou 
its  banks,  in  comparison  with  which  towns  all  the  other 
provinces  were  nothing.  The  river  flowed  into  the 
north  sea,  and  the  natives  used  canoes  to  cross  it. 
From  the  mines  the  explorers  returned  by  a  more 
direct  route  of  GO  leagues  to  Zunl  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  Coronado  had  reached  ihe  Colorado  by  a 
westerly  or  north-westwardly  <'(ai'se  from  Moqui;  and 
it  is  probable  that  Espejo's  route  was  rather  to  the 
south-west,  as  he  only  heard  of  the  great  river  beyond 
the  mountains.  Takinjj  his  distances  of  45  leaijues 
from  Moqui  and  60  leagues  from  Zuni,  we  might 
locate  his  mine  in  the  region  of  Bill  Williams  Moun- 
tain 40  or  50  miles  north  of  Prescott.  The  record 
hardly  justifies  any  more  definite  location, ^^ 

"The  Hakluyt  version  speaks  more  definitely  of  'ilos  rios  razonables, '  on 
the  banks  of  wliich  was  found  tlax,  etc.  Ono  of  these  streams  was  douhtkss 
the  Colorado  Chiquito,  sometimes  called  Rio  do  Lino  from  the  tiax.  Davis 
on  his  map  locates  the  mines  in  about  lat.  30°,  long.  112°,  or  considerably  f.ir- 
ther  nortli  than  the  site  I  have  indicated;  but  between  the  two  I  venture  no 
positive  opinion,  the  data  being  too  meagre.  The  origin  of  Davis'  nauio 
Tubirans,  applied  to  the  wi     :!ru  tribes,  I  do  nut  know. 


in 
ro 

IK 

tw 


AMONG  THK  QUIRES  AND  TANOS. 


80 


hich, 
ipau- 
ic  to 
they 
d  be- 
dsliip 
leu  to 

uidcs, 
west ; 
ainous 
hands 
trcams 
t-trecs, 
cments 
people 
These 
moun- 
ally  oil 
ion  that 
)wns  on 
10  other 
Into  the 
ross  it. 
a  more 
renieiu- 
lo  by  a 
ui;  and 
to  the 
beyond 
leagues 
might 
Moun- 
record 


Enables,'  on 
doubtless 
lax.  Davis 
llerably  far- 
1 venture  m> 
lavia'  naiiw 


B.iek  at  Zufii  Espojo  found  not  only  the  five  men 
he  had  left  at  Moqui,  but  Padre  Beltran  and  his  cora- 
panions,  who  had  not  yet  stiirted  on  their  return,  but 
Koon  did  so,  by  the  same  route,  perhaps,  that  they  iiad 
come,  or  more  likely  crossing  directly  from  Acoma 
south-eastward  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  thence  down 
the  river.""^  The  commander  with  his  eight  remaining 
companions,  with  a  view  of  making  further  explora- 
tions up  the  Rio  del  Norte,  marched  in  ten  days,  or 
about  (')0  leagues,  to  the  Quires  province,"^  and  thence 
eastward  in  two  days,  or  12  leagues,  to  the  province 
of  the  Ubates,  or  Hubates,  with  some  20,000  i)eoplo 
in  five  pueblos.  From  this  province,  having  spent 
two  days  in  visiting  some  mines,  they  went  in  one 
day  to  the  province  of  Tamos  with  its  three  large 
pueblos  ap'l  40,000  inhabitants.  One  of  these  pueblos 
was  Cicuique,  that  is,  Pecos,  situated  half  a  league 
from  the  Rio  de  las  Vacas.  I  think  it  most  likely 
that  Espejo  on  quitting  the  Quires  went  up  the  river 
as  he  had  intended — north-east  instead  of  east,  as  his 
relation  has  it — and  that  the  Ubates  were  the  Tehua 
pueblos  north  of  Santa  ¥6.  The  name  Tamos,  or 
Tanos,  as  applied  to  pueblos  in  the  Galisteo  region, 
was  well  known  in  later  years;  and  Pecos  is  clearly 
indicated  by  Espejo  as  one  of  the  three  towns,  though 
we  are  left  in  doubt  as  to  the  other  two,  as  we  were 
before  respecting  the  province  of  Maguas  between 
this  group  and  the  Tiguas.^* 


"'In  the  statement  of  Escalantc  and  Biirrundo  in  X.  Mex.  TeMltn.,  148-9, 
nimle  before  Espejo'a  return,  but  at  a  date  not  given,  allusion  ia  made  to  the 
return  of  Beltran,  leaving  E.  in  the  north.  B.'s  report,  if  he  made  any,  I  liave 
not  found.  The  returning  party  ivt  first  consistetf  of  Miguel  Sanchez  an<l  his 
two  sons,  Greg.  Hernandez,  Cris.  Sanchez,  and  Frias,  or  G  in  all,  leaving  Ea- 
pejo  <)  for  the  Mofjui  trip;  lat«ir,  on  E.'a  return,  tlie  alferez  Gregorio  Hernan- 
ili'z,  or  Fernandez,  is  said  to  have  joined  Beltran 's  party,  leaving  E.  8  men. 
Tliiit!  is  some  confusion  in  these  names  and  numbers. 

"  Not  '  towarda  '  the  Quirea,  as  in  the  Hakluyt  version. 

'"  JJandelier,  UiAt.  Iiitrod.,  110,  titinks  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  Pecos 
was  one  of  the  Ubates  towns;  but  ho  seems  not  to  have  noticed  Espejo's 
(liivct  statement,  or  the  name  Cicuique,  not  occurring  in  the  Hakluyt  ver- 
sion. Ill  the  A.  Mex.  Ytinerario,  258,  it  is  positively  stilted  that  I'ecos  was 
itlentical  with  Espejo's  Tamos.  'I  hero  can  be  no  foundation  for  Davia'  ideu- 
titicatiou  of  Tamos  and  Taos  on  hia  map. 


90 


ENTRADAS  OF  RODRIGUEZ  AND  ESPEJO. 


IM 


The  Tanos,  unlike  the  other  nations  visited,  were 
not  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  refusing  admission  to 
their  towns  and  furnishing  no  food.  It  was  therefore 
deemed  unwise  to  remain  longer  in  the  country  with 
so  small  a  company,  some  of  the  soldiers  being  also 
ill.  It  was  now  July  1583.  A  Pecos  Indian  was 
employed  to  show  a  shorter  route  for  departure  than 
that  by  which  they  had  entered  the  country.  In  half 
a  league  tliey  reached  the  Rio  de  las  Vacas,  or  Cow 
River,  later  known  as  the  Pecos;  and  down  this 
river,  seeing  many  buffaloes  in  the  first  part  of  the 
journey,  they  travelled  120  leagues,  eastward  as  the 
narrative  has  it — but  Espejo's  directions  are  often 
inaccurate — until  they  found  three  natives  of  the 
Jumana  nation,  who  directed  them  across  to  the  Rio 
Concho  in  12  days,  or  some  40  leagues.  Thence 
Espejo  went  to  San  Bartolomd,  where  he  arrived  on 
the  20th  of  September,  and  where  he  dated  his  report 
at  tlie  end  of  October.  Padre  Beltran  and  his  party 
had  arrived  long  before,  and  had  gone  to  Durango. 
A  map  accompanied  Espejo's  report,  but  is  not  known 
to  be  extant. 

Thus  Espejo,  a  private  citizen,  accompanied  by  only 
a  friar  and  fourteen  soldiers,  peacefully  wandering 
from  province  to  province,  had  accomplished  substan- 
tially as  great  results  as  had  Coronado  with  his  grand 
army,  his  winter's  warfare  on  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
his  barbarous  oppression  of  the  unoffending  natives. 
Espejo  visi'-ed  74  pueblos,  the  population  of  whicli, 
exclusive  of  the  Tiguas,  he  estimated  at  253,000  souls, 
doubtless  a  gross  exaggeration.  It  is  evident  also 
that  he  overrated,  from  motives  that  will  presently 
appear,  the  general  resources  and  advantages  of  tlio 
country  as  a  field  for  Spanish  enterprise.  Yet  there 
is  no  reason  to  question  the  truthfulness  of  his  nar- 
rative, nor  is  there  much  difficulty  in  satisfactorily 
tracing  his  route  or  identifying  most  of  the  pueblo 
groups  visited.  The  expeditions  of  Rodriguez  and 
Espejo  nuist   be  regarded  as  most  remarkable  ones, 


THE  NAME  NEW  MEXICO, 


m 


modestly  and  accurately  recorded,  and  in  tlieir  prac- 
tical results  vastly  more  important  than  the  earlier 
cttbrts  which  gave  such  fanu^  to  Niza  and  Coronado. 
At  the  end  of  the  last  chapter  I  have  shown  how  the 
name  Xuevo  Mexico — in  the  early  times  as  often  Xueva 
^Mexico,  in  the  feminine — had  been  in  a  sense  invented 
and  held  in  readiness  for  future  grand  discoveries. 
Tlie  application  of  the  name  to  the  country  that  was 
to  hear  it  permanently  has  been  attributed  by  good 
authorities,  early  and  modern,  both  to  Rodriguez  and 
to  Espejo,  though  the  former  really  called  it  San 
Felipe  and  the  latter  Nueva  Andalucia.  The  trutli 
AVKuld  seem  to  be,  that  the  name  was  applied  in 
^Mexico,  under  circumstances  not  fully  recorded,  after 
C'hamuscado's  return,  and  during  Espejo's  absence. 
Its  first  occurrence,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  in  Rio  de 
Losa's  essay  written  about  this  time.  San  Felipe  de 
Xuevo  Mexico  appears  occasionally  in  early  docu- 
ments. It  was  obviously  natural  that  such  a  name 
sliould  have  suggested  itself  as  appropriate  for  any 
iR'wly  discovered  province  whoso  people  and  buildings 
resembled  in  a  general  way — that  is,  in  comparison 
with  tlie  wild  tribes  and  their  huts — those  of  the  val- 
ley of  ^lexico.^^ 


''•' E.'ipejo,  Jiel.,  101,  164;  N.  Mey.  Testh.tonio,  83,  90,  137,  142;  3f.  Mex., 
Miiiioriiil,  204.  Name  aj-plied  liy  tin.  early  Span.  tr.  all  their  possessions 
aUmg  the  N.  w.  coast  (!),  Dut  later  reierreil  to  the  iiitonileiicy  on  the  Rio 
Ciruiule.  Cittti'  Com/.  CaL,  28;  name  proh.  derived  froiu  the  reseiiililancc  of 
its  inhab.  to  those  of  the  city  of  Mex.  and  its  environs.  C/m/;/'.')  Cdi/i.  of  the 
Pniiiic-i,  i.  ll(i.  Beci'.use  of  the  great  nundter  of  inhaU.  Arliyiil,  2'2'.).  At 
lirst  called  Nueva  Grauada  (!).  Bnrniro,  Ojcada,  7;  DuvW  Kl  (I'riiiiio,  74. 
Buitlctt,  /V/'.-f.  Xon:,  i.  184,  incorrectly  says  there  was  a  iidssion  at  Kl  I'aso 
lirfiire  HUK).  Davis,  El  Oriio/n,  79-1,  speaks  of  a  P.  Marcos  de  Niza,  not  the 
orJL'inal,  hut  perliaps  his  son  (1),  who  penetrated  to  Zufli  before  l.")t»8.  Hosta, 
iiutivo  governor  "  •  enies,  related  to  Simpson,  Jnitnutl,  22,  the  tradition  of  a 
jirii.st  wlio  myci.  .lUsly  appeared  before  the  conquest.  His  custom  of  tak- 
ing anything  he  wanted  Jit  last  enraged  the  Ind.,  who  planned  to  kill  liim; 
hut  he  disappeared  as  mysteriously  as  he  had  come. 


:  \  ■ 


CHAPTER  V. 


y'l:   ii 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS— f'ASTANO  AND   HUMANA. 

1583-159G. 

Views  of  Rio  de  Losa — Royal  C^uula — Reports  of  Belthax   and  Es- 

I'EJO— AlTRAtTIONS   IN    THE    NoKTH— FoKEKiN     EnCKOACHMENTS — PlU>- 

JECT  OF  Ckist(5ual  Martin— The  Empkesakio's  Demanus — ruoPoyEi) 
Conquest  an  d  Settlement  by  Anto'<  lo  Espejo — Francisco  Diaz  ue  V  ak- 
GAs  Willing  to  Serve  the  Kino  as  Conqueror — No  Results— The 
Vicekoy's  Contract  with  Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas — Francisco  de 
Ukdinola — CiAsi'AR  Castano  de  Soha  and  his  Illegal  Entrada— Ui' 
THE  Rio  Pecos— a  Winter  Tour  among  the  Pueblos — Thikty-thkee 
Towns  Visited— The  Leader's   Return  in  Chains— Cai-tain  Jt  an 

MOKLETE — BONILLA  AND  HUMANA — FaTE  OF  THE  GoLD-SEEKERS  IN 
QUIVIKA. 


It  was  in  November  1582,  before  anything  was 
known  in  Mexico  of  Espejo's  proposed  expedition  from 
Nueva  Vizeaya,  that  Viceroy  Coruna  reported  to  the 
kinjjf  the  result  of  his  investigation  respecting  tlie  en- 
trada and  probable  fate  of  Rodriguez  and  his  compan- 
ion friars/  In  this  report  he  enclosed  for  the  royal 
guidance  a  connnunication  from  Don  Rodrigo  del  Rio 
de  Losa,  lieutenant  captain-general  of  Nueva  Galicia, 
who  had  been  consulted  as  a  man  "de  nnicha  expe- 
riencia  en  entradas,"  having  served  with  Arellano  in 
Florida  and  with  Ibarra  in  Nueva  A'^izcaya.  Don 
Rodrigo  wrote  on  the  supposition  that  the  people  (»f 
New  IVEexico  were  now  hostile,  and  urged  that  a  suffi- 
cient force  should  be  sent  to  punish  the  murderers  of 
the  friars,  and  to  inspire  such  respect  for  Spanish 
arms  as  would  prevent  future  outrages  and  revolts. 
The  number  of  soldiers  should  not  be  less  than  '^00, 


Nov.  1,  '82,  viceroy  to  king.  y.  .\fex.  Tcstim.,  97-9. 


W 


(1>2) 


'^^m 


VIEWS  OF  RIO  DE  LOSA. 


93 


;a. 


kS     AND    Ks- 

lESTs— r«i>- 

l__ru01'OSKl) 

DiazueVah- 

llASCISCO  I>K 
iNTUAUA- Ul' 

IIIKTY-T'""''*' 
Al'TAlN  JVAN 
).SEEK.EUS     IN 


ihing  was 
itiou  from 
:cd  to  tin; 
|l(T  tlic  cii- 
.  compau- 
tlie  royal 
ro  del  Rio 
'a  Galicia, 
Iclia  cx|K>- 
rcllano  in 
lya.     Don 
jjcoplt;  ot 
lat  a  sufti- 
tnlorers  of 
Spanisii 
Id  revolts, 
tban  -WO, 


■j$^'i, 


with  seven  mules  and  horses  for  each  man.  For  after 
the  recent  murders  had  been  avenged,  and  the  coun- 
tjy  reduced  to  a  state  of  peace,  a  few  settlers  being 
left,  it  should  be  the  main  object  of  the  expedition  to 
continue  its  march  ticross  the  buffalo  plains  to  Quivira 
and  beyond,  even  to  the  shores  of  the  north  or  south 
sea,  or  to  the  "strait  which  is  near  China,  in  latitude 
57V'  the  occupation  of  which  by  the  French  or  Eng- 
lish might  thus  be  prevented.  With  this  view,  mate- 
.!  u  for  building  two  small  ships  should  bo  carried,  for 
t'  -ossing  of  rivers  or  straits,  or  perhaps  the  send- 
in.;-  back  of  news  respecting  any  great  discovery. 
Details  of  the  necessary  outfit  are  suggested;  friars 
must  of  course  be  sent  with  the  explorers;  and  it 
Would  bo  well  to  encourage  the  officers  and  men  by 
release  from  taxation,  offers  of  titles,  and  liberal  enco- 
luiendas  of  New  Mexican  Indians.^  Tlie  result  was  a 
royal  order  of  March  1583,  in  wliich  the  viceroy  was 
instructed  to  make  a  contract  with  some  suitable  per- 
son to  undertake  the  expedition  in  accordance  with 
the  laws  and  regulations,  without  cost  to  the  royal 
treaspiy ;  bitt  the  contract  must  be  submitted  to  tlie 
consejo  for  jipproval  before  anything  was  actually 
ilone.^ 

Thei  ^ji'oe  Reltran  and  Espejo,  bringing  reports 
caleulated  to  uicr  ase  tl.tj  growing  interest  in  New 
^Mexico  and  xii*^  lOgions  beycmd.  The  people  were  not 
hostile,  but  well  disposed  to  welcome  Spanish  visitors; 
the  country  in  its  climate  and  products  presented  many 
attractions  for  settlers  from  the  south;  though  the 
natives  made  no  use  of  the  precious  metals,  ores  rich 
in  silver  had  been  found  at  several  pt)ints,  and  the 
developi  ?nt  of  profitable  mines  might  with  confidence 
be  hop.  c!  ,i'r.  The  spiritual  prospects  were  even  more 
hrilliant  ti,  u  tlie  mineral,  for  250,000  natives  of  supe- 
rior intelligence  were  awaiting  conversion;   and  es- 

'Xixlate.     Rio  (le  Losa  to  viceroy.  X.  Mer    Tvftim.,  l37-4(). 
March   '29  and   April    19,  '83.  Pachvco,  Fx.,  xv.   100;   xvi.  297.     The 
order  was  received  iii  Mex.  iu  August. 


04 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


pecially,  to  say  nothing  of  the  long-coveted  wealth  of 
Quivira  in  the  north-east  easily  accessible  from  New 
Mexico  as  a  base,  a  great  lake  and  broad  river,  with 
populous  towns  and  plenty  of  gold,  afforded  a  new 
incentive  to  exploring  effort  in  the  north-west.  And 
moreover,  it  would  seem  to  have  been  about  this  time 
that  fears  of  forei'^n  encroachment  in  these  regions 
were  renewed  bv  X'v  '•  tement  of  Padre  Diego  Mar- 
quez,  who  had  falle.  to  the  hands  of  'gente  lute- 
rana,'  and  had  been  civ^oely  questioned  at  the  English 
court  respecting  his  knowledge  of  the  north.  This  he 
made  known  to  the  authorities  in  Mexico,  who  felt 
that  something  must  be  done  to  prevent  this  fair  land 
from  falling  into  the  hands  of  impious  Lutherans.* 

The  first  to  take  advantage  of  the  king's  order  was 
Cristobal  Martin,  a  vecino  f)f  Mexico,  who  in  October 
1583,  probably  with  knowledge  of  Padre  Beltran's 
return,  applied  to  the  audiencia  for  a  contract  to  under- 
take the  conquest  and  settlement  of  New  Mexico  in 
accordance  with  the  late  cedula  and  earlier  ordinances. 
He  was  willing  to  fit  out  an  expedition  of  200  or  300 
men,  and  to  spend  $50,000  in  the  enterprise.  He 
desired  a  missionary  force  of  six  Franciscans,  besides 
two  secular  clergymen;  and  asked  to  be  supplied  with 
certain  arms  and  amnmnition ;  but  otherwise  the  en- 
trada  was  to  be  at  his  own  cost.  There  was,  however, 
nothing  small  about  Don  Cristobal's  demands.  Thougli 
full  of  faith  and  loyalty,  he  could  not  afford  to  sav*^ 
souls  and  win  fur  his  king  new  provinces  at  his  own 
cost  for  nothing.  He  must  have  the  position  of  cap- 
tain-general and  governor  of  the  new  reinu  for  himself 
and  family  during  three  lives;  the  right  to  distribute 
as  encomiendas  to  his  men  all  the  natives  of  the  con- 
quered towns  and  provinces  for  ten  lives ;  the  authority 
to  appoint  and  remove  all  officials,  and  to  grant  lands; 
a  reduction  of  the  king's  fifth  to  one  twentieth  of  tlu; 

*  Villarjrd,  HIH.  N.  Mcr.,  .3G.  Rio  ile  Loza,  1.19,  had  declared  the  im- 
portance of  ocfupyiug  X.  Mex.,  to  prevent  'que  otros  iiaciouua  de  franci.'5t.i 
d  ingluscs  luteranu^  no  la  ocupcn, ' 


MARTINS  PROJECTED  CONQUEST. 


95 


alth  of 

1  New 

r,  with 

a  new 
And 

lis  time 

regions 

ro  Mar- 

te  lute- 
English 

This  he 

wrho  felt 

fair  land 

rans/ 

rder  was 
October 

Beltran's 

to  under- 

Vlexico  in 

•dinances. 

)0  or  300 

rise.     He 

|s,  besides 
)lied  with 

(0  the  cn- 
however, 
Though 
lI  to  save 
his  own 
m  of  cap- 
ir  himsolf 
istributc 
the  con- 
lauthority 
,ut  lands; 
;th  of  th.i 


lareil  the  im- 
ilc  fraiici.'.-^'.s 


product  of  mines  for  100  years;  the  privileges  of  hijos- 
dabjo  for  the  conquistadores  and  their  descendants; 
exein[)tionfrom  taxation  on  all  products  for  100  years; 
tree  use  of  the  salinas  for  the  three  lives;  the  chief 
judicial  authority  as  governor;  the  right  to  discover 
and  settle  for  1,000  leagues  beyond  the  first  New 
Mexican  towns,  to  occupy  ports  on  either  ocean,  and 
to  trade  with  two  ships  f r  ui  one  of  these  j)orts  with- 
out paying  duties;  the  rigut  ^.o  call  on  the  viceroy  for 
additional  men  and  supplies  by  paying  the  costs;  the 
riglit  to  found  a  mayorazgo,  or  entail,  for  his  heirs, 
with  sufficient  revenue  to  perpetuate  the  family  name 
and  glory ;  and  many  other  things  which  need  not  be 
catalojjUed  here.  These  conquerors  of  the  sixteenth 
century  took  great  risks,  regulating  their  demands 
accoidingly;  and  as  the  burden  was  to  fa\[  on  the 
Indians  mainly,  the  king  was  often  most  liberal  in  his 
concessions.  From  October  to  December,  Martin 
several  times  renewed  his  petition,  and  it  would  ap- 
pear that  his  contract  was  finally  approved  by  the 
Mexican  authorities  and  sent  to  the  consejo  de  Indias 
for  confirmation.^ 

Espejo  himself  was  next  in  the  field  as  an  aspirant 
ft)r  New  Mexican  glory,  plausibly  claiming  that  his 
recent  service,  experience,  and  success  clearly  pointed 
to  him  as  above  all  others  entitled  to  preference.  But 
Don  Antonio  proposed  no  contract  with  the  Mexican 
authorities.  From  motives  of  pride  or  policy^  he 
chose  to  apply  directly  to  the  king;  indeed,  he  urged 
most  earnestly  that  the  viceroy  should  have  nothing 


'  Mnrtin,  Asiento  con  Cnpstohil  Martin  jwr  el  que  se  ofre.ce  a  ir  m  jtermnn  nl 
(Iciii'iiliriiiiii'nto,  jxicijiracion,  y  pohlncion  del  Nitcro  Mej-irn,  bajo  l<ut  rondicioiicK  que 
iriMiiic  —  Mej-ico  a  2G  de  Octuhre  de  loS,L  In  I'acheco,  Doc,  xvi.  '277-301. 
Tiii>i  is  the  tustiinonio,  or  expediente,  of  the  Muxicau  procueilings  sent  to 
Spain  at  a  date  not  given,  but  soon  after  Dec.  '24th,  when  the  transcriiit  is 
certilitMl.  It  does  not  fippear  in  tliese  doc.  that  the  contract  was  signed;  hut 
lit  till!  hegiiuiing  M.  says  that  'el  fue  el  primero  que  capituld  «5  asentd  en  vir- 
tuil  ik'  -.n!'.  Real  Cedula  de  V.  A.,  cl  negncio  de  la  pohlacion  y  iluscobriniiento 
ikl  \.  Mix.,  y  fue  reinitido  a  Vuestra  Real  Consejo  de  Yndias.' 

'■  riri\ap3  he  had  reason  to  suppose  that  the  viceroy  wouhl  not  favor  him. 
Iiidii^cj,  there  is  a  slight  reference  in  one  of  his  letters  to  a  part  of  his  estate 
as  <uilHir,j(vhi,  or  attached,  which  may  indicate  troubles  with  the  authorities 
uf  Nutva  Espafla. 


riF 


ill 


1  III 


'i  -  ^ 


i 


iii 


n 


I'M! 


96 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


to  do  with  the  enterprise.  This,  in  the  empresario's 
opinion,  was  absolutely  essential  to  prevent  ruinous 
wrangles  and  delays,  wars  and  outrages  on  the  natives, 
or  dissensions  and  desertions  among  officers  and  men; 
and  to  insure  the  safe,  speedy,  and  economical 
transformation  of  New  Mexico  into  a  flourishing 
community  of  tribute-paying  subjects  of  Spain.  In 
his  original  report  of  October  1583,  summing  up 
what  he  had  accomplished,  Espejo  expressed  his  de- 
sire to  spend  his  life  and  fortune  in  the  king's  service, 
at  the  same  time  announcing  that  he  had  brought 
from  the  north  a  native  of  Mohoce,  and  another  of 
the  Tanos,  who  .night  be  trained  for  useful  service  as 
interpreters.  In  a  letter  to  the  archbishop  he  also 
made  known  his  intention  to  apply  for  a  royal  com- 
mission to  conquer  and  settle  the  country  he  had 
visited,  and  to  explore  the  regions  beyond,  even  to 
the  ocean  coasts  on  either  side.^  Accordingly  in 
April  1584,  he  authorized  his  son-in-law,  Pedro  Gon- 
zalez de  Mendoza,  about  to  start  for  Spain,  with 
Bonilla  and  Barbadillo  already  at  Madrid,  to  repre- 
sent him  at  court,  and  obtain  in  his  name  the  "con- 
quista  y  pacificacion  y  gobernacion"  of  the  provinces 
of  New  Mexico,  or  Nueva  Andalucfa,  "  which  prov- 
inces I  have  discovered  and  taken  possession  of  in  the 
name  of  his  Majesty."  At  the  same  time  were  for- 
warded a  copy  of  his  Relacion,  and  his  formal  petition, 
including  a  plan  of  his  proposed  operations.  The 
expedition  was  to  consist  of  400  men,  for  the  most 
part  recruited  in  Spain,  100  of  them  with  wives  and 
children,  to  be  organized  in  four  companies.  The 
men  were  to  be  well  supplied  with  all  they  could  need, 

''Enpejo,  Belacion,  124-6;  Id.,  Exjtediente  y  Relacion,  162-3,  186-9.  Tliis 
latter  collectiou,  in  Paclteco,  Doc,  xv,  151-91,  is  a  continuation  of  theiV'^.  Mcj-, 
Testimonio,  and  might  aa  well  be  included  in  it,  though  in  print  it  has  a  separate 
title — indeed,  two  of  them,  the  first  being  Ejepcdiente  sMtre  el  qfrectmii'tilo  '/"« 
hace  Fran,  Diaz  de  Vargas,  etc.,  though  it  contains  nothing  about  V^.  The 
contents  are:  Ist,  three  undated  communications  (1584)  of  Espejo  to  the 
king,  the  last  being  his  formal  petition,  p.  151-63;  2d,  a  copv  of  the  Enjiij'i, 
Rekuion  (aa  sent  to  the  king  with  the  petition),  p.  lC.3-89;  3d,  April  23,  '84, 
appointment  of  an  agent,  p.  189-91.  There  is  another  letter  of  £.  to  tUo 
king  (April  23,  '89),  in  N,  Mex.,  Testim.,  100-1. 


ESPRTO'S   PLAX. 


07 


resario's 
ruinous 
natives, 
nd  men; 
)nomical 
urishing 
ain.     In 
ning   up 
i  his  de- 
5  service, 
brought 
lother  of 
jervice  as 
)  he  also 
jyal  com- 
T  he   had 
^  even  to 
dingly   in 
jdro  Gon- 
)ain,  with 
to  repre- 
the  "con- 
provinces 
ich  prov- 
of  in  the 
were  for- 
[1  petition, 
'»ns.     The 
the  most 
ives  and 
ies.     The 
luld  need, 

18G-9.  Tl'is 
If  theJV.  J/»J.. 
Ihas  a  separate 
frectmtento  n"^ 
bout  V.  Tlie 
Jlspejo  to  the 
[of  the  EtfiKV, 
lApril  23,  'i*+. 
1  of  E.  to  tUo 


oitlirr  as  soldiers  or  settlers ;  and  besides  the  cavalry 
liorses  re([iiiivd,  large  droves  of  mares,  cattle,  and 
slieep  were  to  1)0  provided.  8i)iritual  interests  of  the 
iK'W  reiiio  would  be  intrusted  to  twenty-for.r  Fran- 
ciscans. The  entry  would  be  made  in  tv.'o  divisions, 
one  going  by  the  llio  del  Norte,  and  the  other,  with 
the  live-stock  and  wagons,  by  the  Kio  de  Vacas.  The 
•^•■arrison  and  families  would  at  first  be  stationed  in  the 
vicinity  of  Acoma.  In  dealing  with  the  natives,  a 
conciliatory  policy  of  justice  and  peace  was  to  he 
strictly  followed.  In  carrying  out  the  scheme,  l^s- 
pejo  was  ready  to  expend  over  100,000  ducats,  be- 
sides the  10,000  he  had  already  spent;  he  had  twenty 
associates  of  considerable  wealth;  and  lie  would  give 
honds  in  the  sum  of  $200,000.  The  reward  claimed 
for  his  devotion  to  the  roval  interests — "nmch  less 
than  what  your  Majesty  promises  in  the  ordenanzas," 
yet  doubtless  including  the  capitanfa  general  and 
governorship,  with  privileges,  titles,  land-grants,  en- 
roniiendas,  and  other  emoluments  for  himself  and 
associates — was  to  bo  made  known  in  a  supplemen- 
tary memorial,  which,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  not  extant. 
There  are  some  indications  that  Don  Antonio  went  in 
person  to  Spain  to  urge  his  claims.^ 

It  does  not  clearly  a[)poar  that  anything  was  known 
in  Mexico  of  Espejo's  proposed  conquest;  but  it  is 
l)r()l)alile  that  respecting  this  project  or  that  of  Martin, 
some  additional  investigation  was  ordered,  and  j'ran- 
cisco  Diaz  de  Vargas — idguacil  may(;r  and  regidor  of 
I'uehla — called  upon  for  his  views.  At  any  rate,  iJon 
Francisco  found  occasion  aljout  this  time  to  address 
the  king  on  this  subject.''  Ho  began  by  presenting  a 
lii'ief  rt^sume  of  northern  exploration  frtmi  the  time 
of  Cortes  down  to  the  date  of  writing;  and  from 
that  resume  he  concluded  that  where  so  manv  alje 
explorers  had  failed  to  find  anything  worth  retaining, 

''(April  1,"),S4.)  Espejo's  petition  to  tlie  king,  in  E/fpijo,  Erpctl.  y  /'li, 
l.VJ  (i:i. 

'■'  Nil  ilato  (l,")S4-r>).    Vargas  to  king,  in  X.  Mcy.  Tvstiiit.,  l*JG-37.     E.spejti's 
entni'hi  is  uientioncil,  l)ut  not  his  nuw  project. 
Hist.  Aitiz.  ANi>  N.  Mkx.    7 


■:i  I:  ^; 


08 


FRUITLESS  PROJEtT'S. 


tail  HHii 

pT[iFT 

jj ;     ;; 

1 

the  prcsuini^tlon  was,  tliat  the  country  was  poor  and 
undesirable.  Doubtless  the  New  Mexicans  were  a 
superior  people;  yet  notwithstanding  their  agricul- 
ture, cotton,  bufl'alo-skins,  and  many-storied  stono  and 
adobe  dwellings,  they  were  a  distant,  isolated  commu- 
nity, surrounded  for  hundreds  of  leagues  by  wild  and 
warlike  tribes,  and  their  country  therefore  offered  at 
present  but  slight  inducements  for  Spanish  settlers. 
As  the  latest  reports,  however,  were  more  favorable 
than  earlier  ones,  as  there  was  a  prospect  of  rich 
mines,  and  since  it  was  desirable  to  learn  what  f«>un- 
dation  there  might  be  for  the  reports  of  wealth  be- 
yond Xew  Mexico,  and  especi.ally  what  connection  the 
great  lake  and  river  might  have  with  the  strait  of 
Anian,  it  seemed  advisable  to  send  out  an  expedition 
— not  of  colonization  and  conquest,  but  simply  of  ex- 
})loration.  For  this  purpose  a  force  of  50  or  GO  men 
would  suffice  to  verify  the  recent  reports,  push  inves- 
tigation 200  leagues  farther  north,  and  rejiort  results. 
These  were  sensible  views,  and  Diaz  de  Vargas  had 
the  courage  of  his  convictions;  for  in  his  patriotic 
zeal,  mindful,  not  only  of  his  own  past  services  in  high 
positions,  but  of  those  of  his  father,  who  was  one  of 
the  old  conquistadores,  he  even  offered — and  here  we 
have  at  last  the  true  inwardness  of  the  document — to 
command  the  exploring  party  in  person!  And  later, 
should  the  preliminary  survey  prove  satisfactory^,  Don 
Francisco,  accepting  the  titles  and  emoluments  in  such 
cases  provided,  would  himself  take  charge  of  the  great 
work  of  conquering  and  colonizing  Xew  Mexico. 

Thus  we  have  three  empresarios  in  the  field;  and 
it  is  not  unlikely  that  there  were  others.  But  respect- 
ing the  fate  of  the  different  projects,  or  rather  tlio 
circumstances  that  prevented  their  acceptance  and 
execution,  we  know  absolutely  nothing;  or  at  least  I 
have  found  no  document  relating  to  either  of  tlio 
propositions  after  they  were  sent  to  the  king  and 
council.  Perhaps  the  empresarios'  demands  weio 
deemed  excessive,  or  they  could  give  no  satisfactory 


COLONIZATION  SCHEME  OF  LOMAS. 


99 


assurances  of  their  ability  to  comply  with  the  condi- 
tions of  the  contracts,  or  were  not  willing  to  accipt 
the  conditions,  or  perhaps  died;  at  any  rate,  notli- 
iii!^  more  is  heard  of  Martin,  or  Espejo,  or  Diaz  de 
\'ar«i[as;  and  for  five  years  nothing  is  heard  of  New 
^le.vico. 

.Vt  the  beginning  of  1589  Juan  Bautista  de  Lonias 
y  Cohnenares,  resident  at  the  Nieves  mines,  and  re- 
imtcd  to  be  the  richest  man  in  Nueva  Galicia,  pre- 
sented to  Viceroy  Villanianricjue  a  memorial  of  37 
articles,  in  which  he  ])roposed  to  undertake  the  con- 
(|U(  .st  of  New  Mexico.  He  was  much  more  exacting 
ill  his  conditions  than  even  Martin  had  been,  demand- 
ing, besides  all  that  the  latter  had  claimed  and  much 
more  that  cannot  be  specified  in  the  space  at  my 
connnand,  the  office  of  captain-general  and  gi.vernor, 
with  almost  unlimited  authority  for  six  lives,  at  a  sal- 
aiy  of  8,000  ducats;  jurisdiction  over  all  territory 
hcyond  the  Kio  Conchos,  with  the  exclusion  of  all 
utlier  con(pu!rors  from  the  territory  beyond  what  he 
might  choose  to  con(juer;  the  title  of  count  or  nianpies 
tor  himself  and  descendants,  with  40,000  vassals;  the 
privilege  of  granting  three  pueblos  as  an  entailed  en- 
(•(•Kiienda,  and  another  for  the  descendants  of  compiis- 
tadores  not  otherwise  j)rovided  for;  and  the  riglit  to 
fortify  })orts  and  build  ships  on  either  ocean.  His 
sons  were  associated  with  him  in  the  enterprise,  and 
Don  Juan  liautista  evidently  had  no  intention  of  sac- 
riticing  the  family  prestige  and  wealth.  He  claimed 
to  liave  rendered  mosc  important  services  at  his  own 
exixnse  on  the  northern  frontier.^" 

Lomas'  contract  was  approved  by  the  viceroy  on 
tlu!  1  Ith  of  March,  1581);  but  the  latter,  though  it 
appears  that  by  a  cedula  of  15 80  he  had  full  powers  to 
authorize  entradas,  deemed  it  best  to  consult  the  king 


'"  Loimis,  Aniento  y  cnpUulacioneg  qtte  cl  virfy  de  la  Niiein  Ettptiiia,  vmrqm's 
(If  Vill'iimtiiruiue,  /"'so  ron  Joan  BnuUnla  de  Lomas  <  'otmetuiren,  xi^ire  el  druriihri- 
mil  ii/o  y  Pofilticiou  de  lim  prwmcius  del  Nnet<o  M^jiro  it  15  de  Fehrem  de  J.'if>!\  in 
Pdc/irrn,  Due.,  xv.  54-80.  This  is  a  copy  of  the  exiwdientc  acut  from  Mexico 
ill  l')'J'J,  and  attached  to  Loiuaa'  ruiiuwud  putitiou  of  1595. 


100 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


in  so  important  a  matter;  and  at  court  the  project  re- 
ctMved  no  attention  whatever,  or  at  least  it  drew  out 
from  the  kinj^  no  onh'r  or  response.  In  15'J"2,  A'elasco, 
having  succeeded  Villamanri<jUe  as  viceroy,  Lomas 
attempted  to  revive  the  matter,  but  couhl  obtain  noth- 
ing more  than  a  certifi(;d  cojn'  of  the  preceding  docu- 
ments. For  it  seems  tliat  Vehusco  favored  another 
claimant,  and  made  a  new  contract  with  Francisco  de 
Urdinola.'^  Before  the  latter  could  begin  operations, 
however,  he  was  arrested  by  order  of  the  audiencia  of 
Guadalajara  on  a  charge  of  poisoning  his  wife — a 
charge  which  Villagnl  in  a  burst  of  poetic  indignation 
declares  to  have  been  founded  only  on  ixvidia  voioiom  ; 
and  during  subsequent  legal  complications  New  ^lv\- 
ican  affairs  were  naturally  neglected.  Once  more  in 
1595  J)on  Juan  Bautista  made  an  effort  to  obtain 
from  the  king  an  order  to  Viceroy  Monterey  to  renew 
his  contract  witli  such  modifications  as  might  be 
deemed  desirable;  but  nothing  more  is  heard  of  his 
project  or  its  author.^" 

While  the  several  em])rcsarios  named  were  vainly 
strivinuc  to  ol>tain  from  the  kin<jf  leiifal  autlioritv  to 
win  fame  and  wealth  in  the  north,  another  deter- 
mined to  take  a  short  cut  to  glor}^  by  undertaking  an 
cntrada  without  the  royal  license.  This  was  (iaspar 
Castano  tie  So,sa,  wlio  liad  been  alcalde  mavor  «at  San 
Luis  l*otosi  in  1575,  and  in  1590  was  acting  as  Viva- 
tenant-governor  of  Xuevo  Leon.  He  claimed  some 
kind  of  authority  for  his  expedition;  but  it  is  evident 
fr(mi  subse(j[uent  events  that  his  acts  were  regarded 
as  irregular  and  illegal.  I  suspect  that  ho  may  have 
been  duly  authorized  to  explore  and  cohtnize  tlic 
Nuevo  Leon  region,  and  tliat  he  was  led  by  Espeju's 

'*  Al)mit  this  time  Urdiilfila  soems  to  have  been  gent  M'itli  a  Tlascaltco 
colony  to  Coahuila.  Jiist.  Xnrlli  Mejc.  iSt.,  i.  12G-7.  Ho  vas  later  gov.  of  N. 
Galicia,  acconling  to  Villagra. 

'•' N'illagra,  IliM.  N.  Mcr.,  SO-S,  bricHy  mentions  Lomas' pro j cot  ami  I'r- 
(liflola's  contract.  Moilern  writers  do  n(jt  mention  this  or  the  precedin<;  (uu.s 
of  Varyas,  Espejo,  and  Martin, 


I  ; 


oastaSo  de  sosa. 


101 


rrports  to  transfer,  without  sjKu'ial  llcenso  fi'oin  kiiitjf 
or  \  iccroy,  his  efibrts  to  a  inoro  proiui.siiiiif  fiehl.  The 
name  of  ( 'ristohal  Martin  aujoiijjf  liis  associates  is  also 
8U!4i4'estivo.  RespoctinjLJ  the  ])reliiniiiaries  of  tht;  ex- 
])(dition,  little  or  iiothininr  is  known;  but  the  oriy,inal 
(hurv  has  fortunately  been  preserved.'''' 

The  start  was  on  the  27th  of  July,  ITjOO,  from  the 
villa  (le  Ahnaden,  wherever  that  mav  have  been — 
probably  somewhere  in  Xuevo  Leon  -and  the  force 
Avas  over  170  persons  includinj^  women  and  children." 
A  \vai;on  train  was  laden  with  sup[)lies  deemed  need- 
ful foi'  a  new  settlement.  In  two  days  the  company 
reached  the  Rio  de  Xadadores,  remaining  ten  days; 
and,  mentioning  also  the  Sabinas  and  several  streams 
not  found  on  any  modern  niaji,  tluy  arrived  on  the 
Dth  of  September  at  the  Kio  Bravo,  where  they  si>ent 
the  rest  of  the  month,  awaiting  the  return  of  messen- 


^^Cnnfiiiio  lie  Sn.vi,  Memoria  <hl  ilf.^nihriiniputn  (pie  Gn.-ijnr  CnHiuio  tli>  Sn.in, 
ti  nil  iilf  ill'  ijn}iiTiiivl(>r  1)  rii)ii/iin  iinii'ml  ilil  uiii'i'it  rriiio  ile  Limi  yir  ct  riji  I). 
Fil'i]ii'  niiistro  firi'ioi;  rn  n  /inrir,  <il  cn.iijd'niiii'iilit  ile  /"<  priiri.iioin.t  i/iie  el  dirhrt 
i/'i'ii  riiiu/or  lis  linii  rivii'i'iliifo,  y  li  H  como  sii  Injur  li-iiii-nli;  roino  mus  lirijunn-iilt'  ii' 
rn-'i  jior  la  (lirlm  jirori^iiiii  i!  ci'ilnlni  ri'niix  1/  lihro  ilv  iiin'rus  lii/m  <lf  jiii'ilni/urix 
fiiiii-nllilii/i  (i  liiilo.i  It.f  rii'uiox  (III  (I'lrho  riiiio,  etc.,  eto.,  ill  /'iirluro,  /)i>r.,  iv. 
'Js;i-l{,")-t;  III.,  XV.  l!ll-'_'',)l.  From  tlio  MuudZ  collectidii,  ami  at  tlio  cinl,  was  ;i 
iinti'  as  fiiUows:  'Hizose  rclaLMim  dcllo,  y  viii.se  jior  los  S'l'iores  ilrl  Coiiscjo 
fi  10  lie  Niis'ieinbre  do  l.V,("J — Saiit  Auilrt's. '  It  woulil  sueiii  to  lio  ii  I'oiiy  of 
lliu  oiiuinal  diary  made  in  soiiiu  otlioial  book  of  records,  ]irol)al)ly  in  coiinuc- 
tioii  with  legal  ditlioulties  in  wliieli  tiie  leader  became  involveil. 

It  is  a  somewhat  periilexing  narrative;  lorit;,  vcrhose,  and  complicated;  rc- 
Huiiiii",'  close  study,  but  rewarding  that  study  with  only  the  most  meagre 
general  results.  If  a  man  lost  his  way,  we  have  all  the  details  of  his  wander- 
liig  hack  to  camp;  M'e  know  exactly  the  day  and  hour  wlu'n  tlie  dog  of  .)uan 
I'lTi'/  was  killed  \>y  the  kick  of  an  ox;  we  liave  all  tlie  discussi<ins  and  di[)lo- 
iiiatie  mameuvres  resulting  from  a  diti'erence  of  opinion  as  to  whether  a  busliel 
ot  corn  might  safely  be  distributed  as  rations;  but  we  rarely  timl  tlie  course 
or  distance  of  a  day's  journey.  Were  it  luit  fi>r  the  vicinity  of  two  u'reat 
rivers,  tlu!  reader  might  be  in  iloubt  whether  the  travellers  were  going  north- 
west in  (Juatemala  or  south-east  in  New  England. 

" 'I'he  following  naniea  appear  seattereil  in  the  narrative?,  evidently  those 
of  hading  men  in  the  company:  Cris.  de  Ifcrcdia  (captain  and  macsti-o  d- 
•-•amiKi),  Andres  Perez  (secretary),  Manuel  de  Mcdreras,  Fran.  Lope/,  de  Re- 
call Ic,  Juan  de  Carbajal,  .luan  de  Contreras,  Domingo  de  Santistevan,  Diego 
Ilia/  do  N'crlanda,  .Alonso  Jaimes  y  Ponce,  Fran,  de  Mancha,  I'ran.  Silado, 
.brill  I'ercz  de  los  Rios,  Martin  do  Salazar,  .fuan  Rodriguez  do  Nieto,  Pedro 
Flores,  lilas  Martinez  do  Meileros,  Cris.  Martin,  Ju.sepo  Rodriguez,  .luan  do 
K-itniila,  (ionzalo  de  Lares,  Diego  de  Biruega,  Cris.  do  Hiruega,  Pedro  do 
Ini.L'o,  .fuan  Rodriguez  de  Avalos,  Hernan  Ponce  de  Leon.  Pedro  I'into,  Juan 
de  \  (ga,  Alouso  Lilcas,  Domingo  Hernandez,  Fran,  de  JJascones,  and  Juan 
•'>aucliez. 


102 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


f;ors  who  had  been  sent  to  Mexico/'"  and  making"  f?onio 
t'Xplorationn  for  a  later  advance.  It  was  decided  to 
go  forward  by  way  of  the  Rio  Salado,  a  stream  whi>s(> 
existence  seems  to  have  been  known,  thougli  just  how 
it  was  known  or  what  was  the  origin  of  the  name  does 
not  appear. 

Here  on  the  Rio  Bravo  their  troubles  began.  After 
receiving  conflicting  reports  from  several  exploring 
parties  they  started  on  the  1st  of  October  for  the  Rio 
8alado.  To  find  a  way  for  the  wagons  over  a  rough 
country  and  across  intermediate  streams — the  princi- 
pal one  being  called  the  Rio  de  Lajas — to  the  river 
which  was  the  object  of  their  search,  and  to  get  out 
of  tlie  mountains  into  the  plains,  consumed  most  of 
the  month ;  and  only  at  the  end  of  October  did  they 
start  up  the  valley  of  the  Salado  to  their  land  of 
jiromise.  I  make  no  attempt  to  trace  their  wander- 
ings of  this  month  in  Coahuila  and  Texas,  or  even 
t<)  determine  where  they  crossed  the  Bravo,  or  Rio 
(xrande;  but  content  myself  with  the  conclusion  that 
the  Salado  was  without  doubt  Espejo's  Cow  River,  or 
tlie  Pecos.'" 

Slowly  the  caravan  crept  up  the  valley  and  over 


'*Tliey  were  sent  about  Aug.  21  st  with  letters  to  the  viceroy,  but  they  .li.l 
not  return.  Probably  this  correap.  witii  the  viceroy  would  throw  much  liglit 
on  Castaflo's  enterprise.  Possibly  he  wrote  to  obtain  authority  for  a  change 
of  plans  involving  the  trip  to  N.  Mex. 

'"  The  narrative  is  too  long  and  complicated  for  a  study  of  details  lu're, 
especially  as  the  travellers  were  not  yet  in  N.  Mux.  territory.  Tlie  iiicist 
definite  statement  is  on  p.  289,  while  they  were  on  the  Bravo.  One  exphir. 
party  had  found  a  stream  which  it  could  not  cross;  then  Capt.  Heredia  was 
sent  out  '  el  cual  salio  en  demanda  del  dicho  rio  Saiado,  y  Ucgo  al  rio  (juo 
estaba  descubierto  [that  is,  by  the  earlier  party]  y  hallo  paso  en  el  dicho  rio 
para  poder  pasar  las  carretas,  porque  hasta  entonoes  no  se  habia  liallado.  V 
descubierto  el  dicho  paso,  fue  atravesando  aquella  lomeria  que  liiibia  hasta  rl 
rio  Bravo,  y  llegd  al  dicho  rio  Bravo;  y  se  volvid  al  diclio  real,  dicieudo  quo 
por  alii  podiamos  ptisar  y  ir  atravesando  al  rio  Salado.'  But  they  found 
many  difficulties  in  following  this  road;  the  fording  the  Bravo  is  not  clearly 
recorded;  antl  after  tliey  readied  the  region  of  tiie  Salado  it  took  many  days 
to  get  down  to  its  banks.  The  Sabinas  of  Coahuila  is  called  the  Salado  mi 
many  maps,  but  of  course  the  idea  of  following  this  river  up  to  N.  Mux.  is 
absurd.  That  Castafio  did  not  go  up  the  Bravo  is  shown  by  his  efforts  while 
on  tliat  river  to  find  the  other;  by  the  broad  gdlxinoA,  or  plains,  over  wliirli 
tlie  route  lay;  and  by  the  statement  that  a  spring  far  up  the  Salado,  p.  .SOO, 
■was  the  first  since  leaving  the  Bravo.  Perhaps  they  crossed  in  the  regiuu  of 
Fort  Duncan,  and  the  Lajas  was  the  S.  Pedro  in  Texas. 


UP  TIIK  lUO  PECOS. 


106 


tlio  broad  Tt'xan  plains,  at  first  on  tho  eastern  bank  of 
the  river,  but  later  erossing  and  recronsing  it  often, 
with  no  ineidei»t  callinj^  for  mention,  nieetinjj^  a  few 
roaniin»jf  Indians,  and  passintj^  no  settlements.  Tlie 
1st  of  December  an  unfordalile  branch  stream  forced 
them  to  cross  to  the  eastern  l)ank  of  the  main  river. 
On  the  7th  was  noticed  the  first  grove  of  cottonwoods. 
On  the  23d  a  small  advance  party  returned  to  meet 
tlie  main  body  with  cxcitnig  news.  They  had  entered 
a  puebltj  farther  up  the  river,  eastward,  where  they 
had  been  kindly  received,  and  had  spent  the  night 
tliere;  but  the  next  morning  while  engaged  in  peace- 
ful efforts — if  we  take  their  word  for  it — to  collect  a 
supply  of  maize,  tlusy  were  suddenly  attacked  and 
diiven  away,  losing  a  part  of  their  arms  and  luggage. 
Mid  havinjjf  three  of  their  number  wounded. 
Leaving  the  women  and  children  with  the  wagons 
.  .'[)erly  guarded  at  a  place  called  Urraca,  Castano 
set  out  on  the  27th  with  the  larger  part  of  his  force, 
and  on  the  last  day  of  the  month  and  year  arrived  at 
the  pueblo,  which  was  situated  about  half  a  league 
from  the  river,  being  a  large  town  with  buildings  of 
four  and  five  stories — evidently  identical  with  Pecos. 
The  inhabitants  were  on  the  roofs  in  hostile  attitude, 
armed  with  stones  and  bows  and  slings.  After  a  great 
})art  of  the  day  had  been  spent  in  vain  attempts  to 
conciliate  them,  an  attack  was  made  late  in  the  after- 
noon, and  the  town  was  taken  after  a  fight  which  seems 
to  have  been  attended  with  no  very  serious  casualties 
on  either  side.  Great  care  was  taken  to  prevent 
outrages,  and  to  gain  the  people's  confidence;  but 
though  they  submitted,  it  was  impossible  to  overcome 
tlieir  suspicion  and  timidity.  During  the  second  niglit 
tliey  all  left  the  pueblo  and  fled.  The  Spaniards  re- 
mained five  or  six  days,  admiring  the  many-storied 
houses,  the  five  jtlazas,  the  sixteen  estufas,  the  im- 
mense stores  of  maize,  amounting  to  30,000  fanegas, 
the  garments  of  the  men  and  women,  the  beautiful 
l)ottery,  and  many  other  curious  things. 


[ 


104 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


HaviiiL(  sent  hack  iiiucli  nccdi'd  supplies  of  fond  to 
tlio  cainj)  at  l^rraoa,  the  tcnientc  dc  gobtTiiador  Ktartcd 
on  tlie  ()th  of  January,  151)1,  in  quest  of  \\v\v  disrov- 
crics.  Two  days  over  a  mountainous  snow-covered 
country  and  across  a  frozen  stream  brouuflit  liiin  to 
the  second  pueblo,  a  small  one  whose  inhabitants 
were  well  ihsposcd,  and  readily  submitti'd  to  the 
appointment  of  governoi-,  alcaldes,  and  other  officials, 
thus  reiKh'rinuf  allegiance  to  the  Sj)anish  crown. 
Four  other  pueblos,  all  of  the  same  type,  ditferiiii.'," 
only  in  size,  and  apparently  not  far  apart  or  far  fr(>m 
the  second,  were  now  visited  successivelv,  submiltinu' 
without  resistance  or  f-erious  obji'ction  to  the  j'e(|uired 
formalities.  In  each  a  cross  was  set  up  with  all  pos- 
sible ceremony  and  solemrlit3^*'^  The  seventh  pueblo 
was  a  lai'n'o  one  in  another  valley  two  leagues  distant, 
with  adobe  houses  of  two  and  three  stories,  and  in  the 
plaza  a  large  structure  half  under  ground  which  seemed 
to  serve  as  a  kind  of  temple.  The  eighth  and  ninth 
])ueblos  were  a  day's  march  up  a  large  river  northward; 
but  the  tenth,  a  verv  larije  one  with  buildinus  fioni 
sevtm  to  nine  stories  hinh,  situated  five  leagues  beyond 
tlie  last,  wlii're  the  inhabitants  wore  chalchihuites  for 
oi'naments,  though  seen  was  not  enteretl,  because  the 
people  v.'ere  not  altogether  friendly,  and  on  account  of 
the  cold,  and  lack  of  forage  for  the  horses,  the  neces 
sary  time  for  ctmciliation  could  not  now  be  spared.'"* 
]ii'turning  through  the  snow  to  the  southern  towns, 
(\istahonext  received  the  submission  of  pueblos  eleven 
and  twelve  across  the  river  westward,  a  league  apart, 
and  then  of  number  thirteen  after  r(  crossing  to  the 
eastern  bank.  The  next  move  was  over  a  siiowy 
route  to  another  valley  in  two  days;  ami  hen^ 
were   found,  all  in  sight  of  each,  four  towns  of  the 

•'  It  would  seom  tliat  CaataCo  continued  hia  journey  k.  w.  from  IVoos,  and 
reai'lit'd  the  Teliua  paohlos  n.  of  Sta  Fi'.  The  next  \\  towns  may  liavi-  litcii 
(if  tilt'  samu  groui),  or  farther  up  the  river,  possiljly  to  I'ieiiries;  liut  all  i-< 
mere  eonjei'ture. 

'"Thoujjh  tlie  distance  given  is  too  small  this  pueblo  from  its  size  and  di- 
Bcriptiou  biiould  be  Taos  in  the  extreme  north. 


AMON'i  THE  rUEBLOS. 


105 


food  to 
•  startrtl 
'  iliscov- 
-covcn'd 
,  hiiu  to 
ial)itants 
tt)    the 
«)tfi<'ialf^, 
t    crown, 
ditlbrir.i.'; 
far  i'yoiw 
ibiuiUing 
i-;'(iuired 
li  all  pos- 
:li  pucl)l(> 
>s  distant, 
lud  in  tlic 
L'h  scenu'd 
:ind  ninth 
orthward; 
in»i;s  from 
cs  hcyond 
huitcs  for 
'Cause  the 
lecount  of 
he  noces 
spared, 
[rn  towns. 
lh>s  elevt'U 
nie  ajiar*^. 

ntr    to   the 

a  S!io\vv 
land  here 
Ins  of  th(.^ 


l>iii  IVcos,  aiul 
lies;  l>iit  iill  1^ 


Quereses,  tlic  only  aboric^nial  name  applied  in  this 
narrative,  apj>arently  identical  with  ('oronad(»'s  C^ui- 
lix,  i'^spejo's  Quires,  and  the  later  widl-known  (.^uei'os 
ahout  tlie  jnnction  of  the  Galisteo  and  ]{io  (jlrande. 
The  einhteenth,  nint'teenth,  and  twentieth  puehlos, 
ahout  a  leau^uo  apart,  the  first  and  })erha[)s  the  otluTs 
heini;'  also  of  the  Queres  nation,  »;raciously  suhniittinj.^ 
to  tiie  strany-ers'  god  and  king,  M-erc  named  ri'Sj)ect- 
i\('ly  San  ]\larcos,  San  Lucas,  and  San  Cristc'ihal."' 

On  the  24th  of  January,  after  a  heavy  fall  of  snow, 
tlie  little  army  started  eastward  from  San  Ci-ist«)hal 
with  native  guides  to  bring  U|)  the  rest  of  the  colony, 
and  the  wagon-train  from  Urraca.  J'assing  through 
pine  forests  and  melting  snow  to  get  water  for  men 
and  horses,  they  crossed  the  llio  Salado,  or  Pecos,  on 
the  l2Gth,  and  next  tlay  reached  the  camp  at  Uriaca, 
most  opportunely,  for  the  store  of  food  was  wellnigh 
e.\hauste(l.  Four  days  later  the  whole  comi)any  stalled 
on  the  return;  but  progress  being  sl(;w,  on  account  of 
excessive  cold  and  occasional  accidents  to  the  wagons, 
it  was  not  till  February  8th  that  they  left  the  J'ecos, 
readiing  San  Cristobal  on  the  ir^t!i,  and  San  Miircos 
on  tiie  I8th.  This  town  for  a  tiuiu  way  made  a  centre 
of  operations.  A  few  days  after  the  return  a  new 
])Ueltlo,  the  twenty-first,  two  leagues  away,  was  visited 
and  peaceably  reduced  to  Spanish  allegianci;.  In  the 
tiist  (lavs  of  .March  (Vistaho  with  a  small  iiartv  made 
a  tri|i  a,[tparently  to  pueblo  niunber  one,  or  l*ecos,  but 
])ossih]y  to  number  ten,  finding  the  people  recovered 
ti'i'm  tlitir  fears,  and  ready  for  the  formalities  of  sub- 
ini>>ion.  Next  he  went  bv  wav  of  a  i)lace'  and  stream 
iiMiiiid  Inigo  to  the  twenty-second  ])ueblo.  nanu'd 
JSaiito  Domin^ro,  on  a  'rio  caudaloso'  cahed  also  llio 


'o^  ' 


ts  si/e  an 


a 


''  Tlifso  niiiiios  arc  not  iiiciitioncd  in  the  diary  till  a  little  later  mi  tli  >  ro- 
tniii  iKiiii  tlif  cast.  Tlifrc  is  little  iirohaliility  tliat  tiu'sc  names  or  that  nf 
Sto  liniiiiiiuii,  given  lati'r,  weri'  iiermanent;  nor  is  it  imssilile  to  iilentiiy  tlieni 
iiiTiintely;  .still  tliore  is  little  iloiiiit  tiiat  tlioy  were  in  tlie  rej:i"n  •)!  Sta  Ana, 
S.  I'ciijie,  anil  Stn  l>(>ining((.  Near  S.  Miireos  piDinisinL;  mines  wen;  iliseci\- 
ir  il.  It  is  sonjewlMt  loniarkalile  that  ."luints'  names  aru  nut  aiiidied  to  the 
oilier  imc'lilus. 


li  "    .5!, 


■  >i: 


106 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS, 


Grande,  to  which  point  the  main  camp  was  soon  trans- 
ferred.™ 

In  these  days  was  brought  to  light  a  plot  of  certain 
men  to  desert  their  leader,  perhaps  even  to  kill  liini, 
and  to  quit  the  country.  Their  cause  of  complaint,  if 
we  may  credit  the  perhaps  not  impartial  chronicler, 
was  the  kindness  shown  the  natives  by  the  teniente  do 
gobernador,  and  the  consequent  lack  of  opportunitic  s 
for  plunder.  All  implicated,  however,  were  pardonc;! 
by  the  kind-hearted  Castano  at  the  intercession  of  all 
the  camp;  and  the  only  punishment  inflicted  was  on 
Alonso  Jaimez  whose  commission  to  go  to  Zacateras 
for  reenforcements  was  revoked.  Permission  was  even 
given  to  such  as  might  desire  it  to  abandon  the  enter- 
prise and  go  home,  but  none  took  advantage  of  the 
offer.  This  was  about  the  11th  of  March;  and  in  his 
search  for  mines  Castano  found  in  the  mountains  two 
pueblos,  twenty-three  and  twenty-four,  which  had  born 
aband(,ned  recently  because  of  Indian  wars.  No  more 
dates  are  given;  but  the  final  tour  of  exploration  was 
to  the  province  where  the  padres  were  said  to  have  been 
killed  years  before.  This  is  the  only  allusion  in  tlio 
diary  to  any  knowledge  on  Castano's  part  that  Niw 
Mexico  had  ever  been  visited  before.  In  this  province 
there  were  fourteen  pueblos  in  sight  on  the  river  bank, 
nine  of  which — numbers  twenty-five  to  thirty-three 
were  visited.  Most  of  them  were  temporarily  deserted 
by  the  inhabitants,  in  the  fear  that  the  invaders  came  to 
avenge  the  death  of  the  friars;  but  the  rest  submittal 
without  resistance.  We  must  suppose  tliat  in  this  last 
expedition  Don  Gaspar  went  from  Santo  Domini^o 
down  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  province  of  the  Tiguas.'-' 

On  his  return  from  this  tour,  with  a  few  men  Cas- 
tano met  Indians  who  reported  the  arrival  of  a  new 
party  of  Spaniards.     A  little  later  he  met  some  of  li'' 


"•It  seems  most  likely  that  this  was  not  the  Sto  Domingo  of  later  yc.irs, 
but  a  imuhht  farther  south,  or  <lown  tlie  river. 

'■"  There  ia  nothing  to  show  the  direction,  and  that  little  is  eonfusinj.',  aa, 
for  instance,  the  statement  that  he  went  '  up  the  river '  in  visiting  tiie  tnwii!). 


iii 


CAPTAIN  MORLETE'S  EXPEDITION. 


107 


,  of  later  y<'.»r9, 


own  men,  who  said  tliat  Captain  Juan  Morlote'^  had 
arrived  from  the  south  with  50  men.  Hoping  to  learn 
that  reenforcemcnts  had  been  sent  to  him,  though  the 
names  were  not  famihar,  the  teniente  de  gobernador 
liastcned  to  the  camp,  only  to  learn  that  Morlete  had 
come  witli  orders  from  the  king  and  viceroy  for  his 
anest.  He  quietly  submitted,  and  here  the  diary 
cMuls  abruptly,  after  Don  Gaspar  had  been  put  in 
sluicklea.  Apparently  the  whole  company  returned 
south  with  their  unfortunate  chief.  Lomas  in  1592 
tills  us  that  Morlete  was  accompanied  by  Padre  Juan 
(Jomoz,  and  arrested  Castauo  "for  having  entered  the 
said  country  without  license  from  Vuestra  Senon'a." 
Ofiate  in  1598  found  traces  of  the  wagons,  showing 
the  return  route  to  have  been  down  the  liio  Grande. 
Salmeron  says  of  this  expedition  "and  those  of  Captain 
Ncmorcete  and  of  Humana  I  do  not  write,  because 
thi'V  all  saw  the  same  thin<;s,  and  one  telliiiij  suffices" — 
ail  unfortunate  resolution  of  the  venerable  Franciscan, 
since  he  probably  had  at  his  command  information 
that  would  have  thrown  desirable  lijjht  on  all  these 
cntiadas.  Father  Niel  adds  nothing  to  the  statement 
of  liis  j)redecessor  exce])t  in  correcting  Nemorccte's 
iiani(>  to  3^jrlete:  and  the  poet  V^illaunt  supi)lies  no 
•ictaik-  _  /  ' 

Of  the  ex]>edition  attributed  by  Salmeron  and 
riflicr  writers  to  Humana,  as  it  was  an  illegal  one — • 
aiiitrti  hando,  as  the  Spaniards  put  it — no  diary  could 

'"'I'lio  iliary  lias  it  Morlote,  which  may  he  correct. 

•'■' .',<i///<(.s',  Asifnfi;  ThS;  iV.  Mi'.r.,  Yliiii-nirh,  '240;  Saliiwrnn,  fM.,  11;  A'iel, 
A]'ii)il.,  ,SS.     NiUiigra's  version,  J/M.  X.  Mcx.,  'M\  7,  is  a.s  follows: 
'  Y  por  el  do  iioiicnta  eiitrd  Castailo, 
Por  st!r  alia  teiiicnto  mas  antiguo, 
Dt'l  Hcyuo  do  Leon  &  {\\\\a\\  siguieroa 
MiR'hos  iiolilos  sohlados  valerosos, 
Cuic)  Macio  do  eaiiiix)  so  llaiiiaiia 
Chri.stoiial  do  horedia  bioii  prouado 
Ell  cosas  de  la  guorra  y  do  l)iu^ii  tiiio, 
Para  ci>rror  iiiuy  graiidos  dosjuihlados, 
A  los  ()ualos  inaiidd  el  N'iroy  j)roiidie8e 
El  (.'apitaii  Moiloto,  y  sin  tardarso, 
.Sooorrido  do  iiiuoha  soldadosca; 
Braha,  dis]iuost<i,  y  liion  oxeroitada, 
A  toduti  loa  preiulid,  y  bolvio  del  puosto.' 


108 


FRUITLESS  PROJECTS. 


I   T 


liave  been  expected  to  bo  written,  even  bad  tlie  imfdr- 
tunatc  adventurers  bved  to  return  and  report  their 
discoveries.  Francisco  Leiva  Bonilla,  a  Portuguese, 
was  the  veritable  chief,  and  Juan  de  Humana  one  of 
Ids  companions.  The  party  was  sent  out  on  a  raid 
against  rebellious  Indians  by  the  governor  of  Nueva 
Vizeaya  at  a  date  not  exactly  known,  but  apparently 
in  1594-0.  Captain  Bonilla,  moved  by  the  current 
reports  of  north-eastern  wealth,  detennined  to  extend 
his  operations  to  New  Mexico  and  Quivira.  The  gov- 
ernor sent  Pedro  de  Cazorla  to  overtake  the  party  and 
forbid  such  an  expedition,  declaring  Bonilla  a  traitor 
if  he  disobeyed;  but  all  in  vain,  though  six  of  tlic 
party  refused  to  follow  the  leader,  and  returned.  The 
atlventurers'  progress  to  and  through  New  Atexico  has 
no  record.  They  are  next  heard  from  far  out  on  tlic 
buft'alo  plains  in  search  of  Quivira.  Here  in  a  quancl 
Humai'ia  killed  his  chief  and  assumed  command.  A 
little  later,  when  the  party  had  passed  througli  an 
inuncnse  settlement  and  readied  a  broad  river  whicli 
was  to  be  crossed  on  balsas,  three  Mexican  Indians 
deserted,  one  of  whom,  Jose,  survived  to  tell  the  tali' 
to  Onate  in  1598.  Once  more  we  hear  of  the  gold- 
seekers.  Farther  toward  Quivira,  or  Tindan,  or  jx  i- 
ha[)s  returning  gold-laden  from  those  fabulous  lands. 
they  encamp  on  the  plain  at  the  place  since  called 
Matanza.  The  Indians  set  fire  to  the  grass,  and  rush, 
thou.sands  strong,  upon  the  Spaniards  just  befoiv 
dawn.  Only  Alonso  Sanchez  and  a  nudatto  giil 
escape  the  massacre.  Sanchez  became  a  great  cliitt 
among  tlie  natives,  and  from  him  comes  the  stt>rv, 
just  how  is  not  very  clear,  since  there  is  no  definite 
rec(»rd  that  he  was  ever  seen  later  by  any  white  man. 
When  we  take  into  consideration  their  sources,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  the  records  of  Humana's  achievt'- 
ments  are  not  very  complete."* 


"  VillaKni,  lliM.  N.  M,:r.,  T,,  U2,  ■  the  autlinrity  for  tlio  first  put  .f 
this  t'xpeilitidii;  aii<l  ho  also  a.s  aii  cjo-wituess  spt'ak.s  of  tho  Iml.  ilo'Vtir 
Jose,  or  Jusepe,  at  S.  Juau.     Oflato,  Carta  de  luV'J,  303,  3(>lt,  says  th  it  In 


u\  tlic  iiiifor- 
report  their 

Portuguese, 
miana  one  of 
Lit  on  a  mid 
or  of  Nue\a 
t  apparently 

the  curreDt 
iCid  to  cxteii<[ 
I.  The  oov- 
he  party  and 
I  ilia  a  traitor 
h  six  of  the 
turned.  The 
V  ]\[exico  has 
ir  out  on  the 
!  in  a  quaricl 
)ninian(l.     A 

through  nil 

river  whieli 
ican  Indians 

tell  the  tale 
of  the  gold- 
idan,  or  jxi- 
l)uh)us  lands. 

since  callctl 
Lss,  and  rush, 

just  behnv 
nudiitto  uirl 
L  great  chief 
'S  the  storv. 
s  no  definite 
r  white  man. 
sources,  it  is 
fia's  achievo- 


•  tlio  first  jiait  I'f 
tho  liicl.  (l.Mi-tir 
:«!'.»,  says  that  lie 


::.•  Si 


J^  * 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ONATE'S  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 

1595-1598. 

A  Blank  in  History  Filled — The  Versions  of  Early  Writeiw — Nor  Im- 
I'RovED  BY  Modern  Authors — The  Veritable  bct  Unknown  Aitiikk- 
ITIES — Vili.aukA's  Work — An  Eric  History  of  the  Conquest— Don 
Juan  de  Onate— His  Contract  of  1595 — Enlistment  of  an  Army 
Change  of  Viceroys  —  Vexatious  Delays  —  Documents  from  Tiif 
Archives  Confirming  the  Poet — Persecutions — Start  for  tiik 
North  —  In  Zacatecas— Visita — Ar  Caxco  and  Santa  Baubaha— 
llovAL  Order  of  Suspension — A  Year's  Delay — Order  to  Start  in 
1597 — On  the  Conchos — The  Franciscan  Friars— List  of  Onatk's 
Associates — To  the  Rio  del  Norte — Formal  Possession  Taken  in 
Ai'RiL  1598 — The  Drama. 

Having  chronicled  in  the  preceding  chapters  all  the 
various  explorations  of  New  Mexican  territory  from 
1540  to  151)(),  together  with  several  unsuccessful  pro- 
jects of  colonization,  I  now  come  to  the  final  success 
of  another  similar  undertaking,  to  the  actual  conquest 
and  occupation  of  the  country  accomplished  by  Don 
Juan  de  Oilate  for  the  king  of  Spain,  in  1598  1). 
While  this  achievement  may  properly  be  regarded  as 
the  most  important  in  New  Mexican  annals,  the  cor- 
ner-stone of  the  historic  structure,  its  record  lias 
hitherto  been  left  almost  a  blank.  The  early  standard 
writers  somewhat  unaccountably  gave  but  a  brief  and 
generally  inaccurate  outline  of  the  conquest.  Nearly 
all  gave  the  date  as  1595-6,  fixing  it  by  that  of  Ofiate's 
preparations,  and  greatly  underestimating  the  delays 
that  ensued ;  and  only  Mariana,  the  historian  of  Spain, 
seems  to  have  given  a  correct  date.  The  sum  and 
substance  of  all  these  versions,  rejecting  errors,  would 

(UO) 


CURRENT  VERSIONS. 


Ill 


be  hardly  more  than  a  statement  that  in  1595  Onate 
uiulertook  the  enterprise,  and  soon  with  the  aid  of 
Franciscan  friars  succeeded  in  occu|)ying  the  province, 
and  even  made  a  tour  to  the  Quivira  region  in  the 
north-eastern  plains.* 

That  later  writers,  consulting  only  a  part  of  these 
earlier  authorities,  should  not  have  materially  improved 
tliu  accuracy  and  completeness  of  the  record  is  not 
surprising.  They  have  made  a  few  slight  additions 
from  documentary  sources;  but  they  have  retained 
for  the  most  part  the  erroneous  dates,  and  have  intro- 
duced some  new  errors,  the  latest  and  best  of  them, 
])avis  and  Prince,  having  copied  the  blunder  of  some 
faulty  document  consulted,  and  moved  the  conquest 
buekward  to  1591.^     The  real  and  oriifinal  authorities 


'  Torqueniada,  Monnrq.  Intl.,  i.  G70  et  seq.,  mentions  the  confirmations  of 
O.'s  contract  in  1;)'J5  by  Viceroy  Monterey,  tlie  enlistment  of  men  in  Mex., 
ami  the  appointment  of  a  couiisario  of  the  Franciscan  band;  but  gives  no 
furthiT  details  or  dates  until  after  N.  Mex.  was  occupied,  that  is,  after  1600. 
'  rasai-Dii  todos,  hasta  Ucgar  &  las  pobkieiones  que  llaman  N.  Mexico,  y  alii 
iusciitirou  Real,  y  oi  Dia  permanece,  y  de  la  que  ha  ido  sucediendo  se  dira  en 
sus  liij,'are3. '  This  is  virtually  Toniuemada's  history  of  the  conquest.  Men- 
dicta,  J/ixl.  Edes.,  402,  writing  ia  loOO,  merely  notes  that  the  viceroy  is  now 
tittiiig  out  O.'s  expedition.  Vct;incur,  Chronica,  95,  notes  the  eontriict  made 
by  Wlasco  and  confirmed  by  Monterey,  the  appointment  of  friars,  as  in  Tor- 
(juiMKida,  and  then  says:  '  Llegaron  con  facilidad,  y  entre  los  dos  rios  fundaron 
una  Villa  a  S.  (iabriel  dedicada.'  Calle,  A^oticiim,  102,  after  noting  the  con- 
tract ratified  Sept.  30,  loO-j,  the  Franciscans,  etc.,  like  the  rest,  thus  records 
tlic  ioii(iiicst:  '  Llegd  al  Nuevo  Mexico  y  hizo  asiento,  tomo  possession  del  por 
la  Ma^'ustad  Catdlica  del  Rey  N.  Sufior,  y  puso  su  Real  en  el  pueblo  que  se 
iiilitulii  iSan  Crabriel  cuyo  sitio  esta  en  37°  de  altura  al  Norte,  situado  entra 
(li).s  rio.s,  doude  fundaron  Convento  luego  los  Religiosos,  yhastael  aflo  de  1(308 
bautizaron  8,000  almas.'  Salmcron,  Htlarionea,  23-4,  recording  the  start  in 
l.V.li),  the  names  of  friars,  number  of  soldiers,  etc.,  tells  us,  'dejadas  largaa 
liisiorias,  quo  no  hacen  &  mi  intento,'  that  Ouate  with  over  400  men  went 
4.H)  iiiik's  N.,  pitched  his  camp  in  lat.  37°  30',  and  went  on  to  make 
lurthLT  entradas  and  explorations.  But  he  adds  an  account  of  the  Quivira 
expid.,  pi).  2ij  et  seq.  Niel,  Apiint.,  89-94,  cannot  be  said  to  add  anything  to 
Saliuenm  a  version,  and  neither  implies  that  the  entrada  was  delayed  more 
tliau  a  few  months,  in  1590.  Ludovicus  Tribaldus,  in  a  letter  to  Richard 
Hakluyt,  printed  in  Puir/uui  hin  Pilijrinien,  iv.  1505-6  (see  also  descrip.,  v. 
H't'.i  ti),  and  in  Laet,  Xooits  Ot-bis,  314,  mentions  certain  early  troubles  at 
Acunia.  Alegre,  llixt.  Comp.  J.,  i.  310-11,  mentions  the  exped.  as  of  1596. 
See  also  J/((W(j»a,  Hid.  E'^xifia,  ii.  527;  Morelli,  Fast.  I^'ov.  Orb.,  31;  Tfi<v<m- 
/•«.<,  (,'r,„j.,  ii.  252-3;  Cavo,  Tres  Sii/loa,  i.  225-9;  Arliyui,  Cron.  Zur.,  50-7; 
Ap'irirk,  Conivntit.1,  282;  Alccdo,  Dice,  iii.  189;  Bernnnlvz  Zuc,  31-^;  Re- 
v'dln  Hijvth,  in  Dice.  Univ.,  v.  441,  who  makes  the  date  l(>Ov . 

■Harri'iro,  Ojvatla,  5,  thus  records  the  conquest,  Viiwng  before  1832: 
'  iVro  lo  cierto  es  que  en  el  ano  de  1595  con  cedula  de  Felipe  segundo  dirigida 
al  \  irrey  de  Mexico  Zuftiga  y  Acevedo,  eonde  de  Monterey,  entro  al  Nuevo- 
-Nkxico  Juan  de  Ouate  cor  los  primeros  espaflolos  que  lo  poblarou,  trayendo 


Is 


ii 


112 


ONATK'S  CONQUEST  OF  NKW  MEXICO. 


— a  book  publislicd  in  IfJlO,  and  documents  obtain(c( 
in  modern  tinu>s  from  the  Spanish  arcliives — are  now 
utihzt'd  jiractically  ior  the  first  time  in  writing  the 
liistory  of  New  ^lexico.  I  say  practically,  because  in 
the  long  interval  between  the  writing  and  final  revision 
of  this  chapter,  a  Spanish  investigator  lias  given  to 
the  public  a  resume  of  the  book  referred  to,  and  an- 
otlu'r  in  America  has  made  known  his  acquaintance 
with  the  volumes  containing  the  confirmatory  docu- 
ments.^ 

The  veritable  authority  for  the  events  presented  in 
this  chapter  is  to  be  found  in  the  shape  of  an  epic  poem, 
written  by  Captain  Gas])ar  de  Villagnl,  one  of  Oiiates 
companion  concjuistadores,  and  published  only  eleven 
years   after  the  occurrence  of  the    events  narrated.^ 

consijo  G.")  rcligiosos  franciacanos.'  Pino,  Ej-jtosicion,  .S5-6,  of  1812,  ami  Iil., 
Kotida.f,  'J-8,  a  new  cil.  ot  '4!),  gives  the  king's  cednla  of  July  8,  ](>.)•_',  in 
Ofiate's  favor,  wliieli  is  eopietl  by  Davis  and  others.  Tiie  latter  edition  also 
contains  IJarreim's  statement  and  that  of  Calle  as  alreaily  quoted,  and  in 
addition  tliat  of  Frejes,  HUL  Jiiriv.,  'I-i-i,  which  is  to  the  effect  tiiat  Esjujk 
having  been  sent  by  the  viceroy  to  protect  the  inissious  of  N.  Mex.,  and 
some  trouble  having  arisen  with  adjoining  tribes,  presidios  were  needed  and 
Ofiate  was  therefore  sent,  arriving  in  Ij'JoI  Zamacois,  JIi.it.  Mi'j.,  v.  'iOlJ-lO, 
implies  tiiat  tiio  eon(iuest  was  efi'eeted  in  l."»!K)~7,  and  tells  us  that  two  yeari 
later  was  foundi'd  tlie  1st  city  named  .Monterey.  Rivera,  Gohe.rniintcn  i/c  Mir., 
i.  71-2,  gives  no  exact  dates  and  few  detail.*,  l)Ht  he  adds  a  little  genuine  in- 
formation about  the  troubles  befcn-c  N.  Mex.  M'as  reached.  Gregg,  Cum.  of 
the  I'raiiit'x,  i.  117  et  seq.,  found  at  Sta  Fe  a  very  important  document,  tlio 
memorial  of  Onato  dated  Sept.  21,  1.")'.)."),  which  is  not  known  to  have  Ikmii 
seen  since,  and  of  M'hich  ti>e  autlior  gives  a  resume.  Davis,  Spin.  Coii'i., 
20H-78,  as  I  have  stated,  gives  tiie  date  as  l.")!)l,  but  adds  a  note  on  the  confus- 
ion of  dates.  He  seems  to  have  used  a  M.S.  copy  of  part  of  Salmeron's 
work,  regarding  it  as  Oflate'a  diary.  He  also  copies  the  cednla  of  1(J.)'-'  .is 
given  l)y  ISarreiro,  has  evidently  consulted  (Jregg,  and  also  cites  Lareiiau- 
(liere  (Mc.viiinv,  I-IT,  who  gives  the  date  as  l(i;)0,  not  l.V.Hl).  See  also— none  nf 
tlieni  containing  original  or  additional  material — Princa'ti  Hist.  Sk:,  1  il  li; 
V'nvjvro  I'liii;  xxvii.  144-.");  .Uai/cr'.i  Mi:r.  Azf.ec,  i.  174;  Mdhii!\i2,iiii)  M(l'<, 
].'!.")-(!;  IhitiKiiirli'.t  DcM'Hx,  IS.");  Miirnujs  Cttth.  (.'/(.,  74-0;  Xaiiv.  Ann.  I'".'/., 
cxxxi.  2.").");  Fiini/iiin'.s  .Mi:i\,  2.'{;  Moi/i'rn  Trurdlt');  ii.  71-2;  Jlin/onn  J/iin'l- 
liook;  S8S-'.t;  Midler,  lic'iKvn,  iii.  188;  Mnijliaiio'.i  St.  Frunrif,  r)7o-7;  Duri* 
El  (irin'jo,  ~',\. 

■'1  albnlc  to  Fernandez  Duro  (1882)  and  Biv.ndelicr  (1881),  whose  work>i  :nc 
clsewher;'  noticed.  In  the  same  interval,  1877-8.>,  I  have  aho  discovirod 
that  the  book  was  used  in  l(il'.(  in  a  Idundering  bketeh  by  Cordoba.  My  mu- 
prise  i:i  this  matter  lias  bi'en  for  10  years  that  the  Doc.  Hi.tt.  Met:,  the  '  '/. 
J)oi:  Innl.,  and  the  work  of  Villugra  have  not  been  utilized  liy  histoiaul 
students. 

*  Villi'irn,  I/ii/nrld  de  la  Nuern  Me.rieo,  del  Capititn  Caspar  de  Vill''ini. 
Diri'jid  I  id  Jill/  IK  Fel!]ie  niie.ifru  .lenor  Tirecrn  de.ite  iininhre.  Alio  Jt!/f>.  '"ii 
jirii'ilei/io,  en  Alenln,  Jior  Liii/.i  Miiiiiinz  (Iraiide.  A  en.it.ii  de  Jiapti.di  !.  fi' 
viercader  de  li'nvo.      llimo,  24,  287  leaves.     The  prelimiuary  leaves  contain  a 


villagrX's  epic. 


113 


obtained 
-are  now 
ting  the 
L'cause  in 
[  revision 
given  to 
►,  and  an- 
uaintanco 
jry  doc'U- 

Dscnted  in 
3pic  \wem, 
of  Onate's 
nly  eleviMi 
narrated.' 

1812,  an<l  /''■- 
uly  8,  lt>.>-.  '" 
ter  cilitiou  iil>'> 

(lUOtcd,    iw\   111 

L-ct  that  Kn"i'; 

.f  N.  Mex.,  mid 

uro  ueeaea  ami 

J/./.,  V.  200-ltt. 

that  two   yiaiM 

,-;i(t/i^c.s  (Ic  M'>-, 

ttlc  gi'iiuim-"  iii-_ 

Gregg,  <■'..,/(.  </ 

_,  ilocument,  tlie 

11  to  have  htrii 

3,    Spill-    ''""'/■> 

e  on  the  <Mwh\A- 
of  SaliniTous 
,lula  of  \M'l  as 
cites  Lareiiiui- 
■e  aUo— uoiu'  of 

■ist.  SL,  1 11  '■'; 
ijiiiiioit's  n"^"i\ 

\,  :>73-7;  />'"'^ 
,i-hoso  work-!  :u>j 

lloha.  M.V  ^'"•• 
l.Uw.,  th.^  '  •'. 
|tl  hy  histon>Al 

lar  'h'   Vill':!''''- 

l\„o}"!<f-     '■"" 

JiiiptMi   /.'!'■• 

Laves  couU'H* 


"■5 


This  work,  tliougli  by  no  means  unknown  to  bibliog- 
raphers, is  very  rare ;  and  its  historic  value  seems  to 

iiuaintwoml-i'iit  portrait  of  the  author;  tlie  usual  certificates  of  secular  license 
and  iiiliriiastio  aiiproval;  ileilicatioii  to  the  king;  prohmue;  a  series  of  nuiner- 
iiiis  slioi-t  i-iiiii-iow^  and  i-oiiitoK  hy  diUerent  writers,  full  of  flattery  addressed 
for  the  most  part  to  Villagra  or  Oflate,  tlie  longest  heing  hy  Luis  Tribaldos, 
thi'  siuiio  who  wrote  to  llakluyt  on  the  coiupiest;  and  finally  a  table  of  con- 
tents of  tliJ  'Si  cantos  which  inako  up  the  hook.     The  1st  begins  aa  follows: 

HlSTOlUA    UE   1,A  NUEVA    MEXICO. 
DEL  CAPITAN   (JASl'AR   UE  VII.LAUUi. 

Cunto  I'rimero. 
Quo  declara  el  argximonto 

de  la  historia,  y  sitio  de  la  uueva  Mexico,  y  noticia 
q  della  se  tuvo,  en  (juanto  la  antigualla  de 
los  Indios,  y  ile  la  salida  y  deueu- 
deiicia  de  los  verdaderos 
Mexictuios. 
Las  annas  y  el  varoii  heroico  canto, 
El  ser,  valor,  prudeneia,  y  alto  esfuer^Ot 
l)e  a<piel  euya  paciencia  no  rendida, 
For  tin  inar  do  disgustos  arrojada, 
A  pesar  de  la  iiiuiilia  ponii'ofiosa, 
Los  lieclios  y  prohesas  va  encuinbrando. 
l)e  aquellos  E^jaAoles  valerosos, 
Que  en  la  Occidental  India  rcniontados, 
Descuhriendo  del  muudo  lo  que  escoude, 
I'lus  vltra  con  braueza  van  diziendo, 
A  fuer(,'a  do  valor  y  brayos  fuertes, 
En  annas  y  quebrantos  tan  sufridos, 
Quaiito  de  tosca  pluiiia  celebrados; 
Suplicoos  Cliristianissiino  Filipo, 
Que  pues  de  nueva  Mexico  soys  feuix, 
Nueuaniento  salido  y  producido, 
De  aquellas  viuas  llamas  y  cenizas, 
De  ardeiitisiina  fee,  en  cuyas  brasas, 
A  vuestro  sacro  Padre,  y  seilor  nuestro, 
Todo  desJiecho  y  al>ra8ado  viiuos, 
Suspendais  algun  tanto  de  los  hombres  (hombroa). 
El  grande  y  graue  peso  que  os  inipide, 
De  a(piesc  iniiienso  globo  que  en  justicia, 
Por  solo  vuestro  bra(,'0  se  sustcnta, 

Y  prestando  gran  Iley  atento  oido, 
Vereis  a(iui  la  fuer(,'a  de  trabajos, 
Caluninias  y  aflicciones  con  <iue  planta, 
El  Euangelio  santo  y  Fe  de  C'hristo, 
Aquel  C'hristiano  Achiles  (jue  quisistes. 
Que  en  obra  tan  heroicasc  ocupasc, 

Y  si  por  (jual  (jue  bucna  suerte  alcan^o, 
A  teneros  Moiiarca  por  oiciite, 

Quieu  duda  quo  con  admirable  espanto, 
La  redondez  del  mundo  todo  escuche, 
Lo  (juo  a  tan  alto  Hey  atento  tiene, 
I'ues  siisndo  assi  de  vos  fauorecido, 
No  siendo  menos  oscriuir  loa  liechoa, 
Diguos  de  quo  la  pluiiia  los  leuante, 
Que  empreder  los  q  no  son  menos  dignos 
De  (pie  la  niisnia  pluuia  los  escriua, 
niST.  Abiz.  akd  N.  Msx.    8 


lU 


OSATE'S  conquest  of  new  MEXICO. 


have  been  concealed  from  the  pubHc  until  1883.    When 
I  had  occasion  to  consult  its  pajjes  in  1877,  I  did  no 


Solo  resta  que  aqucllos  valerosos, 
Por  quiuii  esto  cuydailo  yo  l>o  tuinado, 
Alien  ten  cou  hu  gran  valor  heroico, 
El  atreuitlo  buelo  ile  mi  plunia, 
Porque  duata  vez  pionso  que  vcremoa, 
Ygualcs  las  palabras  con  las  obras. 
Eacuchadino  gran  Roy  (|ue  soi  tustigo, 
De  todo  quanto  aqui  seilor  os  digo. 

Or,  rendering  the  same  in  Engliah  as  literally  as  possible,  with  an  exact  rv- 
production  of  the  measure,  antlwith  a  remarkably  successful  efl'ort  not  to  l)u 
a  better  poet  than  Don  Gaspar,  we  have: 

History  of  New  Mkxico. 

BY  CAPTAIN    GASPAR   DE   VILLAGrA. 

First  CatUo. 
Which  makes   known  the  argument 
of  the  history,  and  the  situation  of  New  Mexico,  and 
knowledge  liad  of  it  from  ancient  monuments 
of  the  Indians,  and  of  the  departure 
and  origin  of  the 
Mexicans. 
Of  arms  I  sing  and  of  the  man  heroic; 
The  being,  valor,  prudence,  and  high  eflFort 
Of  him  whose  endless,  never-tiring  patience. 
Over  an  ocean  of  annoyance  stretching. 
Despite  the  fangs  of  foul,  envenomed  envy 
Brave  deeds  of  prowess  ever  is  achieving; 
Of  those  brave  men  of  Spain,  conquistadores. 
Who,  in  the  Western  India  nobly  striving. 
And  searchmg  out  all  of  the  world  yet  hidden. 
Still  onward  press  their  glorious  achievements. 
By  their  strong  arms  and  deeds  of  daring  valor. 
In  strife  of  arms  and  hardships  as  enduring 
As,  with  rude  pen,  worthy  of  being  honored. 
And  thee  I  supplicate,  most  Christian  Philip, 
Since  of  New  Mexico  thou  art  the  Phoenix 
Of  late  sprung  forth  and  in  thy  grandeur  risen 
From  out  the  mass  of  living  Hame  and  ashes 
Of  faith  most  ardent,  in  whose  glowing  embers 
Thy  own  most  holy  father  and  our  master 
We  saw  inwrivpped,  devoured  by  sacred  fervor — 
To  move  some  little  time  from  off  thy  shoulders 
The  great  and  heavy  weight,  that  thee  oppresses. 
Of  that  terrestrial  globe  which  in  all  justice 
Is  by  thine  own  strong  arm  alone  supported; 
And  giving,  gracious  king,  attentive  hearing. 
Thou  here  wilt  see  the  weight  of  weary  labors. 
And  grievous  calumnies  with  which  is  planted 
The  holy  gospel  and  the  faith  of  Jesus 
By  that  Achilles  who  by  royal  order 
Devotes  himself  to  such  heroic  service. 
And  if  I  may  by  rare  access  of  fortune 
Have  thee,  most  noble  Philip,  for  a  hearer, 
Who  doubt«  that  with  a  universal  impulse 
The  whole  ivide  world  will  hold  its  breath  to  listen 
To  that  which  holds  so  great  a  king's  attention? 


A  REMARKABLE  BOOK. 


115 


with  an  idea  that  it  inig^ht  furnish  material  for  a  brief 
note  as  a  Hteraiy  curiosity;  but  I  fouuil  it  a  most  ooin- 
|iUte  narrative,  very  little  if  at  all  the  less  useful  for 
hv'iw^  in  verse.  The  subject  is  well  enough  adapted 
to  epic  narration,  and  in  the  generally  smooth-flowing 
iMdocasyllabic  lines  of  Villagnl  loses  nothing  of  its 
intrinsic  fascination.  Occasionally  the  author  quits 
tlio  realm  of  poesy  to  give  us  a  document  in  plain  prose ; 
and  while  enthusiastic  in  praise  of  his  leader  antl  his 
companions,  our  New  Mexican  Homer  is  modest  in 
recounting  his  own  exploits.  Of  all  the  territories  of 
America — or  of  the  world,  so  far  as  my  knowledge 
uDcs^New  Mexico  alone  may  point  to  a  poem  as  the 
original  authority  for  its  early  annals.  Not  less  re- 
markable is  the  historic  accuracy  of  the  muse  in  this 
production,  or  the  long  concealment  of  the  book  from 
the  eye  of  students.^ 

Then,  being  thus  by  thee  so  highly  favored, 
Since  it  is  notliing  less  to  write  the  story 
Of  deeds  tliat  worthy  are  of  the  pen's  record, 
Than  to  achieve  deeds  that  no  less  are  worthy 
Of  being  put  by  the  same  pen  in  writing, 
Nothing  remains  but  that  those  men  heroic. 
For  whose  sake  I  this  task  have  undertaken, 
Should  still  encourage  by  their  acts  of  valor 
The  Hight  ambitious  of  a  pun  so  humble, 
For  in  this  case  I  think  we  shall  see  equalled 
Deeds  by  the  words  in  whicli  they  are  recorded. 
Listen  to  me,  great  king,  for  I  was  witness 
Of  all  that  here,  my  lord,  I  liavu  to  tell  thee. 

*In  the  prose  documents  V.'s  name  is  generally  written  Villagran  and 
sometimes  Perez  de  V.  He  was  procurador  general  in  the  expedition,  as  well 
as  captain.  Cesireo  Fernandez  l)uro,  Don  JJicijo  de  Peilalom,  148-(i0,  gives 
ill  1SS3  an  excellent  summary  of  V.'s  work,  which  is  as  I  have  said  the  first 
aiiiKiiiiicement  to  the  world  in  modern  times  of  its  historic  value.  He  quotes 
from  LajHude  Ilaro,  Nohihirio,  some  slight  biog.  matter,  from  which  it  appears 
tliat  I»(m  (raspar  w.as  of  the  illustrious  family  of  the  Perez  of  V^illagni,  a 
tdwii  in  tlie  province  of  Campos,  Spain,  a  family  which  included  several  val- 
iant i.'ai)tains,  among  them  Don  Francisco  de  Villagra,  well  known  in  coimcc- 
tidn  witli  the  conquest  of  the  Arauciinos  in  S.  America.  Luis  Cabrera  de 
(.'(irdiilia,  Illstoria  de  Felipe,  ii.,  Madrid,  1C19,  gave  a  trashy  account  of  the 
early  explorations  of  N.  Mex.,  and  also  a  brief  account  of  tlie  conquest,  in 
wliiili  ho  tollows  Villagra.  This  is  the  only  instance  known  to  me  in  which 
V.'«  Work  has  been  consulted.  The  extract  on  N.  Mex.  is  translated  in  Tcr- 
ruiu.r-CoiiipoM,  Voyages,  ser.  i.  to:n.  x.  p.  429-50. 

Fernandez  Duro,  Noticin  de  Exped.,  131,  part  of  the  work  noticed  altove, 
cites  under  date  of  1G04  Figueredo,  lielacion  del  viaje  al  Nuei'o  Mejiro  que  Itizo 
tli'iiyiiiui  ijencral  D.  Juan  de  OiitUe,  par  Fr.  Ro<iue  Fiijueredo,  vmioueroj'rancin- 
ciiim  III  la  i.i-pedicion,  as  a  MS.  mentioned  by  Beristain;  also  Oilate,  DUtrio  yre- 
Winn  (li>  In  fntrada  que  hizo  D.  Juan  de  Oilafe  en  el  Nuevo  Mixico,  hacia  el  reino 
(/(•  ToliDi,  enviada  al  Hey,  WB>.,  cited  by  Barcia.  From  the  date  those  M.SS. 
may  refer  exclusively  to  0.  's  expeditions  from  rather  than  to  N.  Mex. 


E  h 


h 


M 


Mf',;    !i 


116 


oSatk's  conquest  of  nkw  mkxico. 


Viceroy  A'^olusco  oji  the  failure  of  Urtliuola's  project, 
not  favoring  ass  we  liavo  seen  that  of  Loina.s,  accepted 
the  propositions  of  Juan  tie  Onate  in  the  autunui  of 
ly'.);")."  Don  Juan  was  a  rich  and  prominent  resident 
of  Zacatecas,  son  of  the  brave  and  popular  conquista- 
dor Don  Cristobal;  married  to  Dona  Isabel,  daujj^hter 
of  Juan  do  Tolosa,  granddaughter  of  Hernaii  Cortes, 
and  great-granddaughter  of  Montezuma;'  and  was 
backed  by  the  wealth,  nobility,  and  power  of  Nueva 
(Jalicia.  Onate's  petition  and  contract  are  not  ex- 
tant; but  the  former  with  margmal  notes  of  approval 
and  dissent  was  seen  bv  Gregy:  at  Santa  Fe;  and  his 
brief  resume,  confirmed  by  incidental  allusions  in  other 
documents,  shows  that  the  contract  did  not  differ 
materially  from  the  earlier  ones  that  have  been  de- 
scribed. The  empresario  agreed  to  raise  a  force  of  200 
men  or  more  at  his  own  ex})ense;  but  seems  to  havt- 
been  i'urnished  by  the  king  with  a  considerable  quan- 
tity  of  arms  and  anununition,  and  even  a  sum  of  money, 
bemg  also  authorized  to  confiscate  the  property  of  Bo- 
nilla  and  other  adventurers  if  he  could  catch  them. 
lie  was  made  governor,  adclantado,  and  captain-general 
of  the  territories  to  be  colonized ;  and  his  somewhat  ex- 
travagant claims  for  honors,  titles,  lands,  and  other 
enu>luments  were  freely  granted  by  Velasco  so  far  as 
the  roj'al  instructions  would  permit.^ 

"  Villa;4ni  says  the  capitulations  were  concluded  on  Aug.  24th.  In  the  .\'. 
J/f'.r.,  Mfiii.,  188-S),  it  ii  stated  that  O.'s  petition  was  dated  Sept.  'Joth,  ami 
the  contract  appros'cd  Dec.  (clearly  a  misprint  for  Oct.)  l.")th.  Gregg  saw  t ho 
memorial  at  Sea  Fe,  and  gives  the  date  as  Sept.  '21st,  which  may  he  an  error 
for  '2'>i\i,  or  vice  versa.  Villagra's  Aug.  i24th  may  ho  the  date  of  some  pn- 
liiuinary  agreement.  I  have  no  doul)t»the  final  approval  ))y  Velasco  was  in 
Oct.  It  was  at  least  before  the  new  viceroy's  arrival  on  Nov.  5th.  Toripio- 
mada,  i.  G70-3,  makes  the  date  Sept.  30th;  and  Alanian,  Discrt.,  iii.  apeu.  18, 
say.s  it  was  in  '1)4.      Volasco's  instructions  were  issued  Oct.  21,  '95. 

'  Fernandez  Duro,  IIW,  says  I)on  Juan  married  Dona  Isabel  Cortes  Monte- 
zuma, daughter  of  Cortes.  Arlegui,  Chron.  Zac,  5o-7,  makes"  Dona  Isaliul 
t'le  wife  of  Cristobal  do  Onate  and  the  mother  of  Don  Juan.  Bernardez,  /iu\, 
31-4,  coulirms  the  statement  of  Villagra  as  in  my  text.  Tlie  S.  Luis  I'i>t:'4, 
Jitlticion  Ciraiiui.,  1,  calls  O.  '  dcscubridor,  concjuistador,  y  poblador '  of  S.  Liiia 
13S3,  and  son  of  Dofla  Isabel  ace.  to  Haro's  NoUlario. 

*  According  to  Gregg's  resume  of  the  memorial,  O.  offered  to  raise  200  nun, 
and  to  supply  at  his  own  expense  live-stock,  implements,  merchandise,  aiul 
one  year's  provisions  for  the  colony.  In  return,  he  asked  for  himself  tlie 
titles  of  gov.,  etc.,  for  5  lives;  30  leagues  of  laud  with  all  the  vassals  thereou; 


RECKUlTIN(i  AN   ARMY. 


117 


project, 
H'Copt,(nl 
tuum  of 
resiclcnt 
)nqui8ta- 
lau«:cUtt'r 
1  Cortes, 
and  was 
)f  Nuova 
i  not  ex- 
approval 
;  and  \n^ 
IS  in  other 
not   dittVr 
I  been  de- 
,rce  of  200 
lis  to  luivc 
•able  (|uan- 
lof  inonoy, 
[erty  of  1^'>- 
tcli  tlioui. 
ain-gcnerul 
newhat  ex- 
and  otlur 
o  so  far  as 


l4th.     Ill  t^»^"  -^  ; 
lSci)t.  '2.')th,  ;iud 

Inay  lie  an  error 
[to  of  80U\e  vr>- 
,  Velasco  wa^  i" 
[v.  5th.  Toniuc- 
\t.,  iii-  ap^"-  '^' 

1,  ''•)-''■ 

ll  Cortes  ^lonto- 

^es"  Dona  Isalifl 

Jernarilez,  /" -i 

S.  Liiix  /'"'■'-'• 

fador '  of  S.  Lui3 

lo raise 200  lu.n, 
IcrchaiuUse,  ;uhI 
Ifor  himsolt  Uic 
Ivassala  tUcrcou; 


Tlio  contract  once  sijTfncd,  Dun  .Tnan,  securinj^  tlio 
siijtport  of  the  hii^liest  ofKcial.s  and  most  intluc  itial 
null  of  ^[exico,  XiU'va  (Jalicia,  and  Xucva  A'izcaya, 
iiivokin<j,'  tlie  aid  of  liis  four  broth(>rs,  and  the  four 
l)rotlicrs  Zal(h'var,  lils  ne])lu'\vs,  and  of  otht  r  active 
friends,"  sot  about  tlie  task  of  recruitinijf  an  army,  by 
ni>  means  a  lonLf  or  difficult  one.  The  sari,n'nt(»  mayor, 
(  aiilain  Vicente  Zaldivar,  unfurled  his  enli.stmeiit  i)aii- 
iier  in  the  frrand  j)laza  of  Mexico  with  a  salutt;  of  artil- 
l.iv;  the  scenes  of  '.'^0  and  '40  under  (Guzman  and 
( 'oronado  were  re])eated;  recruas  came  in  I'rom  all 
directions,  attracted  by  the  favorable  terms  oflercd 
and  the  hope  of  wealth  and  fame  in  the  north,  and 
the  ranks  were  soon  full.'" 

All  was  enthusiasm;  success  seemed  assured;  and 
prejtai-ations  for  an  early  de{)arture  were  wellniuli 
ciimph'ted,  wlu-i;  a  chanq'e  of  vic(U'oys  occurred  iu 
Xovemher,  (he  c  mnt  of  ^lonterev  succeedin'j'  A'elasco. 
This  in  itself  naturally  caused  some  delay;  but  more 
serious  causes  were  at  work.     Oiiate's  brilliant  pros- 

a  salary  of  8,00()  diieats,  aiul  cxoinption  froui  the  crown  tax  for  working 
iiuai's;  for  liis  family;  horoilitaiy  nobility  and  liheral  oncomiondas;  fur  liij 
army,  arms  andaiimiunition;  fur  liisotticerM,  repartiinicntos  of  nativo  lalmrers; 
tor  liis  idliiny,  a  luau  of  lIOjOOl)  iiosos  from  the  royal  treasury;  and  for  the 
spiritual  wi'li-hcins;  of  all,  tJ  friars  anil  tlie  tittinj'  church  accoutrements.  Ho 
aUiia.skcd  for  iucitructions  re;-ii)ectinj'  the  foreihlo  conversion  of  giiitile.s  a;id 
tho  collection  of  tribute.  Gvegi,'  does  not  inilicate  what  doniamls  wcrj 
^.'ranted  or  declined  in  the  marginal  notes;  nor  is  it  apparent  whether  this 
was  till.'  (irigiiial  arrangement  or  the  final  one  as  nioditied  by  a  new  viicmy. 
It  is  state  I  in  the  X.  J/c.c.,  Mi:it.,  lSS-9,  that  Velasco  accepted  tho  otl'cr  by 
imliirsiiii;  the  several  articles  of  the  petition  i.i  marginal  notes.  Villagra  says 
0.  jri.t  .'Sl.OOO  in  money;  Toniuemaila  and  (.'.die  aihl  also  .^.l.fKK)  as  a  loan. 

Ill  I'iiio,  Xnt.  Iliit.,  2-l{,  and  more  complete  in  D.ivis,  Sjxiii.  ('(in'/.,  'Jt)4-t">, 
is  tin;  rnyal  order  of  July  8,  1G;)2,  contlrming  the  title  of  liijosdalgo  to  IJfiat. 's 
aisiuiatcs  for  5  years  in  tho  conquest,  according  to  an  article  of  the  original 
ciiiiti'act. 

'■•Tlure  arc  named  (tov.  Diego  Velasco  of  N.  Vizc.iya,  Rodrigo  del  Rio  do 
l.n/,1,  .Santiago  i.ol  Riego  and  Maldona(?o  of  the  auiliencia,  Leipietio,  Antonio 
ll  ■  Figiuroa,  the  Hanuelns,  Ruy  Bias  de  Mendoza,  Juan  fortes — great-;iraiid- 
siiiiiii  liciMiau — Juandetiuevara,  anil  Salas,  the  alcaMe  of  Zacatecas.  Onati's 
I'loilnis  Were  Fernando,  Cristobal,  Alonso,  and  Luis  Niifiez  Perez.  The  Z..1- 
liivar  brcitlicrs,  whoso  mother  seems  to  liave  an  Oilate,  were  Cristolial,  Fraii- 
lisio,  Juan,  and  Vicente,  who  were  apparently  the  sons  of  the  Juan  Z.  wiio 
",is  a  c  qitain  of  Coronado's  army  in  40.  Villagra  and  some  others  imply 
tliat  the  Zalilivars  were  O.'s  cousins;  but  O.  calls  them  sol/riiioi.  Vicente 
alsii  ii;arricd  a  daughter  of  Juan  OAate. 

''S;iliii,Ton  and  Niel  say  that  GOO  or  700  men  M'ero  enlisted,  though  this 
seems  doubtful,  as  there  was  no  known  authority  to  enlist  more  than  200. 


1 

jr 

'wfi 

!' 

ffi' 

' 

if 

1^' 

i 

il 

1 

1 

'i' 

,    j' 

LiLi 

lis 


ONATE'S  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


pects,  and  the  unusual  prerogatives  granted  him,  had 
created  jealousy;  and  his  rivals  and  foes  appear  to 
have  had  more  influence  with  the  new  viceroy  than 
with  the  old  one.  Even  before  he  reached  the  capi- 
tal, Monterey  asked  for  a  delay ;  hut  after  Velasco  had 
explained  the  matter  by  letter,  he  consented  to  a  coni- 
I-lcjtion  of  the  arrangements.  Arriving  the  5th  of 
November  and  taking  possession  of  his  office,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  investigate  somewhat  at  his  leisure  the  ade- 
lantado's  fitness  for  his  position,  and  the  truth  of 
certain  charjjes  against  him.  The  exact  nature  of 
the  accusations  is  not  revealed;  but  soon  everybody 
seems  to  have  had  something  to  say  against  Don  Juan 
and  his  enterprise ;  virtue,  if  we  may  credit  the  poet 
companion  and  eulogist,  being  in  this  instance  wcl!- 
nigJi  overpowered  by  calumny.  A  prominent  cle- 
ment, however,  in  the  new  viceroy's  policy  was  liis 
favor  to  one  Pedro  Ponce  de  Leon,  who  wished  to 
undertake  the  conquista  himself;  at  any  rate,  he  wrote 
to  the  king  <m  December  20th,  asking  that  ratification 
of  Oiiate's  project  be  delayed  until  new  information 
could  be  obtained.  The  poet's  narrative  of  tliese  and 
latter  complications  is  confirmed  by  documents  from 
the  Spanish  archives." 

"These  documents  on  Oflate's  conquest  are  published  in  the  PacJieco,  Dor. 
xvi.,  and  are  of  tlie  greatest  iuiportauce,  as  follows:  jN'.  Mex.,  MentorhU  solire 
el  ywir)  ^fcJ•il'o  1/ ^iM  acoiiteciiiiientox,  1 01)5-1002,  p.  188-227.  This  is  a  (Ihlu- 
meiitary  rcsuinii  of  Oflate's  negotiations,  contracts,  and  acts,  made  by  or  i'nr 
Vicente  Zil.Uvar  in  1002,  in  connection  with  his  efforts  to  obtain  furthur  iiid 
from  tlie  govt.  It  contains  not  only  a  resume  of  documents,  corresp.,  cte., 
but  much  testimony  taken  in  Mexico  on  O. 'a  achievements  and  the  importaiice 
of  continuing  the  con(]aest,  alluding  incidentally  to  the  results  of  eai'lior 
cxphirations.  Ytiiientno  de  Ian  miiKU  del  Caj-ro,  de  la  nohernarinn  de  (a  ywri 
I'izcai/d  .  ,  .  con  Ion  (Kjiuujes  y  lejiuM  de  mi  dtxluncui,  camiito  todo  de  cnrniiu 
.  .  .  Fvcho  pot'  tentijo  de  vinta  y  e.vpeiHeiicia,  y  que  tratu  verdad,  y  m  ndcen/ofe. 
Auotiior  title  of  the  same  13  Dincurao  de  /  («  Jormid  is  </«e  fiizo  el  rampo  i/<'  111 
MiviesUid  dexde  1 1  Nuevii  Mifp^ina  d  la  provinria  de  In  A'^iwi'i  Me.iico.  Ai'n'ili! 
132G  (loyT-D),  p.  228-70.  This  is  a  diary,  or  derrotero  from  the  Caxco  mnwi 
Aug.  1,  '97,  to  the  fall  of  Acoma,  Ja".  24,  '99.  It  bears  indications,  Imw- 
ever,  of  having  been  prepared  in  .  ex.  from  memory,  notes,  doc,  oto., 
and  not  a  copy  of  an  original  diary  as  written  from  day  to  day.  It,  liUe  nil 
the  other  doc,  is  a  part  of  the  Zaldivar  expediento  of  10D2.  Tritslailit  dr  /i 
ponp-^hii  (jue  en  noudire  de  kh  M<ujfttad  tom6  I>on  Joan  de  Oiluttu  de  Ln  /A//"!-','/ 
Promnciax  do  hi  Nimn  Mexico:  y  de  liui  oliedienckui  y  vamllaje  que  Ini  JwH'">  <le 
alfunoa  piiehloa  de  Ion  dichon  Rtyno't  y  protniictiM  le  dieron  en  el  dic/io  nomhre. 
Alio  de  1598,  p.  98-111.     The  formal  acts  of  taking  possession  of  N.  Mux. 


OBSTACLES  ENCOUNTERED. 


119 


At  last  the  viceroy  was  induced  to  approve  his 
predecessor's  contract  with  certain  modifications,  in- 
sisting particularly  that  Onate  should  not,  as  ho 
Joniaiided,  be  independent  of  the  audiencia  in  the 
administration  of  justice,  or  of  the  viceroy  in  war  and 
finance.  Preparations  were  nov;  actively  renewed  for 
the  march;  but  when  the  modifications  alluded  to 
became  known  to  soraf'  members  of  the  colony,  whose 
privileges  were  more  or  less  curtailed,  a  new  storm  of 
complaints  and  curses  burst  upon  the  leader's  head ;  and 
his  foes  took  advantage  of  the  occasion  to  renew  their 
attacks.  Onate  deemed  it  wiser  to  flee  from  than 
resist  such  foes;  accordingly  iic  made  haste  to  begin 
his  march  northward.^^  In  Zacatecas  a  halt  was  made 
for  final  preparations.  In  June  1596,  Lope  de  Ulloa 
y  Lemos  was  commissioned  by  Monterey  to  make  a 
visita  general,  or  inspection  and  inventory.  Ulloa  was 
also  instructed  to  remove  the  army  from  the  settle- 
ments on  account  of  certain  complaints  of  disorderly 
conduct;  and  he  began  his  inspection  in  July,  appoint- 
ing Francisco  de  Esquivel  as  assistant  or  comisario." 
This  caused  an  annoying  and  seemingly  needless  delay 
from  the  poet's  point  of  view;   but  as  the  viceroy 

for  Spain  followed  by  the  acts  of  submission  of  the  pueblos  and  native  chief- 
tiiiiia,  with  dates  and  witnesses,  especially  valuable  by  reason  of  the  many 
jiuulilo  names.  OiVite,  Copia  de  Carta  ejicnpta  al  Virrey  Conde  de  Monterrey 
ijHir)  Don.  Joan  de  Oflaie,  de  la  Niieva  Mexico,  d  dos  de  Mai-zo  de  1599  aho», 
p.  302-15.  A  letter  written  at  8.  Juan,  describing  briedy  what  has  been 
done,  ami  dwelling  particularly  on  the  brilliant  prospects — all  to  solicit  fur- 
ther aid.  N.  Mex.,  Dixcurao  y  Proponicion  (jne  se  h-ice  d  Vuestra  Magestad  de 
lo  torante  d  1<)S  Dcscubrimkntos  del  Nuevo  Mexico  por  am  caplluloa  de  pantos 
di/ireitlex,  p.  38-GC,  A  letter  of  Viceroy  Monterey  to  the  kmg,  probauly  of 
Ui:)'-*.  co'.itaiuiag  a  resume  of  what  had  been  done  in  the  Dilate  matter,  and 
the  \ioeroy's  ideas  of  what  more  should  be  done.  It  is  also  given  in  Fernan- 
dez Ihim,  Divi  Dieijo  de  Peilalosa,  13-27.  Oilite  {Alonso  de),  Pide  se  coiifirme 
It  riifiiiuliinon  qm  hiso  el  Virey  con  Don  Juan  de  OikUe,  p.  31G-22.  Dated 
Mjiy  4,  I  GOO,  at  Madrid,  and  addressed  to  the  king.  Tliere  follows  a  letter 
of  Nliiy  .'itii  of  like  purport  and  addressed  to  the  consejo. 

'-  With  liim  at  this  time  went  several  Franciscans  under  P.  Rodrigo  Duran 
.iH  c()misi<rio.  Those  named  are  Baltaaar,  Cristobal  ile  Salazar,  and  Diego 
Mari|ue7,,  or  Martinez — lie  who  had  formerly  been  captured  by  '  gente  lute- 
r^'.ua  --who  went  as  confessor  or  representative  of  the  Inquisition. 

'^.V.  Mex.,  Mem.,  191;  Id.,  Dis.  y  Prop.,  43-4.  Villagri  says  nothing  of 
any  cdinplaint  of  disorders.  Rivera,  Ooh.  de  Mex.,  tells  us  that  O.'s  men 
mutinied  at  Taxco,  refusing  to  go  on  unless  the  force  was  increased,  and  cer- 
tiin  promises  were  fulfilled.  Tne  viceroy  sent  Ulloa  to  punish  the  inalecon- 
teuts  and  make  them  go  on! 


120 


OSATE'S  conquest  of  new  MEXICO. 


had  already  sent  a  friendly  letter,  assuring  the  governor 
that  the  visita  was  a  mere  formality,  not  based  on  any 
suspicion,  no  serious  discontent  resulted  at  this  time, 
and  scon  the  force  moved  on,  a  part  to  the  Caxco, 
or  Taxto,  mines  in  Durango,"  and  the  rest  still  farther 
to  the  San  Bartolomd  valley. 

About  a  year  had  now  passed  since  the  contract  was 
signed,  and  the  military  colony  had  been  considerably 
reduced  during  the  delay.^^  A  courier  was  daily 
expected  with  marching  orders,  and  at  last  he  camo, 
the  9th  of  September,  with  a  sealed  packet  for  Ulloa, 
which  contained,  as  the  general  and  all  the  army 
thought,  the  welcome  order.  Bitter  was  Onate's  dis- 
appointment when  the  packet  was  found  to  be,  instead, 
a  royal  order  of  May  8th,  directing  a  suspension  of  tlic 
entrada  until  the  receipt  of  further  instructions,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  viceroy's  letter  of  the  past  December 
and  the  pending  negotiations  with  Ponce  de  Leon. 
Enclosed  was  the  vicerov's  letter  of  August  12th  to 
Ulloa,  instructing  that  officer  to  make  known  tlie 
king's  will,  and  to  order  Onate,  under  the  severest 
penalties,  including  a  revocation  of  all  past  concesaicis, 
to  make  no  further  advance.'**     In  October  came  from 


'*  I  tlo  not  find  this  place  on  the  maps,  but  I  havu  a  note,  of  forgotten  ori- 
gin, to  the  effect  that  it  wa^t  on  the  Rio  Nazas  in  central  Duranj^o.  Tlii.s  is 
contirined  by  the  later  route  which  led  through  Zarca  and  Cerro  (iordo,  and 
is  probably  correct.  Thev  reached  Caxco,  via  Avijio  and  8.  Juan  del  .Hio,  ou 
Nov.  1,  '!)().   JV.  Mfx.,  Yttn.,  221). 

''  Villagra  says  reduced  to  500  men;  and  we  have  noted  that  some  lauthori- 
ties  give  the  original  force  as  GOl>  or  700;  but  only  abcmt  200  ))esidc3  uegrou.i, 
Indiana,  etc.,  are  mentioned  in  any  of  the  origi.'ial  doc.  or  corresp. 
"Lle^d  luego  un  correo  con  gran  prieasa 
Pidiendo  albricias  por  el  buen  despacho, 
1)b  las  nueuas  alegrea  que  traia, 
De  Vuestro  Viaorcy,  en  que  mandaua, 
Que  luego  todi)  el  campo  se  aprestaae, 

Y  que  la  noble  entrada  prosiguiesse, 

Y  uomo  esta  nuis  corca  del  engailo, 
Aijuel  (]ue  esta  man  fuera  de  sospecha, 
Assi  fue  quo  el  oorreo  assegurado, 

Con  grau  contento  ontrcJ  y  dio  su  plicgo, 
EI  qual  so  abrio  en  sncroto,  y  con  recato, 
Que  niuguno  suniesse  ni  entendiesse, 
Lo  quo  el  cerraito  pJiego  alli  traia, 

Y  coino  no  ay  secreto  tan  oculto, 

Que  al  tin  lut  pu  reucio  y  se  uus  inuestre, 


ORDERS  FROM  THE  KING 

Mexico  a  repetition  of  the  order      Th. 

•?  J'cavy  lieart  thought  of  his  m^f    S-  ?^^^^'^or  with 

^00,000  ducats  alretdy  spen     C  I    ^''  ^"^  «^  *'^« 

come  ,.//.^o  and  prornis^edTobev      hT"^  '^^""^^^- 
bad  news  from  his  army  for  a  f  im:     -^^^?"cea]ed  the 

festivities.    H..  .,ad  no  thonahf    P '  ^""^  J^^"^^  ^n  «^eir 

I>nse;  and  Juan  Guerrf  ^Soll^''^  "?  '^''^ -^*^^- 

V-rtum  of  the  heavy  exnfnlp  f     /  ''^^''^'^  *«  ^>^^ar  a 

new  delay,  which  wald^  to  W  '"'"^^^  ^^  ^^^^ 

It  seems  unneeessar..  f  .    '^  ^^'^r  a  year 

feerting,  and  •'„„^,.e  than  ono.  ?,?*  T-'i   """^tently 
iiicMtab  e.     One   vkit?    «  "'**"'  '''''"re  seemed 

but  Of.ate  was  abl  on  ea^  ':.  """"'?  ,«»«  »d  "  dt 
«nd  supplies  up  to  tirlXd"  f°^"''  '"^  ''"'■<'« 
1"  ins  I'rotests  ao-ainst  til       I        °^  '"^  contract." 

;r"tl.ersa„dfKends  t'ov^erot':',^"''  \''"'"  "f  I'is 
tlie  inost  friendly  di, position  7'  ?'*'<"??''  I'n.fo.ssin<r 

-uW  „„t  act  witLut 'ro™n;d:':''''lf"'T  ">-'  ''« 
f<«  w,sl,ed  of  course  tolreak  "nfl  ^'"'  '"^«='''"t"'lo's 
getlKT.and  at  times  such  ^t  Xr'''""''*""' »'*<>- 
ennuent  as  well ;  but  -Tt    f  ™    *■      ''"''"•>'  "^  "'o  gov- 
-  •■'  desire  to  keep  tl  f„"c'  tn    T  "'"'■°  '^^''''-'J  to 
-.'"  or  some  other  rovanvf!?."'  ","*''  ^"'"■°  do 
"■  n,  some  way  given  the  c"'',  """'^id""!  could 
l«an,e  discourVcd  and   ^rH"'"""'-     ^"'''•^'  "'"■•■"' 
'  ,'"»  Wars  in  s,,tto  of  all  rofno    , '"'"P'^'y  "'i*''  "'"st 

»"  "■""«««.  oite,  if  we  may'Siri       ^"'  """■'' 

'-'^  credit  Ins  somewhat 

,„.:^ «^"'  '^?  "Jir^:;  ■■  '^■^^"  !c;";s''--  - ^^i" 


il 


!f  I 


m 


1S2 


OSATE'S  conquest  of  new  MEXICO. 


partial  biographer,  stood  firm  as  a  rock,  sustained  by 
his  friends,  and  by  the  influence  of  Dona  Eufemia, 
the  beautiful  wife  of  Alfdrez  Peftalosa,  who  publicly 
harangued  the  men,  urging  them  to  imitate  the  forti- 
tude of  their  leader.  Some  were  mutinous,  and  bent 
on  going  to  New  Mexico  in  spite  of  the  king's  pro- 
hibition; but  cutting  off  the  head  of  their  leader 
checked  the  ardor  of  this  party. 

Late  in  1597  came  orders  to  get  ready,  to  submit 
to  a  final  visita,  and  to  start.  The  royal  c^dula  of 
April  2d,  on  which  these  orders  were  founded,  I  have 
not  seen.  In  September  Juan  Frias  de  Salazar  was 
commissioned  as  visitador,  Esquivel  retaining  his 
position  as  comisario,  and  in  December,  when  tlie 
army  had  been  reunited  at  the  Santa  Bdrbara  mines, 
the  final  inspection  began.^'  If  we  follow  Villagrd's 
version,  the  expectation  was  that  Onate  could  not  pass 
the  inspection;  and  the  viceroy  even  advised  him  not 
to  attempt  it  but  to  disband  his  force.  The  general's 
reply  was  that  he  would  submit,  not  only  to  this  visita, 
but  to  as  many  more  as  the  government  might  choose 
to  order ;  and  he  did  submit,  and  successfully  passed 
the  ordeal.  The  viceroy  states,  however,  that  Sala- 
zar was  secretly  instructed  to  deal  as  leniently  as  pos- 
sible with  Onate,  disregarding  small  deficiencies;  and 
the  records  show  that  there  was  a  deficiency  in  both 

"  Villagri  does  not  name  Salazar,  but  calls  the  successor  of  Ulloa — who 
was  sent  to  China — Capt  Guerrero,  with  Jaime  Fernandez  as  secretary.  Tliia 
may  be  an  error,  or  Guerrero  may  have  been  intermediate  between  UUoa  iiuJ 
Salazar.  The  new  visitador  ace.  to  V.  was  a  bitter  foe  of  Oflate,  anil  tlie 
quarrel  between  the  two  waxed  very  hot.  As  a  sample  of  the  obstacles 
thrown  in  the  way  of  the  colony,  I  note  the  following:  Instead  of  permitting 
a  lialt  wliilo  the  inspection  was  being  conducted,  as  was  usual  and  expected, 
the  vmtiiilor  ordered  an  immediate  march.  Tlien  in  some  most  un.suitable 
place  he  would  order  a  halt,  forbid  the  men  for  several  days  to  leave  thfir 
tents  to  look  after  the  live  stock,  forbid  the  purchase  of  any  animals,  and 
then  suddenly  order  the  goats  or  some  other  class  to  be  presented  immediately 
at  his  office  for  inspection!    Vilhujrd,  Hist.  N.  Mex.,  72-4. 

The  rear  division  of  the  army  hafl  left  Caxco  Aug.  1st,  and  marched  via 
Carrizal,  Zarca,  Los  Patos,  Cerro  Gordo,  La  Pariila,  Bauz,  Rio  Florido,  ;ind 
Rio  Bunuelos  to  Sta  Barbara  in  S.  Bartolonie  valley,  wliere  they  arrived  Aug. 
IWtli,  and  remained  till  Dec.  17th.  Then  they  pitched  the  camp  a  few  leagues 
farther  on,  at  the  arroyo  de  8.  Gerdnimo,  where  the  visita  began  Dec.  '2'2d, 
and  where  they  remained  a  month.  N.  Mex,,  Ytinerario,  229-32}  Id,,  Mtm., 
1U7-5;  Jd.,  D'mcuiso,  44. 


i 


SUCCESS  AT  LAST. 


128 


supplies  and  men,  of  whom  only  130  remained.  It 
Avas  decided  that  the  viceroy  should  raise  80  men  at 
Onatc's  expense — Juan  Guerra  and  his  wife,  Ana  de 
^Mi'ndoza,  becoming  sureties — and  about  this  number 
were  indued  sent  north  the  next  year.™ 


Oxate's  Route,  1598. 


■' X.  J/e.r.,  Mem.,  197-8;  Id.,  Discurm,  44.  As  wo  have  sr  a,  most  au- 
tliniities  speak  of  only  short  delays,  and  imply  that  the  expeil.  startetl  for 
N.  Mux.  in  the  summer  of  '9G.  The  delays  are  attributed  by  Salmeron  and 
Nicl  to  tlie  ilevd,  who  trembled  at  the  prospect  of  losing  his  grasp  on  so 
inaii>-  tliousands  of  souls.  Cavo,  Tres  Siij'on,  i.  225-0,  like  Rivera,  tells  ua 
the  delay  was  caused  by  a  mutiny  at  Caxcc,  which  UUoa  succeeded  in  quelling. 


mm 


ii'- 


124 


OSATE'S  conquest  op  new  MEXICO. 


The  final  inspection  having  been  conchided  the  20th 
of  January,  1598,  the  army  started  northward  six  days 
later,  and  on  the  30th  reached  the  Conchos.  Spanish 
travellers  in  America  never  encamped  if  it  were  pos- 
sible to  avoid  it,  on  the  near,  but  always  on  the  far- 
ther, side  of  a  stream;  therefore  haste  Wcts  made  to 
cross;  and  the  bustle  and  incidents  of  bridijinij  and 
fording  the  river  are  vividly  portrayed  by  our  poet 
chronicler.  They  remained  in  camp  on  the  Conchos 
for  a  week,  getting  rid  of  the  visitador,  who  is  said  to 
have  departed  without  bidding  the  colonists  good-by, 
but  also  having  to  part  with  Padre  Marquez,  their 
confessor.  Arrangements  had,  however,  been  made 
for  a  new  band  of  ten  Franciscans ;  and  these  friars, 
under  Padre  Alonso  Martinez,  as  comisario,  came  nortli 
with  Captain  Farfj  n  and  his  party,  who  had  escorted 
Padre  JMarqucz  on  his  return,  and  joined  the  army 
soon  after  the  start. '^^ 

The  force  that  left  the  Conchos  on  the  7th  of  Feb- 
ruary is  given  by  Salmeron  and  Niel,  and  implied  by 
Villagra,  as  400  men,  130  of  whom  were  accompanied 
by  their  families.  The  documentary  records  indicate 
only  the  130  soldier  colonists,  besides  a  large  number 
of  servants  and  Indians;  and  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand how  there  could  have  been  more  whom  Oiiato 
could  not  utilize  to  make  up  the  200  of  his  contract. 
Don  Cristobal  de  Onate,  son  of  Don  Juan,  accompanied 
the  expedition  as  teniente  de  gobernador  y  capitan 
general,  at  the  age  of  ten  years !  Juan  de  Zaldivar 
was  maestro  de  campo;  Don  Vicente,  his  brother,  sar- 
gento  mayor ;  Captain  Villagrd,  procurador  geneial ; 
Captain  Bartolonie  Romeros,  contador;  Zubia,  or 
Cubia,  proveedor;  and  Juan  Velarde  and  Juan  I'erez 
Don  is,  secretaries.     I  append  a  list  of  such  names  as 

''^  They  arrived  March  3il.  Their  names  were  Alonso  Martinez,  Francisco 
de  Zamora,  Juan  Rosas,  Alonso  Lugo,  Francisco  do  San  Miguel,  Andres  Cor- 
cliado,  Cristobal  Salazar  (a  cousin  ofOflate),  Juan  Claroa,  Pedro  Vergara,  and 
Juin  do  Sail  Buenaventura— the  last  2  lay  friars;  also  brothers  Martin,  Fran- 
cisco, and  Juan  de  Dios  are  named.  Barreiro,  Ojuaila,  b,  says  Oflate  had  lio 
Frauciscaud  with  him ! 


LIST  OF  ONATES  COMPANIONS. 


I  have  found  ,n  the  various  record«  ^  n 
serving.,  as  including  the  first  7eH^Z'  Txr  '^^''^^  P^e- 
thougJi  unfortunately  the  fu  J  nit     ^^^  ?^^  ^^^xico; 
^-11  not  bo  ,nade  to  fit  the  Je?^^\"^  ^'^^-^  of  all 

hcad  of  cattle.  ""  ^  ^^  ^^®  *rain,  and  7,000 


Antiijo 

Ascuiiciode  Archuleta 
■Ayarde 

AIJ.Di„„i«iodeBafiueIos 

Jii.in  lieiiitez 

liilwro 

^''iJJt.  Jtiaii  Gutierrez  H«  n 

;I"an  Pore,  do  BuSo     ^"^'^^'^g^^ 

<  esar  Ortiz  Cadirao 
Jii.iii  Cainacho 
Ivstevaii  (Jurabajal 
I  .urera 
•Ji'ii'i  do  Ca«o 

A:f^2P*->B«">ab.delasCasa« 

Jtian  Catalan 

C'avanillaa 

Cqjt.  (Jrcgorio  Cesar 

t  ordero 

Alf.  Juan  Cortes 

J»Iaruos  Cortes 

t.il't   KdipeEscalauto 
■luaa  fc.-ioarraiiial 

^M.iiiuul  Francisco 

Al\aroOarc(a 

I'  ntiifisuo  Garufa 

'Jl.iroo^  Garcia 
J^iiaon  (,'arcia 
i'liis  Gascon 
Ji.irtoloa,e  Gonzalez 
•'"iiii  Gonzalez 
.'uaa  Griego 
GiiL'vara 

Francisco  Guillen 
Aiitonio  Gutierrez 

A  ,;  '""'''I'i-  '^'^  Heredia 
Antoau.  Hernandez 

fwiioLsco  Hernandez 
;""^:tlo  Hernandez 
i  wlro  Hcriiaudez 


the  conquest  of  N  jfex 
Juan  de  Herrera 

Ms-""-'- 

Jimenez 

t'apt.  Diego  Landin 

Prauc,sc„deLcdesrna 

Alt.  Juan  du  Leon 

/^o'luago  de  Lizaua 

Cristobal  Lopez 

Juan  Lopez 

Alonso  Ldcaa 

Lucfo 

Mallea 

Fr.-.r..cisco  Marquez 

J^-ipt.  Geronnno  Marauez 

Hernan  Martin        ^ 

Juan  Martinez 

Juan  Medel 

Medina 

Monroi 

Worales 

Juan  Moran 

Munuera 

Naranjo 

Capt.  Diego  Nuflez 

Juan  de  Olague 


.^pt.Gen.j'uanXoL'^f 
Juan  de  Ortega 
Ortiz  *^ 

Regundo  Paladin 
feunon  de  Paz 
Juan  de  Pedraza 
Alt.  Pereyra 
oimon  Perez 
Capt  Juan  Piflero 

J  uan  liangel 

Rascon 

J^'lro  de  los  Reyea 

Pedro  do  Ribera 


■i  J) 


126 


OiJATE'S  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Instead  of  descending  the  Conches  as  earlier  ex- 
plorers had  done,  Onate  seems  to  have  taken  a  north- 
ward course  to  the  Rio  Bravo.  Two  exploring  par- 
ties were  sent  out  in  advance  to  find  a  way  for  the 
wagons,  and  Villagril,  who  accompanied  the  sargento 
mayor,  devotes  more  than  two  cantos  of  his  work  to  a 
description  of  their  adventures ;  and  in  the  Ytinerario 
the  dates,  distances,  and  names  of  successive  points 
reached  by  the  main  army  are  given ;  but  though  tlii-s 
was  the  first  exploration  of  northern  Chihuahua,  the 
details  have  no  special  interest  in  connection  with  our 
present  subject  except  as  appended  in  a  note.'^  Pro- 
gress with  the  wagons  was  naturally  slow,  but  there 


Alonso  del  Rio 
Diugo  Rohledo 
Francisco  Robledo 
Pedro  Rohledo 
Pedro  Rodriguez 
Sebastian  Rodriguez 
liiirtolonie  Romeros 
Capt.  Moreno  du  la  Rua 
Caj)t.  Ruiz 
Juan  Ruiz 
Lorenzo  Salado 
Juan  de  Salas 
Alonso  Sanchez 
Cristobal  Sanchez 
Francisco  Sanchez 
Antonio  Sarifiaua 
Juan  do  Segura 
Serrano 


Sosa 

Capt.  Tabora 

Capt.  Francisco  Vaca 

Vu-Aa. 

Francisco  Vasquez 

Jorge  de  la  Voga 

Sec.  Juan  Velarde 

Francisco  Vido 

Juan  de  Victoria  Vido 

Capt.  Gaspiir  tie  Villagril 

Viflalba 

Villaviciosa 

Capt.  Juan  de  Zaldfvar 

Capt.  Vicente  ile  Zaldivar 

Alt.  Leon  Zapata 

Prov.  Zubia 

Zumaia. 


"Feb.  7th,  left  the  Conchos;  3  1.  to  La  Tentacion.  8th,  2  I.  to  Agiia  del  In- 
cendio.  9th,  3  1.  to  barrancas.  10th,  3  1.  to  Rio  S.  Pedro,  forded  in  28  4"i', 
remaining  a  month,  and  the  uadres  arriving  March  3d,  March  11th,  3  I.  to 
Charcos.  12th,  5  1.  to  Rio  de  Nombre  do  Dios.  14th,  back  to  S.  Butiia- 
Ventura  a  short  distance,  whence  Liindin  started  for  Mex.  18th,  3  1.  to 
Sierrazuela  de  las  Hogiieras.  IDth,  1  1.  to  S.  Jose,  or  Sacramento,  mIuto 
holy  Tliursday  was  celebrated  with  great  ceremonies.  20th,  3  1.  to  Sta  C'luz. 
22d,  3  1.  to  Encinar  do  la  Resurreccion.  24th,  2  1.  to  Alameda  de  la  Asuinp- 
cion.  25th,  1  1.  to  Lagnna  de  S.  Benito  y  Ojuelos  del  Norte,  a  lake  2  1.  iii 
circum.  2t)th,  3  1.  to  Aguage  de  la  Cruz.  27th,  1  1.  to  Peftol  de  Velez  in  hit. 
30°.  30th,  2  1.  to  Ancon  del  Reeelo.  Slst,  2  1.  to  fuente  de  S.  Fran,  .le 
Paula.  April  l8t-2d,  3  1.  to  Socorro  del  Cielo.  3d-5th,  0  1.  to  Rio  de  la  Men- 
tira  and  Cienega  de  S.  Isidro  in  about  30°  30'.  7th,  2  1.  to  Alchicubite  ilc  S. 
Vicente.  8th-9th,  3  1.  to  Cienega  de  la  Concepcion,  and  beginning  of  tlio 
sand  dunes.  10th,  1^  1.  to  fuente  de  S.  Leon  in  lat.  31°.  11th,  spring  <il'  S, 
Emenegildo.  12th,  3  1.  to  Bocas  de  los  MiHlanos.  19th-20th.  6  1.  to  the  Hio 
del  Norte  in  31°  30*,  river  called  Rio  Bravo  farther  S.  E.  April  28th-Ma.v  S.l, 
8J  1.  up  the  river.  May  4th,  forded  the  river  in  exactly  31°  (not  a  ty]"'g. 
error,  for  the  writer  notes  that  they  had  lost  30*  in  going  SJ  1.!);  they  ciilkil 
the  ford  Vado  de  los  Puertos;  iu  many  leagues  there  is  no  other  wa}  for 
wagons. 


THE  MARCH  NORTHWARD 

127 

"  .  ■'*l;'«li.     On  the  20th  of  ADrn^"^  "'"''-■ ''"*"« 

""  (irande.     On  the  last  d^^'f  ^'"'^ '''^''-••'"■'l  the 

J'ajiias  up  the  river  on  thl  T^.      H'"  '"""'1'.  a  few 

eeeded  with   all   ILcotlZTr  ^T^'  0''»t«  PrZ 

'" 'l.<'oe»,ed  osse,rtiaTr  ' X:^  «"<!  curious  o^re" 

|™«.;.ssion  for  God.  the  kinl*  ,TT' *"  '"'"""'■.nal 
-M-.Moo  "and  all  the  adLn  nS  r       •'""''^'"''  "f  New 
I"",  the  long  and  ^JZTJI! Tj'""'''  »»  "I'lK.arB 
t.h,.d  by  Juan  Perez,  the^<^„l      f^^^cssm,,  duly  .-er- 
!™-eof  the  fria^  and  aH  t&vT^TK'  "'  ""■■  l"-«- 
""!'-'»"«  religious  cere,  oT,ies  teh  J'"''"  """■«  "'^» 
'!«  P^'l  built  for  the  occasion   'J       ''"^^  "'"'^  '"'  a 
l.'y''«  «.nn.sario;  and  l^^l  "?^  »  ^^■""O'.  by  the 
■,""l""ce  of  an  original  cm,  1       •!!'"""»  *'"'  Per- 
J^n,  an  on  a  subjeet  eonnSdU?  tt'  '^  ^''''^'" 
'""^  -^^«'™-early  days  of  the  SnlfLd^d^r'  °f 


CHAPTER  VII. 


^  I 


oSate's  conquest  continued. 

1598-1599. 

El  Paso  del  Norte — Up  the  Rio  Orande — The  First  Pueblo  Grocp  at 
Socorro— A  Miracle  at  Puakai — From  Pceblo  to  Pueblo— Obedi- 
ence AND  Vassalage— San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros,  San  Gabriki,, 
AND  City  of  San  Francisco— Universal  Junta— Distribution  ok 
Missionaries — List  of  Towns — Zaldivar's  Trip  to  tub  Plains— 
Onate's  South-eastern  Tour — The  Captain-general  Starts  for  the 
Mar  del  Sur — Submission  of  Acoma,  Zuni,  and  the  Moqui  Towns- 
Visit  to  Mines  in  Arizona — Villaora's  Adventures,  Acoma  to 
Zuni — Revolt  of  Acoma — Death  of  Zaldivar  and  Fifteen  Compan- 
ions— Vengeance  op  the  Spaniards — Baitle  of  the  Penol — Destruc- 
tion ok  Acoma  and  Slaughter  of  the  Natives — End  of  the  Epio 
AND  Other  Records. 

On  the  4th  of  May,  1598,  only  twenty-five  miles 
above  the  point  where  they  first  reached  the  liio 
Grande,  the  Spaniards  were  shown  by  natives  a  con- 
venient ford,  and  the  army  crossed  to  the  easteiii 
bank.  The  latitude  is  confusedly  given  as  31°  or  .31° 
30';  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  this  "ford  of  the  river 
of  the  north  "  was  the  original  El  Paso  del  Norte,  a 
name  that  has  been  retained  ever  since  for  the  locality 
where  the  river  leaves  the  territory  which  is  now 
New  Mexico.  From  the  5th  to  the  20th  the  army 
marched  slowly  up  tlie  river  on  the  eastern  side  tor 
fifteen  and  a  half  leagues,  with  none  but  trivial  iiiei- 
dents,  if  we  except  the  death  of  several  persons  of  the 
colony,  and  without  applying  names  to  localities. 
Here  Captain  Aguilar  returned  from  an  advance  ex- 
ploration, having  reached  the  first  pueblos  and  entered 
one  of  them  against  the  orders  of  his  chief,  who,  how- 

(128) 


UP  THE  RIO  GRANLE. 


m 


''■■^''y^^:''  tl.eirfood  supnfcT  n,  ""'''':'"'••<'  "'"I  run 

"•■",'  «tart«l  .,„  tl,e  22d  tn,r  „  ¥»'•'">•■==,  and  HCty 
i-':«u,.a,  ivHohod  tl,c  firaf '.r.  ?'"  ''".ys.  20  or  •'•. 

«-.t ,  tl,un,lo.r,  lisMnin  '  Jd""P  ."'^  f"^'''"'^.  '^  «to,. m 

""''.•-•  l-HVors  ..Ctl.e  litanv  ^  '^~"'  ""^  l''^'-o» 

<'■'""  '•'■'  1>»-  e,.„fi,t"ur  X?""f  '"".^l  "'•••'8  league, 
i'V't^  ■>(■  earlier  expCeS^'f  «"'"*""'''  '«'"  tl,?  t 

"".I ;."  H.,1  tI.o  pueblo  of  TcL;T';T  '"  '""'"d"  »4  • 
Qu.-.iaou  of  tl,e  firet  two  was  n'"''"^^"-*S'"'«''l'"vo 
tt«idcs  those  tl.ree  wla^h  Z  Z  "*"""'  S»corro 

tlu-re  were  „tl,crs  rU„do!lV''f "'"''"'«»  «'eunL- 
.■aM,c«  are  give„.  rt  " a2  '  ''"'  ""'^  "'«>«  "iwo 
"  tl,e  strangers,  enttt^?'  rtlf™  "  ''""^  ^«'»'"" 
"""■"•  •■'!"l  furnisl.ed  suniZ^  „r  .ffovornor  in  their 
«"e..rro    was  sent  baTiTtl       '■'■  *'"*  ''««>'™We 

1  lie  „e.xt  a<lvance  u„  tbetiv  ^'  »'"""l'  "f  towns'^ 
";""«!  Nueva  Sevil]/  !i!^  "v-rwasto  a  small  puebh, 
"'«  "'St  in  whiol  e'  ,„Tr"  '''T"'-'^  "l*"™  sSro 
'■-"^•i"od  a  week  w  le  tt  ;i  ,''^''''  ""d  where  S 
«  Ahd  pueblos/  and  V  lafrf '™f  *""  *»  oxjjZ 
;'  '";'«<•••  Then  on  the  ooT'/  .  -"'^f  t""  "'  search 
'-■loagues  toa new  buUblfeu  ^  "?!',°"  f" 


■''JiitJ  ..lu  t„  |1„,|  ',„""•  «M.«ys  thore  wen,  7(1 . 

«  »...!  a™,.t  Hu^fe     tI:"  ™  ~^;  »<•  «..«  „„e  „t  ,,i, 

l„  J .',° .?"'»"  "f  Ohio'. ,...    .  ""  •"""'  "'  '"»  «« 


'■'"■/o 


,,    ^''«  purport  of  Ofiaf«'«  *>  '^''"  '"  *''«  i'^we- 


II  ini- 


130 


oSatks  conquest  continued. 


named  San  Juan  Bautista,  as  they  were  there  on  tlio 
i24th,  or  Saint  John's  day.*  Here  tlie  general  lieaiil 
of  two  Mexican  Indians  left  by  Castaiio,  and  Mtartcd 
northward  on  the  25th  in  search  of  tiieni,  reachinj,' 
Puruai,  named  San  Antonio,  in  a  journey  of  sixteen 
loaofucs.  Here  the  friars  were  lodged  in  a  newly 
painted  room,  and  in  the  morning  they  beho'd  on  tlni 
walls  life-like  portraits  of  the  martyred  Kodriguez 
and  Lopez  of  seventeen  years  ago,  which  the  natives 
liad  vainly  tried  to  conceal  with  the  paint  1  The  two 
Mexicans,  Tomds  and  CristiSbal,  were  presently  brought 
in  from  another  pueblo,  and  they  proved  as  interpreters 
a  most  valuable  acquisition  to  the  Spaniards.  Before 
the  end  of  June  they  visited  the  pueblo  of  Tria — pos- 
sibly Cia—  which  they  named  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo; 
and  moved  on  three  leaguea  from  Puruai  to  San 
Felipe,  and  thence  four  leagues  to  Guipui,  or  Santo 
Domingo,®  This  town  was  made  a  kind  of  headquar- 
ters or  capital  for  a  time,  all  of  Onate's  advance  patty 
coming  up  apparently;  and  in  this  province  we  are 
told  was  chosen  °  a  convent  named  Asumpcion,  though 
nothing  appears  later  about  such  an  institution.  On 
the  4th  of  July  Captain  Juan  de  Zaldfvar  was  sent 
back  to  bring  up  the  rest  of  the  wagons  and  colonists 
who  had  reached  the  first  pueblos  on  June  2Gth,  but 
who  did  not  join  the  advance  army  till  August. 

At  Santo  Domingo  on  the  7th  of  July  seven  cliief- 
tains  representing  some  thirty-four  pueblos  assembled 
to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  new  masters  tem- 
poral and  spiritual.  Tomds  and  Cristobal,  tjorving  as 
interpreters,  explained  at  great  length  the  matirial 
prosperity  and  eternal  happiness  tliat  must  result  froai 

*  S.  Juan  must  have  been  some  dirjtance  below  Islcta,  and  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  S.  Juan  de  los  Caballeros. 

^  Perhaps  S.  Felipe  was  3  1.  beyond  S.  Pedro  y  S.  Pablo  instead  of  Ptmiai; 
or  Sto  Domingo  4  1.  from  P.  instead  of  from  S.  Felipe.  Elsewhere  in  the 
Ytinerario  Sto  Domingo  is  said  to  be  6  1.  from  P.  Not  much  importaiu'e  cm 
be  attiiched  to  exact  distances  in  these  records.  Clearly  S.  Felipe  and  Sto 
Domingo  correspond  with  those  still  so  called,  though  it  is  not  certain  that 
the  sites  were  not  slightly  changed  in  the  next  century. 

^  '  Se  elixid  convento  de  laadvocacion  de  Nra  Sra  de  la  Asumpcion.'  Ytin., 
254.     Perhaps  it  should  b«  *  se  erigid, '  or  was  built  instead  of  chosen. 


d  must  not  he  con- 


SUBMISSION  OF  THE  PUEbLOS 

'■•'Kucs-tho  wagons  g„i     "f,^  "  ,„'"'»  ''".v^,  or  tea 

>"|  leagues  via  San  ilCmtno'^'"'  ^""^  "^  «'"- 

"uLtlcss  identical,  or  ntl^W^Xwi' Th  "■■  ^"l'/"""- 

'"■''■"ig  tlio  name  near  the  imfr 'l.^  i  .1''*  J""'''''  stiil 

'""I  Kio  CIm,na  just  abovL  S","'^'''?  ^'o  Grande 

ran.  l.ad  been  jiodiced  bftl  e  td^'  '""^•''-""'"l 

"»ii  «'as  s,„,„  called  San  Juan  /^''?.1''''-™'-«-"'i« 

'">■  several  years  was  tbe  SpTisb  c  '.^f '^"'-•'•™'  ""<' 

I':-  tl-  friars  to  their  e  taUrhmet''',f  *"'  '''^"  "?'■"«' 
"'•'>■  *"  »»««^r  pueblo  noffar  dltat""''  "^  """'  l"'"''- 


132 


ONATE'S  COXQL^EST  CONTINUED. 


i«' 


m 


From  San  Juan  on  the  13th  Onate  went  to  Pieu- 
ri'es,  or  San  Buenaventura,  six  leagues;  and  thence 
six  lea^'ues  farther  to  Taos,  or  San  Miguel,  or  Tay- 
beron,  the  northern  limit.  Returning  to  San  Juan 
he  went  to  San  Ildefonso  on  the  20th,  and  tlieiiec  tive 
leagues  east  to  San  Marcos  next  day,  and  the  next  to 
San  Cri8t<5l)al."'  On  the  24th  and  2()th  he  went  to 
Pecos,  or  Santiago,'^  by  way  of  Glisteo,  or  Santa  Aiki  ; 
returning  to  Sar»  Cristobal  and  San  Marcos  on  tiic 
2(5th,  and  next  day  going  down  to  Santo  Domingo, 
where  the  main  company  from  below  under  Sahhvar 
arrived  the  same  day.  From  the  2d  to  the  Tth  of 
August  Ohate  made  a  tour  by  way  of  the  great  pueblo 
of  Tria — probably  Cia — to  thi>  great  one  of  the  Emencs 
or  Jemes,  visiting  also  some  others  of  the  eleven 
]uiel)los  in  that  province,  and  finding  some  hot  sulj)luu- 
s[)rings.  Having  returned  to  Santo  Domingo,  lie 
went  up  to  San  Ildefonso  on  the  9th,  and  next  day 
proljably  arrived  at  San  Juan.'^ 

It  was  tlie  next  day  after  this  arrival,  or  the  11th 
of  August,  tliitt  work  was  begun  on  the  ditches  n- 
rpiircd  to  bring  water  for  the  city  of  San  Francisro 
whicli  it  was  determined  to  found,  some  1,500  IncHuns 
as.->embrmg  to  aid  in  the  lal)or.  1  believe  that  the  site 
of  til'. 5  intended  city  was  at  or  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  San  Juan,  and  not  at  Santa  Fe,  where  the  city 
was  really  built  in  later  years.  For  a  long  tiiii(> 
nothing  more  is  lu  ard  of  it,  and  it  is  [)robable  that 
the  progr(\ss  of  the  work  was  soon  interru[)ted  hy 
troul)les  presently  to  be   noticed;   or  tlie  water-works 

'"S.  Cristdlifil  aii'l  S.  Marcos  l)i'loimo(l  apjiarcntly  to  tlio  N;iiiil>e  anil  Tcsu- 
qiif  m'diip  iioi'tli  tii  Sta  Vij,  yit  in  later  yc^ar.s  tli'y  sofin  to  havi  Itvoii  sn'itli 
an  1  aL;aiii  north  ot  Sta  Fe.  Tlicy  may  In;  t  le  puublos  .so  naineil  l)y  C'a.st:iriii, 
a.s  Oiiitu  had  ;in  lud.  giil  of  .S.  Ciistolial  I'arried  away  hy  < '. ;  and  ncMi' .'^. 
Miireo.s  certain  mines,  called  de  Kuealante,  are  mentioned  a.s  l»y  ('. 

"  IVilro  Ore/,  a  native  of  I'eeos  earri'jd  away  hy  K^pejo,  had  died:  I'lit 
Brother  .Juan  de  Dios  of  O.'s  haiul  had  learned  the  language,  and  hclitii' 
Bottl  'l  here. 

'- Thi!  (liar}'  in  not  eloar  for  the  lOtli,  there  being  a])i)arently  an  onii>-iiiii 
of  th  '  doings  of  that  day.  PIxeept  for  what  follows  about  tlie  new  city  tins 
Von  Id  have  no  iniportaucu,  and  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  w.-nt 
to  S.  .luan. 


i 


If 


SANTA  Ffi  NOT  FOUNDED. 


133 


niav  have  been  completed  for  San  Juan,  and  the  build- 
iii"  of  the  city  postponed  to  a  more  convenient  season 
wiien  a  cliange  of  site  was  found  desirable.  I  tinci 
nut  the  shglitest  reason  to  date  tlie  founding  of  Santa 
¥6  from  1  508."  While  San  Francisco  was  to  be  the 
name  of  the  new  city,  San  Pablo  was  chosen  by 
the  Indians  as  the  general  patron  of  the  territcn-y. 
The  last  of  the  colonists  and  wagons  arrived  o)'.  tlio 
18th,  and  thus  all  were  reunited  at  San  Jnar.  de  los 
Cahalleros.  A  few  days  later  a  mutinous  plot  of  cer- 
tain soldiers,  including  a|)parently  Caj)tain  Aguilar, 
was  revealed,  hut  the  governor  was  moved  by  tears 
and  sui)plications  to  grant  a  general  pardon,''  From 
August  2-h\  to  September  7tli  a  church  was  built,  and 
vledicated  on  the  8th  with  great  ceremonies  termi- 
nating with  a  sham  battle  between  Christians  and 
Abors.  There  was  a  week  of  general  sports  at  tliis 
time  which  brouijht  in  a  larw  nund)er  of  natives  from 
all  (hrections,  some  of  them  coming,  as  the  [io<.'t  t(>lls 
us,  as  s[)ies  to  study  the  invaders'  strength. 

A  'universal  junta  de  toda  la  tieri'a'  was  held  at 
San  Juan  on  the  Dth  of  September,  on  which  occasion 
the  native  chiefs,  including  representatives  of  puel)los 

'^ '  So  eiiipuzd  la  saca  <lel  ugua  para  la  ciml;.il  .iu  iii;=^stro  Padre  Saiit  Frau- 
cisoo.'  ^V.  .l/(,r.,  Ytiii.,  2&2.  In  A/.,  TniMudo,  IK!,  'la  cilKUi'l  ilo  S:iiit  Fraii- 
ciswi  lie  Ills  F.sparidles  qui;  al  im'seiite  se  euiticau'  is  iiicluileil  with  S.  Juan  in 
tliu  ini.ssioii.ir'  liclil  of  P.  Silazar  in  tliu  (Li.-tribiition  of  Si;jit.  Otli;  ami  tliis  is 
titi'il  liy  Ikiiiklier,  UUt.  /idniil.,  11),  a«  '  (li)ciiiiieiitary  uvidoueo  regarding  the 
ist ihlishiiit'iit  (.'  St;i  Ft*,'  though  it  (hius  not  foUow  that  B.  roally  opjioscs  my 
Vhw  of  tlu!  niati'ir.  That  the  writer  of  tlie  Ytincrarh,  after  carefully  noting 
(Ifiate's  tour  tliro,'i;h  the  Sta  Ft?  region  and  return  to  S.  luan,  should  ha\e  re- 
furriMl  to  tlio  hegim.ing  of  work  on  the  new  city  the  next  ilay,  liaving  in  mind  a 
site 'J,")  or  ;{ii  miles  aw  ly,  witli  no  preliminary  reeord  of  elioosing  tlie  site,  etc., 
is  :ii  iiuiirohaiilo  as  th.  t  a  city  at  Sta  Fe  in  process  of  constr\iction  should  liavo 
e.<rij)iii  iill  mention  f.  ■  10  years  or  more;  liut  there  is  nothing  .it  all  strange 
in  the  reioril  if  the  n.  aniiig  i.s  that  the  city  was  to  he  at  S.  Jnaii,  siiici'  the 
Will  K  may  lia\('  gone  >n  shiwly  for  years  or  its  mispension  during  the  later 
iMtihks  have  left  no  i  .  ird.  Since  writing  wiiat  precedes  I  Ijnd  in  Viliiin-itr, 
Chriiii..  101,  tlie  follov  ''.ig,  which  settles  the  ipustiou:  From  S.  Juan  ile  jo.s 
(ahaileros  are  iu  sigh,  {Wm  1)1)  the  'eili!i,:ios  <le  la  villa  de  S.  (lal.nel, 
priiiiera  fundacion  <|ue  se  paso  a  Sta  I'"e  a  la  otni  parte  del  rio.' 

I"  r  4.")  men  Win;  eoncerued,  ace.  to  (HiitU\  ('n}>.  ('(tiia,  '.lOi.  Four  men 
siihseipii  iitly  rail  away  for  the  '  tierra  de  pa/,,' with  a  hand  of  liorsis;  liut 
V  ili.iuni  ,inil  MaiijUe/  went  in  pursuit,  hanged  two  of  the  men,  and  rci  nveied 
the  .iiiiiiials.  ;.;oing  as  W  claims  in  It  davs  to  Sta  Uarliara;  and  indeed  On  ite, 
:«•■''.  says  that  they  wrote  to  the  viceroy  "from  Sta  B.  They  started  Sept.  ll'th, 
iuiil  returned  early  in  Nov. 


n    li 


1 1 


I 


134 


ONATE'S  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


and  provinces  that  had  before  submitted  and  many 
others,  renewed  their  formal  submission,  after  Hsten- 
ing  to  a  new   explanation  of  the    system   by  which 
the  Almighty  was  represented  in  New  Mexico  eii  lo 
fcntjxrral  through  the  king  by  Onate,  and  en.  lo  esinri- 
tiial  through  the  pope  by  the  padre  comisario  Martinez. 
They  also  expressed  the  joy  with  which  they  would 
receive  the  friars  at  their  pueblos  as  spiritual  teachers 
and  masters,  after  listening  to  the  cheering  assurance 
that    if  they  refused  or  disobeyed   the  ])adres  tlu'V 
would  all  be  burned  alive,  besides  burning  later  in 
hell.     Villagni    tells    us,    however,   that    while    thoy 
leadily  submitted  to  the  king,  they  very  sensibly  toll! 
the  padre  comisario  that  so  far  as  the  new  faith  was 
concerned  they  had  no  objection  to  adopting  it,  if  afa-r 
proper    instruction    they   found    it   desirable,   addini;- 
naively  that  of  course  he  would  not  wish  them  to  em- 
brace a  faith  they  did  not  fully  understand !     There- 
upon   Martinez  j)roceeded    to  apportion  the  pueblos 
among  his  co-laborers.^'' 

In  n)y  narrative  of  earlier  cntradas  I  have  given  in 
text  or  notes  all  the  pueblo  names  mentioned  by  tlio 
successive  explorers,  with  such  comments  as  seemed 
necessary  to  sliow  their  identity.  In  the  records  of 
Onate's  conquest,  and  especially  in  the  acts  of  ohcdiai- 
cia  y  vamllaje  and  distribution  of  friars,  these  nanu'S 
are  very  immcrous,  and  doubtless  in  many  instanrcs 
very  inaccurate  as  written  or  printed;  yet  I  have 
deemed  it  desirable  to  preserve  them;  and  for  the  con- 
venience of  reader  and  student  I  append  them  in  com- 
pact form,  additig  all  the  names  that  ap[)ear  in  earlier 
narratives.  Identification  is  in  mo-;t  cases,  so  far  as 
individual  pueblos  are  concerned,  impossible;  indeed, 
there  is  nothing  left  with  which  to  identify  them,  and 
I  make  no  attempt  at  arbitrary  location  on  my  maps, 
though  all  existing  data  of  distance,  dii'cction,  » tc. 
will    be   found    in  these  chapters.     Fortunately,  lli'' 

^■'Ohcilii'iifii)  If  Vdnidliip'  li  Su  MiU/rsfad  par  /(i.«  imlion  del  Piieldo  de  Son  ■f'lC-'^ 
BnifUtii  (Si'pt.  i'l,  'its),  ill  .V.  M<r.,'  Tnixl'tdo,  108-17,  including,'  tlio  ilistnlm- 
tioii  of  the  uiibsioiiarics.    Also  VUlaijm,  Hhit.  N.  Afex.,  lo'2-5,  with  loss  iktails. 


iii.'i 

car; 

1'" 
tllr 

tn,, 
<'.n 
Tcr,, 

al,..v 

I'idl,] 

.lu,-, 
CI,  IV 

(■.-I'll 

'J'liril, 

a  in: 

\:r, Il- 
ly n. 

era  >. 
01   Idt. 


SUBMISSION  OF  THE  PUEBLOS. 


135 


Identity  by  groups  or  leading  pueblos  presents  few 
difKculties,  and  in  nearly  every  group  a  few  names 
liuvo  survived  to  modern  times.  The  towns  in  the 
sixU'enth  century  occupied  the  same  general  range  of 
territory  as  in  the  ninett  onth;  but  most  of  them  were 
dt-'stroyed  in  the  seventeenth,  and  many  of  those  re- 
inaining  were  moved    from  tlteir  original   sites. ^^     I 

'''Till'  Ixxly  of  what  follows  is  from  tlio  OhedlennnA  of  the  X.  Mij-.,  Tnis- 
lih/,i,  iti'iiis  ill  parentheses  being  from  tlio  Y/incnirin,  Villagni's  narrativo, 
and  nthir  cloc  relating  to  Oilate's  expedition;  while  notes  from  earlier  expedi- 
tions anil  coianieuta  are  eui'loseil  in  i)rackets. 

UniliT  care  of  PV.  Fraiioivsoo  de  S.  Miguel,  prov.  of  the  Pccoa  (San>'ago) 
with  tlm  7  jmehlos  of  the  eastern  Cienega,  and  tiie  V*a(iuern,  or  wild  tri'x  m,  of 
tliat  region  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  jmehloa  of  the  'gran  salina'  behind 
tin:  sierra  of  I'uruay;  and  lie.sides  the  jiiielilos  of  Quancjuiz,  Holiotii,  Xoiiald.s, 
Xatnl,  Xainula,  Agi,'ey,  Cuza,  t'izentetpi,  Acoli,  Ahho  (Ahol,  Apena,  Axauti, 
AririNa,  ( 'ouna,  Dhiu,  Alio,  Atuyania,  and  Clieiii;  and  the  'A  gri'at  piiehlos  of 
till' .hinianas,  or  '  rayados '  called  in  their  laiiLTuagc  Atripuy,  «u'noi)fy,  Que- 
liiti'trc^y,  and  i '  i ;,  >  itrey.  In  the  O/W/cHftd  of  Oct.  rjtli  we  liave  also  in  this 
•s.  K.  region  tiu  in-".',  of  Chedlo  M'ith  the  puehlos  of  Acoloeii,  Cu/aya  [C'nza 
aliiive],  Jnnet."  I'^il  Paaco;  aiid  in  the  Ohcif.  of  Oct.  17th  those  of  Cuehice, 
Xi'nii|iiie,  Patiusce,  and  Abo.  [Coronado  calk  Pecos  Cicuye,  Cituio,  t'iiui(jue, 
Tii'UHnie,  Tienicjue,  or  Acuique,  not  naming  others  in  the  region.  Rodriguez 
imntions  jirov.,  or  valleys,  of  Came  with  ti  pxnihlos,  and  Asay,  or  Osay,  with 
.''i,  sDniiwliere  in  the  s.  K.  E.spejo  names  the  j)rov.  of  Tamos — Tanos — one  of 
its  pui'Mos  l>(.'iiig  called  Ciquique,  or  Pecos;  and  also  the  prov.  of  Magiiaa,  or 
M:iL,',ias,  of  11  pnehlos  N.  E.  of  the  Tiguas.  Sayaque  f.ppears  on  .letFery's 
atlas.  I  Clisteo,  or  Sta  Ana,  is  named  isi  the  Yliii.  \ln  all  tliLs  ea.stern  region 
<it  idmut  40  ])neliloa  alluded  to  we  have  in  modern  times  only  the  ruins  Pecos, 
(lalisti'o,  Abo,  Oran  Quivira,  and  various  scattcrcil  Ix^ajis  of  nameless  ruins.J 

Fi'.  Juan  t'laros,  prov.  of  the  t'higuas,  or  Tiguas,  and  pueblos  of  Napeya 
and  Tiirliiamas,  and  tliat  of  Pura  with  tlie  4  '  const'cntive  '  down  the  river, 
that  of  I'oxen,  Piiaray  (S.  Antonio),  Trimati,  (iuayotrl,  Acacafni,  Uenicohio, 
Aiircati)  'with  all  its  subjects  to  I'viaray  up  and  down  the  llio  (hi  Xort(! '(?); 
also  till' prov.  of  Xalay,  the  prov.  of  Mohoqui  (?),  and  the  prov.  of  the  Atri]iuy 
iliiwn  tlr:  riviT  with  its  pucMos  which  are  Prcgncy,  Tuzahe,  A[)onitre,  Vu- 
luaheiii,  l^hiia])o, 'i'relaquepii,  Cunquilipiiioj',  C'alciati,  A<)\ucato,  Kncaqi.iagual- 
c:ua,  l.tiiialjio,  Trdagrt,  J'es(piis,  Ayqui,  Yanconio,  Tcyaxa,  (i>ualacu  ('2d 
[I  nbio  ciiMiing  from  s.,  ace.  to  IV/';).),  Texa,  Aino,  on  'this  .side  '  [west  ?]  of 
tlu;  rivi  r;  and  on  the  olher,  Pencoana,  Qaioniaqui,  J'eixolde,  Zuinaquc ,  'it'iy- 
triaii,  I'lcyiiey  [see  above,  repeated],  Canocan,  I'eytre,  (v'ui-l'bain,  Tnhol, 
Can'i  iisapnc,  Tcrcao,  PoloocA,  Trcyej',  Queelqucbi,  Atc|iira,  'Irula,  'I'm  ypual, 
'rn;i!;:iiii|nalahamo,  Pilopue,  Penjcacii,  Tcyjiaina  (Tiipana,  or  Socoiro,  ,'{1, 
aiiiV'  ijualaeii),  and  Trenaqucl  '  de  lamcsilla'  whirli  is  the  1st  ]i\icliloconiing 
Iiiini  .Mixico.  (Which  of  these  were  tlio  ones  called  Nueva  .St!\  dla  and  .S. 
.bi;i:i  I'liintista  in  the  Ytiii.  does  not  appear.)  In  the  <ili><{.  of  .Inly  7th  the 
('InL'ua  ]iueblos  named  are  Paniete,  l'ia([ui,  Axoytre,  I'ianiato,  l^tuioyaeo,  and 
(  aiiiti'e,  or  at  least  these  were  under  the  captain  of  the  t'liigiuia.  INiza'.J 
liitiintiao  may  possibly  have  been  the  Ti^'ua  ])riiv.  Corouailo  wintered  i:i 
TikjmN,  Tihuex,  or  Tiinieq,  a  prov.  of  I'J  or  1.")  jiueblos;  and  visited  Tutahaco, 
a  |iriiv.  ol  8  pueblos  dow:i  tliu  river  in  the  Lsleta  region;  also  4  towns  in  tlie 
Suiiino  region  not  named,  which  Were  also  mentioned  without  being  u;imed 
liy  R.iilriiiuez  and  Eajjejo.  R.  s  visit  1st  shows  the  name  I'unray  or  I'uara; 
aiiil  I'.,  names  the  ])ueblo  of  Puara,  I'uala,  or  I'oalas,  o  le  of  1(>  in  the  ])rov  of 
lii;u.is.  It  is  not  )irob;ible  tliat  a  single  o'le  of  these  (i;)  ]iueblos  of  the  soiith- 
iTM  ^.  I'tiiiii  ol  tlio  Rio  Gra'vde  valley  u  stdl  standing,  though  there  are  a  lew 
01  Liti  r  origin  J. 


'i''\i.:  i 


136 


ONATE'S  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


have  no  doubt  tliat  the  number  of  pueblos,  about  170, 
is  greatly  exaggerated  through  a  confounding  of 
names  pertaining  to  towns,  tribes,  and  chieftains. 

Fr.  Juaii  do  Rosas,  prov.  of  tlie  ('herea,  or  Clierccluis  (Horos)  fQucri's. 
TIic  name  Quereclios  is  ajiplieil  liy  Coroiiado  and  Kspojo  to  wild  trilicM  in  tin? 
east  and  westj  witli  tlio  jmelilos  of  tlie  Castixea,  or  S.  Felipe  and  Coiiiitrc. 
Sto  Domingo  or  (Juipiii,  Aliiioti,  Chocliiti  or  Cochiti;  that  of  the  Ciunoga  dc 
Carabajal;  8.  Marcos,  S.  Crist(51jal,  Sta  Ana,  Ojana,  Quipana,  del  Puerto,  and 
l'iiel)lo  Queniado.  In  the  Oded.  of  July  7th  iire  also  named  Tamy,  Ac^ogiyii, 
Cachichi,  Yates,  and  Tipotl.  (Villagra  gives  the  Querus  prov.  to  I'.  Zanmra, 
omitting  Kosaa.)  [C'oronado  names  (juirix,  or  Quivix,  a  prov.  of  "  pneMcis. 
Espejo  calls  it  Quires  with  5  puehlos  Castafto  codicil  it  Qiiereses,  naming 
one  of  tlic  towns  Sto  Domingo,  perhaps  tlie  same  so  called  by  Onate,  and  al  io 
S.  Marcos,  S.  Lucas,  and  S.  Cristobal.  Pueblos  still  standing  in  this  region. 
the  Rio  (Irande  valley,  in  about  lat.  35°  30',  retain  tiie  names  of  .Sta  Ana,  S. 
Felipe,  Sto  Domingo,  and  ('ochiti,  some  of  them  perhaps  identical  wifh  those 
of  tlio  Kith  century.] 

Fr.  C'ristcibal  de  Salazar,  prov.  of  the  Teptias  ('regiias,  ace.  to  Villagra) 
fTehuas],  with  tlie  pueblos  of  Triapi,  Triiujue,  S.  lllefonso  or  Bovc,  Sta 
Clara,  San  Juan  [de  los  Caballeros]  or  Caypa,  S.  Cabriel,  Trovniaxiacjuino, 
Xioiriato,  Axol,  Camitria,  Quiotraco,  and  the  city  of  S.  Francisco  'ijue  so 
ediiiean.'  fCoronado  calls  the  prov.  Yuque-Yuncpio  with  G  towns;  and  h'u 
Ximera,  or  Ximena,  with  Silos  and  other  abandoned  villages  may  liave  been 
in  this  region.  Espejo  calls  the  province  or  the  eastern  part  of  it  Ubate.s  or 
Hubates.  t)f  the  10  or  1 1  Tehua  pueblos,  the  names  of  S.  Juan,  Sta  Clara, 
and  S.  ]ldef(uiso  still  remain  in  this  district,  and  of  tlie  same  prov.  are  the 
towns  of  Nand)e,  Pujuacpie,  and  Tesuque.] 

Fr.  Fra.ncisco  de  Zamora,  prov.  of  the  Picurles,  with  all  the  Apaclies  \. 
and  w.  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada;  .ilso  prov.  of  tlie  Taos  with  pueblos  in  tii;it 
region  and  upper  valley  of  tlio  Rio  Grande.  Taos  was  also  called  Tayberci;i 
and  S.  Miguel;  and  Picuries  was  S.  Buenaventura.  [C'oronado  called  Tmh 
Rraba,  Uraba,  or  Yuraba;  and  his  Acha  prov.  in  this  region  was  possibly 
Picuries.] 

Fr.  Alonso  de  Lugo,  prov.  of  the  Emmes  (Emes)  [Jemes],  and  the  puiblos 
of  Yjar,  Cuayogufa,  Mecastria,  Quiusta,  Ceca,  Potre,  TreajCia?],  (luatitruti, 
Catnio;  and  the  Apades  [Apaches]  and  Cocoyes  of  the  sierra  ami  region.  In 
the  O'ird.  of  July  7th,  the  Emmes  pueblos  are  called  Yxcaguayo,  Quianiira, 
Fia,  Quiusta,  Leeca,  Poze,  Fiapuze,  Friyti,  and  Caatri.  [If,  as  aecms  likely, 
t!ieso  are  ditierent  spellings  of  the  same  5)  pueblos,  our  confidence  in  the 
accuracy  of  these  doc.  is  considerably  shaken.  Coro:iado  ^Mentions  the  prnv. 
of  Hemes  with  7  towns,  and  that  of  Aguas  Calientes  with  H.  Es[icj(<  calls 
the  prov.  that  of  the  Emexes,  Emeges,  or  Amejes.  The  pueldo  of  .lenies 
still  stands,  but  not  on  its  original  site.] 

Fr.  Andres  Corehado,  prov.  of  Trias,  or  Trios,  M-ith  pueblos  of  Taniaya, 
Yacco,  Toajgua,  and  Pelehin.  In  the  Ohed.  of  .July  7th  are  named  Cdniidv 
and  Ayquiyu,  with  Triati  and  Pequen,  perhaps  in  this  region.  Corelia.ln's 
district  lay  westward  from  tlio  'gran  pueblo  '  of  Tria  or  S.  Pedro  y  S.  I'ahli" 
(Zia,  Vilhijrd.)  [Cia,  called  ( 'Ida  by  Corcmailo.  Perhaps  the  Tlascala  <il  Kid- 
riguez.  Sia,  or  Siay,  of  Espejo,  the  capital  of  the  prov.  of  I'unaines,  I'li- 
mames,  or  Cunames  of  5  pueblos.]  Also  Acoma,  (Jli<'(/.  of  Oct.  t.'7tli.  [PossiMy 
Niza's  prov.  of  Aeus  or  Marata.  Coronado'a  Acuco,  or  Coco.  Esim  j(/s 
Aeonia.  If  this  pueldo  could  be  located  in  the  early  times  farther  N.  than  its 
present  site,  say  on  the  Puerco  about  lat.  3")"  30',  it  would  agree  better  "itli 
tiie  records;  but  I  lind  no  evidence  of  a  change,  and  the  peculiarities  el  tlio 
pcudl  site  remler  a  change  improbable,  though  not  im|M)ssible.]  Also /nfii, 
or  Truni — O/ifd.  of  Nov.  tHh — a  ])rov.  of  0  puebhw,  Aguieol)i  or  Agu>  I'hi, 
Caiiaiii,  Coa(pieria,  Halonagu,  Macaqui,  ami  Aguinsa.  Oht'd.  of  Nov.  !Hli. 
[Niza's  prov.  of  Cd)ola  with  7  pueblos,  one  of  tlieni  Abacus.  Coronaile's 
Cibola,  with  '2  of  the  7  towns  named  Granada  and  Muzacpie,  perluqis  the 


ibout  170, 
unding  of 
tains. 

ores)  fQucriM. 
(I  triliCM  in  tlie 

anil  ('oMiitrc, 
:ie  ( "ieni'g.i  do 
el  Puerto,  ;iiul 
liny,  Acd^'iyii, 
to  1'.  Zaniiir.i, 

of  7  line)  ill  IS. 
irosus,  naming 
(natc,  and  al  io 
in  tliis  regidii. 
if  Stu  Ana,  S, 
cal  with  those 

.  to  Villagra) 
or  Bow,  Sta 
i)vniaxia(juiuo, 
icisco  '  ijuu  so 
Dwns;  and  liii 
lay  liavu  heea 
t  it  Uhati'.s  or 
m,  Sta  Clara, 
prov.  are  the 

ho  Ajiaches  \. 
.leldos  in  tliat 
lied  Taybirna 
i>  called  Tans 
was  possilily 

id  the  puililds 
?J,  (iiiatitruti, 
111  region.  In 
yo,  (ijuiaiiura, 
aecins  likely, 
ideuco  in  tlio 

ions  till!  ]UnV. 

Ks[iej(>  lall.-i 

uljlo  of  .lemes 

IS  of  Taina\;i, 
lined  Coiniir.' 
..  Coreh:iilii's 
Iro  y  S.  VaMo 
aseala  ol  1!hiI- 
I'uiiaiiies,  I'll- 
th.    [Possilily 

wo.       EsllrjeS 

ler  N.  tliaii  its 

I'O  1  letter  "  itli 

iarities  ul'  the 

J     Also  /nfii, 

or  Agii.-""lii, 

of  Nov.   mil. 

( 'orotiaiiii* 

,   perhaiis  the 


ZALDiVARS  EXPEDITION 

133 


illi..    ^J.VrEKNTJi    CKNTruv, 


188 


ONATE'S  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


explorf)  the  buffalo  plains  of  the  east,  with  no  results 
of  a  geographic  or  historic  nature  worth  noticing  lieir. 
Some  petty  adventures  among  the  roving  bands  nt' 
natives,  the  shooting  of  the  first  bull  by  the  valiant 
major,  and  a  grand  buffalo  hunt  with  brilliant  but  ncit 
very  successful  efforts  to  ca})ture  some  of  the  cilxihi!^ 
alive,  claim,  however,  at  the  hands  of  our  poet  chron- 
icler more  space  than  the  annalist  can  devote  to  them. 
Zaldivar's  absence  was  from  Se])tember  10th  to  No- 
vember StJi,  and  he  found  traces  of  the  expedition  of 
Bonillo  and  Humana.  His  course  was  probably  north- 
east. In  October  Onate  made  a  tour  to  the  salinas 
eastward  of  Pecos,  and  thence  south  to  Al)6  and 
the  Juniana  territory,  the  formal  submission  of  the 
pueblo  groups  being  on  the  12th  and  17th,  and  he 
returned  about  the  'JOth  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

On  the  2.']d  of  October  the  general  started   fntm 
Puarai    on   a  westerji    tour,  accompanied    by   Paihe 
Martinez;  and  four  days  later  received  the  obedieiicia 
of  Acoma.     Here  ^(ccording  to  Villagrd  he  had  a  nar- 
row esca[)e  without  knowing  it  at  the  time.     Zutuca- 
pan,  a  chic-f  who  had  not  been  invited  to  the  conferencu 
at  San  Juan,  had  harangued  the  people  from  the  house- 
tops, and   urged  them   not  to  yield  to  the  haughty 
Castillos."      He  had  some  success  at  first,  but  wiser 
counsels  pr<!vailod  wIumi  his  son  Zutancalpo  and  tlie 
venerable  Chumpo      1  "iO  years  of  age — had  made  tin' 
peo])le  understand  how   very  difticult  it  would   be  to 
defeat  the  valiant  strangers,  and  the  utter  ruin  that 
must  result  to  Acoma  in  the  case  of  failure.     Still 
Zutucapan  gain-  1  a  following,  and  a  secret  plan  \va> 
made  by  twelve  conspirators  to  kill  Ohate  in  an  estufa. 
which  on  one  pretence  Oi*  another  he  was  to  be  intluetil 
to  visit.     Tlu>  adelantado  with  his  small  force  ariiv((l, 
was    satisfied   with    his    friendly    recejition,  and   \va^ 
filled  with  admiration  at  siglit  of  the  penol  town  with 
its  wonderful  natural  strenuth  and  defensive  werks. 


"  Si)  the  Slum,  were  generally  callod  by  the  N.  Mexicans.     The  name  isi 
corrujitiou  ol  Caatellanus. 


THE  GENERAL  IN   ARIZONA. 


139 


Thciwi'^'" 


One  (if  tlic  twelve  iiivitotl  Ouate  to  sec  soinetliing 
vi'iv  curious,  l)ut  ho  cautiously  and  fortunately  de- 
cliiicd  to  enter  the  fatal  estufa.  Tlic  formal  suhniis- 
sioii  of  the  j)ueblo  having  been  received,  the  little 
aiinv  continued  its  march  westward  to  Zufii  and  to 
Molioqui,  wliere  formal  sul)niission  was  rendered  hy  the 
native  cliieftains  on  the  Dth  and  loth  of  November.'"* 
Of  Onate's  western  explorations  in  what  is  now 
Arizona  wi;  know  but  little.  He  was  everywhere 
hospitably  entertained  by  the  natives,  who  held  grand 
limits  to  furnish  diversion  and  game  for  their  guests. 
A  party  under  captains  Farfan  and  Quesada  were 
sent  out  from  Moijui  in  search  of  mines,  which  were 
found  in  a  pleasant,  well- watered  country  some  thirty 
lea-^ues  westward,  perhaps  in  the  same  regifm  ])re- 
viously  explored  by  Espejo.'''  There  were  also  salt 
deposits,  and  according  to  Villagrd  pearl-oyster  shells, 
Mliieh  caused  a  belief  that  the  coast  was  not  far  dis- 
tant. The  general  had  intendcid  to  reach  the  ocean  on 
tliis  tour,  and  soon  after  starting  had  sent  orders  to 
Juan  Zaldivarto  turn  over  the  command  at  San  Juan 
to  his  brother  N^ieeiite  as  soon  as  the  latter  should 
airivc  from  the  plains,  and  to  join  his  general   in  the 

"■  A'.  .)/('./•.,  Tri'sliiilo,  i:VJ-41.  Ill  tlie  Ytiii.  it  is  .stated  tliat  O.  like  H.spejo 
fdUii  1  :tt  till'  Znhi  towns,  not  only  crosses,  hut  Mex.  lad.  left  by  Coronado. 

'"  It  iiiiiy  lie  well  to  give  the  Y/ni.  t'roni  I'luirai  (near  Bernalillo  or  Sandia) 
te  .\iiiMia,  Zuiii.  Moi[ui,  and  the  mines  as  follows:  ' '.  4  1.  ti>  Torronte  de  lo.s 
AliiiuK,  half-way  hetween  heiiiL;  the  Arroyo  de  los  .Minihres;  7  1.  to  Manan- 
tiid  di'  hi  Uarraiica,  and  "2  1.  (ai>(iarently,  for  the  text  is  confusing)  to  Aeoiiia. 
(It  IS  ilillicult  to  make  this  agree  witii  the  jiresent  location  of  Aeoina  with  re- 
speot  to  Siindia;  iiml  here,  as  in  many  earlier  statements,  we  are  tem})ted  to 
lioate  A.  iiuicli  farther  uortli. 

I'"pini  tile  i'enol  de  Aei.nia  4  1.  to  sourci^  of  the  Rio  de  Mala  Nneva;  8  1.  to 
Agiii  lie  la  I'ena;  4  1.  to  '  agua  (|ue  va  a  .hiiii '  (source  of  Ziini  River  ?),  wiiero 
.111'  ;{  ruiiii-d  juiehlos;  H  1.  to  1st  Zuni  iinehlo,  tiiere  heing  (i  within  a  s[)ace  of 
:t  1.,  aii'l  a  taiiioiis  Salina  de  (Irano  i>  1.  east  (?). 

I"! I  Zuni,  I)  1.  to  I'ieiiguilla;  (i  1.  to  Manaiitialejos;  ">  1.  to   ist  .Mo(|ui 

town;  :<  1.  to  21  imehlo;  4  1.  to  4th,  via  iid.  Tiiese  towns  are  the  ('astern 
wrstirn  ?)  limit  of  settU'inents  f<iiii<d  down  to  Dec.  20,  "'.tS  (which  may  mean 
that  O.  remuineil  here  till  that  ili't;,  or  soiru^  of  his  party) 

Kniiii  Mo(|ui,  (j  1.  \v.  to  Fueiit.'  'la  de  los  Medinos;  .'<  I.  to  Rio  de  la  Ala- 
iiioda;  '.\  1.  to  foot  of  the  Sierra  sin  Agua;  2  1.  to  IvtaiKiii.  d-l  I'liial,  2^.  1.  to 
niikliena  dr  h)s  Oandules;  ''  1.  iii  tlie  mts  to  A^ua  del  V  die;  2  1.  to  rau- 
1  Ik  I'la  ill-  Ins  Cruzailos;  '{  1.  to  the  valley  of  partridges,  niagiieys,  witli  a  line 
nvtr;  4  I.  to  3d  river,  and  2  1.  to  -Jtli,  hoth  large  streams;  thence  to  tho 
iiiiiu's  and  hot  springs,  no  distance  given.  Here  the  Y/iii.  ter-niiiates 
eMii|itly  with  p.  27t>:  hut  later  events  at  Acoma  are  gi-  ini  mi  previous 
I'lfi' >.     This  western  derrotero  is  an  adilitiou  without  dates. 


v~l 


1? 


irili 


'i'u 


m 


li 


1 

i 

i 

140 


OXATE'S  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


west  with  tliirty  iiicii.  But  trouble  occurred,  as  we 
shall  SCO,  ill  connection  with  the  carrying-out  of  these 
orders,  and  the  Mar  del  Sur  had  to  wait. 

We  have  seen  that  captains  Villagrii  and  Marquez 
had  in  Septeniher  been  sent  south  in  pursuit  of  de- 
serters. Tluy  returned  at  tlie  beginning  of  Novem- 
ber, and  the  former  started  ahmc  with  his  horse  and 
dog  to  join  his  leader  and  report  the  success  of  his 
mission.  At  Aci»ma  he  was  so  closely  questioned  by 
Zutucaj)an  that  his  susi)icions  wei'e  aroused,  and  ho 
refused  to  dismount.  Stating  that  a  large  Spanisli 
force  was  not  far  behind,  and  pleading  urgent  haste  ti) 
overtake  the  general,  he  hurried  on;  and  sleeping  that 
niLi;ht  by  the  wayside  he  awok((  in  a  snow-stor'm.  Soon 
he  fell  into  a  [)itfall  that  the  treacherous  natives  had 
pre])ared  for  him,  left  his  horse  dead  therein,""  and 
})lodded  on  through  the  snow  on  foot,  taking  the  pre- 
caution to  revers(!  his  boots,  with  a  view  to  mishvid 
pursuers.  After  suft'ering  intensely  from  hunger  fur 
several  davs,  at  last  he  killed  his  docf  for  food,  l)ut  as 
the  faithful  animal  with  the  life-torrent  pouring  frniu 
his  side  turned  to  lick  the  hand  of  his  slayer,  Villagia 
had  no  heart  to  eat  the  food  obtained  at  such  a  cost.'"' 
Soon  after,  when  just  ready  to  perish,  he  was  res<'U('(l 
by  three  of  Ohate's  men  who  were  searching  for  lost 
horses  in  the  Zuni  region.  At  the  same  time  his 
pursuers — possibly  imaginary — came  up,  but  thinking 
the  main  force  near  at  hand  dared  not  attack." 


■     M 


'  §  ^ 


^'Tlio  Iiest  of  liistori;uis,  even  poeta,  leave  now  and  then  a  point  olwoure. 
Peiiiaps  tlio  author,  if  lie  wcru  .still  living,  might  reconcile  the  death  ni  Ms 
Imr.si!  ill  the  pitfidl  witli  an  earlier  statement  that  at  the  time  of  writin.'  he 
still  liad  the  niiliU'  ehaigor  that  bore  liini  on  thi.s  journey  !  A  small  wuu'lcut 
ill  eniiiieetioii  with  \  .  h  jtortrait  on  the  frontispiece  is  intended,  as  clo?'  t'-'*- 
a;iiiiiation  Icad.s  me  to  indieve,  to  represent  thi.s  adventure  in  the  pit.  It  tor- 
tainly  represents  iiothiiiir  else. 

-'  In  the  interests  of  history,  and  to  the  saeritice  of  sentiment,  I  n^ist  oUl 
that  the  want  of  a  lire  to  cook  the  dog  was  not  \\ithout  influence  on  the  yovt  > 
decision.     He  had  not  thought  of  tliis  wlieii  ho  did  tiie  cruel  decil ! 

^^It  must  lie  noteil  that  aec.  to  the  YNiiri-irin,  207,  275,  Capt.  M  ii'iiu'Z 
was  the  man  wlio  made  tills  triii,  leaving  I'uarai  Nov.  4th,  and  reaclui  .;  /uiii 
half  deail  with  rold  and  liuiigei-:  hut  I  think  it  iiiort-  likely  that  tliis  is  ,  ^lil' 
of  the  pen  than  tli.it  I  ton  ti,i-ip,ir  should  have;  a[ipropriated  the  achieviiii'iit.< 
o!  another;  esiiecially  as  ^".  was  at  Zuni  o.i  Nov.  itth,  as  ii  showa  in  the  OU- 
dicuciil. 


DEATH  OF  JUAN  ZALDIVAR. 


141 


as  we 

[  these 

arquez 

of  de- 

^ovem- 

rsc  and 

i  of  liis 
incd  ^>y 
aiul  lie 
Spanish 
liaste  to 
liug  that 
1.      SofU 
ivus  liiul 
in,-"  and 
the  pre- 
)  mislead 
inger  for 
d,"l)Ht  as 
iug  fi""iii 
Villaij;!^ 
I  a  cost." 
is  rescued 
r  for  lost 
time  his 
1  thiuhing 


22 


loint  oIisouvL'. 
hloatU  "I  i'W 

as  oliisi-  e!i- 
pit.     ll^'^'''- 

I    I  unist  ii'W 
loll  the  l"i^l  ' 

\vt.  >!»v4m7. 
raolui'-  /■>"■" 
TtlusH.   M^ 

la  ui  tl...  '"'<• 


"Don  Vicente  Zaklivar  returned  from  the  plains  on 
the  Stli  ol'  November,  and  on  the  18th  Don  Juan  set 
out  as  oi'dered  to  join  Ohate.  Meanwhile  the  wily 
and  jiatriot  Zutucapan — if  wc  are  to  credit  the  poet 
cliroiiicler,  who  may  have  drawn  on  his  imagination 
l;iri;('lv  for  his  facts,  or  may  on  the  other  hand  have 
ohtaiiiod  accurate  information  from  the  natives  later — 
had  renewed  his  eftbrts  at  Acoma,  and  this  time  suc- 
cessfully; for  after  the  orators  of  the  former  occasion 
liad  spoken  and  others  had  added  their  eloquence  on 
hoth  sides,  it  was  determined  to  test  the  boasted  in- 
vuhierahility  t)f  the  Spaniards  by  attacking  them  on 
their  airival,  having  first  taken  the  precaution  to  scatter 
tliiui  where  they  would  fall  an  easy  prey.  Such  was 
the  situation  when  Zaldivar  and  his  companions  ap- 
jiroached  the  pehid.  The  natives  came  out  to  meet 
tluiuwith  o'iftsand  every  demon.stration  of  friendlvfeid- 
in'4.  Tl  ley  offered  all  the  supplies  that  were  needed,  and 
lu  xt  day  the  soldiers,  no  treachery  being  suspected, 
were  sent  in  small  ])arties  to  bring  the  provisions  from 
(litfcront  parts  of  the  pueblo.  A  loud  shout  from  the 
linhaiis  iirst  warned  the  maestro  de  campo  of  his  peril; 
lie  wished  to  order  a  retreat,  and  thus  in  his  leader's 
absence  avoid  the  responsibility  of  open  war;  but  an- 
other officer  not  named — severely  blamed  by  Villagril 
and  accused  of  subsequent  cowardice — opposed  him 
until  it  was  t(»o  late,  and  retreat  was  impossible. 

A  (les[)erate  hand-to-hand  fight  of  three  hours  en- 
sued; Zutucapan,  Pilco,  Anmlco,  Cotumbo,  and  Tem- 
jiiil  wrii,"  the  native  chieftains  most  prominent  in  the 
liattle;  the  Spaniards  performed  prodigies  of  valor  in 
sinL;ie  eonjbats;  but  the  odds  were  too  great,  and  one 
li\  one  the  little  force  melted  away.  At  last  the  brave 
Zaldivar  fell  under  the  club  of  Zutucapan  ;  the  native 
warriors  set  up  a  cry  of  victory;  five  surviving  Span- 
iards tied  to  the  edge  of  the  mesa  and  leaped  down 
tlierlitf,  four  of  them  reaching  the  plain  alive.  Three 
others  had  escaped  from  the  j»enol,  and  all  joined 
Altercz  Casas,  who  was  guarding  the  horses.     Caj)tain 


142 


ONATES  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


Tabora  was  sent  to  overtake  Onate ;  others  went  to 
warn  the  padres  at  their  ditierent  stations,  while  tlio 
rest  bore  the  sad  tidin<;s  back  to  San  Juan.^^ 

The  scene  in  camp  when  the  disaster  was  announced 
to  the  wives,  children,  and  friends  of  the  slaughttn d 
coni[)any may  be  left  to  the  imagination  of  the  readir. 
Solemn  funeral  rites  for  the  dead  were  hardly  com- 
pleted when  Tabora  returned,  saying  that  he  luul  not 
been  able  to  find  the  governor;  whereupon  Alfeivz 
Casas  with  three  companions  volunteereil  for  the  ^;ri- 
vice;  and  after  many  difficulties  met  Ofiate  beyond 
Acoma,  near  where  Villagrd  had  been  succored  a 
month  before.  The  adelantado  retired  to  his  tent  aii'l 
spent  the  night  in  ])rayer  before  a  rude  cross,  if  \vu 
may  believe  his  eulogist,  and  in  the  morning  made  a 
speech  of  consolation  to  his  men.  Having  with  the 
least  possible  delay  called  in  the  several  bands  of 
explorers,  he  marched  his  army  carefully  and  sadly 
back  to  San  Juan,  where  his  safe  arrival  on  December 
21st  was  celebrated  by  a  te  deum. 

Formal  proceedings  were  now  instituted  before 
Juan  Gutierrez  Bocanegra,  appointed  alcalde  for  the 
occasion,  against  the  rebels;  and  after  the  friars  had 
given  a  written  opinion  respecting  the  elements  of  a 
just  war  and  the  rights  of  victors  over  a  vanquished 
people,  it  was  decided  that  Captain  Vicente  de  Zal- 
dhar  be  sent  against  Acoma;  that  the  inhabitants  of 
that  town  must  be  forced  to  give  up  the  arms  of  tlie 
murdered  soldiers,  to  leave  their  penol,  and  to  settle 
on  the  plains;  that  the  fortress  must  be  burned;  and 
that  all  who  might  resist  must  be  captured  and  en- 
slaved.    Seventy   brave  men  were  selected   for   the 


"The  fight  took  place  on  Dec.  4th,  Ace.  to  Villagra  and  ./V.  Me.r.,  M'tn., 
213,  '2'2;i,  the  killed  won.  11,  but  only  Spaniards  wore  included.  The  list  as 
given  in  the  Ytin.,  21)8,  is  as  follows:  Captains  Diego  NuHez  and  Felipu  de 
Escalantc,  Alf.  Pereyra,  Araujo,  Juan  Camacho,  Martin  Ramirez,  Jam  tie 
Segiira,  Pedro  Robledo,  Martin  de  Riveros,  Sebastian  Rodriguez,  two  lunzos, 
a  nnilatto,  and  an  Indian,  besides  Capt.  Juan  de  Zaldfvar.  The  wciimleil 
were  Leon  Zapata,  Juan  de  Olague,  Cavanillas,  and  the  alguacil  real,  laa 
Casas,  who  was  struck  twice  with  stones.  If  tlie  no.  of  survivors  is  correctly 
indicated,  Z.  could  not  have  taken  30  men  as  ordered. 


MARCH  AGAINST  ACOMA. 


143 


went  to 
hile  the 

nounci'il 

Il^httTrd 

e  reiulci'. 
Hy  coiH- 
I  luul  llt)t 
t  Altcirz 
[•  the  sii'- 
3  beyond 
ccorod  a 
i  tent  ;uid 
)ss,  if  we 
<f  made  a 
with  the 
bands  of 
and  sadly 
Decenil»er 

ed    before 
e  for  the 
riars  ^lad 
nents  <>f  ^i 
anquisUed 
3  dc  Zal- 
bltants  of 
ms  of  the 
to  settle 
rned;  and 
d  and  *'ii- 
i    for   the 


The  list  M 
land  Felipu  do 
lirez,  Juiiu  ae 

fez,  two  1I1..Z08, 

IThe  wouu.lea 
liiacil  ri'i'i-  t'^'^l 
trs  13  o»i-i'oetly 


service,  under  officers  includin^if  captains  Zubia,  Ko- 
iiiero,  A^'uilar,  Farfan,  ViUagnl,  and  Marqui-z,  Alfercz 
diian  Cortes,  and  Juan  Velarde  as  secretary.  Tliis 
army  started  on  tlie  12tli  of  January,  151)1),  and  on 
till!  illst  arrived  at  Acoina,  Villai^ra  with  twelvi'  incm 
visiting  ( 'ia  on  the  way  for  supplies.  After  Zaldivar's 
departure  there  seems  to  have  been  an  alarm  of  threat- 
ened attack  on  San  Juan,  which,  althouj^h  it  proved 
uiifiiunded,  gave  our  chronicler  an  opportunity  to 
des<ril)e  tht^  preparations  for  defence,  and  to  record 
tlie  lieioic  otter  of  Dona  Eufemia  to  l(;ad  the  women 
to  (•<»ud)at. 

At  Acoina  the  fidlowers  of  Zutucapan  were  exult- 
ant, and  succeeded  in  creating  a  popular  belief  that 
their  past  victory  was  but  the  prelude  to  a  greater 
success  which  was  to  annihilate  the  invaders  and  fieo 
the  whole  country,  Gicombo,  a  prominent  chieftain 
w  ho  had  neither  taken  part  in  nor  approved  the  first 
attack,  and  had  many  misgivings  for  the  future,  called 
a  general  assembly  of  chiefs,  to  which  were  invited 
cei'taiii  leaders  not  belongfinir  to  Acoma,  It  seems  to 
have  ijeen  tacitly  understood  that  after  what  had 
hap])ened  war  could  not  be  averted,  and  all  were 
ready  for  the  struggle;  but  Gicombo,  Zutancalpo,  and 
Clunnpo  urged  the  necessity  of  removing  women  and 
children,  and  of  other  extraordinary  precautions.  Zu- 
tuca{)au  and  his  party,  however,  ridiculed  all  fears,  and 
beastingly  proclaimed  their  ability  to  hold  the  penol 
aL!;aiiist  the  armies  of  the  universe.  When  Zaldivar 
(hew  near,  crowds  of  men  and  women  were  seen  upon 
the  walls  dancing  stark  naked  in  an  orgy  of  defiance 
and  insult. 

The  sargento  mayor,  through  Tomas  the  inter- 
jneter,  sent  the  rulers  of  Acoma  a  summons  to  come 
down  and  answer  for  the  murder  they  had  done;  but 
they  only  replied  with  taunts,  while  the  Spaniards 
I'itched  their  tents  on  the  plain  and  prepared  for  an 
assault.  There  were  two  points  at  which  the  ascent 
could  be  ettected;  and  the  summit  plateau  was  divided 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


#^ 


/. 


/- 


v.. 


^ 


V. 


1.0 


I.I 


if  1^  IIM 

'."  ^  111 
1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

-♦ 6"     — 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


iV 


^ 


O 


23  WiST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


6^ 


^.y  ^ 


% 


144 


OI^ATE'S  CONQUEST  CONTINUED. 


VV*' 


mm 


by  a  ravine  into  two  parts  connected  by  a  narrow  pass. 
ZalcKvar's  strategy  was  to  assault  one  of  the  peuoles 
with  his  main  force,  while  a  small  and  chosen  party 
should  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  scale  the  other. 
The  night  was  spent  in  revelry  by  the  natives;  by  the 
S|janiards  in  preparations  and  rest.  On  the  morning 
of  San  Vicente,  the  22d  of  January,  the  Indians  began 
the  battle  by  a  discharge  of  arrows,  and  the  Spanish 
loader  sent  what  seemed  to  be  his  entire  army  to  as- 
sault one  of  the  entrances,  where  he  soon  concentrated 
the  whole  strength  of  the  foe  to  oppose  his  ascent. 
Meanwhile,  with  twelve  chosen  men  who  had  been 
concealed  during  the  night,  he  mounted  the  other 
pcnol,  and  gained  the  summit  without  serious  resist- 
The  twelve  were  speedily  reenforced,  and  all 


ance. 


day  long  the  battle  raged  fiercely,  both  at  the  pass 
between  the  two  plateaux  and  at  the  entrance  to  that 
not  yet  gained. 

For  two  days,  and  perhaps  part  of  the  third,  the 
battle  raged,  and  h\  five  cantos  of  our  epic  are  the 
details  recounted  of  personal  combats,  dcs])eratc 
charges,  individual  acts  of  prowess  on  tli  rt  of 
Castilians  and  natives,  religious  services  in  ti.  Chris- 
tian camp,  juntas  and  discussions  and  dissensions  in 
tlic  fortress  on  the  cliff,  the  death-struggles  of  nearly 
all  the  Acoiiia  chieftains  and  of  several  of  Onate's 
men,  hair-breadth  escapes  of  Villagrd  and  his  com- 
rades— details  which  may  not  be  followed  here,  but 
in  which  the  poet  fairly  revels.  The  Spanish  loss 
seems  to  have  been  very  small — perhaps  only  one 
man — and  that  of  the  natives  very  large,  as  was  natu- 
ral considering  the  diflference  in  weapons  and  armor. 
Zutucapan's  only  chance  of  a  successful  resistance  was 
lost  wljcn  the  invaders  gained  a  footing  on  the  plateau. 
It  was  only  by  desperate  valor,  by  immense  superior- 
ity of  numbers,  and  by  the  advantages  of  defence 
offered  by  the  summit  pass,  that  the  fated  people 
were  able  to  prolong  the  combat  for  three  days.  Dur- 
ing the  last  day's  battle  the  buildings  of  the  pueblo 


FALL  OF  THE  PESOL  PUEBLO. 


145 


were  in  flames,  and  hundreds  killed  each  other  in  their 
desperation,  or  threw  themselves  down  the  clifF  and 
perished  rather  than  yield.  Santiago  or  San  Pablo 
was  clearly  seen  by  tha  natives  during  the  conflict 
figliting  for  the  Christians. 

Finally,  on  the  24th  the  Spaniards  gained  full 
possession  of  the  peftol  pueblo,  which  they  proceeded 
to  destroy,  at  the  same  time  slaughtering  the  in- 
habitants as  a  punishment  for  their  sin  of  rebel- 
lion; though  a  remnant — 600  in  number,  out  of  an 
estimated  population  of  6,000,  under  the  venerable 
Chumpo,  according  to  Villagrd — was  permitted  to 
surrender,  and  came  down  to  settle  on  the  plain.^* 
The  pride  and  strength  of  the  valiant  Acomenses 
were  broken  forever;  and  it  must  have  seemed  hope- 
loss  for  the  other  New  Mexican  communities  to 
attempt  what  this  cliff  town,  with  all  its  natural  ad- 
vantages, had  failed  to  accomplish.  There  is  no  record 
tliat  any  other  pueblo  became  involved  in  open  hostil- 
ity to  the  Spaniards;  indeed,  of  definite  events  for 
the  rest  of  1599  we  have  no  record  at  all.  With  the 
fall  of  Acoma  all  the  regular  chronologic  records  end, 
including  the  Ytinerario  and  Villagrd's  epic.  The 
poet  promised  his  sovereign  to  continue  the  narration 
of  New  World  adventures  when  the  duties  of  his 
lance  should  give  leisure  to  his  pen;  but  so  far  as  I 
know  the  opportunity  never  came. 


'*Tho  two  authoritiea  do  not  agree  aliont  the  tormination  of  the  battle. 
Villagrd  implies  that  it  lasted  three  days,  when  Chnmpo  and  his  600  survivors 
surreiulerecf,  after  which  the  town  was  burned.  The  Ytin.  seems  to  say  that 
tlio  tight  lasted  from  the  evening  (prob.  a  misprint  for  morning)  of  the  22d  to 
the  evening  of  the  23d,  when  the  foe  surrendered;  but  the  Span,  did  not 
occupy  the  pueblo  till  the  24th,  when  the  surviving  inhabitants  made  fur- 
tlicr  resistance  in  their  estufas  and  minas;  whereupon  '  hizose  la  matanza  y 
c:u<ti<;o  de  los  mas  dellos,  &  fuego  y  sangre;  y  de  totlo  punto  se  asold  y  qucmd 
el  pueblo.'  Oilate,  Cop.  Carta,  309,  says  Acoma  had  about  3,000  Indians  'a' 
•lual  en  castigo  de  an  maldad  y  traicion. . .  .y  para  escarmiento  &  los  demas, 
111  asole  y  abras^  todo.'  The  description  of  Acoma,  with  its  plateau  divided 
liy  a  ravine  into  two  parts,  does  not  agree  with  the  present  pueblo  site,  and 
adls  to  our  doubt  about  the  identity.  It  agrees  much  better  with  El  Moro, 
or  Inscription  Rock;  but  the  distance  of  6  1.  E.  from  the  head  of  Zuai  Cr.  in 
tlie  Ytinerai-io,  as  well  as  the  distances  given  in  earlier  narratives,  seem  to 
make  this  identification  difficult.  There  may  be  a  similar  cliff  farther  east 
than  El  Moro  and  farther  north  than  Acoma. 
UiBT.  Ariz,  and  K.  Mix.    10 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


\' 


EIGHTY  YEABS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 

I 

1699-1679. 

A  FRAnMENTARY  Reoori>~Onatk'8  Letter — Rekneorcement — Vicerot's 
Report — A  Controversv  at  San  Juan — Expedition  to  Quivira,  1601 
— Desertion  up  Colonists  and  Friars — Zaldivar  in  Mexico  and  Spain 
— Results — Onate's  Expedh'Ion  to  the  South  Ska,  1604-5 — A  New 
CrovKRNOR,  160S— FouNDiNu  OP  Santa  F^  1605-16 — Padre  Zarate  db 
Salmeron — ACusTODiA,  1621— New  Missionaries,  1628-9 — Governors 
Zotylo  and  Silva — Benavides'  Report— List  of  Governors,  1640-80 
— Eastern  Entradas — Padre  Posadas'  Report — Indian  Troubles — 
Padres  Killed — Murder  of  Governor  Rosas,  1642— Controversy 
and  Disaster— Penalosa's  Rule  and  Fictitious  Trip  to  Quivira, 
1662— Afacuk  Raids — Ayeta's  Appeals— Aid  that  Camb  Too  Late. 

The  history  of  this  province,  from  the  fall  of  Acoma 
in  1599  to  the  great  revolt  of  1G80,  can  never  be  made 
complete,  for  lack  of  data.  The  home  archives  were 
destroyed  in  the  revolt,  and  we  must  depend  on  such 
fragments  as  found  their  way  out  into  the  world  before 
that  outbreak.  I  can  do  no  more  than  simply  bring 
together  in  this  chapter  more  of  these  fragments  than 
have  ever  been  presented  before.  There  were  several 
writers  of  the  period — notably  Salmeron,  Benavides, 
and  Posadas — who  might  have  left  a  satisfactory 
record,  at  least  in  the  aggregate;  but  unfortunately 
the  past  and  future  had  more  charms  for  them  than 
the  present,  and  New  Mexico  less  than  the  half- 
mythic  regions  beyond. 

On  the  2d  of  March,  1599,  the  governor  wrote  to  the 
viceroy  an  outline  record  of  what  he  had  accomplished, 
painting  in  bright  colors  the  land  he  had  conquered, 

(M8) 


NEWS  SENT  TO  MEXICO. 


147 


jto  the 
lisbecl, 


and  sending  samples  of  its  products.  The  western 
region  since  known  as  Arizona  was  most  highly  praised 
by  him  in  respect  of  fertility  and  mineral  promise ;  but 
perhaps  the  idea  of  South  Sea  glories  in  that  direction 
was  prominent  in  his  mind.  What  he  wanted  was  an 
increase  of  force  with  which  to  win  for  Spain  the  rich 
realms  that  must  lie  just  beyond;  and  the  cou.leur  de 
ro.se  of  his  epistle,  so  far  as  New  Mexico  was  concerned, 
was  intended  for  effect  on  the  viceroy  and  king,  since 
ultimate  success  began  to  seem  dependent  on  an  in- 
crease of  resources.^  Captains  Villagrd,  Farfan,  and 
Priiero  were  sent  to  Mexico  to  carry  this  letter  and 
make  personal  explanations ;  while  at  the  same  time, 
with  an  escort  under  Alferez  Casas,  padres  Mar- 
tinez, Salazar,  and  Vergara  went  south  to  obtain  a 
reenforcement  of  friars.  Both  missions  were  mod- 
erately successful.  Salazar  died  on  the  journey, 
Martinez  was  retained  in  Mexico,  but  Padre  Juan  de 
Escalona  as  comisario  was  sent  to  the  north  with  Ver- 
gara and  six  or  eight  friars  not  named.  Casas  also 
returned  with  the  71  men  who,  as  will  be  remem- 
bered, had  been  provided  for  to  complete  Onatc's  force 
of  200  in  1598.*  The  viceroy  wrote  to  the  king,  who 
l»y  a  cddula  of  May  31,  IGOO,  ordered  him  to  render 
all  possible  support  and  encouragement  to  the  New 
^[exican  enterprise.  It  is  possible  that  some  addi- 
tional reenforcement  was  sent  in  consequence  of  this 
order,  but  there  is  no  positive  evidence  to  that  effect.* 

'  OilaU,  Cop.  (le  Carta,  302- 1 5.  Five  hundred  men  would  not  be  too  many  to 
Runil  to  such  a  country,  where  he  ia  sure  to  gain  for  his  Majenty  '  nuovoH  niundoii 
(>acilico8,  mavores  que  el  huen  Mar({ue8  Ic  di<5. '  He  alludes  to  hiii  lumt  »m- 
liirtuucs,  anil  most  earnestly  entreats  tiiat  aid  Le  not  withheld  now  whon 
8II00U8S  is  almost  within  hia  grasp.  He  wishes  his  daughter  Mari(]uita  to  uouiu 
to  N.  Mex. 

'•See  p.  123,  this  volume. 

^Torquemada,  Monartj.  Iiid.,  i.  G71-3,  is  the  best  authority  on  movements 
of  the  friars;  see  also  Vetancur,  ('/iron.,  05;  Aparido,  Conventos,  282.  On  the 
Keniling  of  the  71  men  under  Casas  at  Juan  Ciuerra's  exi>en8e— -to  inspect 
wliichlorce  Juan  Oordejnela  was  appointed  Oct.  1,  1599 — see  A'.  Mf.r.,  Mem., 
1D7-8;  /,/.,  Di'truno,  38-9. 

In  May  1600,  before  the  date  of  the  cedula  of  May  31st  (which  is  copied 
ill  .V.  Mtje.,  Doc.  Hist.,  MS.,  492-4),  we  have  two  petitions  of  Don  Alonso  de 
Oftate  in  Madrid  in  behalf  of  Don  Juan,  directed  to  the  king  and  council,  in 
which  he  deiuauda  a  ratification  of  the  ori^ual  contract  with  Velasco,  on  the 


148 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


After  the  lesson  tauglit  at  Acoma,  the  natives  were 
not  likely  to  attempt  further  resistance ;  and  Ouate  in 
his  capital  at  San  Juan  was  left  in  undisputed  posses- 
sion of  New  Mexico.  The  colonists  were  well  content 
with  the  country  as  a  home,  and  the  friars  as  a  field 
of  mis-iionary  labor.  Don  Juan  was  also  satisfied  in 
a  sense  with  his  achievement ;  that  is,  as  a  basis  for 
other  and  greater  ones.  True,  the  pueblo  province 
was  but  a  small  affair  in  the  conquistador's  eyes ;  it 
did  not  once  occur  to  him  that  it  was  in  itself  his  final 
possession,  the  goal  of  all  his  efforts,  the  best  the 
north  had  to  offer ;  but  it  would  serve  as  a  convenient 
base  of  supplies  for  further  conquests,  and  its  posses- 
sion would  give  weight  to  his  demands  for  aid  from 
the  king.  At  present  his  force  of  little  more  than 
100  men  was  insufficient  for  the  realization  of  his 
schemes ;  and  for  some  two  years  he  contented  him- 
self with  preparations,  with  the  search  for  mines,  and 
with  minor  explorations  of  regions  near  at  hand,  re- 
specting which  no  record  remains.  The  reenforce- 
nient  of  soldiers  and  friars  may  be  supposed  to  have 
arrived  early  in  1600,  but  possibly  later. 

Trouble  was  soon  developed  between  the  two  oppos- 
ing elements  in  the  Spanish  camp.  The  colonists 
favored  the  most  conciliatory  measures  toward  the 
natives,  and  the  encouragement  of  agriculture  and 
stock-raising  with  a  view  to  permanent  residence; 
they  were  in  favor  of  letting  well  enough  alone. 
Oiiate  on  the  other  hand,  with  such  of  the  soldiers  as 
had  not  brought  their  families,  thought  mainly  of 
holding  the  natives  in  subjection,  of  reducing  new 
pueblos,  of  collecting  tlie  largest  possible  amount  of 
food  and  clothing,  and  of  preparing  for  new  entradas. 
The  friars  regarded  the  conversion  of  gentiles  as  the 

Bround  that  the  modificatioiw  introduced  b^  Monterejr  were  accepted  only 
ny  Don  Criatdbal,  w}io  had  no  such  authority  from  hia  brother.  He  asks 
that  the  title  of  adelantado,  now  fully  earned,  oe  given  at  once;  and  he  wishes 
that  other  orders  as  well  as  the  Franciscans  be  allowed  a  share  in  the  spiritual 
conquest  Pacheco,  Doe.,  xv.  31&-22.  The  immediate  result,  as  we  have  seen, 
was  merely  a  royal  order  of  encouragement,  the  main  issues  being  held  iu 
abeyance.     More  of  this  in  1602. 


oSate  goes  to  quivira. 


140 


great  object  of  the  occupation,  and  were  disposed  to 
think  the  military  element  desirable  or  useful  only  as 
a  protection  to  the  missions.  Of  course  the  g^overnor 
had  his  way,  and  how  bitter  became  the  quarrel  will 
presently  appear.  It  was  unfortunate  for  the  country, 
especially  as  no  golden  empire  was  ever  found  in  the 
north — at  least  not  by  Spanish  conquerors. 

In  June  1601,  the  general  was  ready  for  active 
operations.  Accompanied  by  padres  Velasco  and  Ver- 
gara,  and  guided  by  the  Mexican  survivor  of  Humana's 
band,  he  left  San  Juan  with  80  men  and  marched 
north-eastward  over  the  plains.*  The  route  in  general 
terms,  no  details  being  known,  was  similar  to  that  of 
Coronado  in  1541,  for  200  leagues  in  a  winding  course 
to  an  estimated  latitude  of  39°  or  40°.  Probably  the 
northern  trend  is  greatly  exaggerated. **  The  Span- 
iards had  a  battle  with  the  Escanjaques,  and  killed  a 
thousand  of  them  on  the  Matanza  plain,  scene  of 
Humana's  defeat.  The  battle  was  caused  by  Padre 
Velasco's  efforts  to  prevent  the  Escanjaques  from 
destroying  the  property  of  the  Quiviras  who  had  fled 
from  their  towns  at  the  approach  of  the  Spaniards 

♦On  Onate'a  exped.  to  Quivira,  see  A^.  Mex.,  Mem.,  198-8,  209-25;  Id.,  Du- 
ciirno,  53-8;  Salmeroit,  Jiel.,  26-30;  Niel,  AjmiU.,  91-4;  Torqnenuula,  Monniuf. 
Iml.,  i.  671-3;  Piirchiis  his  Pilyrimea,  iv.  15l>5-<>;  Ponadan,  NoUcuis,  216-17; 
J>iifui'  Sjkin.  Conq.,  273-5;  Prince's  lliM.  Sk.,  165-6.  Salineron  and  most 
other  authorities  give  the  date  erroneously  aa  1599;  and  S.  apeaka  of  a  figlit 
oil  May  8th.  Posadas  aaya  O.  marched  from  Sta  Fe  in  1606;  and  tSalme.'on, 
foUoved  by  Davia,  calls  the  place  Villa  de  N.  Mexico.  The  viceroy  says 
half  the  80  men  were  not  ijente  de  servirio,  and  were  of  no  use.  Don  Diego  de 
TiM'ialosa,  as  we  shall  see  later  in  this  chapter,  fitted  the  narrative  of  tliia 
uxpud.  to  a  fictitioua  one  of  his  own  in  1662  for  use  in  France. 

'"  Posadaa,  a  good  authority,  says  that  O.  went  nearly  300  1.  east  in  search 
nf  the  ocean,  reaching  the  country  of  the  Aijadoa  .s.  of  Quivira  and  w.  of  the 
'IV'j.is.  The  natives  guided  him  to  Quivira,  but  knew  nothing  of  the  ocean. 
Tribalilo,  in  Puir/uw — also  quoted  in  a  fragment,  chap.  22-6,  of  a  MS.  hiatory, 
vaguely  accredited  to  Otermin  in  1680,  in  If.  Mex.,  Doc.  J/M.,  iii.  1145-7,  of 
no  apparent  value — aaya  they  went  to  tlie  River  of  the  North  and  to  tlie 
great  lake  of  Conibas  (which  figures  in  mythic  geog.  of  the  northern  region), 
<m  tlie  bank  of  whicli  was  seen  'afarre  off  a  city  7  1.  long  and  above  2  1.  broad,' 
the  market-place  being  so  strongly  fortified  that  the  Span,  dared  not  attack. 
S  ilmeron  says  the  way  was  windmg,  200  1.  N.  E.  to  a  fertile  land  of  fruits; 
tliu  natives  saying  that  a  shorter  way  was  N.  by  Taos  and  the  land  of  Capt. 
(jiiivira.  The  viceroy  says  it  was  estimated  by  able  men  at  over  40°  and 
alniut  300  1.  from  either  ocean.  0.  went  N.  E.,  while  Coronado  liad  gone 
N.  w.(!)  39°  or  40°.  N.  Mex.,  Mem.  See  //*»<.  North  Mex.  St.,  i.  383.  Details 
cuiicuru  the  history  of  Texas  more  than  that  of  N.  Mex. 


160 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


* 


and  their  allies.  Large  villages  were  seen,  and  ad- 
vance parties  claimed  to  have  found  utensils  of  gold, 
which  was  said  to  be  plentiful  in  the  country  of  the 
Aijados  not  fur  away ;  and  a  native  captive  sent  south 
is  said  to  have  caused  a  sensation  in  Mexico  and  Spain 
by  his  skill  in  detecting  the  presence  of  gold.  It  is 
not  quite  clear  that  Quivira  was  actually  visited,  but 
ambassadors  from  that  people — also  called  Tindanes — 
were  met,  who  wished  to  join  the  Spaniards  in  a  raid 
on  the  gold  country.  Oiiato,  however,  deemed  it 
unwise  to  go  on  with  so  small  a  force,  or  perhaps  was 
forced  to  turn  back  by  the  clamors  of  his  men.  He 
returned  to  San  Juan  probably  in  October." 

Back  at  the  pueblos  Onate  found  New  Mexico 
almost  deserted.  Colonists  and  friars  with  few  excep- 
tions had  gone  south  to  Santa  Bdrbara,  on  the  plea 
of  absolute  destitution,  leaving  them  only  a  choice 
between  death  and  desertion.  Padre  Escalona,  who 
remained  with  Alferez  Casas  to  await  the  governor's 
return,  explained  the  situation  in  a  letter  to  the 
comisario  general,  dated  October  1st,  and  carried 
south  by  the  fugitives.  In  this  letter  he  stated  that 
Onate  and  his  captains  had  sacked  the  towns,  taking 
the  whole  reserve  store  of  six  years'  crops  saved  by 
the  natives,  as  was  their  custom  for  a  possible  year  of 
famine.  He  had  not  allowed  any  community  planting 
for  the  support  of  the  garrison ;  the  season  had  been 
one  of  drought;  and  the  Indians  were  forced  to  live 
on  wild  seeds.  Fortunately,  several  settlers  had 
planted  and  irrigated  corn-fields  on  their  own  account, 
thus  saving  the  colony  from  starvation.  Therefore 
they  decided  to  retire  to  Nueva  Vizcaya,  report  to  the 
viceroy,  and  await  orders  whether  to  settle  in  the 
south  or  return  with  a  new  outfit  to  New  Mexico. 
The  friars  went  with  them  at  their  earnest  request  and 
the  order  of  the  padre  comisario,  who  deemed  it  his 

'Davis'  narrative  of  O.'s  exped.  enda  abruptly  with  the  arrival  at  Quivira, 
the  author  Dot  fi'iding  the  rest  of  Salmerou's  relation,  which  he  calls  O.'u 
diary. 


DESERTION  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


151 


own  duty  to  remain  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  but  who 
begged  for  a  speedy  decision.  There  were  said  to  be 
gof)d  spots  for  settlement  in  Nueva  Vizcaya,  he  wrote, 
but  it  seemed  a  pity  to  abandon  New  Mexico  after 
such  efforts,  expense,  and  something  of  success/ 

Don  Juan,  returning  from  an  unsuccessful  tour, 
with  much  discontent  in  his  own  ranks,  was  naturally 
furious  on  learning  the  state  of  affairs  at  San  Juan. 
Finding  men  to  testify  against  their  absent  comrades, 
he  at  once  began  legal  proceedings  against  the  so- 
called  traitors,  condemned  some  of  them  to  death,  pre- 
pared reports  to  the  viceroy  and  king  to  offset  those 
of  the  friars,  who  now  and  later  reiterated  their 
charges,  and  sent  Vicente  de  Zaldivar  to  carry  his 
reports  to  Mexico  and  Spain,  to  arrest  and  send  back 
the  recalcitrant  colonists,  and  to  urge  the  importance 
of  completing  the  conquest.  A  little  later  Padre 
Escalona  wrote  to  his  provincial  that  he  and  Padre 
Velasco,  Onate's  cousin,  were  resolved  to  quit  the 
country;  that  they  were  of  no  use  as  missionaries, 
serving  merely  as  chaplains  to  the  raiders ;  that  the 
governor's  charges  were  false;  and  that  no  real  pro- 
gress could  be  hoped  for  until  the  king  should  take  the 
government  from  Onate's  hands.® 

Zaldivar  seems  to  have  forced  the  colonists  to  re- 
turn, acting  with  great  cruelty,  if  the  friars  may  be 
credited.  Early  in  1602  he  appeared  before  the  au- 
diencia  in  Mexico  to  urge  the  importance  of  continu- 
ing the  conquest  from  New  Mexico  as  a  base.  The 
expediente  of  papers  presented  by  him  related  wholly 
to  past  achievements,  and  has  been  one  of  our  main 
authorities    for   the  two    preceding   chapters.'     The 

'  Escalona,  Carta  de  Rdacion  1601,  in  Torqttemada,  i.  67.V4.  Written  at  S. 
CabrieL  The  retiring  padres  included  San  Miguel  and  Zaraora  of  the  origi- 
rial  party;  and  Lope  Izquierdo  and  Gaston  de  Peralta,  presumably,  of  the 
new.  Velasco  ana  Vergara  were  with  Dilate;  the  others,  Rosas,  Lugo,  Cor- 
cliado,  C'laros,  and  San  Buenaventura  are  not  named,  but  may  be  supposed  to 
have  gone  to  Sta  B.  and  returned  later.     The  last  api)ears  again  in  N.  Mex. 

*  Torqmmada,  i.  676-7.  P.  San  Miguel  wrote  from  Sta  B.  on  Feb.  2,  1602, 
protesting  still  more  bitterly  against  0.  's  tyranny,  falaehaod,  and  general  uu- 
fitness  for  his  position. 

*In  Paeheeo,  Doc.,  xvi.     See  p.  118  of  this  voL 


182 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OP  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


.1 1'i 


r 


\"''-'\ 


'Mi  If 


mil  , 


quarrel  with  friars  and  settlers  did  not  figure  at  all  in 
these  proceedings ;  and  the  documents  bearing  on  tliat 
matter  are  not  extant.  The  fiscal  in  May  threw  cold 
water  on  the  scheme  by  an  opinion  that  the  encour- 
agement to  spend  money  was  much  less,  now  that  the 
country's  poverty  was  known,  than  formerly  when 
New  Mexico  was  reputed  rich. 

From  Mexico  Zaldivar  went  to  Spain  to  lay  the 
matter  before  the  king.  The  viceroy  also  wrote  the 
king  a  long  letter,  giving  an  outline  of  Onate's  enter- 
prise from  the  beginning.  Respecting  the  merits  of 
the  recent  controversy,  he  and  the  audiencia  had  not 
been  able  to  decide  from  the  various  memorials  of  in- 
terested and  prejudiced  parties  on  both  sides,  all  of 
which  documents  had  been  forwarded  to  Spain;  but 
it  is  clear  that  he  was  not  friendly  to  Oilate.  He 
strongly  urged  that  his  amenduients  to  the  original 
contract  should  be  enforced,  and  that  Don  Juan's  ex- 
travagant demands,  especially  that  of  independence 
from  the  audiencia,  should  not  be  granted.  While 
the  new  province  had  been  overpraised,  yet  it  had 
many  attractions  in  the  way  of  climate,  soil,  products, 
and  docile  inhabitants;  and  it  should  not  be  abandoned. 
The  number  of  settlers  should  be  increased  to  at  least 
lO'J,  to  live  in  one  or  two  small  villas  so  as  to  protect 
the  padres  and  not  annoy  the  Indians.  The  natives 
might  be  'encommended'  as  tribute-payers  among  the 
settlers  by  the  governor  and  coniisario  acting  together 
This  report  includes  a  somewhat  extended,  and  in 
comparison  with  other  documents  of  the  time  sensible, 
view  of  the  Northern  Mystery ;  and  the  writer,  after 
exploding  many  of  the  absurd  theories  of  northern 
wonders,  and  showing  that  there  was  small  hope  of 
finding  great  and  wealthy  kingdoms  for  conquests,  ad- 
mits that  further  exploration  toward  Anian  and  Labra- 
dor is  desirable,  and  thinks  that  if  the  king  is  willing 
to  pay  the  cost  it  might  be  well  to  furnish  a  force 
of  100  men  and  six  officers  for  a  year  and  a  half 
Oiiate  might  properly  be  put  in  command  and  re- 


EFFORTS  IN  SPAIN  AND  MEXICO. 


in 


quirod  to  help  support  the  men;  but  he  would  have 
no  claim  whatever  to  authority  over  the  regions  dis- 
covered. The  animus  of  this  report  is  evident,  though 
the  wisdom  of  many  of  the  views  expressed  cannot  bo 
questioned." 

Such  records  as  are  extant  fail  to  show  exactly  the 
results  of  Zaldfvar's  etforts  in  his  uncle's  behalf." 
Calle  tells  us  that  Onate  was  made  adelantado  by 
cddula  of  February  7,  1602,  the  title  being  extended 
to  his  son.  We  have  also  a  cddula  of  July  8th,  con- 
firming the  hidalguia,  or  nobility,  originally  conferred 
on  conquistadores  to  Ofiate's  associates,  and  overruling 
some  of  the  modifications  introduced  by  Monterey.** 
Salmeron  states  that  the  king  authorized  the  raising 
of  1,000  men  if  Zaldivar  could  raise  half  of  them  for 
the  northern  conquest,  but  on  Zaldfvar's  failure  noth- 
ing was  accomplished.*'  The  truth  would  seem  to  be, 
though  the  evidence  is  meagre,  that  while  Onate  was 
confirmed  in  his  office  and  prerogatives  so  far  as  New 
Mexico  was  concerned,  receiving  some  aid  from  the 
king,  with  reenforcements  of  colonists  and  mission- 
aries, he  had  not  the  means  himself,  nor  could  he  in- 


^*N.  Mex.,  Diseurso,  .38-66;  not  dated,  bnt  evidently  of  1602,  correspond- 
ing to  Z.  'a  departure  for  Spain. 

"  Fernandez  Duro,  Don  Difffo  de  Petia  lorn,  145,  cites  a  MS.  Relacion  dirt- 
gida  al  Rey  Nro  Sr,  de  la  expedieion  y  jHtfiHeacion  del  A'twiw  Mijico,  nor  D. 
Vicente  de  Zaldivar,  as  cited  uy  Barcia  and  Beristain ;  and  also  the  following 
MSS.  which  I  have  not  seen:  Noticia»  del  N.  Mijkopor  el  P.  Rodriifo  Vuvro; 
Diario  de  laa  exped.  al  N.  JUejieo  por  El  Capitan  D.  Fernando  Riwra;  Hint,  de  la 
introd.  del  Evamjelio  desde  el  Parral  hasta  el  N.  M^j.  por  Fr.  Jtutn  Fxpinona; 
Relarion  de  lo  que  habian  vinto  y  oido  de  la  tierra  atlentro  de  Mejr.  los  reUnionos 
viii-ioneroa  /randscanos.  Por  D.  Fran.  Nieto  de  Silva,  tfob.  del  N.  Mej.;  and 
lUitrio  de  la  eiUrada  en  el  iV.  M^J.,  diriijiilo  d  Ion  prelados  de  mi  drden,  \>or  Fr. 
Pedro  Salmeron.  None  have  dates;  and  some  prob.  never  existed;  but  the 
last  ia  mentioned  also  in  Vetaneur,  Chron.,  118,  and  apparently  belongs  to 
1004. 

^^Calk,  Not.,  103;  Pino,  Expos.,  35-6;  Id.,  Not.,  2-3;  Daini>'  Span.  Conq., 
204-5.  The  audiencia  acquiesced  in  this  order  by  act  of  June  2U,  1604,  on 
ZaUUvar's  return  to  Mex,  It  a])pears  that  O.'s  original  demand  for  the  go\- 
crnnrship,  etc.,  for  four  lives  instead  of  two  was  not  finally  granted;  and  as 
wu  sliall  see,  he  did  not  transmit  it  even  to  his  son. 

"  '  Como  no  cumplid,  porque  no  pudo,  tampoco  el  rey.'  Salmeron,  Rel.,  28; 
V)  lew'  Span.  Conq.,  276.  Cavo,  Trea  Siylos,  i.  229,  tells  us  that  O.  took  the 
cnuntry  without  resistance,  asked  for  more  men,  who  were  sent  with  permis- 
Bioii  for  the  discontented  to  return,  as  they  did,  abusing  a  country  that  had 
yielded  no  treasure. 


1S4 


EIOHTY   YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNAUS. 


ducc  the  government  to  furnish  men  and  suppHcs  for 
northern  conquests  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  his 
ambitious  views.  Zaidivar  returned  from  8[)ain  in  or 
before  1(504,  and  perhaps  to  New  Mexico. 

Though  he  had  failed  in  his  north-eastern  expedi- 
tion, there  remained  the  Mar  del  Sur,  which  Ofiate 
was  determined  to  reach ;  and  as  soon  as  he  had  re- 
covered from  the  troubles  just  recorded,  having  most 
of  liis  original  200  men  reunited  at  San  Juan,  with 
possibly  a  small  reenforcement  brought  by  Zaidivar, 
the  governor  started  on  October  7,  1604,  for  the  west 
with  thirty  men,  accompanied  by  padres  Francisco 
Escobar  and  San  Buenaventura,  the  former  the  now 
comisario.'*  Visiting  the  Zuiii  province  "more  thickly 
settled  by  hares  and  rabbits  than  by  Indians,"  where 
the  chief  town  of  the  six  is  now  called  Cfbola,  or  in 
the  native  tongue  Havico,  or  Ha  Huico,  the  explorers 
wont  on  to  the  five  Moqui  towns  with  their  450  houses 
and  people  clad  in  cotton.  Ten  leagues  to  the  west- 
ward they  crossed  a  river  flowing  from  the  south-east 
to  the  nt)rth-west,  named  Rio  Colorado  fn)m  the  color 
of  its  water,  and  said  to  flow  into  the  soa  of  Califor- 
nia after  a  turn  to  the  west,  and  l  course  of  200 
leagues  through  a  country  of  pines.  This  was  the 
stream  still  known  as  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  and  it 
is  not  unlikely  that  this  was  the  origin  of  the  name 
Colorado  applied  later  to  the  main  river.  The  place 
of  crossing  was  named  San  Josd,  and  farther  we^st,  or 
south-west,  they  crossed  two  other  rivers  flowing  south 
and  south-east,  and  named  San  Antonio  and  Sacra- 
mento— really  branches  of  the  Rio  Verde  in  the 
region  north  of  Prescott,  near  where  Espejo  had  boon 


"According  to  Torquemada,  i.  678,  Padre  Velasco  was  comisario  after 
Escalona  andliefore  Escobar.  Both  the  E.'s  died  in  N.  Mex.  Id.,  iii.  5U8. 
Vetuiicur,  Chron.,  95-ti,  as  well  as  Torquemada,  says  that  Escobar  brouglit  G 
friars,  though  his  statement  about  the  date  is  confusing.  Among  Escoluir'd 
party  were  perhaps  PP.  Pedro  Salmeron  and  Pedro  Carrasual,  tlie  latter 
Deing  later  guardian  in  Mex.  and  dying  in  1622.  Id.,  Menol.,  92.  Escalona 
died  at  Sto  Domingo  in  1607.  P.  Cristobal  Quifiones,  skilled  in  the  langiiaKC 
of  the  Queres,  estab.  church,  convent,  and  hospital  at  S.  Felipe,  where  he 
died  ia  1609.    P.  Vergara  of  the  origiaal  band  died  in  Mex.  1646. 


oSatk  in  auizona. 


IM 


i  for 
[  his 
in  or 

pedi- 
jnatc 
d  re- 
most 
,  with 
Jivar, 
3  west 
.ncisco 
e  now 
,hickly 
where 
,,  or  in 
plorcrs 
houses 
e  west- 
th-east 
c  color 
alifor- 
of  200 
as  the 
and  it 
name 
place 
rest,  or 
south 
Sacra- 
lin   the 
id  been 


Jirio  after 
L  iii.  5lt8. 
[brought  o 
I  Kscoltiirs 
|the  latter 
Escaloiia 
i  langwajje 
Iwbere  be 


twenty-three  yonra  h»'ft)re.'*  It  was  a  fertile,  nitrnct- 
iv«'  country,  who.so  people  wore  little  crosses  han;^nM>r 
from  tlie  liair  on  the  forr'.iead,  and  were  tlicrcfore 
culli'd  Cruziwlos." 

'J'lio  Crussados  said  the  sc^  was  20  days  or  100 
l('a<;Ui'H  distant,  and  was  reached  by  j^oiii^  in  two 
days  to  a  small  river  flowinj:^  into  a  lurj^cr  one,  which 
itsi'lf  flowed  int(»  the  sea.  And  indeed,  Hftcen  lca«;ii«'s 
brou^lit  them  to  the  small  stream,  named  San  Andrews, 
wljcre  tiie  tierra  caliento  bet^an  to  produce  the  pita- 
luiya;  and  twenty-four  leagues  down  its  course  ♦he 
general  came  to  the  larji^e  stream,  and  named  it  liio 
(irande  de  Huena  Esperanzji;  that  is,  he  followed  the 
Santa  Marfa,  o,  ISiU  Wilhnms  fork,  d  >wn  to  its  juim 
tion  with  the  Colorado.  The  explorers  se'^m  to  have 
had  no  idea  that  there  was  any  connection  between 
this  great  river  of  Good  Hope  and  the  one  they  had 
named  Kio  Colorado;  but  they  knew  it  was  the  one 
long  ago  named  Kio  del  Tizon  farther  down;  indeed, 
one  of  the  men  had  been  with  Vizcaino  in  the  gulf, 
and  said  this  was  the  stream  for  which  his  commander 
had  searched." 

For  some  distance  above  and  below  the  junction 
liv(>d  the  Amacava  nation,  or  Mojaves."*  Captain 
Marquez  went  up  the  river  a  short  distance ;  then  the 

'■^One  version  roads,  'from  this  stream  [the  Col.  C'hiquito]  they  went  w., 
crosMJiig  a  piny  range  8  1.  wide,  at  whoae  southern  base  runs  the  river  S. 
Antonio;  it  is  17  1.  from  8.  Jose,  which  is  the  Colorado,  runs  N.  to  s.  tlirough 
a  nitmntain  region,  has  little  water  but  much  g(M)d  Hsh.  From  this  river  it 
is  a  tierra  teniplada.  5  1.  w.  is  Rio  Sacramento,  like  the  S.  Ant.  in  water 
and  fish,  rising  11  1.  farther  w.,  runs  N.  w.  to  8.  E.  at  foot  of  lofty  sierras, 
wlieru  the  Span,  got  good  metals.'  The  other  speaks  of  the  8.  Antonio  aa 
being  '  17  1.  from  the  Colorailo,  hero  culled  S.  Jose.' 

'"It  was  afterwards  learned,  so  say  the  chroniclers,  that  a  Franciscan  had 
visited  this  people  before,  and  tauglit  them  the  etHcacy  of  the  cross  in  mak- 
ing friends,  not  only  of  God,  but  of  white  and  bearded  men  who  might  one 
day  appear. 

''  I'nis  is  not  the  place  to  so  into  details  of  Cal.  geography  &  represented 
or  thought  to  be  represented  by  the  Indians.  The  ocean  was  near,  in  aM 
directions  from  w.  to  N.  B.,  the  brazo  de  mar  extending  round  to  Flori<!a; 
Aztec  was  still  spoken,  and  gold  bracelets  were  worn  at  I^ake  Copala;  and  the 
island  with  giant  queen  was  not  wanting.  Information  here  obtained  had 
consitierable  influence  indirectly  on  the  Northern  Mystery  from  this  time. 

"*The  form  in  the  1 8th  century  as  occurring  in  Cal.  annals  was  Aniaja«ra, 
which  later  became  Mojave.  Poaaibly  in  thu  narrative  it  should  also  be 
Amajava,  the  '  o '  being  a  misprint 


ISO 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


iV-\  ■ 


\%m'' 


m 


whole  party  followed  its  banks  southward,  the  natives 
being  friendly,  and  interviews  respecting  the  Northern 
Mystery  taking  the  place  of  adventures.  Below  the 
Amacavas  were  the  Bahacechas,  and  next  the  Ozaras, 
a  somewhat  ruder  people  living  on  a  large  river  flowing 
from  the  south-east,  and  named  the  fiio  del  Nombro 
de  Jesus.  This  was  the  Gila,  and  the  valley  was  said 
to  be  occupied  by  the  same  nation  in  twenty  towns. 
Below  the  junction  for  twenty  leagues  to  the  sea  the 
countr}  was  thickly  inhabited  by  tribes  similar  in 
manners  and  language  to  the  Bahacechas.  First  were 
the  Halchcdumas  in  eight  towns  or  rancherfas ;  then 
nine  settlements  of  the  Coahuanas,  five  of  the  Tlaglli, 
or  Haglli,  six  of  the  Tlalliguamayas,  and  nine  of  the 
Cocapas  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  five  leagues  from 
the  river's  mouth.  The  population  on  the  eastern 
bank  alone  was  not  less  than  20,000.'* 

Onato  reached  tide-water  on  January  23,  1605,  and 
on  the  25th,  with  the  friars  and  nine  men,  went  down 
to  the  moutli.  Here  he  found  a  fine  harbor,  formed 
by  an  island  in  the  centre,  in  which  he  thought  1,000 
ships  might  ride  at  anchor.  That  the  sea  extended 
indefinitely  north-westward  behind  a  range  of  hills,  the 
Spaniards  believed  on  the  authority  of  the  Indians; 
and  this  belief  had  much  to  do  later  with  the  opinion 
that  California  was  an  island.  The  port  was  formally 
christened,  from  the  day,  Puerto  de  la  Conversion  de 
San  Pablo.  The  rest  of  the  company  came  down  to 
see  the  port,  and  then  the  explorers  began  their  return 
march  by  tiie  same  route  to  New  Mexico.  There 
were  ten  difierent  languages  spoken  on  the  way,  and 
Padre  Escobar  on  the  return  could  speak  them  all  (!), 
thus  gathering  new  items  of  fable  respecting  western 
and  northern  wonders.  They  had  to  eat  their  horses, 
but  arrived  safe  and  sound  at  San  Gabriel  on  the  25th 


••Vetancur,  Cfiron.,  95-6,  says  he  has  seen  the  doc.  dated  Jan.  15,  160."), 
by  which  Oflate  in  the  king's  name  gave  to  Elscobar,  or  to  the  faith  in  \m 
person,  possession  (assignment  as  a  future  missionary  tieltl?)  of  the  region  froui 
the  liio  del  Norte  200  L  s.  to  the  Puerto  (Rio  ?)  de  Bueua  Esperanza. 


END  OF  OSATE'S  RULR 


157 


f)f  April.  This  important  exploration  of  Arizona  has 
been  entirely  unknown  to  modern  writers.'^  There 
seems  to  have  been  a  preceding  expedition  in  1G04, 
(Jirectod  to  the  north,  with  padres  Velasco  and  Sal- 
nieron  as  chaplains. '^^  The  expedition  accredited  by 
Tenalosa  to  Zaldivar  in  1618 — with  forty-seven  sol- 
diers and  Padre  Ldzaro  Jimenez,  who  went  fifteen 
leagues  from  Moq  to  the  Rio  de  Buena  Esperanza, 
but  were  driven  back  by  tales  of  giants — is  merely,  as 
I  suppose,  a  confused  reference  to  that  of  Ouate  just 
described.  ^"^ 


Nothing  is  definitely  known  of  Oiiate's  acts  in  New 
^[exico  after  his  return  from  the  west  in  1G05;  nor 
liave  I  seen  any  record  of  his  later  career,"'  except 
that  a  new  expedition  out  into  the  eastern  plains 
is  rather  doubtfully  attributed  to  him  in  IGIL^*  He 
may  indeed  have  been  still  in  the  country  at  that  date 
and  later,  engaged  as  captain  of  explorers  in  a  vain 
starch  for  northern  wealth;  but  there  is  evidence  that 
he  ceased  to  rule  as  governor  in  1G08,  and  was  per- 


^Snlmeron,  Rel.,  30-8;  Nicl,  Aptmt.,  81-6.  Cardona.  Heheion,  .'12-8.  had 
lit'^ril  from  capt.  Marquez  and  Vaca  that  they  struck  the  Tizon  in  'M'  .30'; 
tliat  the  famous  port  was  in  35°;  that  the  giant  queen  took  powdered  pearls 
ill  her  drink;  and  that  south  of  the  Tizon  was  a  large  Rio  d' '  Coral.  Casauate, 
Mi'iii.,  'H,  gives  a  similar  report  with  less  of  detail.  P.  Garces,  Diarto,  364, 
ill  ITTti,  says  that  OQate  heard  of  a  Rio  Turon,  probably  identical  with  one  of 
whicli  he  himself  heard  while  crossing  from  C'al.  to  the  Colorado,  and  with 
that  mentioned  by  P.  Escalante  in  1775.  The  fact  that  Davis  does  not  men- 
tion tliiti  exped.  sliows  tliat  he  had  but  a  fragment  of  Salmeron. 

^'  Vi'Uinatr,  Chron.,  118.  The  author  has  seen  P.  Pedro  .Salmeron 's  report 
of  the  eutrada;  and  the  same  doc.  is  cited  in  Fernandez  Duro,  145,  witliout 
dite. 

"  The  story  is  given  in  the  works  of  Shea  and  Fernandez  Duro;  also  from 
Shia,  ill  Princi-'n  JJUt.  SL:,  176-8. 

''■'  Lopez  de  Haro,  No(>ilm-io,  as  cited  I'v  Fernandez  Duro,  l.SO,  implies  that 
O.  was  still  serving  the  king  in  1620,  but  says  nothing  of  his  having  left  N. 
•Ml'x. 

^'  Barreiro,  Ojendn,  7,  says  0.  went  E.  in  1611,  and  discovered  the  Canibar 
lakes  and  a  Rio  Colorado,  or  Palizade,  prob.  Los  Cadauchos,  tlius  gaining  a 
ri^'ht  to  the  eastern  country.  Davis,  El  Onwjo,  73-4,  <S;«ih.  ('oii<i.,  270-7, 
ti-ils  the  same  story,  taking  it  perhaps  from  Barreiro,  changing  t\«««/«i;-M  to 
'Cannibal,'  and  giving  the  opinion  that  the  Rio  Pahzada  was  prob.  the  Cana- 
dian. He  credits  the  exi)ed.  to  O.  in  161 1,  though  by  his  own  reckoning  O. 
imist  have  ceased  to  rule  some  years  liefore.  Posadas,  as  we  have  seen,  dates 
O.'s  ex  pod.  to  Quivira  in  1606,  doubtless  by  error.  Zd  li'var's  exped.  of  1618, 
ad  we  liave  also  seen,  is  only  r  confused  rof.  to  that  of  1604. 


il 


i 


w 


138 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OP  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


haps  succeeded  by  Don  Pedro  de  Peralta.^  About 
the  same  time,  when  8,000  natives  had  been  converted, 
Padre  Alonso  Pein^do  came  to  succeed  Escobar  as 
comisario,  accompanied  by  eight  or  nine  friars,  being 
in  turn  succeeded  by  Padre  Estdvan  Perea  in  IGH."^ 
The  names  of  Governor  Peralta's  successors  for  a 
dozen  years  or  more  are  not  known,  and  the  history 
of  the  whole  period  is  wellnigh  a  blank. 

Yet  within  this  period,  or  rather  between  1605  and 
1616,  was  founded  the  villa  of  Santa  F^,  or  San  Fran- 
cisco de  la  Santa  F6.  The  modern  claim  that  this  is 
the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States  rests  entirely  on 
its  imaginary  annals  as  an  Indian  pueblo  before  the 
Spanish  conquest.  There  are  but  slight  indications, 
if  any,  that  Santa  Fe  was  built  on  the  site  of  a  pueblo ; 
and  its  identification  with  Cicuye,  Tiguex,  or  any  other 
particular  or  prominent  pueblo,  has  no  foundation  what- 
ever.'"^^     We  have  seen  that  San  Juan  was  Onate's 

"'Calle,  Not.,  103,  a  goml  authority,  say  a  a  new  gov.  was  appointed  in 
1608  with  a  salary  of  §2,000.  Vetancur,  Vhron.,  9(5,  says  tliat  in  1G08  the 
king  assumed  the  support  of  both  soldiers  and  padres;  that  it  probably  put 
an  end  to  the  Oflate  contract.  Davis,  Spun.  Com/.,  420,  or  Miller,  found  evi- 
dence in  the  archives  at  Sta  Fe  that  Peralta  ruled  9  years  after  Oflate 'a  com- 
ing, that  is,  in  ItiO?  or  1608,  and  not  KiOO  as  D.  makes  it  by  dating  O.'s  entry 
in  lo91.     Prince  suggests  that  P.  ruled  in  1600,  but  O.  waa  reinstated  later  ! 

'*  Vetancur,  Chron.,  96;  Id.,  MenoL,  65;  Torquemiula,  ii.  678.  V.  aays  P. 
succeeded  Escalona,  clearly  a  slip  of  the  pen.  See  also  Barrkro,  Ojenda,  7; 
VilUiijrd,  JJist.,  177;  and  Salmeron,  Jiel.,  11.  Tlia  latter  says  that  in  1614  the 
remains  of  the  martyred  Pailre  Lopez  of  1581  were  found  by  P.  Perea,  the 
com.,  and  buried  at  Sandla.     Yet  Vetancur  implies  that  Perea  came  in  '28. 

^'Iii  the  pamphlet  Sta  Fi,  Centennial  Sketch,  of  1876,  the  title  bears  the 
inscription  'Santa  Fe,  the  oldest  city  in  North  America*!  Ex -gov.  Amy  in 
his  atldress,  Id.,  pp.  6-8,  informs  us  that  Cabeza  de  Vacaand  Coronado  found 
the  Indians  living  in  cities,  and  '  especially  the  pueblo  city,  with  its  many 
thousand  inhab.,  where  wo  now  stana' ;  that  the  governors  palace  in  full 
view  of  the  audience  was  built  before  1581,  from  the  material  of  the  old  In- 
dian town;  that  the  Indians  revolted  before  1583,  driving  out  the  settlers  and 
priests;  but  that  Espojo  reconquered  the  province  and  K>rced  the  natives  to 
toil  in  the  mines  !  Fortunately,  the  imaginative  orator  committed  the  prcua 
ration  of  his  historic  sketch  proper  to  David  J.  Miller,  who  knew  more  of  liia 
subject;  yet  even  M.  tb'uks  Sta  Fe  identical  with  <Jicuye.  Bandelier,  Hiit. 
hUvod.,  19,  to  correct  the  popular  impression  at  Sta  Fe,  notes  that  the  town 
stood  on  the  site  of  Tiguex.  But  in  Hitch's  AztUin,  201,  the  same  writer 
seems  to  think  there  was  at  Sta  Fe  a  pueblo  whose  aboriginal  name  wa.s 
Fo-o-ge.  A  few  years  ago,  since  1880,  a  grand  celebration  was  held  of  tliu 
300th  (or  350th  or  400th,  it  matters  not  which)  anniversary  of  the  founding  I 
Similar  errors  might  be  cited  in  no  end  of  newspaper  and  pamphlet  sketches. 
Prince,  Hint.  Sk.,  168,  thinks  Sta  Fe  may  have  been  built  at  El  Teguayo, 
one  of  tlie  chief  pueblos,  where  the  first  misaiouary  station  after  S.  Ildefousu 
was  established. 


!;tt 


FOUNDING  OF  SANTA  Ffi. 


159 


capital  froni  1598,  and  that  preparations  were  made 
for  building  a  city  of  San  Francisco  in  that  vicinity. 
Naturally,  in  the  troubles  that  ensued,  little  if  any 
progress  was  made;  and  after  the  controversies  were 
past — not  during  Oiiate's  rule,  I  think ^ — it  was 
(loomed  best  to  build  the  new  villa  on  anotlier  site. 
I  have  been  able  to  find  no  record  of  the  date ;  but 
the  first  definite  mention  is  in  1G17,  on  January  3d  of 
which  year  the  cabildo  of  Santa  ¥6  petitioned  the 
king  to  aid  the  '*  nueva  poblacion."  * 

In  1G17,  as  appears  from  the  document  just  cited, 
tlioucfh  the  friars  had  built  eleven  churches,  converted 
14,000  natives,  and  prepared  as  many  more  for  con- 
version, there  were  only  forty-eight  soldiers  and  set- 
tlers in  the  province.  Among  the  inscriptions  copied 
by  Simpson  from  El  Moro  is  one  to  the  effect  that  the 
governor  passed  that  way  on  July  29,  1620,  returning 
from  a  successful  tour  of  pacification  to  Zuiii.*'  In 
1620,  or  possibly  a  little  earlier,  controversies  arose 
between  the  political  and  ecclesiastical  authorities,  the 
custodio  assuming  the  right  to  issue  excomnmnication 
against  the  governor,  the  latter  claiming  authority  to 
appoint  petty  Indian  officials  at  the  missions,  and  both 
being  charged  with  oppressive  exactions  of  labor  and 
tribute  from  the  natives.  "This  matter  was  referred  to 
the  audiencia,  and  drew  oat  reprimand  and  warning 
against  both  parties.'* 

It  was  about  this  time  that  Padre  Ger6nimo  de 
Zilrate  Salmeron  entered  this  missionary  field,  where 

»  See  p.  ir.2-3  of  this  vol.  Calle,  Not. ,  103,  says  that  the  new  gov.  in  1608 
was  orderetl  to  live  at  Sta  Fe;  and  one  or  two  authorities  say  that  Ofiatc  luft 
Stii  Fe  for  his  western  tour  of  1604-5;  but  I  suppose  these  are  caruluss  refer- 
euccs  to  what  was  the  capital  at  the  time  of  writing. 

•^iV.  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  i.  494-6.  In  reply,  the  king,  by  cedula  of  May  20, 
1620,  ordered  the  viceroy  to  render  all  possible  aid  to  the  cabildo  and  settlers. 

'^ Simpson's  Jour.,  105,  pi.  67.  Under  the  inscription  are  the  names  of 
Diego  NuAez  Bellido,  Joseph  Ramos  (?)  Diego,  Zapata,  and  Bartolome  Naranjo, 
or  Narrso;  one  of  which  may  be  that  of  the  gov.  Domenech,  Desert.%  i.  416-17, 
niake.s  Naranjo  the  gov.;  and  Prince,  Jlist.  Sk.,  174,  misquotes  the  iiiscrii.vion 
to  add  Narrso  to  hia  list  of  governors.  It  will  be  noticed  that  Capt.  Diego 
Niifluz,  Alf.  Leon  Zapata,  and  Naranjo  are  among  the  names  in  the  list  of 
Oilatea  original  company  of  1598. 

^'  .V.  Mat.  TriMlado de  una  Cidula,  Jan.  9, 1621,  m  Arch,  Sta  Fi,  MS.  The 
Zu&ia  aud  Moquia  were  exempt  from  tribute.  ^ 


160 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


for  eight  years  he  "sacrificed  himself  to  the  Lord 
among  the  pagans,"  toiling  chiefly  among  the  Jemes, 
of  whom  he  baptized  6,566,  and  in  whose  language  he 
wrote  a  doctrina.  He  also  served  at  Cia  and  Sandi'a 
among  the  Queres,  and  once  pacified  Acoma  after  a 
revolt. ^^  Above  all  things  he  was  eager  to  convert 
new  tribes ;  and  it  was  with  a  view  to  overcome  ob- 
stacles in  this  direction  that  in  1626  he  came  to  Mex- 
ico with  his  Relaciones.  In  this  most  valuable  work, 
elsewhere  fully  noticed,  he  unfortunately  for  our  pres- 
ent purpose  dealt  chiefly  with  the  past  and  future, 
saying  little  of  events  in  his  own  time,  partly  perhaps 
because  tiiere  was  not  much  to  say.  The  padre  was 
delighted  with  the  country,  its  climate,  people,  and 
products,  agricultural  and  mineral;^  but  disgusted 
with  the  apathy  of  the  Spaniards  "content  if  they  have 
a  good  crop  of  tobacco  to  smoke,  caring  for  no  more 
riches,  apparently  under  a  vow  of  poverty,  which  is 
saying  much  fv^r  men  who  in  their  thirst  for  gold 
would  enter  hell  itself  to  get  it." 

In  1621  the  missions,  with  over  16,000  converts, 
were  formed  into  a  'custodia  de  la  conversion  de  San 
Pablo.'"  Padre  Alonso  Benavides  came  as  the  first 
custodio,  and  brought  with  him  twenty-seven  friars. 
Yet  in  1626,  when  according  to  Salmeron  and  Bena 


35 


•*  It  did  not  remain  pacified,  since  in  '29  Acoma  was  again  reduced  to 
peace  and  Ciiristianity  by  the  miraculous  recovery  on  baptism  of  a  dying 
cliild.  Benavides,  Beqveate,  39.     Also  in  Laet,  Novtm  Orlm,  361. 

^  He  is  careful  to  note  the  existence  of  rich  mines,  many  of  them  dis- 
covered by  himself.  When  Oflate  had  passed  through  Tula  on  his  way  N. 
Padre  Diego  had  prophesied,  '  By  the  life  of  Fray  Diego  there  are  great  riches 
in  the  remote  parts  of  N.  Mex. ;  but  by  the  life  of  Fray  Diego  it  is  not  for  the 
present  settler  that  God  holds  them  in  reserve.'  Gregg,  Com,  Prairies,  i.  121, 
162-3,  speaks  of  many  rich  mines  having  been  worked  traditionally  Ijefore 
1680,  later  lost  or  concealed  by  the  natives  to  prevent  a  repetition  of  brutal 
outrages,  the  elders  still  lecturing  the  young  men  on  the  danger  of  divuking 
the  secret.  Yet  I  have  no  faith  in  extensive  mining  operations  in  N.  Mex. 
during  this  century,  or  anything  more  than  prospecting. 

^*Redlla  Oigeiio,  Carta  de  1793,  p.  441;  Calle,  Not,  103.  Yet  Vetancur 
often  speaks  of  the  chief  of  the  friars  as  custodio  as  well  as  comisario  in  the 
earlier  years.  Aparicio,  Conventoi,  282,  says  there  were  seven  monasteries 
in  '23. 

**  P.  Martin  de  Arvide  seems  to  have  been  one  of  them.  He  served  at 
Picurfes  and  at  Zufii,  but  waa  killed  by  the  Zioias  in  '32.  Vetancur,  Menol., 
16,  24. 


PROGRESS  OP  CONVERSION. 


I«l 


vides  over  34,000  Indians  had  been  baptized  and  forty- 
three  churches  built — so  effectually  had  the  soil  hvtin 
fructified  by  the  early  martyrs'  blood — only  sixteen 
friars  and  three  lavmen  were  left  in  tlie  field,  the  cause 
(»f  the  decrease  not  being  explained.^  The  lack  of 
workmen  and  the  promise  of  the  field  having  been 
reported  by  the  custodio  to  the  comisario  general,  the 
kiii<(  in  1G27  ordered  thirty  new  friars  and  a  number 
of  laymen  to  be  sent  immediately,  and  all  needed  aid 
to  be  rendered  in  future.  This  reenforcement  came 
from  the  provincia  del  Santo  Evangelic  in  Mexico  in 
1G28-9.'' 

In  these  years  we  have  the  names  of  two  governors, 
Felipe  Zotylo  at  some  time  during  Benavides  term  as 
custodio,  that  is,  1621-9,  and  Manuel  de  Silva  in 
1629.**  In  1630  the  Franciscan  comisario  general 
r'^presented  to  the  king  the  necessity  of  erecting  a 
bishopric  in  New  Mexico,  where  500,000  gentiles  had 
been  converted  and  86,000  baptized,  where  over  100 
mars  were  at  work  in  150  pueblos,  where  there  were 


35 


km  dis- 

(way  N. 

,  riches 

jfor  tbe 

i.  121, 

before 

bruul 

Mex. 

etancur 
in  tUo 
Bteries 

rveA  at 


'*SaImeron  gives  the  no.  of  baptisms  as  !M,650;  Benavides  as  34,320, 
from  a  royal  cedula  of  '20.  Ace.  to  St  Francis'  Li/e,  575,  the  Socorro  iniasioii 
estiih.  .30  years  after  the  Ist  was  the  37th.  Laet,  Nov.  Ork,  315,  says  three 
cliurclies  were  built  in  the  Socorro  district,  at  Senecd,  Pilabo,  and  Sevilleta 
in  l(i2i). 

'"  Under  P.  Estevan  de  Perea — already  mentioned,  perhaps  erroneously,  as 
comisario  in  '14.  VeUmcur,  Chron.,  96.  The  same  writer  names  P.  Tomas 
iMaiiso  OS  custodio  in  1021),  possession  being  given  by  a  doc.  of  March  6th,  of 
the  regi(m  from  Rio  Sacramento  M.  toward  Quivira.  This  P.  Manso  was 
]irociira<lor  of  N.  Mex.  for  25  years;  provincial  in  Mex.  '55;  and  later  bishop 
of  Nicaragua,  where  he  died.  Id.,  MeiioL,  1.35.  Other  friars  apparently  of 
Uiis  party  were  Oarei  San  Francisco  y  Ziiiliga,  who  founded  Socorro  and 

n  pueblo  of  Mansos  ii<  o;>,  died  '73,  buried  at  Senecli;  Antonio  de  Arteaga, 
(.'iiiMiianion  of  Garcia  and  founder  of  Senecti'  30;  Fran.  Letrado,  who  toiled 
ainnng  the  Jumanas  and  later  at,  Zu&\,  killed  by  gentiles  in  '32;  ITran.  Ace- 
liodo,  who  built  churches  at  S.  Greg,  de  Abo,  "Tenabo,  and  Tabira.  dying  in 
'44;  Fran.  I'orraa,  who  with  PP.  Andres  Gutierrez  andCris.  do  la  Concepcion 
Went  to  Moqui,  where  God  worked  many  miracles  through  him,  but  he  was 
|i()i3oneil  on  June  28,  '33;  Gerdn.  de  la  Liana,  who  died  at  Quarac  pueblo  in 
59;  Tonjaa  tie  S.  Diego,  who  died  in  Oajaca  '59;  Juan  Ramirez,  who  went  to 
Aconia,  where  the  arrows  failed  to  touch  him,  and  he  worked  many  years, 
ilyiiig  in  Mex.  '64;  and  Juan  de  la  Torre,  who  i)ecome  comisario  gen.  of  New 
Spain,  and  bishop  of  Nicaragua,  where  he  died  in  '63.  Vetnncur,  AfenoL,  7-8, 
lO.titi,  70,  77,  82,  135-6;  Medina,  Chron.,  162-3,  168-70,  175-6. 

^'Incidentally  mentioned  in  Velimrur,  MenoL,  24;  Id.,  Chron.,  96.     Fer- 

namkz  Ihiro,  146,  cites  an  undated  MS.  report  by  Francisco  Nieto  de  .^ilva, 

gov.  of  N.  Mex.     He  also  cites  under  date  of  1628  an  Expedicion  del  F.  Fr. 

Antijiib  [AloiMot)  Peimulo  d  ii  provincia  de  Mcx^ui,  a,  MS.  in  the  Acjid.  de  Hint. 

IIisT.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    11 


148 


EKJHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


i 


no  clergymen  and  none  authorized  to  administer  the 
riglit  of  confirmation.  A  bishop  would  save  much 
expense,  and  would  easily  be  supported  by  tithes,  es- 
pecially as  rich  mines  had  been  found  and  the  popula- 
tion was  rapidly  increasing.  The  viceroy  was  ordered 
to  investigate  and  report  on  the  desirability  of  this 
change ;  but  long  delays  ensued  and  nothing  was  ac- 
complished.** 

Padre  Benavides  went  in  person  to  Spain,  and  his 
report  to  the  king,  dated  Madrid,  1G30,  although 
meagre  and  superficial  in  comparison  with  what  it 
might  have  been,  is  the  most  important  authority  ex- 
tant on  these  times.**  It  shows  that  there  were  about 
50  friars,  serving  over  G0,000  christianized  natives  in 
over  90  pueblos,  grouped  in  25  missions,  or  conventos, 
as  they  were  called,  each  pueblo  having  its  own  church. 
The  Indians  as  a  rule  were  easily  controlled,  and  palJ 
tribute  in  com  and  cotton  to  support  the  garrison  ;f 
250  Spaniards  at  Santa  F<5,  where  a  church  had  re- 
cently been  completed.  The  outlying  gentile  tribes — 
all  known  as  Apaches  and  classified  as  Apaches  de 
Xila,  Apaches  de  Navaj<5,  and  Apaches  Vaqueros — 
had  as  yet  caused  no  serious  troubles ;  in  fact,  in  the 
Xila  province  and  among  the  Navajos  peace  had  been 

"Royal  oriler  of  May  19,  '.31,  citing  the  demand  of  Com.  Oen.  Sosa.  A'. 
Mex.,  Cidulaa,  MS.,  1-2;  also  order  of  June  23,  '36,  on  the  same  subject,  and 
adda  that  the  pope  has  been  asked  to  grant  to  some  friar  authority  to  confirm 
pending  the  election  of  a  bishop.  Id.,  3-6;  see  also  Bonilla,  Avuntes,  MS.,  I; 
HevilUi  Oiyedo,  Carta  de  1793,  MS.;  Calk,  Not.,  103.  As  early  as  15JK)  tlic 
bisliop  of  jGruadalajara  set  up  a  claim  to  N.  Mex.  as  within  his  bishopric.  X. 
Mex.,  Mem.,  227.  The  statistics  of  the  com.  gen.  as  given  iu  my  text  would 
seem  to  be  greatly  exaggerated. 

*•  fiemivides.  Memorial  que  Fray  Juan  de  Snntander. .  .preaentO  d  FeUpe  IV. 
Madrid,  1G30,  4°,  109  p.  P.  Santauder  was  the  Franciscan  com.  gen.,  and  pro- 
sented  B.'s  memorial  with  some  introd.  remarks  of  his  own.  I  nave  not  seen 
the  original,  but  use  Benavides,  Iteifveste  remonstrative  av  Roy  d'FHjmijne  svr  la 
conversion  du  No/ueean  Me.cko.  Bruxelles,  1631,  16mo,  10  1.,  120  p.,  in  the 
library  of  M.  Alphonse  Piiiart.  I  regard  this  as  a  translation  of  the  Memori(d. 
Fernandez  Duro,  132-3,  says  'P.  Benavides  published  in  1032  another  memo- 
rial, proposing  the  opening  of  the  rivers  of  tne  bay  of  Esplritu  Santo,  ace.  to 
a  reference  of  P.  Posadas.  Juan  Laet  made  an  extract  of  tlie  Deserip.  Norl- 
sima  of  N.  Mex.  in  his  work,  the  Notms  Ornis.  Fr.  Juan  Oravenden  trans- 
lated it  (the  oriqinal  Mem.,  I  suppose)  into  Latin;  and  in  French  it  wa.) 
pub.  in  1S31.'  Extracts  in  AT.  Mex.  Doc.,  MS.,  iii.  1147-52;  Nouv.  .iim. 
Voy.,  cxxxi.  3a3-9.  P.  Benavides  did  not  return  to  N.  Mex.,  but  b.jcuiuo 
archbishop  of  Goa  in  Asia. 


BENAVIDES'  MEMORIAL. 


)01 


the 
ach 
es- 
ula- 
gred 
this 
\  ac- 

1  his 
ough 
at  it 
yex- 
about 
ves  in 
entos, 
aurch. 
d  pa*' A 
ison  :f 
\ad  re- 
ibes — 

es  de 
ero8 — - 

in  the 
d  been 

iSosa.  A^- 
bject,  and 
lo  confirm 
MS.,  »; 
'l5tHi  the 


lopric 


iV. 


xt  wouU 

T.amlFf 
le  not  seou 
Ikihc  Kvr  I'i 

\Memoriid. 
lier  memo- 
Ito,  aco.  to 

lien  trans- 
Ich  it  waa 
fouv.  ••'""• 
Ut  b.jcaiuo 


made ;  and  in  the  former,  where  Benavides  had  been, 
a  luissionury  was  now  working  with  much  success." 
Tlie  author  recounts  the  miraculous  conversion  of  the 
Jumanas,  hviiig  112  leagues  east  of  Santa  Fe,  through 
the  supernatural  visits  of  Sister  Luisa  de  la  Ascen- 
sion, an  old  nun  of  Carrion,  Spain,  who  liad  the  power 
of  becoming  young  and  beautiful,  and  of  transporting 
herself  in  a  state  of  trance  to  any  part  t)f  the  world 
where  were  souls  to  be  saved."  The  padre  has  some- 
thing to  say  of  Quivira  and  the  Aijaos  east  of  the 
Juinanas;  and  concludes  with  a  brief  account  of  Coro- 
nado's  expedition  and  the  countries  by  him  discovered, 
without  suspicion  that  those  countries  were  identical 
with  his  own  custodia  of  New  Mexico.  The  work  is 
mainly  descriptive,  and  has  some  special  value  as  giving 
njore  definitely  than  any  other  authority  the  territorial 
locations  of  the  pueblo  groups  in  the  17th  century, 
and  thus  throwing  light  on  earlier  explorations.  It  is 
to  be  regretted  that  the  writer  did  not,  as  he  might 
easily  have  done,  give  more  fully  the  pueblo  names 
and  locations,  and  thus  clear  up  a  subject  which  it  is 
to  be  feared  must  always  remain  in  confusion  and  ob- 
scurity.** 

*'Tlio  Xila  prov.  w.-ia  SO  1.  from  Sonecd,  and  I  suppose  this  to  lie  the 
1st  \im  of  tho  name  later  applied  to  the  Rio  Gila,  which  riseii  in  thia  re(;ion. 
Navajo  is  said  to  mean  graiule  seinaille  or  'ureat  sowing.'  The  author  haa 
iiiucli  to  say  of  the  inaiinurs  and  custonis  of  tliese  wild  tri1)e3. 

*'  Details  pertain  to  Tcxaa  rather  than  N.  Mex.  In  Spain  B.  learned  that 
lit-  was  wrong  about  the  woman;  for  he  had  an  interview  with  Maria  de  Jesus, 
al)l>o!4!i  of  the  convent  of  Agreda,  who  often  since  Ki'JU  liad  Ijtten  carried  by 
tlu!  lieavenly  hosts  to  N.  Mux,  to  preach  the  faith.  Sometimes  she  made  tho 
round  trip  several  times  in  24  hours.  She  described  events  that  had  oc- 
ctirreil  in  B.'s  presence  when  she  had  been  invisildc  to  all  but  Ind.  eyes.  Sho 
siioku  of  tlie  kingdoms  of  Chilluscaa,  Canibujos,  and  Titlas  east  of  Quivira. 
Slic  could  easily  speak  the  native  dialects  when  on  the  ground,  but  not  in 
Spain!  She  enclosed  a  letter  of  encouragement  to  the  patlres  in  lO.'il.  Pulnu, 
\  iilii  (If  Junip.  Serra,  3!U-41.  Tho  conversion  of  tho  •Tunianas  in  1(529  is  also 
noted  by  Vetancur,  Chron.,  1M5,  who  says  that  P.  Juan  de  Salas  and  Diego 
LopuK  went  from  S.  Antonio  Isleta  after  the  niiracuhms  operations  of  the  laily. 

*^  Runavides'  claasitication  and  statistics  are  as  follows:  Sue  also  V'etancur's 
at  end  of  this  chap. 

Piros,  or  Picos,  nation,  southernmost  of  K.  Mcx.,  on  both  sides  the  Rio 
<irando  for  151.,  from  Senecli  to  Suvilleta;  15  pueblos,  0,000  Ind.,  all  bap- 
tized; .3  missions,  Nra  Sra  del  Socorro  at  Pilabo,  S.  Ant.  Senocii,  and  S.  Luia 
Obisijo  Sevilletii 

Tuaa  (doubtl'iaa  Tiguas),  nation  7  1.  above  Piros,  15  or  16  pueblos,  7,000 


164 


EIGHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNAL5. 


J 


If! 


A  half-century's  history  from  1G30  is  made  up  of  a 
probably  incomplete  list  of  governors,  a  few  references 
to  explorations  on  the  eastern  or  Texan  frontier,  a  few 
uncertain  records  of  troubles  with  the  Indians,  and  an 
occasional  item  of  mission  protjress  or  politico-ecclesi- 
astical controversy.  While  making  considerable  ad- 
ditions in  every  phase  of  the  subject  to  the  results  of 
previous  investigations,  I  can  present  nothing  like  a 
continuous  and  complete  narrative ;  and  I  do  not  pro- 
pose to  waste  space  by  a  pretence  of  so  doing. 

Fernando  de  Argucllo  is  named  as  governor  in 
1640.**  Luis  de  Rosas  next  held  the  office,  being 
murdered  in  1G41  or  1G42,  and  succeeded  by  Valdes, 
and  he  by  Alonzo  Pacheco  de  Heredia.**     Argiiello 

Infl.,  all  baptii'.ed;  2  missions,  S.  Antonio  Sandia  and  S.  Antonio  Islota.  (It 
will  lie  renieml>et'eil  that  Puriiai  liad  also  Iteen  called  S.  Antonio.) 

Qiicres  nation,  4  1.  above  Tiguas,  extending  10  1.  from  8.  Felipe  and  includ- 
ing Sta  Ana  on  tlie  w.;  7  puebUw,  4,(KK>  Ind.,  all  bapt.;  3  missions. 

Tonipiros  nation,  10  1.  e.  of  Qiieres  (prob.  should  be  Tiguas  and  Piros), 
cxtendii>g  15  1.  from  Childi;  14  or  1.'5  pneblos,  over  10,000  Ind.,  all  converted 
and  most  baptized;  ti  missions,  one  called  8.  Isidoro  Numauas  (Jnmanas?); 
Ind.  also  called  ^^aImeros  (Salineros)  living  near  the  8alinas. 

Taiios  nation,  10 1.  n.  of  Touipiros,  extending  10 1. ;  5  pueblos;  one  mission; 
4,000  Ind.,  all  baptized. 

Pecos,  pueblo  of  Jenkcs  nation  and  lang.,  4  1.  M.  of  Tanos;  2,000  Ind.; 
mission. 

Sta  Fe,  villa;  7  1.  W.  of  Pecos;  capital;  250  8pan.  and  700  Ind.;  mission 
church  nearly  completed. 

Toas  or  Tevas  (Tehuas)  nation,  w.  of  Sta  Fe  toward  the  river,  extending 
10  or  12  1.;  8  pueblos,  includin)|  Sta  Clara;  0,000  Ind.;  3  missioiks,  including 
S.  Ildefonso.     These  were  the  hrst  njitives  Ixiptized. 

Picuriea  pueblo  of  Toas  (Tehuas)  nation,  10 1.  up  the  river  from  8.  Ildefonso; 
2,000  Ind.  baptized,  the  most  savage  in  the  province,  and  often  niiraculously 
restrained  from  killing  the  jxulres. 

Taos  pueblo  of  siime  natiim  as  Picurfes,  but  difiering  a  little  in  language; 
7  1.  N.  of  P. ;  1 ,500  Ind.  converted  to  Christian  ideas  of  marriage  by  lightning 
sent  to  kill  a  woman  who  opiioscd  it;  mission  and  2  psvlres. 

Acoma  pueblo,  12  1.  w.  of  Stii  Ana  (same  discrepancy  as  so  often  noted  be- 
fore); 2,000  Ind.,  reduced  in  1029;  one  friar. 

Zufli  nation,  33  1.  w.  of  Aconta,  extending  9  or  10  1.;  II  or  12  pueblos- 
10,000  converted  Ind. ;  2  missions. 

Moqui  nation,  30  1.  w.  of  Zufii;  10,000  Ind.,  who  are  being  rapidly  con- 
verted. 

** Davis' list,  originally  prepared  by  Miller  for  the  »nrv. -gen.  {U.  &'.  Lniid 
Off.  Ifej>t,  '62,  p.  102),  complete*!  by  D.  and  revised  by  M.  'riie  orig.  had  but 
one  gov.  before  '80.  The  names  and  dates  are  taken  from  ref.  in  later  doc. 
of  the  Arch.  Sta  Fi.  I  shall  make  imixniiimt  additions  of  names  and  date.4 
from  various  sources.  I  think  ArgUello's  rule  of  '40  may  be  doubtful. 
Davis'  list  to  '80  is  Peralta  1(50 J  (1008  et  seq.),  Arguello  '40,  Concha  '50, 
Avila  y  Pacheco  '5(5,  Villanueva,  Frccinio  '75,  Ocermiu  "80-3. 

*^  Valdes  is  named  iu  a  royal  urdur.     lii  '81  Capt.  Juan  Duiiuiiguez.  de  Men- 


l-L^RLY  COVEHNORS. 


105 


cludinji 

Befonso: 
lulously 


is  named  again  in  1045.**  Luis  do  Guzman  held  the 
ottico  before  1G50,*'  and  Hernando  de  Ugarte  y  la 
Conelia  in  1G50.  Juan  de  Samaniego  was  tlie  newly 
appointed  ruler  in  105;}.*''  In  1()5G  Enrique  de  Avila 
y  Paclieco  had  succeeded  to  the  j)lace.  Bernardo 
Lopez  de  Mendlzjlhal  is  named  as  liaving  become  in- 
volved in  troubles  with  the  inquisition,  and  surrendered 
his  office  in  1('»G0  or  the  next  year;  while  the  more  or 
less  famous  Don  Die«^o  de  Penalosa  Jhieeho  ruled 
in  IGGl-^"*"  Next  came  Fernando  de  Villanueva," 
Juan  de  Medrano,  and  Juan  de  Miranda,  the  dates 
of  whose  rule  are  not  kn»)wn.  Juan  Francisco  Trevino 
siH'ins  to  have  ruled  in  lG7a;''""  and  Antonio  Otern»in 
was  jj^overnor  in  107D-8.'}.  Captahi  Dominguez  testi- 
fied in  1G81  that  he  had  known  fourteen  governors, 
from  Pacheco  to  Otermin,  in  the  past  thirty-eight 
ytars,  and  my  list  with  thirteen  names  may  therefore 
be  regarded  as  nearly  complete  for  that  period, '' 

The  eastern  entradas,  as  far  as  their  mcugre  results 
are  concerned,  belong  to  tiie  annals  of  Texas  rather 
than  of  New  Mexico,  and  have  been  noticed  elsewhere/'* 
They  include  missionary  tours  of  padres  Salas,  l*eroa, 
Lopez,  and  Diego  Ortega  to  the  country  of  the  Ju- 
manas,  in  the  far  east  or  south-east,  on  a  river  named 
the  Nueces,  in    1G29-32;   an  expedition  of  Captain 

<l(>za  testified  tliat,  bein^  now  50  years  old,  he  had  come  at  the  age  of  1*2  with 
<i(iv.  Pacheco  (that  is,  m  '4',\);  and  (iov.  Otermin  in  '8'28tated  that  (iov.  P. 
-iinishvd  the  murderers  of  Gov.  Rosas;  this  is  soon  after  '41-2.  Otermin,  Ex- 
.niftns,  MS.,  1395-0,  1600. 

*"  Ksoaliintc's  list:  ArgUello  '45,  Concha  '50,  Villanueva,  Medrano,  Mi- 
randa, Trevifto,  and  Otermin.  The  3  names  preceding  O.  rest  on  a  statement 
of]'.  Farfan  that  they  ruled  successively  Iteforo  O.  Carta,  ll.V  10. 

^^  At  least  euch  a  man,  called  ex-gov.  of  N.  Mex.,  M°as  killed  in  a  duel  at 
Mex.  in  Nov.  '50.   Ouijn,  Diar'ut,  154-5. 

*"  Viceroy's  letter  to  king,  March  20,  '53,  in  .V.  Mex.,  Cidulas,  MS.,  8-9. 
I'oKddas,  Not.,  211-16,  calls  him  Samicgo,  in  niling  '54. 

*'  Miller's  list;  name  found  in  a  doc.  of  \S3. 

""  .More  of  liis  rule  later  in  this  chapter.  Mendizabal  ia  liarely  mentioned 
in  tlie  Peflalosa  papers.  Sheae  Ejyed.,   10-11. 

'*'  Perhaps  earlier.     He  was  between  Concha  and  Treviflo.  Davis'  list. 

^^CaUetf  Frecenio  by  Davis  and  Frenio  by  Miller.  Sta  Fi  t'ejil.,   14. 

'■'''  .Motit  authors  begin  Oterniin's  rule  in  80;  but  Escalaute  says  the  great 
revolt  was  in  the  2d  year  of  his  rule.  Dominguez'  testimony  is  found  in 
otiriiiin,  Kxtracton,  MS.,  1395-6.  Davis  and  MiUer  found  the  allusion  to  14 
rulers,  but  make  the  date  '40  instead  of  '43. 

"See  11  kt.  North  Mex.  St.,  i.  382-7. 


IGO 


KKiHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


t!i 


w\ 


Alonso  Vara  in  1634,  eastward  300  leagues  to  tlio 
«rreat  river  across  wliich  was  Quivira;  another  of 
('a])tains  Hernan,  Martin,  and  Die^o  del  Castillo  in 
1050  to  the  Nueecs,  and  far  heyond  to  the  country  of 
the  TcjaH,  where  they  found  pt;arls;  another  similar 
one  of  Die^o  de  (iruadalajara  in  1054,  resultinj^  in  a 
fight  with  the  Cuitoas;  a  backsliding  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  century  of  certjiin  families  of  Taos,  who 
vv(Mit  out  into  the  eaKtern  plains,  fortified  a  place 
<'alled  Cuarialcjo,  and  remained  *here  until  the  gov- 
vvuoT  sent  Juan  de  Archuleta  to  bring  them  Imck;'"'' 
and  finally  the  fictitious  entrada  of  (governor  Penalosa 
to  Quivira  in  1002,  of  wliich  I  shall  have  more  to  say 
a  little  later.  A  royal  order  of  1078  alluded  to  pro- 
jects of  exploring  Quivira  and  Teguayo,  and  to  con- 
flicting rej)orts  on  the  geography  and  wealth  of  these 
and  other  distant  provinces,  calling  for  an  investiga- 
tion ;  and  it  was  in  reply  that  Padre  Posadas  madi^ 
his  later  rei)ort,  which  is  the  best  authority  on  the 
outside  regions,  but  contains  very  little  on  the  history 
proper  of  New  Mexico,  of  which  the  author  was  cus- 
todio  in  1000-4,  and  a  missionary  from  1050. 

In  February  1032,  padres  Arvide  and  Letrado 
were  killed  by  the  gentile  Zipias  somewhere  beyond 
the  Zufii  region;  and  the  next  year  Padre  Porras 
was  poisoned  by  the  Moquis.*^  In  1040-2  there  were 
serious  difficulties  between  the  governor  and  the 
friars,  the  latter  beitig  accused  of  assuming,  as  jueces 
eclesiitsticos  and  officials  of  the  inquisition,  extraordi- 
nary and  absolute  powers,  and  of  having  even  gone  so 
far  as  to  encourage  a  revolt,  in  cotmection  with  which 
Governor  Rosas  lost  his  life.  We  know  but  little  of 
the  controversy,  which  was  deemed  in  Mexico  very 


"  PomdoK,  Not.,  214-18;  Exralantf,  Carta,  125.  Simpson,  Jour.,  pi.  65-70, 
reprotluces  inscriptioua  on  El  Moro,  including  the  namea  of  Capt.  Juan  Arcliu- 
lota  in  \&3>i,  Aguatin  Hinojoa  ami  Bartoluine  Roinelo  in  '41,  and  Aut.  Gouza- 
lez  in  '07.     This  was,  liowever,  in  tlio  west. 

'"'  VvUmcur,  Menol,  16,  24,  GO.  Fernandez  Duro,  133,  cites  the  Venladtrit 
rcliicion  de  In  grmidiomi  converKiol^  que  hit  hVndo  en  el  N.  Mex.,  enmuUi  yor  el 
/'.  Fi:  EKti'tnn  de  J'eiri,  cuifodio  de  /m  pivrinerm ....  daudole  ciieiita  del  eKtndii  de 
tujiteiUui  coiivensionc.<,  etc.    >SeviIlu,  1032,  ful.,  4  1.    This  report  I  have  nut  sueiu 


V 


REVOLT  AND  CONTUOVERSY. 


IG7 


serious,  and  which  Hcems  to  have  been  tlie  bciginning 
of  ft  series  of  trouWes  that  tcnninated  in  the  j^'n^ut 
revolt  of  1(180.  The  padres  were  blamed,  and  sneciul 
rtt'orts  were  ordered  to  avoid  a  costly  war,  which  it 
was  tiiought  could  not  be  afforded  in  a  province  that 
yielded  no  return  for  an  annual  expenditure  of  60,000 

pesos." 

Several  writers  mention  a  revolt  of  1044,  in  which 
the  governor  and  many  friars  were  killed;^  but  I  sup- 
])()se  this  is  but  a  confused  reference  to  the  troubles  of 
1()42  and  1G80.  In  the  time  of  Governor  ArgUello, 
pn>l)ai>ly  about  1045  or  later,  there  was  a  rising  in 
consequence  of  the  flogging,  ini[)risonment,  and  hang- 
ing «>f  40  natives  who  refused  to  give  up  their  faith; 
but  the  rel>els  were  easily  overpowered.  In  another 
revolt  of  the  Jemes,  aided  by  Apaches,  a  Spaniard 
named  Naranjo  fell,  and  in  return  the  governor 
hanged  29,  imprisoning  many  more  for  idolatry.'*'  In 
1(),')0  or  thereabouts  it  is  «,  /ident  that,  partly  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  preceding  quarrels,  troubles  with  both  con- 
verts and  gentiles  began  to  assume  a  serious  aspect. 
At  the  same  time  complaints  of  oppression  on  the 
governor's  part  were  sent  to  Mexico  and  Spain.* 

During  Concha's  rule,  or  in  1050,  there  was  a  plot 

''''  Paln/ox,  In/ornie  al  Cotule  de  SahxUierra,  1642,  MS.;  letter  of  same  to 
king,  July  25,  '42,  and  royal  onler  of  July  14,  '4.3,  in  N.  Mex.,  fed.  MS.  7-8; 
]!miill<i,  Ajmiitcn,  MS.,  1;  KemlUi  Gi[i?do,  Carta  de  17!>3,  p.  441.  The  l.itter 
Hayu  tlio  iiiattfr  was  reported  to  the  king  in  164U,  including  an  Ind.  revolt, 
a.s  well  as  scandalous  quarrcU  Itetween  tlie  friars  and  secular  authorities.  It 
appears  that  Rosas  was  stabbed — perhaps  while  under  arrest  awaiting  hia 
n'sjilenuia — by  a  man  who  accused  him  of  intimacy  with  his  wife;  but  the 
Woman  had  been  put  in  his  way  that  an  excuse  for  killing  him  might  be  found. 
Antonio  Vaca  is  named  as  a  leader  in  this  movement. 

•'"('(i«e,  JSo<.,  103;  Pino,  Expon.,  5;  Id.,  Not.,  2;  Alcedo,  Dice,  iii.  184; 
Biirrnro,  Ojcwia,  5-6;  Aleijre,  llitt.  Comp.  J.,  i.  327.  In  the  general  chapter 
(if  the  Franciscans  at  Toledo,  1G45,  the  plan  of  changing  the  New  Mex.  cus- 
todia  to  a  provincia  independent  of  the  Sto  Evaugelio  in  Mex.  was  discusaed, 
but  abandoned.    Ylzarlie,  lt{forme,  in  f'inart,  Col.  Doc.  Mex.,  347. 

'■'^ Otermiii,  Extractoa,  MS.,  1301,  1395-6.  This  is  the  testimony  of  Domin- 
guez  in  '81;  consulted  also  by  Davis,  279  et  seq.  D.  says  the  29  were  only 
imprisoned. 

'"lioHtUa,  Apuntea,  MS.,  1;  N.  Mex.,  Cid.,  MS.,  6,  8-9.  The  king  in  his 
cedula  of  Sept.  22,  '60,  notes  these  complaints  and  the  popular  discontent  and 
strife  leading  to  raids  by  the  gentiles,  and  orders  viceroy  to  investigate  and 
FLMiiudy.  The  viceroy  replied  March  20,  '5.3,  that  ho  had  given  strict  orders  to 
the  new  gov. ;  the  king  approver  and  orders  continued  vigilance  June  20,  '54. 


168 


KKillTY  YEARS  OF  NKW   MKXKAN  ANNAL8. 


i 


>    t' 


of  the  Teliuas  and  Apaches  tu  kill  the  tsokliors  and 
friui-H  on  Thursday  nij^ht  of  passion  week,  when  all 
would  be  in  church;  but  by  chance  the  plot  was  dis- 
covered by  Captain  Vaca,  nine  leaders  were  hanged, 
and  many  more  were  sold  into  slavery  for  ten  years. 
A  like  result  followed  an  uprising  of  the  IMros,  who 
ran  away  during  (Governor  Villanueva's  time  and 
joined  the  Apaches,  killing  five  Spaniards  before  they 
could  be  overpowered.  Several  of  the  san»e  nation 
now  or  a  little  later  wore  put  to  death  for  sorcery. 
Estevan  Clemente,  governor  of  the  Salineros  towns, 
was  at  the  head  of  the  next  conspiracy  for  killing  the 
tyrants,  after  stealing  their  horses  to  prevent  escape; 
but  Don  Estevan  was  hanged.  The  Taos  drew  up 
on  two  deer-skins  a  plan  for  a  general  movement,  but 
it  was  abandoned  because  the  Moquis  refused  their 
aid.     No  dates  are  given  for  these  happenings.®' 

Diego  Dionisio  de  Penalosa  y  Briceno  ruled  New 
Mexico  in  lGGl-4,  having  been  appointed  in  IGOO. 
He  was  a  native  of  Peru,  an  adventurer  and  cmhnstcro, 
bent  on  achieving  fame  and  fortune  with  the  aid  of 
his  unlimited  assurance  and  his  attractive  person  and 
maimers,  by  which  alone  presumably  he  obtained  ills 
appointment  from  the  viceroy.  Of  Don  ]Jiego's  rule 
and  acts,  as  in  the  case  of  other  rulers  of  the  period, 
almost  nothing  is  known.  It  appears,  however,  that 
he  visited  Zufii  and  the  Moqui  town;  .  heard  of  the 
great  kingdom  of  1  ^guay  through  a  Jemcs  Indian 
who  had  been  capti ;  there,  and  also  of  Quivira  and 
Tejas,  and  tlie  Cerro  .zul,  rich  in  gold  and  silver  ores ; 
and  that  lie  planned  in  expedition  to  some  of  these 
wonderful  regions."^  '.  have  seen  an  order  dated  at 
Santa  Fd  in  1G64  wh  '\\  bears  his  autograph.*^     Like 

•'  Oterniin,  Extmctos,  MS.,  followed  by  Davis.  Zainacois,  IlUt.  Mej.,  v.  37 ti, 
says  that  Alburquerque  was  founded  in  1G58,  which  iaaii  error.  The  Ist  <lul;o 
of  A.  was  viceroy  iii  lOuS-OO;  but  the  2d  duko  of  A.,  for  whom  tlic  town  \v;is 
named,  ruled  in  1701-10.  lu  the  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.,  it  is  statud  that  tlic 
Pueblo  del  Paso  del  Rio  del  Norte  was  founded  in  1U59.  Tiie  allus'on  i  \  t» 
the  mission  of  Ouadalupe  del  I'aso,  not  to  town  or  presidio. 

^'^  Juan  Domingucz  de  Mendoza,  inacstre  de  campo  i:i  Pe&alosa's  time,  re- 
port of  later  years  as  cite<l  by  Fernandez  Duro,  49,  75. 

'^  Jan.  20,  '04,  order  that  the  Indians  bo  not  employed  in  spinning  and 


pkSalosas  hoax. 


1(10 


|r  ores ; 
these 
Ited  at 
Like 

,  .V.  370, 
lat  duko 

town  w;iH 
that  t'.ie 

Igiou  i  i  to 

1  tinw,  H'- 
Ining  ii'-i'l 


liis  predecessor,  Mendiziibal,  he  hecaine  iiivolvod  in 
troubles  with  the  padro  eustodio  re|»re8t'iitiii«4  the 
iii<]uiHition;  or  more  ]»rohal>ly,  an  I  tiiiiik,  he  went  to 
Mexieo  in  10(54  or  hiter  to  ur^o  hia  sehenie  of  north- 
ern eoiKjuest,  and  there  came  in  conHict  with  the  holy 
tril»unal,  by  winch  he  was  perhaps  kept  lonjjf  in  pristui; 
and  at  any  rate,  in  February  KKJS  lie  was  foroetl  to 
nuiieli  bareheaded  throu»(h  the  streets  carryinj^  a 
tureen  candle,  for  having  talked  agamst  the  santo  oHcio 
iuid  said  things  bordering  on  blasphemy.*"  Unable  to 
interest  the  viceroy  and  king  in  his  project,  he  went 
to  London  and  Paris  in  1071-3,  and  there  attempted 
to  organize  a  grand  filibustering  enterprise  of  con- 
(juest  against  his  former  sovereign,  freely  resorting  to 
falsehood,  and  claiming  for  himself  the  title  of  Conde 
(le  Santa  Fe,  with  half  a  dozen  others  to  which  he  had 
IK)  claim.  He  died  in  1(587,  and  his  eftbrts  are  closely 
connected  with  the  expedition  of  La  Salle  of  LG82-7; 
but  those  matters  pertain  to  the  annals  of  Texas,  and 
not  of  New  Mexico."* 

In  France  Penalosa  presented  to  the  government 
what  purported  to  be  a  narrative  of  an  expedition  to 
(^)uivira  made  by  himself  in  1GG2,  written  by  Padre 
Freitas,  one  of  the  friars  of  his  company,  and  sent  to 
the  Spanish  king.  He  never  made  any  such  entrada 
or  rendered  any  such  report.  The  narrative  was  that 
of  Ohate's  expedition  of  1001,  slightly  changed  to  suit 
his  purposes  in  Paris.  I  made  known  this  fraud  in 
an  earlier  volunie  of  this  series,  but  have  since  received 
the  work  of  Fernandez  Duro,  published  two  years 
before    my  volume,  in  which   tliat   investigator,  by 

Weaving  without  the  gov. 'a  licenae;  that  friendly  Indians  he  wuU  treated, 
Imt  tliat  wild  tribes  couiing  to  trade  l>o  not  aihnitted  to  the  towns,  hut  obliged 
to  lodge  outHide.  Siuneil  Diego  de  Peftalosa  Briceflo.  Arrh.  ,St(i  Fi,  ^IS. 
This  is  the  only  orig.  doc.  I  have  seen  at  Sta  Fe  that  dates  l>ack  of  the  revolt 
of  'SI). 

''*  /Miles,  Dinrio,  5G-7;  Alanian,  Ditcrt.,  iii.  appen.  35-G;  ZdmnroLi,  J/lst 
M'i-,  V.  41'2-13.     Z.  tells  us,  p.  387,  that  *24  uiissiona  or  pueblos  were  estab- 
lulled  in  1G«;M. 

'"  See  in<  Xorth  Mex.  St.,  i.  I:i  X.  Mex.,  Cid.,  MS.,  .50-60,  are  two  royal 
orliT-s,  of  1()7")  and  1078,  on  the  co:iq.  of  Quivira,  growing  out  of  P.'s  efforts. 
P iilie  Posadas'  report  of  about  lG8o  was  also  drawn  out  in  the  same  conueo- 
tiou. 


170 


EIGHTY   YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS 


.1.11 


Pf 


'■  J 


|»*  t       Si- 


ill 


similar  arguments,  reached  the  same  conclusions."" 
I  suppose  that  it  is  to  Don  Diego's  statements  in 
Europe  that  we  must  look  for  the  origin  of  the  fkmous 
hoax  of  Admiral  Fonte's  voyage  on  the  north-west 
coast  in  1640,  the  story  having  first  appeared  in  1708, 
and  Penalosa  being  represented  as  vice-admiral  of  the 
fleet."^ 

From  about  1672  the  various  Apache  tribes  became 
troublesome,  destroying  in  their  raids  one  of  the  Zuni 
towns  and  six  of  the  pueblos  farther  east."^  Several 
friars  lost  their  lives.  In  1675  we  are  told  that  four 
natives  were  hanged,  43  or  47  whipped  and  enslaved, 
and  many  more  imprisoned  for  having  killed  several 
missionaries  and  other  Spaniards,  besides  bewitching 
the  padre  visitador,  Andres  Duran;  whereupon  a 
force  of  warriors  marched  to  Governor  Trevino's  hou.se 
to  demand  the  release  of  the  prisoners  for  a  ransom, 
retiring  on  a  favorable  promise,  but  declaring  they 
Would  kill  all  the  Spaniards  or  flee  to  the  sierra  and 
risk  annihilation  at  the  hands  of  Apaches  rather  than 
see  their  sorcerers  punished.     Pope,  prominent  in  a 

*«See  J/Ut.  North  Mvx.  St.,  i.  38G,  pab.  in  1884.  The  fictitious  narrative, 
Frei/ttu,  lietncion  dd  Di-xrub.  del  Pim  y  <  'itidnd  de  Qvivini,  given  to  the  Freiicli 
minister  in  Kwo,  iinil  claimed  to  have  been  sent  to  the  king  of  Spain  in  Itiii.S, 
was  printed  in  Sfii'a's  EjyMid.  qf  Don  I)ie<jo  de  Peiialona,  N.  Y.,  1882,  witli 
Span,  and  Engl,  text,  and  valuable  notes  and  extracts  from  Margry  and  otliur 
authors  respecting  Penalosa.  Later  in  1882  appeared  Fcrmuidez  Duro,  Don 
Dii'i/o  de  Pefudosa  y  xn  denaili.  dil  ri'ino  de  Qumrit,  a  report  to  the  Royal  Acad. 
of  Hist.  This  author  reproduces  all  of  Shea's  matter  and  adds  much  more  on 
the  same  and  kindred  subjects.  For  his  conclusion  that  the  story  was  a 
fraud  he  relies  largely,  as  I  ilid,  on  the  report  of  Padre  Posadas  (erroneously 
called  Paretics  l>y  me  from  the  printed  ed.,  apparently  not  known  to  F.  1). ), 
who  was  custodio  during  Pertalosa's  term  of  otfice  and  who  mentions  no  .such 
expedition.  I  did  not  see  tlie  .Matlrid  work  of  '82  or  know  of  its  existence  till 
after  the  publication  of  my  volume.  Prince  devotes  a  chapter  to  thisexped., 
not  recognizing  its  tictitiou.s  character. 

•"See  nut.  X.   )\'.  Coaxt,  i.  IM  et  seq. 

**  LWidmite,  Cdff  (,  ]  1.1-lG.  The  Zufii  town  was  Jahuicu  (or  Ajuico,  where, 
ace.  to  y.  Mcj.,  Doc,  M.S.,  i.  502,  P.  Pedro  do  Ayala  Wiw  killetl  by  the 
gentiles  on  Oct.  7,  1072);  those  of  the  Tehuiia  were  Chilili  (which  Benavnl.* 
represents  as  aTompiro  town),  Tatitpie,  and  Quarac;  and  those  of  the  Tuiii- 
piros,  A1k5,  Jumancas,  and  Tabira.  One  of  these  was  very  likely  the  fainniH 
(•ran  Quivira.  Escalante  says  that  before  '80  there  were  4fl  pueblos  oi 
Christian  Iiul.,  o;u  ."I[ian.  villa,  and  sevir.il  small  Span,  settlements,  t'alle, 
Not.,  10;i-4,  says  that  in  '45  there  were  2"-  uoctrinas,  wiih  (50  friars,  receiving 
from  tlie  king  42,()0<)  pesos  i)er  year.  C.<vo,  Trex  Si'jlnti,  ii.  42,  40,  tell<  in 
that  24  Ind.  towns  were  foriied  by  the  Span,  in  (before?)  10(>();  and  tli;it 
Alburquerquu  waj  founded  earlier  witli  i  JO  .Span.  familie.j.     See  note  01. 


APPROACHING  DISASTER. 


171 


)n8.- 
bs  in 
mous 

■west 
1708, 
)f  the 

jcame 
I  Zuni 
everal 
b  four 
ilaved, 
leveral 
telling 
ipon   a 
J  houf^e 
ansom, 
g  they 
'ra  and 
er  than 
it  in  a 

narrative, 
;iie  Fremli 
[ill  in  1  •>'»:'. 
188-2,  witli 
anil  otlitif 
/)«)•(),  />■'" 

i)yal  Ai;;"l- 

|ch  more  on 
;ory  W'w  •' 
.rroni'""'''y 
toF.  1)  I. 
lUii  no  siuli 
listence  till 
hisexp'l-. 


Leo,  where, 
[leil  l-y  tlie 
BenaviilL* 
the  T.iui- 
Itho  faiii""* 
loueblos  i'< 

'nte.    t'^'ll''' 

.,  receivuii? 
|46.  tell<  '» 
,  au-l  tli^t 
liotc  01 . 


later  trouble,  was  now  a  leader  either  of  the  imprisoned 
offenders  or  of  the  band  of  rescuers."^  All  the  trib3S 
were  known  as  Apaches,  except  the  Yutas,  occupying 
a  part  of  the  northern  plains,  and  with  whom  Governor 
Otermin  was  the  first  to  open  communication.  The 
Comanches  did  not  make  their  appearance  in  the  rec- 
ords of  this  century ;  but  the  Apaches  del  Navajo  are 
mentioned.  In  1G76  the  condition  of  affairs  was  re- 
])ortod  to  be  serious.  Tov/ns  and  churches  had  been 
destroyed  and  many  Christians  killed  by  the  Apache 
raiders;  while  the  defensive  force  was  only  five  men 
for  each  frontier  station,  and  these  were  sadly  in  lack 
of  arms  and  horses.  A  reenforcement  of  40  or  50  men 
was  needed  at  once  if  the  province  was  to  be  saved. 
Padre  Francisco  Ayeta,  the  custodio,  having  come 
from  New  Mexico  for  succor,  was  preparing  to  start 
with  a  wagon  train  of  supplies  lor  the  missionaries; 
and  he  made  an  earnest  appeal  for  the  50  men  and 
1,000  horses  to  accompany  the  train,  at  an  expense  of 
14,700  pesos  to  tho  royal  treasury.  The  junta  ap- 
}>roved  the  measure  on  September  9th,  perhaps  of 
IG77;  the  viceroy  reported  to  the  king  his  resolution 
to  send  succor  on  January  13,  1678;  the  king  approved 
oil  June  18th ;  and  finally,  after  an  unaccountable  delay, 
the  train  started  from  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  29th 
or  30th  of  September,  1G<  9.  The  relief  arrived  too 
late,  as  we  shall  see,  to  prevent  the  abandonment  of 
the  provhice;  but  it  prevented  still  more  serious  dis- 
aster anionic  the  fujjitive  settlers  and  missionaries."" 

'"otermin,  Extractos,  MS.,  1441-.3,  1459-66,  1480-1,  being  the  testimony 
in  \S1  of  Doiningucz,  Lopez,  Qnintajia,  and  P.  Ayeta.  Eicalantc,  Cnrti,  116, 
B:iv.-i  )iothing  of  this  alTair,  but  states  that  Uope  and  46  others  were  arrested 
t(ir  variouh  eriines.  On  March  28,  74,  there  died  at  Sta  F6  Dona  Jiuina  Arias, 
wi!c  ii!"  tlie  visitador  Gonzalo  Suarcz.  Rohks,  J>iario,  159.  On  Jan  2.1,  75,  P. 
Aloiiso  (id  de  Xvda,  minister  of  Renecuey  (Senecri?),  was  killed  by  the  l;id, 
A'.  .!/(.;■. ,  7).)r. ,  MS. ,  i.  502  Other  friars  named  in  dllferent  records  as  serving 
in  'HO  or  earlier  are  Antonio  Acebedo,  Loronzo  Anallza,  Francisco  do  A^eta, 
Aiitiiiiio  ('e  Aranda  (apparently  custodio  in  'bo),  Juan  Burnal  (oust,  in  '80), 
Frail  ( toiiiez  de  la  Ca<rena,  Sebastian  Calzada,  Andres  Duran,  Juan  de  Jesus 
K.-i[)iiiosa,  Frail.  Farfan,  CVis.  Figueroa,  Alonso  Gil,  Ant.  Guerra,  Juan  da 
•li.sus,  Simon  de  Jesus,  Jesus  de  Lombarde,  Albino  Maldonado,  Juan  Mora, 
Jesus  Morador,  Juan  de  Valla<la,  Feini.ndo  de  Velasco,  and  Juan  Zivaleta. 

'Ai/i/it,  Memorvtl  al  Viriy,  1676,  including  various  docs.  o;i  the  Bubj.^ct, 
ill  A'.  Mcx.,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  481-513.     Viceroy's  repfc  to  king  and  royal  order 


172 


EIOHTY  YEARS  OF  NEW  MEXICAN  ANNALS. 


I  close  this  cliapter  with  a  note  from  Vetaiicur's 
standard  chronicle  of  the  Franciscans,  written  about 
1691,  but  showing  the  missions  as  they  existed  just 
before  the  great  revolt  of  1680.  A  padron  of  1660  is 
said  by  this  author  to  have  shown  a  population  of 
24,000  Spaniards  and  Christian  Indians,  of  whom  it 
would  seem  the  former  must  have  numbered  about 
2,400  in  1680.  Padre  Francisco  de  Ayeta  came  as 
custodio,  with  a  reenforcement  of  friars,  in  1674,  but, 
as  we  have  seen,  went  back  to  Mexico  for  succor  two 
years  later."^ 


! 


'hi>\. 


in  reply,  1678,  in  JV.  Mex.,  Cedulas,  MS.,  9-10.  Starting  of  the  train  and 
troops,  the  viceroy  going  to  Guadalupe  to  see  them  oflF,  Sept.  29  or  .30,  '79. 
BolitcH,  Diario,  290;  itivern,  Diario,  14. 

"  Vftancur,  Chron.,  98  et  seq.  Missions  of  N.  Mex.  in  1680.  See  similar 
statement  for  1630,  p.  164  of  this  chapter. 

Seiiecd  (S.  Antonio),  70  1.  above  (iruadalupe  del  Paso,  founded  in  1630  by 
P.  Ant.  Arteaga,  sue.  by  P.  Grarcfa  de  ZdOiga,  or  San  Francisco,  who  is  buried 
there;  Piros  nation;  convento  of  S.  Antonio;  vineyard;  fish-stream. 

Socorro  (Nra  Sra),  7  1.  above  Senectl,  of  Piros  nation;  600  inhab.;  found>-d 
by  P.  Garcfa. 

Alaniillo  (Sta  Ana),  3  1.  above  Socorro;  300  Piroa. 

Sevilleta,  5  1.  from  Alamillo  across  river;  Piros. 

Ijicta  (S.  Antonio),  no  distance  given;  where  a  small  stream  with  the  Rio 
del  Norte  encloses  a  fertile  tract  with  7  Span,  ranclios;  convent  built  by  1'. 
Juan  de  Salas;  2,000  inhab.  of  Tiguas  nation.  Here  is  the  paso  for  Acoina, 
Zuili,  etc. 

Alameda  (Sta  Ana),  8  1.  above  I^Ieta;  .300  inhab.  of  Tiguas  nation;  nanu'd 
for  the  alamos  which  shade  the  road  for  4  1. 

Puray,  or  Puruay  (S.  Bartolome),  1 1.  from  Sandia (Alameda?):  200 Tiguas; 
the  name  means  'gusanos,'  or  worms. 

Sandia  (S.  Francisco),  1  1.  (from  Puaray);  3,000  Tiguas;  convent,  wlure 
P.  Kstevan  de  Perea,  the  founder,  is  buried;  also  tin,  skull  of  P.  Rodriguez, 
the  1st  martyr,  is  venerated. 

S.  Felipe,  on  the  river  on  a  heisht  (apparently  on  E.  bank);  600  inhab. 
with  the  little  pueblo  of  Sta  Aua;  ofZures  (Queres)  nation;  convent  foumliul 
by  P.  Cris.  Qunloncs,  wlio,  with  P.  Gerdn.  Pudraza,  is  buried  here. 

Sto  Domingo,  2  1.  above  S.  Felipe;  150  inhab. ;  one  of  the  best  conveiitH, 
where  the  archives  are  kept,  and  where,  in  '61,  was  celebrated  an  auto-de-lt', 
by  order  of  the  incjuisition;  P.  Juan  de  Escalona  buried  here;  padres  in  'SO, 
l^laban  (once  custodio),  Lorumsana,  and  Montesdeoca. 

Sta  Fe,  villa,  8  1.  from  Sto  Domingo;  residence  of  the  gov.  and  solditirs, 
with  4  pa<lre3.  U 

Tesuque  (S.  Lorenzo),  2  1.  from  Sta  Fe,  in  a  forest;  200  Tiguas  (Tehuas); 
P.  Juan  Bautista  Pio. 

Nambe  (S.  Francisco),  3  1.  E.  of  Tesuque,  5  1.  from  Rio  del  Norte;  2  little 
settlements  of  Jacona  and  C'uya  Mangue;  600  inhab. ;  P.  Tomds  de  Torn'^. 

S.  Ildefouso,  near  the  river,  and  2  1.  from  Jacona,  in  a  fertile  tract,  with 
20  farms;  8^)0  inhab. ;  PP.  Morales,  Sanchez  de  Pro,  and  Fr.  Luis. 

Sta  Clara,  convento,  on  a  height  by  the  river;  300  inhab.;  a  visita  of  ^< 
Ildcfonso. 

S.  .luan  de  los  Caballeros,  .300  inhab. ;  visita  of  S.  Ildefonso.  In  sight  :ire 
the  building.]  of  the  villa  du  S.  Gabriel,  the  1st  Span,  capital. 


STATISTICS  OP  1860. 


173 


icurs 
ihout 

■  j^^^ 
)G0  is 

on  of 

om  it 

about 

me  as 

i,  but, 

ar  two 


train  and 
sr  30,  '79. 


ee  811 


niilar 


u  1030  by 
3  is  buried 

(. ;  {ound''ii 


ith  the  Rio 
)uilt  by  1'. 
[for  AconWi 

ion;  namid 

200Tigua»; 

[eut,  wlure 
lllo'lvigUfZ, 

I  600  iiilial). 
Lnt  fountlcil 

^t  convents, 

auto-ile-fe, 

Llrua  in  'SO, 

Lul  soldiers, 
U 

(Tehuah); 

Irte;  2  little 

0  Torr.'^. 
tract,  with 

1  visita  i)f  !^- 
lu  sight  ire 


Picurtes  (S.  Lorenzo),  6  1.  (from  S.  Juan),  on  a  height;  3,000  inhab. ;  Fr. 
Ascunsio  de  Zarate  served  and  is  buried  here;  P.  Matias  Rendon  in  '80. 

Tahos  (S.  (Jerdnimo  de  Taos),  3  1.  (?)  front  Ficnriea  and  5  1.  from  the  river, 
in  a  line  valley;  2,000  inhab.  and  some  Spaniards;  in  1631,  P.  Pedro  Mi- 
randa de  Avila  was  killtd  here;  PP.  Juan  de  Pedrosa  and  Antonio  de  Mora 
in  '80. 

Acoina  (S.  Estevan),  east  (?)  of  Cia  on  a  pcflol  1  1.  in  circum.  and  30  pi^w/o* 
lii;^h;  1,500  inhab.,  converted  by  P.  Juan  liainirez;  in  '80,  P.  Lilcas  Maldo- 
Iiado. 

Hemes  (S.  Diego  de  Jemes),  a  large  pueblo  formed  of  5  smaller  ones,  with 
r),OOJ  inhab. ;  in  cliarge  of  P.  Juan  de  Jesus. 

Aloua  (Purisima),  24  1.  from  Acoma,  with  2  visitas,  called  Mazqnla  and 
Ca(iuiiiia;  1,.")00  inhab.;  P.  Juan  de  Bil.     (Zufliprov.) 

Agiiieo  (Concepcion),  3  1.  W.  of  Alona,  with  other  small  pueblos;  1,000 
iiilial);  thuy  revolted  in  '32,  and  killed  P.  Fran.  Letrado;  in  '80  the  padre 
escalied. 

Aj;uatobi  (S.  Bernardino),  in  Moqui  prov.,  26  1.  from  Zufli;  800  inhab, 
converted  by  P.  Fran,  de  Porras;  nmch  pumice  stone;  P.  Jose  de  Figuoroa, 
or  Concepcion,  in  '80. 

Xongo  pabi  (S.  Bartolome),  7  1.  from  A.,  with  a  visita  called  Moxaiuabi; 
500  iidiab.;  P.  Jose  Trujillo  in  '80. 

Oraybi  (S.  Fran. ;  others  say  S.  Miguel),  farthest  W.  of  the  Moqui  towns, 
over  70  1.  from  Sta  Fe;  had  14,000  gentiles,  but  a  pestilence  consumed  them; 
\,'2M  in  a  visita  called  Gualpi;  PP.  Jose  de  Espoleta  and  Agustin  de  Sta 
Maria. 

Coc'hiti,  3  1.  from  Sto  Domingo;  300  inhab.  of  Queres  nation;  the  padre 
escaped  in  '80. 

(lalisteo  (Sta  Cruz),  6  1.  (from  Cochitf?),  with  S.  Cristolial  as  a  visita;  800 
inhal).  of  Tanos  nation;  here  once  served  P.  Antonio  de  Aranda;  in  '80  PP. 
Juan  Bernal,  custodio,  and  Domingo  de  Vera. 

Pueos  (Porcidncula),  on  the  eastern  or  Quivira  frontier,  in  a  finely  wooded 
country;  has  a  magnificent  church  with  six  towers;  pop.  not  given;  P.  Fern. 
de  Velasco. 

S.  Marcos,  'on  the  right  toward  the  N.,  5  1.  from  Sto  Domingo;'  600 
inhal).  of  Queres  nation;  2  visitas,  S.  Lazaro  and  Cienega;  P.  Manuel  Tinoco. 

t'liilili  (Natividad),  3  1.  from  S.  Lazaro;  500  Piros.  converted  by  P.  Alonso 
PeinaiU),  who  is  buried  here;  this  ia  the  1st  pueblo  of  the  Salinas  valley. 

Quarac  (Concepcion),  3  1.  from  Chilili;  600  Tiguas  speaking  Piros  lang. ; 
converted  by  P.  Perea;  here  is  burieu  P.  Geroniiiio  do  la  Liana. 

Taxique  (S.  Miguel),  2  1.  from  Quarac;  300  inhab.;  the  padre  escaped  in 
'80. 

Ahlin  (S.  (Iregorio),  in  the  Salinas  valley,  which  ia  10  1.  in  circum.,  and 
produces  mucli  excellent  salt;  800  inhab.;  2  visitas,  Tenaboand  Tabira  (< i-ran 
Quivira  ?);  15  1.  farther  east  are  some  Christian  Jumanas  served  by  the  padre 
of  Q  larac;  P.  Fran,  de  Acebedo  is  buried  at  Abbo. 

All  tlie  icidrua  named  above  as  serving  in  '80  were  killed  in  the  revolt  of 
that  year;  the  survivors  are  named  in  note  5  of  tiie  next  chapter.  See  also 
map  in  next  chapter. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


i!  I :! 


A  DECADE  OP  FREEDOM. 

1C80-1691. 

Causes  of   the  Revolt— Religiods  Tyranny— The  Patriot  Leaders- 
Pope,    CaTITI,    TuPATlJ,     AND   JaCA— ThE    KNOTTED    CORD — ThE    I'LOT 

Revealed  —  Massacre  of  400  Spaniards  —  Twenty-one  Martyr 
Friars — Names — Siege  op  Santa  FA — The  Governor's  Victory  and 
Retreat — Down  the  Rio  del  Norte  to  El  Paso — Presidio  del 
Paso  del  Norte — Pope's  Rule  in  New  Mexico — Liberty  and  An- 
archy— Fruitless  Entr-vda  of  1681 — Destruction  of  the  Pie- 
BLos  —  The  Faithful  Tiguas  of  Lsleta — Otermin  Censured  — 
Events  at  El  Paso — Mission  Items — Rule  of  Cruzat  and  Reneros 
— Huerta's  Protect — Battle  at  Cia — A  New  Govbbnor» 


The  pueblo  communities  were  now  to  rid  themselves 
for  a  time  of  their  Spanish  masters,  whom  tlxey  re- 
garded as  tyrants.  Past  efforts  to  shake  off  their 
fetters  had  only  shown  how  tightly  they  were  riveted. 
They  were  required  to  render  implicit  obedience,  and 
to  pay  heavy  tribute  of  pueblo  products  and  personal 
service.  Their  complaints,  however,  in  this  direction 
are  not  definitely  known.  The  Spaniards  in  tlieir 
later  gathering  of  testimony  ignored  this  element  of 
secular  oppression,  if,  as  can  hardly  be  doubted,  it  ex- 
isted, and  represented  the  revolt  to  be  founded  ex»elii- 
sively,  as  it  was  indeed  largely,  on  religious  grounds. 
The  New  Mexicans  seem  to  have  been  more  strongly 
attached  than  most  American  tribes  to  their  aborigi- 
nal faith,  and  they  had  secretly  continued  so  far  as 
possible  the  pr?.ctice  of  the  old  forms  of  worship.  The 
friars  had  worked  zealously  to  stamp  out  every  vestige 
of  the  native  rites;  and  the  authorities  had  enforced 
the  strictest  compliance  with  Christian  regulations,  not 

(174) 


CAUSES  OP  THE  PUEBLO  REVOLT. 


175 


hesltatini^  to  punish  the  slightest  neglect,  unbelief, 
relapse  into  paganism,  so-called  witchcraft,  or  chafing 
uuilor  missionary  rule,  with  flogging,  imprisonment, 
slavery,  or  even  death.  During  the  past  thirty  years 
large  numbers  of  natives  had  been  hanged  for  alleged 
sorcery,  or  communion  with  the  devil,  though  gen- 
erally accused  also  of  projected  rebellion  or  plotting 
with  the  Apaches.  The  influence  of  the  native  old 
niLii,  or  priests — sorcerers,  the  Spaniards  called  them 
— was  still  potent;  the  very  superiority  of  the  pueblo 
organization  gave  the  patriotic  conspirators  an  advan- 
tage;  past  failures  had  taught  caution;  and  so  skil- 
fully was  the  movement  managed  that  the  premature 
outbreak  a  few  days  before  the  time  agreed  upon  was 
hardly  less  successful  and  deadly  than  would  have 
been  the  revolt  as  planned.^ 

Pope,  connected  with  a  former  disturbance  and  ac- 
cused of  many  crimes,  was  the  moving  spirit  now.  He 
was  a  San  Juan  Indian,  but  made  Taos  the  centre  of 
his  efforts.  Appealing  to  the  popular  superstition  as 
well  as  patriotism,  he  claimed  to  have  formed  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Great  Spirit,  or  El  Demonio  of  the 
Spaniards;  and  personally  or  through  his  agents  and 
associates  — chief  among  whom  were  Catiti  of  Santo 
Domingo,  Tupatii  of  Picurf,  and  Jaca  of  Taos — Pope 
brought  into  his  scheme  all  the  pueblos  except  those 
of  the  Piros  in  the  south,  who  for  tome  unexplained 
reason  were  not  invited.  The  Tanos  and  the  Qucres 
of  Cienega  are  doubtfully  said  to  have  shown  some  re- 
luctance.    A  knotted  cord  was  the  mysterious  calen- 

'  Testimony  on  the  causes  and  methods  of  the  plot  was  taken  from  many 
natives  in  the  next  15  years,  and  is  somewhat  voluminously  recorded;  but  I 
shall  make  no  attempt  to  present  details.  There  is  a  general  agreement  in 
tlio^vidence,  whether  it  comes  from  secular  or  ecclesiastical  sources.  Notwith- 
stiimliiig  past  quarrels,  the  friars  seem  to  have  ha<l  no  charges  to  make  against 
the  gdv.  and  his  ofBccrs  in  this  matter,  all  attributing  the  revolt  to  douiouiao 
iiitliieuccs  on  a  superstitious  and  idolatrous  people.  SigUenza,  Mercurio  To- 
I'liUf,  .'iSK,  tells  u-  that  the  plot  had  been  brewing  for  fourteen  years.  V'etan- 
cur,  Chron.,  103-4,  Id.,  MenoL,  119,  says  it  was  foretold  6  years  in  advance 
l>y  a  j,'irl  miraculously  raised  from  the  dead,  who  said  it  was  to  be  duo  to 
pruvaluiit  lack  of  respect  for  the  padres.  All  suits  against  the  friars  were 
tlurt'upon  dropped  in  terror,  but  it  was  too  late.  A  friar  abroad  also  fore- 
told the  event. 


176 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM 


■M^ 


lU. 


■  *l 


dar  sent  by  swift  runners  to  all  the  pueblos  to  make 
known  the  date  of  rising,  which  seems  to  have  been 
fixed  for  the  13th  of  August,  1680.'' 

Despite  the  utmost  precautions,  however — no 
woman  being  intrusted  with  the  secret,  and  Pope 
killing  his  own  son-in-law  on  suspicion  of  treachery — 


New  Mexico  in  the  Seventkenth  Century. 


*  Eacalante  iu  print  makes  the  date  the  18th,  but  my  MS.  copy  has  it  ISth, 
tus  lioua  iiref(g.  Davia  and  Miller,  and  some  of  the  orig.  corresp.,  niako  it 
Aug.  10th,  the  plot  being  revealed  on  the  8th.  Otermin's  narrative  bLgiiis 
al>ruptly  with  the  10th,  and  says  nothing  of  preceding  revelations.  The 
knotted  cord  is  mentioned  by  the  original  authorities.  Davis'  explanation, 
that  the  knots  represented  days  before  the  rising,  and  that  each  pueblo  cou- 
senting  untied  one  knot,  is  not  very  clear. 


THE  PLOT  REVEALED. 


177 


tlie  influence  of  the  friars  over  certain  converts  was 
HO  strong  that  the  plot  was  revealed,  perhaps  as  early 
as  the  Dth,  from  several  different  sources.^ 

The  Tanos  of  San  Ldzaro  and  San  Cristobal  revealed 
Pope's  plot  to  Padre  Bcrnal,  the  custodio.  Padre 
^'olasoo  of  Pecos  received  a  like  confession  from  one 
of  his  neophytes.  The  alcalde  of  Taos  sent  a  warnin<j 
wliich  caused  the  governor  to  arrest  two  Tesuque 
Indians  who  had  been  sent  by  the  Tehuas  to  consult 
with  the  Tanos  and  Queres.  Otermin  sent  messen- 
iL,n>rs  ill  all  haste  to  warn  padres  and  settlers  south  of 
San  Felipe  to  flee  to  Isleta,  while  those  of  the  north 


'The  original  authoiity  on  the  revolt  of  1680  i8  Otermin,  Extraclott  de  Doc. 
Hut.  X.  Mvx.,  aacadon  de  ton  auton  existenlea  en  el  ojieio  del  iStipn-nio  gohierno  de 
eda  corte,  que  aobre el  Levantnmivnto  del  ailo  de  lUSO  formd  Don  A  nlonlo  de  Oter- 
viiii,  (jolieni'idor  y  civmtan  general  del  miitiHO  reino,  copy  from  the  Mexican  ar- 
chives, ill  iV.  Mfx.,  Doe.  Hint.,  MS.,  1153-1728.  This  record,  equivalent  to  a 
jonnial  of  the  governor's  movements,  expanded  by  various  corresp.  and  autoa, 
extenils  from  Aug.  10,  1C80,  to  the  spring  of  1682.  It  is  very  voluminous,  and 
tcdidusly  verbose,  most  of  the  record  I>eing  repeated  sever.al  times  in  various 
forms,  and  a  report  by  tlie  fiscal  in  Mex.  being  a  resume  that  is  more  satisfac- 
tory to  the  reader  than  tlie  bulky  original.  In  the  same  col.  of  N.  Mex.,  Dor., 
MS.,  514-81,  are  several  important  letters  written  at  El  Paso  in  Aug.-Dec. 
1080  by  the  friars.  In  Vetancut;  Chronica,  94-104,  and  Id.,  Mcnoloijio,  passim, 
the  standard  chronicle  of  the  Franciscan  provincia  del  Santo  Evangelio,  pub. 
ill  ll)!)7,  but  written  about  1001,  before  tiie  reconquest  of  N.  Mex.,  we  find 
iiiucli  valuable  information  about  the  missions  just  uefore  the  revolc,  and  the 
friars  wlio  lost  their  lives.  Escalaiite,  Carta,  116  et  seq.,  is  aUo  o:ie  of  tlie 
hust  authorities  on  the  subject,  the  author  having  searched  the  arcliives  by 
order  of  his  superior  in  1778,  and  thus  consulted  doubtless  much  missionary 
corre.'^p.  in  addition  to  Otermin's  record.  Davis,  Sjnm.  Cotiq.,  287-335,  gives 
a  very  satisfactory  narrative  from  the  archives — that  is,  following  Otermin,  a 
copy  of  whose  I'Jxtractos  was  found  at  Sta  Ft5.  The  same  authority  was  con- 
.sulted  by  Gregg,  Com.  Prairies,  i.  121-7,  and  Miller,  in  Sta  Fi  Centennial. 
Oteriiiin,  Vetancur,  and  Escalaiite  may  be  regarded  as  the  stiuidard  authori- 
ties ou  tliis  subject.  Other  works,  to  some  of  which  I  shall  have  occasion  to 
refer  on  special  points,  are  as  follows:  Xiel,  Apiint.,  lOSetseq. ;  Villwjulien-e, 
11(4.  Conif.  Itza,  204-9;  Ddvila,  Mem.  Hint.,  pt  ii.  1-2;  Cavo,  Tres  Siglos,  ii. 
57-00;  Villaseilor,  Tealro,  ii.  419;  Mange,  IJiM.  Pimeria,  227-8;  Arch.  N. 
Mej-.,  129;  Lezaun,  Notirian,  MS.,  129etseq.;  Arriririta,  Cron.  Sera/.,  199;  Ar- 
Ifjul,  Cron.  Zac.,  249-50;  Rivera,  Ooh.  de  Mex.,  i.  252-3;  Id.,  Hint.  Jatapa,  i. 
1)8,  102;  Sigiiettza  y  GOtujora,  Mercurio  Volante,  MS.,  589  et  sefj. ;  Zamacois, 
Ilitt.  Mij.,  V.  429-37;  limtamante,  Gabinete  Mex.,  i.  35-6;  Alvarez,  Entndios, 
iii.  •i'Jl-O,  264-5;  Lacunza,  Diacursos,  no.  xxxv.  503;  Exrwlero,  Not.  Chili., 
2.S1;  Espino-vt,  Cron.,  35;  Prince's  Hist.  SL,  190-205;  Carleton,  in  Smith.  Innl. 
/{'■}it,  1854;  Brevoort'sN.  Mex.,  83;  Dmiipier's  To?/.,  i.  272;  Mayer's  Mex.  Aztec, 
i.  213-14;  St  Francis,  Life,  557;  DavLi'  Et  Gringo,  75-80,  134-7;  Meline's  SOW 
Mile.t,  130;  Beltrami,  Mex.,  i.  280-1;  Xouv.  Ann.  Voi/.,  cxxxi.  255;  Domenech's 
/A.V.,  180-3;  Modern  Trav.,  Me..:.,  ii.  72;  Ilinton's  linndfmk,  388.  The  matter 
tiius  referred  to  varies  from  accurate  narrative  to  worthless  mention,  but  con- 
tains no  original  information  of  value.  The  pages  cited  or  the  foUowiag  ones 
iu  most  cases  include  the  reconquest  in  1692. 
UisT.  Ariz,  and  M.  Mex.    12 


178 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


were  to  start  for  the  capital  or  Santa  Cruz  de  la 
Canada.  Pope  saw  that  his  only  hope  of  success 
was  in  immediate  action,  and  by  his  orders  the  Taos, 
Picurfes,  and  Tehuas  attacked  the  missions  and  farms 
of  the  northern  pueblos  before  dawn  on  the  10th, 
"llevandolo  todo  d  sangre  y  fuego."  Apparently, 
hostilities  had  been  committed  at  Santa  Cl?ra  a  day 
or  two  earlier,  and  some  of  the  more  distant  pueblos 
rose  a  day  or  two  later,  as  soon  as  they  heard  of  the 
premature  outbreak.  I  follow  Escalante's  version  for 
what  is  not  found  in  Otermin's  journal;  but  little  reli- 
ance can  be  put  in  the  accuracy  of  details.  All  agree 
that  the  outbreak  was  on  the  10th,  day  of  San  Lo- 
renzo, and  that  it  was  premature.  On  that  day  Al- 
ferez  Lucero  and  a  soldier  arrived  at  Santa  Fe  with 
news  of  the  rising  of  the  Tehuas,  reporting  that  the 
alcalde  mayor  had  collected  the  people  at  La  Canada, 
and  that  the  rebels  were  in  force  at  Santa  Clara. 
Captain  Francisco  Gomez  was  sent  out  to  recon- 
noitre, and  returned  on  the  12th  with  confirmation 
and  a  few  details  of  the  disaster.  The  governor  on 
the  13th  ordered  the  alcalde  and  sargento  mayor,  Luis 
Quintana,  to  bring  in  the  people  from  La  Canada  to 
Santa  Fe,  which  was  probably  accomplished.*  He 
sent  out  native  scouts,  despatched  an  order  to  Lieuten- 
ant-general Alonso  Garcia  to  send  aid  from  Isleta, 
and  prepared  to  defend  the  capital. 

It  was  the  plan  of  the  New  Mexicans  to  utterly  ex- 
terminate the  Spaniards;  and  in  the  massacre  none 
was  spared — neither  soldier,  priest,  or  settler,  personal 
friend  or  foe,  young  or  old,  man  or  woman — except  that 
a  few  beautiful  women  and  girls  were  kept  as  captives. 
From  San  Felipe  south  all  were  warned  in  time 
to  make  their  escape.  Many  settlers  of  the  valley 
farther  north  took  refuge  at  La  Canada  a.^d  were 
saved;  but  in  all  the  missions  of  the  north  and  east 

*  Otermin  is  not  clear  about  this,  but  I  find  no  foundation  for  Davis'  inter- 
pretation to  the  effect  that  all  at  La  Ca&ada  perished.  Escalante  says  they 
reached  Sta  Fe  safely;  and  it  is  certain  that  Quintana  himself  did  so. 


r  it 


lt*1 


MASSACRE  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


179 


and  west  only  the  friar  at  Cochitf,  those  at  Santa  Fd, 
and  one  in  the  Zuni  province — who  was  perhaps  ab- 
sent— escaped  death.  The  number  of  victims  was 
slightly  over  400,  including  21  missionaries  and  73 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms;  those  who  escaped 
were  about  1,950,  including  11  missionaries  and  155 
capable  of  bearing  arms.^  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
friars  with  few  exceptions  were  new-comers,  and  that 
the  whole  number  in  the  province  was  less  than  might 
have  been  expected  from  preceding  annals. 

On  August  14th  the  scouts  returned  and  reported 
that  500  Indians  from  Pecos  and  the  eastern  pueblos 
were  approaching ;  and  next  morning  the  foe  appeared 
at  San  Miguel  in  the  suburbs  of  the  villa."  One  of 
the  number  was  induced  to  enter  the  town  and  hold 
a  conference ;  but  he  said  that  nothing  could  change 
the  determination  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  brought 
two  crosses,  one  red,  as  a  token  of  war,  the  other  white, 
indicating  peace ;  but  if  the  Spaniards  should  choose 
the  white  flag  they  must  immediately  quit  the  coun- 
try. They  said  they  had  killed  God  and  Santa 
IVIarfa,  and  the  king  must  yield.  The  governor  sent 
out  a  force  to  attack  the  enemy  before  reenforcements 
could  arrive,  and  soon  went  out  in  person.  The  battle 
lasted  nearly  all  day,  but  when  the  Spaniards  seemed 


'  Tlie  friars  who  perished  are  named,  with  some  biog.  information,  by  P. 
Ayeta  in  a  letter  of  sept.  11th,  and  also  by  Vetancur  as  follows:  P.  Juan  de 
IJal,  Spaniard,  came  to  N.  Mex.  in  71;  Juan  Bernal,  custoilio,  Mexican,  came 
ill  74;  Jose  Espcleta,  Span.,  before  '5l);  Josi^  Figueroa,  Mex.,  74;  Juan  Biiu- 
ti.sta,  Span.,  77;  Juan  de  Jeaus,  Span.,  'G7;  Fran.  Ant.  Lorenzana,  Span.,  74; 
Liicas  Maldonado,  Span.,  '67;  Juan  Montesdeoca,  Mex.,  '07;  Ant.  Mora,  Mex., 
71;  Luis  Morales,  Mex.,  '64;  Juan  Pedrosa,  Mex.,  '64;  Matias  Rendon,  Mex., 
74;  Antonio  Sanchez,  Alex.,  '77;  Agust.  Sta  Maria,  Mex.,  '74;  Juan  Talabun, 

Span.,  '02;  Manuel  Tinoco, ,  '74;  Tomas  Torres,  Mex.,  '77;  Jose  Trujillo, 

Span.,  '07;  Fern.  Velasco,  Span.,  before  '50;  Juan  Dom.  Vera,  Mex.,  '74. 
Fur  distribution,  see  end  of  the  preceding  chapter.  Tlie  surviving  friars 
named  in  a  letter  of  P.  Sierra  of  Sept.  4th  were  PP.  Jose  (or  Ant.)  Bonilla, 
I'ran.  Gomez  de  la  Cadena,  Andres  Duran,  Fran.  Farfan,  Nicolas  Hurfcido, 
Diego  Mendoza,  Fran.  Mufioz,  Diego  Parraga,  Ant.  Sierra,  Tomas  Tobalina, 
and  Juan  Zavaleta.  Five  captains  are  named  as  having  been  killed:  Fran, 
Jimenez,  Agustin  Carbajal,  Cris.  de  Anaya,  Jose  Nieto,  and  Andres  ftomez. 

"Davis,  Miller,  and  Gregg  imply  that  it  was  on  the  12th  or  13th;  but 
Otermiu's  record  is  clear.  Escalante  speaks  of  the  Tlascaltec  suburb  or  war<l 
of  Aualco,  which  is  not  unlikely,  though  I  have  found  uo  earlier  mention  of 
Buch  a  Tlascaltec  colony  in  N.  Mex. 


180 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


J ;  'i 


on  the  point  of  victory,  the  northern  army  of  Taos, 
Picuries,  and  Tehuas  appeared  on  the  field,  and  Oter- 
inin  was  obliged  to  retire  with  his  men  to  protect  the 
palacio,  where  women  and  children  had  taken  refuge. 
The  siege  of  Santa  Fe  lasted  five  days/  The  natives 
were  about  3,000  strong.  They  soon  took  and  de- 
stroyed the  suburbs,  and  indeed  all  but  the  plaza  and 
casas  realcs.  The  church  and  convent  were  burned, 
and  the  water  supply  was  cut  off.  Out  of  a  popula- 
tion of  1,000,  Otermin  had  less  than  150  men,  many 
of  them  servants  utterly  unfit  for  military  service; 
but  the  situation  was  critical,  and  finally  on  the  20th 
with  100  men  he  made  a  desperate  sortie.  Invoking 
"the  sweet  name  of  Maria,"  this  forlorn  hope  threw 
itself  against  the  besiegers  and  drove  them  back, 
killing  300  and  bringing  47  captives  into  the  villa, 
who,  after  their  testimony  had  been  taken,  were  shot 
in  the  plaza.^  During  the  whole  siege  and  battles 
only  five  Spaniards  were  killed,  though  the  governor 
ancl  many  others  were  wounded. 

It  was  decided  on  the  21st  to  abandon  Santa  Fe, 
or,  as  the  original  record  puts  it,  to  march  to  the  relief 
of  Isleta;  clothing  to  the  value  of  $8,000  was  dis- 
tributed ;  and  the  governor,  garrison,  women  and 
and  children,  and  three  friars — Cadena,  Duran,  and 
Farfan — about  1,000  persons  in  all,  began  their  march 
on  foot,  each  carrying  his  own  luggage,  as  the  horses 
were  barely  suflficient  for  the  sick  and  wounded.  The 
natives,  though  watching  the  fugitives  from  the  hills 
and  sometimes  being  seen  at  a  distance,  made  no 
attack.  Perhaps  they  had  not  yet  the  courage  to 
face  the  desperate  valor  of  Otermin's  little  band,  or 

'  From  the  16th  to  19th,  or  7  days,  15th  to  20th.  Most  writers  make  it 
0  days,  that  is,  from  tlic  1st  alarm  on  the  10th  to  the  19th. 

"  Miller  says  nothing  of  this  affair,  representing  the  Spaniards  as  having 
cut  their  way  out.  Cavo-says  they  escaped  by  stealth  when  hunger  and  the 
stench  of  dead  bodies  became  intolerable.  Villagutierre  tells  us  that  Gov. 
O.  cut  off  the  water  to  drive  the  Indians  out  of  the  fort  they  had  seized. 
The  captives  said  the  plot  had  been  made  long  ago  at  Tesuque;  but  that  tho 
real  leader  was  a  man  in  the  north  whom  Montezuma  had  left  behind  as 
lieutenant  on  his  departure  for  Mexico. 


FLIGHT  FROM  SANTA  Ft. 


181 


they  waited  for  the  hardships  of  the  march  to  render 
their  deadly  task  less  ditRcult;  but  it  is  more  likely 
that  they  were  content  to  avoid  further  bloodshed,  n»»w 
tliut  their  chief  object  had  been  effected  in  the  invad- 
ers' retreat. 

The  route  was  by  Santo  Domint,^),  where  were 
found  the  bodies  of  three  padres  and  five  otiier  Span- 
iards who  had  been  murdered,  and  thence  to  San 
Felipe  and  Sandia,  whose  Spanish  inhabitants  had 
escaped,  though  all  these  pueblos  had  been  sacked  and 
partially  ruined,  all  vestiges  of  Christianity  having 
been  destroyed.  Several  liaciendas  on  the  way  were 
found  in  ruins,  with  evidence  that  the  occupants  had 
been  killed.  Isleta  was  reached  on  the  27th;  but  the 
refugees  under  Captain  Garcia  had  left  this  pueblo 
thirteen  days  before  and  gone  south  to  Fra  Cristobal." 
At  Alamillo,  in  the  region  of  Socorro,  the  governor 
met  Garcia,  who  had  been  overtaken  by  his  messen- 
gers and  returned.  Legal  proceedings  were  begun 
against  him  for  having  left  Isleta  without  orders; 
but  he  claimed  to  have  acted  from  necessity,  having 
neither  force  nor  supplies,  and  believing  that  all  in 
the  north  were  dead.  Here  also,  on  September  Gth, 
was  met  Pedro  de  Leiva  with  thirty  men,  part  of  the 
escort  of  Padre  Ay  eta's  supply  train,  sent  up  from 
El  Paso  by  the  procurador  to  aid  the  fugitives.  All 
went  south  to  Fra  Crist6bal,  where  on  the  IGth  a 
council  determined  that  under  the  circumstances  it 


•  Sept.  4th  Garcia  writes  from  Fra  Cristdltal  to  P.  Ayeta  at  El  Paso,  having 
just  rectiived  news  from  the  gov.  A'.  Mex.,  Dof.,  MS.,  r)14-'20;  also  P.  Sierra 
to  same  on  Baino  date,  giving  names  of  surviving  iiadres.  /(/.,  57l)-r).  It 
appears  that  capt.  Seb.  HeTera  and  Fern,  (.'havez,  returning  from  the  Yuta 
fountry,  were  at  Taos  wlien  tlie  revolt  occurred,  bnt  escaped,  reached  Sta  I'e 
while  tlie  siego  was  in  progress,  and  passed  on  to  joinGarela  at  Isleta.  Aug. 
Hlxt,  letter  of  Ayeta  to  viceroy  wlieu  he  had  heard  of  the  revolt,  but  sup- 
iMised  Oterniin  and  all  in  the  n.  to  have  perished.  Jd.,  550-81.  He  says 
Leiva  hiis  sUvrted  N.  on  the  80th  with  27  men  and  supplies;  thinks  a  stand 
must  be  made  at  El  Paso  or  all  the  north  will  be  lost  to  Sjjain;  urges  that 
Lc'iva  be  made  gov.  if  Otermin  is  dead;  thinks  27  padres  have  perished.  It 
is  a  long,  rambling  letter,  showing  the  writer's  natural  anxiety  at  such  a  time, 
anil  referring  to  the  avtoa  for  more  details.  On  Sept.  11th  he  writes  again, 
wlieu  he  has  heard  of  succor  having  reached  both  parties  of  fugitives.  Ho 
gives  names  and  brief  biog.  of  the  murdered  friars.  Id.,  625-41. 


i 


182 


A  DECADE  OF  IHEEUOM. 


was  impracticable  to  return  to  Santa  ¥6 ;  and  before 
tlio  end  of  September  the  whole  force  was  encami)ed 
in  the  reyjion  of  El  Paso  del  Norte,  where  for  twenty 
years  or  njore  the  Franciscans  had  had  a  mission  of 
Guadalupe.'" 


iiM 


**  Sept.  1 8tli,  Oturmin  writes  from  Sulineta,  4 1.  from  Guadnliino,  and  speaks 
of  a  great  iloo<l  wliich  iiiaki-ii  it  <liHicult  to  unwH  the  river;  but  lie  apparently 
croHHt's  on  the  iWtl  to  inspect  Ayeta's  supplicM.  Oterimn,  ExtrarUm,  1IH:V^. 
l>t;c.  'iOtli,  P.  Ayeta  writes  to  the  com.  gen.,  cliielly  on  details  of  supplies.  He 
s.'iys  the  army  is  now  encamped  in  tlirue  divisions  on  the  river,  '2  1.  apart;  1st 
the  gov.,  cahiMo,  and  5  friars  at  S.  I^)reuzo,  so  named  for  the  day  of  the 
groat  ruvolt;  2d,  the  camp  of  S.  Pedro  do  Alcantara  with  4  padre!<i;  and  8d, 
t!io  camp  of  Sacramento,  imder  P.  Alvaro  Z.ivaleta  as  prelate.  Tlie  rest  of 
t!ie  padres  are  at  the  convent  of  Guadalupe,  P.  Nicolas  Hurtado  having  luicn 
a;ipointed  custfulio.  N.  Mix.,  Doc.,  MS.,  541-58.  Vetancur,  Cliron.,  98,  tells 
n  t  that  Guadalupo  was  founded  hy  P.  Garcia  do  Ziiniga  amou)^  tlie  Mansos 
in  1  (!.')<.),  and  the  church  was  dedicated  in  '68  by  P.  Juan  Talahun.  In  ahoiit 
l(i'.H  it  has  1,001)  neophytes,  or  2,000  with  tlie  fuLativea  from  N.  Mex.  Twelve 
1.  away  is  a  mission  station  of  S.  Francisco,  with  one  padre;  and  1  i  1.  from 
hero  (S.  Fran,  or  (Uiadalupu?)  is  the  Real  de  S.  Lorenzo. 

The  following  items  about  the  revolt,  collected  by  Davis  and  others,  but 
not  noted  by  E^calante,  may  in  a  few  instances  have  some  slight  foundation 
in  fact.  P.  Jusus  Morador,  of  Jemes,  was  taken  from  bed,  bound  naked  ou  a 
hog's  back,  and  thus  with  blows  and  yells  p;iraded  through  tlio  town,  bei.ig 
afterwards  himself  ridden  and  spurred  till  he  fell  dead.  {Ilregg  tells  the 
same  story,  but  of  a  padre  at  Cia,  on  the  authority  of  a  captive  named  OJeda. 
Vetancur  says  there  was  a  dispute  at  Jemes,  some  of  tlio  people  wisliing  to 
save  Padre  Juan  de  Jesus,  who  was  finally  killed  kneeling  in  tlic  pl.i/,:i  and 
embracing  the  Christ.)  At  Acoma  PP.  Maldonado,  Figuuroa,  and  Mora 
(only  Maldonado  was  really  at  Acoma)  were  tied  together  and  marchcl  naked 
through  the  streets  with  abuse  and  insult  of  every  kind,  till  Fij^ueroa,  liy 
open  defiance  ami  predicting  the  tormentors'  downfall  i:i  3  years,  provoked 
tlicni  to  kill  all  three  with  clubs  and  stones.  At  Zufli  PP.  Analiza,  Espinosa, 
and  Citlzada  (no  such  padres  were  in  the  country  at  this  dite)  wuro  shot  liy 
A.'s  servant,  who  was  forced  to  do  the  deed.  Here  the  victims  were  buriel 
in  the  church,  but  elsewhere  thrown  outside  the  jmcblo  limits.  (There  may 
lie  some  vague  ref.  to  an  earlier  event.  D.,  in  El  driivjo,  75-9,  mentions  a 
trad,  that  the  Zufti  piidre  was  not  killed — which  was  true — but  abjured  his 
faith.)  The  Moqui  padres  Vallada  and  Londi.^rde  (names  incorrect)  were 
stoned  to  death  after  the  usual  insults;  and  the  P.  procurador  on  his  way 
from  Acoma  to  Zufii  was  killed  while  kurc-liug  in  ])rayer.  Gregg  preserve! 
the  tradition  that  S.  Felipe  remained  faithful  aiui  saved  also  the  padre  of 
another  pueblo,  who  when  water  failed  and  uil  vere  about  to  perish,  prayer- 
fully opened  a  vein  in  each  arm,  from  whici\  ?li>wed  w.ater  in  copious  streauis. 
Arlegui,  Cron.  Zar.,  249-50,  mentions  a  P.  Alonzo  Gil  who,  in  this  rev(dt  of 
some  other,  appeared  at  the  window  of  the  church  where  the  Christians  had 
taken  refuge,  and  was  shot  while  trying  to  appease  the  rebjls.  At  S.  Juan, 
ace.  to  Arch.  N.  Mex.,  129,  three  Span,  women  were  kept  alivo  and  li(>r:3 
children  during  their  captivity.  Villaseflor  and  others  state  that  S.  Juan  <le 
los  Caballeros  was  so  named  for  the  gentlemanly  conduct  of  its  people  in  this 
revolt,  but  the  name  had  really  been  given  81  years  before.  Piao,  Expos.,  5, 
and  Frejes  say  that  S.  Juan  and  Pecos  remained  faithful  to  the  Span. ;  and 
Bandolier  thinks  this  may  be  true  of  Pecos,  but  it  does  not  agree  with  tin; 
original  records.  Carleton,  Smitlis.  Imt.,  '54,  p.  313,  preserves  the  story  that 
the  70  padres  of  Quivira,  only  2  of  whom  escaped,  bur'td  immense  treasure, 
the  existence  of  which  was  revealed  later  by  one  of  the  last  survivors  of  the 


THE  REFUOEM  FOITND  EL  PASO. 


18S 


Father  Ayeta's  wa^on-train  of  supplies,  the  depar- 
ture of  which  from  Mexieo  has  been  noted  in  the 
preceding  chapter,  was  a  veritable  godsend  to  the 
refugees,  without  which  many  must  have  |)eriHhed, 
and  no  stand  could  have  been  made  at  El  Paso.  As  it 
was,  with  all  the  padre  procurador's  energy  and  liber- 
ality, distributing  from  his  store — moat  of  wiiieh  had 
been  sent  for  the  friars — ten  head  of  cattle  and  ten 
faiiegas  of  com  daily,  and  with  some  aid  from  the 
Nueva  Vizcayan  authorities  at  Parral  and  Casas 
Grandes,  there  was  much  suffering  among  the  exiles. 
Many  abandoned  the  company  and  were  neattered 
in  the  Chihuahua  settlements.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  Ayeta  went  to  Mexico  with  a  full  report  of  mis- 
fortunes and  a  petition  for  relief,  and  his  mission  was 
successful;"  for  the  viceroy  not  only  took  steps  to  re- 
lieve present  necessities,  but  ordered  preparations  to 
be  made  for  the  reconquest  of  the  lost  province.  Ayeta 
came  back  early  in  1681,  still  in  charge  of  the  royal 
interests,  bringing  cheering  news,  supplies,  and  reiin- 
forcements.  Then — or  possibly  not  till  1682 — El 
Paso  was  founded,  at  or  near  the  temporary  camp  of 
San  Lorenzo,  as  a  kind  of  presidio  and  supply  station 
for  the  reconquest  and  protection  of  New  Mexico.'^ 

extinct  race;  hence  the  holes  made  by  treasure-seekers  among  the  ruins.  Dam- 
pier,  Vny.,  i.  27*2,  who  heard  of  the  revolt  when  cruising  otf  the  Jaliaco  coast 
ni  108G,  learned  that  some  of  the  Span,  from  N.  Mex.  had  iled  to  the  gulf  of 
Cal.  and  escaped  in  canoes. 

"In  Otermin,  Ertractos,  MS.,  1185-1205,18  a  documentary  record  of 
Ayeta  3  proceedings,  largely  filled  with  unimportant  details.  He  had  spent 
;^i'!),'250,  of  which  $9,025  was  from  the  royal  coffers.  He  liad  an  appointment 
a8  nrocurailor  gun.  of  New  Spain,  and  was  ortlered  to  Spain;  but  tho  aadiencia 
ill  Feb.  '81  autliorized  him  to  suspend  his  departure  in  order  to  go  on  with 
his  N.  Mox.  enterprise.  On  March  20th  thoro  was  a  religious  service  at  the 
convent  of  S.  Francisco  in  memory  of  the  21  martyrs.  Dr  SariAana  pica .hed. 
RMius  Diario,  319. 

"  Davis  and  others  seem  to  labor  under  the  impression  that  El  Paso  was 
already  an  old  and  flourishing  town,  which  idea  leads  them  into  soi-ie  con- 
fu.iion.  As  to  eract  localities  I  make  no  attempt  to  clear  up  the  matter.  As 
we  liave  seen,  there  was  an  old  mission  of  Guadalupe  in  tho  vicinity.  El  Paso 
was  '  the  ford '  of  Dilate 's  men  in  1598,  and  not,  as  Gregg  suggests,  '  the  pas- 
saf^e  from  the  north 'of  the  fugitive  Spaniards,  or  as  others  have  thouglit, 
'  tlie  passage  '  of  the  riv^r  from  the  mts  into  tho  broad  valley.  Niel,  A  punt., 
103,  tells  us  that  Otermin  having  crossed  the  river  a  flood  occurred  that  pre- 
vented the  pursuing  Ind.  from  crossing,  and  as  for  two  years  the  river  did  not 
/■ttdjur  (that  is,  I  suppose,  return  to  ita  normal  condition)  the  gov.  had  time  to 
fortify  El  Paso! 


■  :n 


ill 


184 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


The  New  Mexicans  were  again  masters  in  their 
own  country,  free  to  use  or  abuse  the  hberty  they  had 
won.  Unfortunately,  they  had  a  leader  who,  like  the 
governor  he  had  deposed,  claimed  supreme  authority. 
Willing  to  restore  the  old  faith,  or  estufa-sorcery, 
Pope  had  no  idea  of  surrendering  his  newly  acquired 
power  or  of  granting  independent  government  to  the 
pueblos.  Therefore,  or  because  of  other  remnants  of 
Spanish  influence,  perhaps  from  the  wrath  of  native 
dieties  or  retribution  sent  by  the  Christian  god,  abo- 
riginal prosperity  was  at  an  end.  Civil  war,  drought, 
famine,  and  pestilence  devastated  the  province  for  a 
decade.  Naturally,  we  know  but  little  of  what  hap- 
pened during  this  period  save  the  final  result;  and  to 
the  reconquest  itself  must  be  attributed  a  large  share 
of  the  devastation.  Moreover,  the  Spaniards,  who 
tell  the  story,  are  disposed  to  exaggerate  the  ruin 
that  followed  apostasy  from  the  faith. 

Pope's  first  task  was  to  obliterate  Christianity  with 
all  its  tokens.  He  ordered  the  destruction  of  all 
crosses  and  church  implements;  forbade  the  naming 
of  Jesus  or  Maria;  decreed  that  men  should  put  away 
their  wives  and  take  others  to  their  liking;  that  all  be 
cleansed  of  baptism  by  water  and  soap-weed,  baptis- 
mal names  being  dropped ;  that  churches  be  destroyed 
and  estufas  reopened ;  that  the  Spanish  language  be 
abandoned  for  native  dialects;  and  that  none  but  native 
crops  be  raised.  The  new  sovereign  travelled  from  pue- 
blo to  pueblo  to  superintend  the  execution  of  his  de- 
crees. Assuming  supernatural  powers,  he  proclaimed 
that  the  Christian  god  was  dead,  having  been  made  of 
rotten  wood,  and  powerless,  while  tlie  native  gods 
were  still  potent  to  make. the  New  Mexicans  a  pros- 
perous people.  The  Castillos  were  not  to  be  feared, 
for  ho  had  built  walls  up  to  the  skies  to  keep  them 
away.  On  his  tour  Pope  dressed  in  full  Indian  cos- 
tume, and  wore  a  bull's  horn  on  his  forehead.  Every- 
where he  was  received  with  honors  similar  to  those 
formerly  exacted  by  the  governor  and  custodio,  scat- 


6.i;;:iiJ-' 


POPES  RULE. 


18S 


tering  corn-meal  upon  the  people  as  a  token  of  his 
blessing.  The  destruction  of  Christian  relics  was  at- 
tended by  noisy  demonstrations,  processions,  dances, 
ofterings  to  heathen  deities,  and  every  conceivable 
profanation  of  all  that  the  missionaries  had  held  most 
sacred. 

All  this  was  good  fun  during  the  insane  excitement 
of  victory  and  freedom  from  restraint ;  but  Pope's  rule 
became  oppressive.  He  not  only  threatened  ven- 
geance of  the  gods  on  all  who  refused  to  obey  his 
orders,  but  proceeded  to  execute  that  vengeance,  often 
inflicting  the  death  penalty.  The  most  beautiful 
women  were  taken  for  himself  and  his  captains.  Ex- 
cessive tribute  was  imposed  for  the  support  of  the 
central  government.  Civil  discords  and  wars  followed, 
sup})lemented  by  drought,  which  was  less  adequately 
provided  against  than  of  old.  The  pagan  deities  seera 
to  have  abandoned  their  worshippers,  and  caused  some 
very  strange  phenomena.  The  Apaches  and  Yutas 
took  advantage  of  the  situation  to  renew  their  raids 
for  plunder.  Many  pueblos  were  abandoned,  sites  of 
others  were  changed,  and  tribes  were  scattered.  Bar- 
barism darker  than  that  of  aboriginal  times  settled 
down  upon  this  northern  land. 


13 


"Says  Escalante,  Carta,  122-3:  'The  rebel  pueblos  began  to  quarrel  and 
wngt'  bitter  war.  Tlie  Queres,  Taos,  and  Pecos  t'uught  against  the  Tehuaa 
ami  Tauos;  and  the  latter  deposevl  Popu — on  account  of  hii^  deapotism,  etc. — • 
elocting  Luis  Tupatii  in  hia  place.  He  ruled  iie  Telmas  and  Tanos  till 
lt)88,  when  Pope  was  again  elected;  but  died  soon,  and  Tupatil  was  again 
cliosen.  Alouso  Catiti  died  cjailier;  entering  an  estufa  tc  dacrifice,  lie  sud- 
denly burst,  all  his  intestines  coming  out  in  sight  of  many  Ind,  Later 
each  pueblo  of  the  Queres  governed  itself.  Tl<e  Apaches  were  at  peace 
witii  some  of  the  pueblos,  !)ut  in  others  did  all  the  damage  they  could.  The 
Yiita.s,  as  soon  as  they  learned  the  misfortune  of  the  Span.,  waged  ceaseless 
w;ir  (lu  the  Jenies,  Taos,  and  Picuriea,  and  especially  on  the  Tehuas,  on  whom 
thty  coniinitted  great  ravages.  Not  only  tliua  and  with  civil  wars  were  the 
apostates  atliicteil,  but  also  with  hunger  and  pestilence.  The  Queres  and  Jemea 
destroyed  the  Tiguas  and  Piros  remaining  after  Otermin's  eiitrada  (of  '81,  to 
ho  iloseribed  present!'  ,,  cause  they  deemed  them  inclined  to  favor  the  Span. 
Of  the  Tiguas  only  a  uuv,  families  escaped  and  retired  to  the  province  of  Aloqui 
(Moqiii?);  of  the  Piros  none  escaped.  Davis  and  Prince  give  a  good  acoouiit 
of  theilevelopments  of  this  period.  Niel,  ATpunl.,  Wi>-6,  says  that  for  seveii 
years  it  '  rained  ashes, '  while  for  nine  years  no  water  fell,  and  the  streams  all 
ilrioil  up.  The  Tompiros  were  exterminated;  very  few  Tiguas  and  Ji;iii''.s 
survived;  somewhat  more  of  the  Tehuas,  Taos,  and  Pecoa  were  left;  and  I'O 
Queres,  protected  by  the  walls  of  Sta  Fe,  suffered  least  of  all.     Finally,  by 


SI 

ft 


!i 


18G 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


It  was  not  until  the  autumn  of  1G81  that  Governor 
Otermin  was  ready ;  or,  if  not  ready,  was  required  hy 
the  viceroy's  orders  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  the 
lost  province.  While  the  record  is  meagre,  it  is  clear 
enough  that  there  was  much  opposition  to  this  at- 
tempt, there  being  two  parties  among  the  soldiers, 
officers,  colonists,  and  even  the  friars.  Many  be- 
lieved that  the  opportunities  for  missionary  work  and 
colonization  were  better  in  the  south  than  in  the  north ; 
they  had  lost  their  property  and  their  families  or 
friend.",  and  had  not  yet  recovered  from  the  terror  of 
the  massacre;  they  were  in  favor  of  utilizing  the 
funds  and  forces  lately  received  to  strengthen  tlieir 
position  at  El  Paso,  and  of  putting  off  the  conquest 
to  a  more  convenient  season.  Otermin  himself  may 
have  been  lukewarm  in  the  cp.use,  but  if  so  the  vice- 
roy's instructions  left  him  no  choice.  Captain  Juan 
Dominguez  de  Mendoza,  who  had  served  in  New 
Mexico  from  his  boyhood,  had  retreated  from  Iskta 
with  Garcia,  and  had  succeeded  the  latter  as  lieu- 
tenant-general, was  leader  of  the  opposition,  and  legal 
proceedings  had  on  that  account  been  begun  against 
him  and  others."  Most  if  not  all  the  friars  favored  an 
experimental  entrada  at  least,  hoping  that  the  natives, 


!: 


the  sacrifice  of  a  virgin,  water  was  restored  to  the  bed  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
thus  lite  was  saved,  and  their  'stubborn,  insolent  apostasy'  was  continiu'il. 
Niel  also  tells  a  curious  story  to  the  effect  that  of  the  T^nos  after  the  revolt 
only  half  remained  to  quarrel  with  otlier  nations  for  supremacy,  wliile  tlio 
rest — 4,000  men,  women,  and  children — went  away  with  their  S[)aniah  plun- 
der to  preserve  themselves  and  let  their  cattle  increase.  They  went  via  Ztifii 
to  Mo<{ui,  and  bavins  induced  that  people  to  give  thnm  a  homo,  gradually 
gained  possession  of  tne  country  an<l  towns,  reducing  the  original  Nloquis  to 
complete  subjection,  extending  their  conquests  far  to  the  s.  «.,  and  seatini.' 
their  young  king,  Trasquillo,  on  the  throne  at  Oraibe.  They  brought  with 
them  many  who  had  served  the  Span.,  and  learned  from  them  all  they  coiilil, 
instead  of  avoiding  everything  Hpanisli  like  the  other  nations.  Certain  liii- 
guistio  and  other  peculiarities  of  the  dififerent  puei)loa  are  sutticient,  if  not  to 
uive  plausibility  to  this  story,  at  leajt  to  make  it  worth  preserving  lure. 
Arricivita,  Cmn.  S«rti/.,  199,  tells  us  that  the  Tanoa  of  (ialistoo  .atreniln  1 
themselves  at  Sta  Fe.  Ace.  to  Arch.  N.  Mex.,  129,  a  good  authority,  llie 
Tauos  of  S.  Cristolial  and  8.  L&zaro,  south  of  Sta  Fe,  were  forced  by  host  ill- 
ties  of  Apaches,  Queres,  and  Pecos  to  transfer  their  pueblos  to  tlic  region  of 
S.  Juan,  where  the  towns  were  rebuilt  under  the  same  names. 

'♦This  is  shown  in  the  Hscal's  report  of  '82.  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  li''-';t- 
1704.  Most  writers  say  nothing  of  these  troubles.  Escalonte  says  'hulio 
algunu  difiooltades  que  causaroa  una  dilacion  muy  uociva. ' 


OTERMIN'S  ENTRADA  OF   1681, 


187 


!ri 


nilc,  and 
uliniii'il- 
e  n-viilt 
hile  tlie 
ish  plm>- 
ill  Znni 
iiluiilly 
loquis  til 
I  seating 
iht  villi 
y  Oiinlil, 

rtiiiii  lin- 
if  iu>t  to 

tvencln'l 
rity,  tla- 

y  hiistili- 


|regii>n  nf 
|S.,  I'--^ 

^8    'lllll>0 


])r(>n)l)ted  to  revolt  and  apostasy  by  the  devil  and  a  few 
sorcerers,  had  now  seen  the  error  of  their  ways,  and 
would  be  eager  for  peace  and  pardon. 

Otennin's  army  consisted  of  14G  soldiers,  with  112 
Indian  allies,  D75  horses,  and  a  supply  train  of  ox- 
larts  and  pack-mules.'^  Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza 
was  lieutenant-general  and  maestro  de  campo;  Fran- 
cisco Javier  was  civil  and  niilitar}'^  secretary;  and 
J*adre  Ayeta,  the  procurador  general,  accompanied 
tlic  expedition  with  Padre  Antonio  Guerra,  and  per- 
haps one  or  two  other  friars.'® 

'i  >e  start  from  Paso  del  Norte  was  on  the  5th  of 
\.  'ber,  and  the  march  up  the  river  past  Estero 
huii; ),  Robledo,  Perrillo,  Cruz  de  Anaya,  Fra  Cris- 
t(')l)al,  and  Contadero,  presents  nothing  of  interest  ex- 
cept those  names. '^  From  November  2()th  to  the  4th 
of  December,  Oterinin  visited  the  southern  group  of 
pueblos,  Senecu,  San  Pascual,  Socorro,  Alamillo,  and 
Sovilleta.  All  these  towns  had  been  abandoned  by 
the  native  Piros,  and  all  ranehos  along  the  route 
had  been  pillaged.  Everywhere  there  were  clear 
tnices  of  revolt  a^jainst  Christianitv  in  burned  churches 
and  broken  images,  of  a  revival  of  pagan  rites  in  re- 
built estufas,  aiid   of  later   devastation,  perhaps    by 

'•'Davis,  308.  .witofl  r  pet'tion  of  the  old  resiilents  of  Sta  Fe  that  during 
tliL'ir  alti^eiiot)  oc.  the  ■N>.,»iiaigii  their  families  he  supported  with  the  garrison 
at  S.  L()rL'i/.(>  '.("ri'A  Wis  aated  Sept.  18th  aud  Wiis  granted.  An  original  M.S. 
(it  tilt  Pi:ii.ri  ?oi,,  vtu'ij  id-oWo  tliat  on  March  9,  1()81,  at  'Paso  del  Rio  del 
Norte,  conveijiou  di  ffra  "-rv  de  Oi  'dalupe,'  Ctov.  O.  took  testimony  of  4 
lisd.  lately  arr.'veJ  t'r .  'n  ^'  Mux.,  who  said,  tho  Tiguas,  Piros,  and  Apaches 
\\m\  fiii'nied  a  plot  to  iittAck  KI  Paso.  In  an  orig.  doc.  of  the  Arrli.  Sta  /V, 
tlii^  uyuiitamiunto  of  Paso  del  Rio  del  Norte  is  name<l,  consisting  of  Fran,  de 
.Vnayu  Alniazan,  Cris.  B.  de  Villanueva,  J.  Javier  de  Noriega,  Fran.  Romero 
ill'  I'l'ili-iza,  ami  Ant.  do  Mouroy;  escrihano  mayor.  Ant.  i.iucoro  de  (Jodoj*. 

"'The  sargentoa  niayores  amd  ca])tains  named  in  N.  Mcj-.,  Dor.,  MS., 
l.'iOO,  are  .luan  Dominguez,  Pedro  Leiva,  Nicolas  Rodriguez,  Juan  and  Diego 
l.iuiio  ill!  (rodoy,  Luis  de  Oranillo,  Alouso  ilel  Rio,  Sehastian  <le  Herrera, 
iMigip  Lopez  Zambrano,  Luis  do  (juintana,  Pedro  de  Manpiez,  Roiiue  do 
Madiiil,  Diego  Dominguez,  Iguacio  and  Cristobal  Vaca,  Felipe  Romero,  Jose 
Naivai'z,  Fr  Anaya,  Fran.  Madrid,  Antonio  Marquez,  (lonzalo  Paredes, 
Sihailor  dtu  ■  .  Autouio  Dominguez,  Ant.  de  Avalos,  Don  Jose  Chavez,  and 
Jose  I'adilli.       ^'>  4J;uite  is  the  only  authority  for  the  exact  force. 

'"  Diary  in  f^  >.  ,>,  ExtraHon,  1207  etaeq.,  followed  by  Davis,  Sjinn.  Coiiq., 
308  et  set).,  wui.  ome  slight  errors.  Rscalante,  120,  gives  but  a  brief  out- 
line. Tlie  stretch  of  32  1.  without  water,  from  Robledo  to  Fra  Cristobal,  ia 
uuteil,  since  kuowu  as  La  Jornada  del  Muerto. 


188 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


Hi! 


V  \\' 


iii4'^ 

northern  rebels  but  probably  by  Apache  raiders.  The 
Spaniards  completely  destroyed  all  that  was  left. 

Isleta,  in  the  Tiguas  province,  was  the  first  pueblo 
whose  inhabitants  had  remained,  and  it  was  taken  by 
assault  on  the  Gth  of  December,  after  a  slight  resist- 
ance. Next  day,  the  1,511  inhabitants  formally  re- 
newed their  allegiance,  received  pardon  with  mucli 
advice,  and  offered  many  children  for  baptism.  Hero 
the  walls  of  the  lurned  church  served  as  a  corral  for 
cattle;  but  the  p  r^  '  ^^d  plenty  of  excuses  to  offer, 
attributing  all  thai  unchristian  to  the  northern 

apostates,  who  had  cou  co  attack  their  town  and  force 
tliese  faithful  subjects  of  the  Spanish  king  to  feign  a 
relapse  to  idolatry.  Indeed,  they  regarded  Otermin's 
arrival  as  a  most  fortunate  event,  for  they  had  plenty 
of  corn,  and  were  expecting  an  attack  from  the  famine- 
stricken  rebels  of  the  north.  A  few  Indians  had  es- 
caped before  the  town  was  taken,  and  had  gone  north 
with  news  of  the  Spaniards'  arrival;  and  now  others 
were  sent  out  by  the  governor  to  notify  the  rebels  of 
his  friendly  intentions  if  they  would  return  to  their 
allegiance. 

From  Isleta  on  the  8th,  Dominguez  was  despatched 
with  seventy  men  to  make  a  reconnoissance  of  thi^ 
northern  pueblos;  and  a  few  days  later  the  governor 
and  his  army  followed  up  the  river,  in  a  snow-storm, 
encamping  from  the  16th  to  the  23d  at  a  point  in  sight 
of  Alameda,  Puaray,  and  Sandi'a.^^  These  pueblos, 
whose  inhabitants  had  fled,  were  found  in  the  same 
condition  as  those  below  Isleta,  except  that  they  con- 
tained large  stores  of  maize,  all  of  which,  with  the 
towns  themselves,  was  burned  by  the  governor'ss 
orders.     Dominguez  rejoined  Otermin  on  the   18tli, 

"  Alamefla  seems  to  be  represented  as  6  1.  above  Isleta,  with  the  EtHuiicia 
de  Doiiiiiiguez  (not  far  from  Albuniueniue)  half-way  between.  The  3  puuMos 
iu  the  order  named  were  near  together.  This  is  the  best  possible  proof  that 
Coronado's  Tiguex,  Rodriguez'  Puara,  and  Espejo's  Tigiias  prov.  navo  liet'ii 
correctly  located  in  the  region  of  the  still  standing  Sandia,  ana  Alameda  almve 
Allmrquerquo,  though  of  course  it  is  not  certain  that  either  Isleta,  AlaiiiciLi, 
or  Sandta  stands  exactly  on  its  original  site.  Everything  indicates,  huu  <  vur, 
that  they  all  stood  iu  the  same  district  as  now. 


ATTEMPTED  RECONQUEST. 


189 


having  visited  San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Co- 
cliitf,  which  he  had  found  abandoned,  like  the  rest 
Avith  stores  of  maize,  but  which  he  had  not  burned. 
At  Coohiti  he  met  a  large  force  of  Indians,  who  ap- 
proached in  hostile  array,  but  finally  consented  to 
])arley.  Catiti,  their  chief,  professed  deep  penitence 
for  his  sins,  shedding  tears,  and  promising  in  a  day 
and  a  half  to  bring  in  all  the  rebels  of  the  three 
towns  to  accept  pardon  and  renew  their  allegiance. 
He  failed  to  keep  his  agreement;  the  hostages  held 
were  strangely  allowed  to  d  >part;  and  much  evidence 
was  obtained  to  show  that  Catiti's  penitence  was  but 
a  ruse,  to  gain  time  for  the  Moquis  and  other  distant 
tribes  to  join  the  rebel  force  at  Cieneguilla  for  a  com- 
hiiunl  attack  on  the  Spaniards.  Accordingly,  Domin- 
giicz  returned  south  to  rejoin  the  governor,  who 
severely  criticised  his  management  of  the  expedition, 
l)laining  him  for  not  having  burned  the  pueblos,  for 
not  having  sent  reports,  and  for  various  other  short- 
comings. 

Otennin  spent  the  week  of  his  stay  near  Sandfa, 
ciiietly  in  examining  witnesses  on  the  details  of  Do- 
uiinguez'  expedition,  and  on  the  causes  of  the  original 
revolt,  the  acts  of  the  Indians  during  the  past  year, 
and  their  present  disposition.  Among  the  witnesses 
were  two  half-breeds,  who  claimed  to  have  been  forced 
into  the  rebellion,  and  who  gave  themselves  up  volun- 
tirily.  The  record  is  very  voluminous,^"  and  many 
pajj^es  might  be  filled  with  details  that  would  have 
U'oru  interest  than  real  imjjortance.  On  the  23d  a 
junta  de  guerra  was  held,  and  radical  differences  of 
opinion  were  expressed;  but  the  decision  was  that  in 
view  of  the  natives'  bitter  hostility,  the  inadequacy  of 
the  fi)rce  for  a  military  conquest,  the  bad  condition  of 
the  men,  and  especially  of  the  horses,  the  snow  and 
intense  cold  of  midwinter,  and  finally  the  news  that 
tlie  hostile  natives  under   Tupatii  were  threatening 

^^'K.rmin,   Extraetos,  MS.,  1227-1580.     Davis,  Span.  Cmq.,  318-35,  re- 
proiU'ces  many  particulars. 


100 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


the  faithful  Tiguas — it  was  best  to  retire  to  a  point 
opposite  Isleta,  which  was  done  on  the  24th  or  25th. 
Here  other  witnesses  were  examined,  and  evidence 
accumulated  to  the  eft'ect  that  the  rebels  were 
preparing  to  run  off  the  horses  and  massacre  the  en- 
feebled Spaniards.  Matters  were  still  further  com- 
plicated by  the  defection  of  a  large  part  of  the  Isletas, 
who  fled  to  join  the  rebel  army.  Though  some  were 
nominally  in  favor  of  remaining,  it  is  clear  that  none, 
not  even  Otermin  or  Ayeta,  was  zealous  in  the  cause ; 
and  that  the  chief  anxiety  was  to  fill  the  autos  with 
evidence  that  should  justify  a  retreat.  Yet  it  must 
be  admitted  that  this  evidence,  if  somewhat  highly 
colored,  had  much  real  force. 


j    ■'< 


if  <«': 

m 


The  final  junta  began  on  the  last  day  of  the  year, 
and  on  January  1,  1682,  it  was  decided  to  march 
southward.  There  were  385  Indians  at  Isleta  who 
still  remained  faithful,  and  who  could  not  fairly  be  left 
to  the  vengeance  of  the  apostates;  therefore  they 
accompanied  the  army.  The  pueblo  having  been 
burned,  with  all  the  grain  and  other  property  that 
could  not  be  carried,  the  retreat  down  the  valley  began 
on  the  2d;  and  on  the  11th  of  February  Oterniiu 
reached  Estero  Largo,  only  a  few  leagues  from  El 
Paso.^  From  this  point  the  governor  sent  a  general 
report  to  the  viceroy,  accompanied  by  the  autos,  to 
which  he  referred  for  details.  In  this  document  he 
made  known  his  plans  for  settlement  and  missionary 
work  in  the  El  Paso  region,  asked  for  more  stringent 
regulations  to  keep  the  colony  together  and  bring  back 
fugitives  of  the  past  few  years,  and  also  for  leave  of 
absence  to  visit  Parral  for  medical  treatment. ^^  On 
the  25th  of  June  the  fiscal  of  the  audiencia  in  Mexico 


"On  Jan.  15th  they  were  opposite  Socorro;  on  the  18th  at  Qualaeii 
(one  of  Oiiate's  names,  as  will  be  remembered)  and  S.  Pascual;  lOtli,  .Scmcii; 
21st,  Fra  Cristobal;  Feb.  1st,  Robledo;  4th,  Dofla  Ana;  11th,  Estero  Largd. 
Otermin,  Extractos,  MS.,  1596-1612. 

^Wtermin,  UonauUaat  Vireij,  11  deFeb.,  1682,  in  Td.,  Extractos,  MS.,  KJIS- 
23. 


iU 


THE  GOVERNOR  BLAMED. 


191 


made  a  report,  in  which,  after  a  careful  resume  of  the 
ciitrutla  from  the  autos,  he  conmiented  in  severe  terms 
on  the  acts  of  Dominguez  de  Mendoza,  recommending 
criminal  prosecution  of  that  officer;  and  he  also  blamed 
Otermin  for  not  having  made  a  stand  at  Sandia  or 
8()inc  other  convenient  point,  since  the  large  stores  of 
maize  destroyed  in  the  southern  pueblos  and  left  un- 
ci cstroyed  in  the  north  would  have  sufficed  to  restore 
tlie  horses  and  support  the  army  until  help  or  new 
orders  could  be  received.  The  fiscal  favored,  however, 
tlie  proposed  settlement  and  presidio  at  El  Paso, 
though  the  New  Mexican  soldiers  should  not  be 
permitted  to  enlist  in  the  southern  presidial  company; 
and  he  also  approved  strict  measures  to  collect  and 
keep  together  all  fugitives  of  the  colony,  wliether 
Spaniards  or  Indians.  The  governor's  leave  of  absence 
was  not  granted. 


22 


be  left 
they 
been 
that 


rmgont 


^ave  of 

n     On 

[exico 


Qual:icu 
|ro  L;ug"- 
k,  1012- 


With  the  termination  of  Otermin's  journal  in  the 
spring  of  1682,  the  record  again  becomes  fragmentary 
and  meagre.  We  have,  however,  some  items  of  mis- 
sion work  in  the  El  Paso  region,  the  succession  of 
governors,  and  a  few  attempts  to  regain  lost  ground 
in  tlie  north."*  With  the  385  natives  that  had  come 
with  Otermin  from  Isleta,  a  few  who  had  accompanied 
the  original  refugees  of  1680,  and  some  who  came 
later,  the  padres  proceeded  to  found  three  new  mis- 
sion pueblos  in  the  south.  These  were  Senecii,  So- 
corro, and  Isleta.^*     Not  much  is  known  of  what  was 

^'Fiscal's  report  of  June  25,  1682,  in  Otermin,  Extracts,  MS.,  1623-1704. 
The  copy  consulted  by  Davia  tliil  not  apparently  include  the  two  final  docu- 
lueuta.  On  Jan.  1,  1682,  news  had  reached  Mex.  that  a  civil  war  had  broken 
out  among  the  troops  in  N.  Mex.,  the  commander  being  killed,  but  P.  Ayeta 
fsiaiiiiig.  Jtohleg,  DiaiHo,  3.34. 

-'  Brevoort,  N.  Mex.,  83,  adds  a  discovery  by  the  Franciscans  of  the  Mina 
(lu  Ins  Padres,  all  traces  of  which  they  obliterated  later  when  forced  to  give 
way  to  the  Jesuits! 

•'.S.  Ant.  de  Senecii,  of  Piros  and  Tompiros,  2  1.  below  El  Pivso  (or  Guada- 
luiii);  Corpus  Christi  de  Isleta  (Bonilla,  AjntnUii,  MS.,  2,  calls  it  S.  Lor>;uzo 
del  Rualito),  of  Tiguas  \\  1.  e.  of  Senecti;  and  Nra  del  Socorro,  of  Piros,  Tanos, 
ami  J  Lines,  on  the  Rio  del  Norte  7  1.  from  Isleta  and  12  1.  from  El  Paso.  In 
y,\  tlie  Ind.  of  Socorro  attempted  to  kill  P.  Antonio  Ouerra  and  a  few  Span. 
families.    The  plot  was  discovered,  and  those  involved  fled  to  N.  Mex.,  the 


192 


A  DECADE  OP  FREEDOM. 


accomplished  in  the  following  years,  and  that  little 
belongs  mainly  to  the  annals  of  Chihuahua  and  Texas; 
but  there  were  many  troubles  with  converts  and  gen- 
tiles, and  most  of  those  who  came  from  New  Mexico 
gradually  disappeared  from  their  new  homes.  During 
most  of  the  decade  Padre  Nicolds  Lopez,  perhaps  the 
same  as  Hurtado,  held  the  office  of  custodio  and  pro- 
curador  general."  In  1G87  there  was  a  royal  order 
that  twenty  new  missionaries  should  be  sent  to  the 
Rio  del  Norte.'« 

The  rule  of  Governor  Otermin  ended  in  1G83,  and 
he  was  succeeded  the  same  year  by  Domingo  Jironza 
Petriz  Cruzat,  though  Bartolomd  do  Estrada  Ramirez 
is  named  as  an  intermediate  ruler. ^'  Cruzat,  or  Cru- 
zate  as  the  name  is  also  written,  held  the  office  four 
years,  though  involved  in  controversies  with  the  gov- 
ernor of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  perhaps  temporarily 
suspended  in  1084-5.^'*     Captain  Mange,  the  explorer 


tlin^r        .! 


'ii^M'. 


others  being  moveil  to  a  site  nearer  Isleta,  where  the  pueblo  still  stood  in 
1778.  In  '8.S  ulso  a  mission  of  the  Sumas  was  estah.  at  Ojito  de  Samalayuca, 
8  1.  below  El  P'so,  but  next  year  the  converts  apostatized  and  fled,  the  re- 
volt including  Sunias,  Janos,  and  tlie  Mansos  of  Guadalupe,  who  killed  1'. 
Manuel  Bultran  and  were  not  reduced  till  '86.  It  was  also  in  '8.'i-4  tliat  tlio 
padres  made  a  visit  to  the  Tejas,  and  also  founded  the  ill-fated  mission  at  thu 
junction  of  the  Couchos.  Escakmte,  Carta,  120-2.  See  also  HUt.  North  Mi\e. 
St.,  i.  364-6. 

''^^V.  Mex.,  CM.,  MS.,  14;  Fernandez  Duro,  48,  67-74.  In  '85  the  vire- 
custudio  and  juez  ccles.  was  P.  Juan  MuAoz  de  Castro,  and  the  guardian  of 
tlie  convent  of  Guadalupe  del  Paso  was  P.  Fran,  de  Vargas.  Arch.  Sti  /V, 
MS.  Papers  of  indulgence  for  N.  Mex.  friars  in  '85.  Robertsons  Hint.  Anur., 
il.  1017.  Tlie  Jumauas  ask  for  padres  in  '84.  Vetancur,  Chrdn.,  96-7.  By 
Fernandez  Duro,  134,  is  cited  from  Biircia  a  MS.  ReUicion  que  envid  el  yobr.  de 
N.  Mex.  al  vircy  de  N.  E.<pai\a  de  hx  Ind.  Xnmanas  que  pedlan  rel'Kjioso-t,  in 
'84.  The  same  year,  ace.  to  Espinosa,  Chrdn.,  92,  the  friars  of  the  colUge  nf 
Sta  Cruz  de  Queretaro  wished  to  enter  the  N.  Mex.  field  but  did  not  suocceil. 

■■'«Cedula  of  Sept.  26,  '87,  in  Jf.  Mex.,  CM.,  MS.,  14-16.  It  was  in  reply 
to  a  request  from  P.  Lopez. 

■•"  Davis'  list.  '  Knight  of  the  order  of  Santiago,  gov.  and  capt.  gen.  of  N. 
Mex.'  1683.  Estrada  may  have  ruled  for  a  short  time  ad  int.,  or  may  liavu 
been  appointed  and  never  have  come.  I  am  not  certain  that  Oternuu  ruk! 
after  '82. 

'^Escalante,  Carta,  115,  121,  says  that  Cruzat  succeeded  in  Aug.  '83.  In 
the  col.  of  M.  Pinart  is  an  original  order  signed  by  Gov.  C.  on  Nov.  2i)tli, 
giving  instructions  for  an  entrada  about  to  be  undertaken  among  tlie  Jiiiua- 
uas  and  adjoining  nations.  Davis'  earliest  date  is  '84.  Vigil,  in  Simpson's 
Jour.,  108,  tells  us  that  Garbaceo  de  Cruzat  y  Grdngora  succeeded  Otermin  in 
'81,  retook  Sta  Fe  the  next  year,  extended  his  conquest  till  '83,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Sta  Pe  !  The  troubles  with  the  gov.  of  N.  Vizcaya  are  indicated 
by  an  original  order  of  the  viceroy  on  Nov.  28,  '86,  that  Cruzat  be  restored 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  CRUZAT. 


103 


and  writer,  nephew  and  eulogist  of  Don  Domingo, 
tells  us  tliat  he  ruled  cou  aplauso,  chastised  the  apos- 
tates, routed  a  combination  of  ten  nations,  reduced 
some  of  them  to  pueblo  life,  made  fifteen  campaigns, 
ruled  more  as  a  father  than  as  a  governor,  and  in  his 
filial  residencia  was  pronounced  a  "  bueno,  recto,  y  limpio 
juez,"  and  thanked  in  the  king's  name;'®  and  indeed, 
much  of  this  praise  seems  to  have  been  well  deserved. 
In  September  1G83  the  king  approved  all  that  had 
been  done  by  the  viceroy,  including  the  establishment 
of  a  presidio  of  50  men  at  El  Paso;  and  he  ordered 
that  every  effort  should  bo  made,  with  the  slightest 
possible  expense,  to  regain  the  lost  province.'*''  In 
August  1()84  a  force  of  50  Spaniards  and  100  Indians 
was  sent  against  a  rancheria  of  apostate  and  gentile 
A[)aches  to  kill  the  men  and  capture  the  women  and 
children.^'  In  September  1G85  the  governor  issued 
strict  orders  for  the  arrest  and  return  of  aii  fugitives. 
It  was  perhaps  in  connection  with  this  order  that  the 
troubles  with  Governor  Josd  de  Neiva  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya  occurred;  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  in  the  same 
month  the  maestro  de  campo,  Juan  Domingucz  do 
Mondoza — before  involved,  as  will  be  remembered,  in 
serious  charges — ran  away  from  El  Paso  with  the  in- 
tention of  going  to  Mexico,  accompanied  by  several 
other  officers.'^  Alonso  Garcfa  succeeded  Domingucz 
as  maestro  de  campo  and  lieutenant-governor. 

and  maintained  in  his  office,  with  all  its  titles  as  held  by  his  prodocesaor; 
while  the  gov.  of  N.  Vizcaya  must  keep  within  the  boumiti  of  hid  own  govt 
ami  not  interfere  with  tlie  gov.  of  N.  Mex.    Doc.,  in  Pinnrt  Col. 

'''■'  Mannc,  /li.it.  Pinieria,  228.  Jiroiiza  had  been  sent  by  Carlos  II.  from 
Cadiz  in  '80  as  vi»itador  o'  tlie  Leaward  lilos,  with  a  force  of  50  men,  rank  of 
infantry  capt.,  and  instruc.  to  tlio  viceroy  to  give  him  an  office  in  reward  for 
liij  services  in  the  wars  against  Portugal.  He  was  made  alcalde  mayor  of 
Mestitlan,  and  soon  promoted  to  1k3  gov.  of  N.  Me.\. 

^"X  Mt'x.,  Ceduliis,  MS.,  11-14.  Orders  of  Sept.  4th.  There  had  been  a 
junta  in  Mcx.  on  July  28,  '82,  and  the  viceroy  had  reported  to  king  on  Dec.  22d. 

"Aug.  lOtli.  Airh.  St'i  Fe,  MS.  SarLt.  Mayor  Roque  de  Madrid  wa;<  in 
com.  Other  officers  named  are  Luis  Granillo,  Diego  Copoz,  Ign.  Vaca,  Felipe 
Romero,  Sebastian  Gonzalez,  H.  Domingucz,  Alonso  (iarcfa,  and  Fran,  de 
Anaya.     Pedro  Ladron  de  Guevara  is  named  as  sec.  in  '84-7,  at  dif.  tinics. 

^'  Airli.  Stu  Fi,  MS.  The  jirof mo  shows  many  charges  against  Domingucz, 
but  no  rcHult.  The  others  were  Sargt.  Mayor  Ju'in  Lucero  de  ( rodoy,  Regidor 
Liza  0  dj  Mirquia,  Baltasar  Doniinguez,  Juan  de  Anaya,  and  the  govt  sec, 
IliijT.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mkx.    13 


iiiiil 


194 


A  DECADE  OF  FREEDOM. 


Ill  1G86,  under  circumstances  that  are  not  explained, 
but  on  which  the  despatches  carried  by  Dominguez  and 
his  companions  to  Mexico  would  probably  throw  much 
lijflit,  Cruzat  was  succeeded  by  Don  Pedro  Reneros 
do  Posada,  who  ruled  till  1689.*'  Of  his  rule  noth- 
ing appears  except  that  he  seems  to  have  made  an  en- 
trada  to  the  towns  of  the  Queres,  and  that  according 
to  Mange  there  were  complaints  of  his  inefficiency, 
resulting  in  the  reappointment  of  Jironza  de  Cruzat.^* 
The  latter  in  1688  or  1689  renewed  the  entrada  and 
fought  the  Queres,  with  other  tribes  fortified  at  Cia, 
killing  600  of  the  apostates  and  capturing  over  70, 
who,  except  a  few  old  men  who  were  shot  in  the 
plaza,  were  with  the  king's  license  sold  into  slavery 
for  10  years,  many  of  the  natives  having  been  burned 
to  death  in  their  dwellings  rather  than  submit  to  cap- 
ture.^^     Next  year,  or  in  1690,  the  governor  had  his 

Alfonso  Rati  de  Aguilar.  As  the  latter  was  again  sec.  in  '94,  it  seema  that 
the  coiiseijuencea  of  the  desertion  were  not  very  serious.  The  deserters  arc 
said  to  have  carried  despatches  from  the  padres,  which  may  indicate  a  con- 
troversy between  them  and  the  gov.  Davis,  337,  found  a  doc.  showing  tliu 
presence  of  Gov.  C.  at  S.  Ant.  Siuolu  (Seuecii)  on  Nov.  26,  '85. 

^••In  Arch.  Sta  Fd,  MS.,  is  an  order  signed  by  Reneros  on  Sept.  17,  '86; 
abo  in  the  Pinnrt  Col.  a  doc.  showing  Cruzat  to  be  gov.  in  '8(5.  E:4calante, 
VarUi,  115,  says  that  R.  succeeded  in  '88.  Davis  does  not  include  R.  in  hi.s 
list  of  gov.,  though  he  naniea  him  aa  having  come  to  N.  Mex.  with  Cruzut. 
There  ia  another  order  signed  by  lum  on  Feb.  11,  '87,  in  the  Arch.  Sta  Fe. 

'^^  Mamje,  llkt.  Pirn.,  228.  On  Oct.  8,  '87,  a  town  of  the  Queres  (perliaps 
Cia)  waa  attacked  and  fire  set  to  the  huts,  many  perishing  in  the  iiaincs;  10 
were  captured  and  sentenced  to  10  years  in  the  mines  of  N.  Viz.  Arch.  Sl'i 
Ft,  MS.  Escalante,  Cttrta,  123,  says  R.'s  entrada  was  to  Cia  in  '88,  notliiiig 
being  accomplished  except  the  taking  of  a  few  horses  and  cattle.  R.'s  expud. 
to  Sta  Ana  and  Cia  ia  aUo  noted  in  Shjuetaa,  Mercurio  Volante,  MS.,  51(5.  In 
I  U'J5  Reneros  was  alguacil  mayor  of  the  iuquiaition  in  Mex.  A  rch,  Sta  Ft, 
MS. 

^  Davis  and  others  give  the  date  as  '88,  as  do  apparently  certain  doc.  in 
the  Arch.  Sta  Fe.  Mange,  who  says  that  90  captives  were  formed  into  a  new 
pueblo,  gives  no  date.  E:jcalanto  says  it  was  in  Sopt.  '89.  SigUenza,  Mer- 
curio, MS.,  595-6,  says  the  battle  was  on  Aug.  29,  '89.  The  viceroy  reported 
the  entrada  to  the  king  Feb.  9,  '90,  and  the  king's  cetiulaa  of  July  16  ami 
21,  '91,  expressed  thanks,  etc.,  also  permitting  the  enslavement  of  the  7U 
captives,  but  not  their  children  or  any  Ind.  under  14  years  of  age;  also  other 
mattera,  aa  in  my  text.  N.  Mex.,  Cvdulas,  MS.,  23-8. 

In  the  U.  S.  Land  Off,  Rept,  '56,  p.  307-26,  ia  printed  a  series  of  doc.  from 
the  arch.,  with  translations,  which  are  regarded  as  the  original  titles  to  the 
pueblo  lands  of  several  pueblos,  the  others  having  lost  their  papers.  Tlie 
pipers  are  dated  Sept.  20-5,  '89.  Each  one  consists  of  the  formal  state  uent 
under  oath  of  Bartolome  Ojeda,  one  of  the  Ind.  captured  at  Cia,  and  who  liud 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  tight,  to  the  effect  that  the  natives  of  Juincs— 
aldo  S.  Juan,  Picuriua,  \>.  Felipo,  Pecos,  Cochiti,  and  Sto  Domingo — were  so  ter- 


HUERTA'S  PROJECT. 


wwr 


preparations  made  for  another  effort  in  the  north ;  but 
a  revolt  of  the  Sumas  demanded  his  attention. 


In  1689  Toribio  de  Huerta,  claiming  to  have  been 
one  of  the  original  conquerors  of  Now  Mexico,  applied 
to  the  king  for  authority  to  undertake  the  reconquost, 
with  the  title  of  marques,  and  other  emoluments  as 
usually  demanded  for  such  service.  Of  course,  his 
tliief  aim  was  the  saving  of  apostate  souls;  but  he 
also  reminded  the  monarch  that  between  Zuni  and 
Moqui  was  the  Sierra  Azul,  a  region  immensely  rich 
m  silver,  and  made  all  the  more  desirable  by  the  well- 
known  existence  of  a  quicksilver  mine  near  at  hand. 
This  picture  seems  to  have  struck  the  fancy  of  the 
king  and  his  counsellors,  for  he  instructed  the  viceroy 
to  give  the  subject  particular  attention,  investigating 
the  feasibility  of  the  scheme,  and  Don  Toribio's  means 
for  accomplishing  it.  As  we  hear  no  more  of  the  ni; 
ter,  we  may  suspect  that  the  empresario  could  not 
support  all  his  allegations  about  northern  wealth.^® 

rifled  by  the  evenb  of  '  last  year,'  tliJit  is,  the  defeat  at  Cia,  that  they  would  not 
revolt  again  or  refuse  to  render  allegiance;  whereupon  the  gov.  proceeds  to 
nssigii  the  pueblo  boundaries,  generaUy  4  sq.  1.,  with  the  church  in  the  centre, 
liiit  soinetiuies  by  fixed  landmarks.  In  the  case  of  Aconia  and  Laguna, 
Ojedii's  testimony  is  as  to  the  bounds  of  the  pueblos,  and  the  reasons  why 
Acoma  has  moved  to  the  pe&ol  (from  which  it  had  been  removed  in  l.jitK), 
and  why  Laguna  had  moved  near  to  Acoma.  It  also  is  implied  that  the  gov. 
h:id  ill  his  eiitrada  visited  other  pueblos  besides  Cia.  I  confess  that  these  doc. 
are  very  mysterious  to  me;  and  Icannot  imagine  why  the  gov.  on  such  an  occa- 
sion at  El  Paso,  on  the  testimony  of  a  captive  that  the  rebels  were  disposed 
to  submit,  should  have  troubled  himself  to  fix  the  town  limits. 

Davis,  3;}6,  found  in  the  archives  the  foundation  for  a  very  unintelligible 
story,  to  the  eflfect  that  Cruzat  was  accompanied  by  R«nero8  and  Juan  de 
Ofi;ite-  '0.  took  with  him  70  Franciscan  friars,  among  whom  was  one  Mar- 
cos de  Niza  (!),  a  native  of  the  province.  Tlie  latter  said  he  had  made  a  visit 
to  Ziifii,  called  the  buffalo  prov.,  during  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  At  the  first 
arrival  of  himself  and  people  in  N.  Mex.  the  mhab.  were  much  surprised, 
being  astonished  at  seeing  white  men,  and  at  first  believed  them  to  be  gods, 
and  reported  them  as  such.  After  the  surprise  had  worn  off,  a  cruel  war 
broke  out,  the  gov.  and  most  of  the  priests  being  killed,  a  few  only  escaping 
to  tlie  pueblo  of  El  Paso.  Among  those  who  escaped  was  a  Iran,  friar,  vho 
went  to  Mex.  and  carried  with  him  an  image  of  our  lady  of  Macana,  which 
was  [ireserved  for  a  long  time  in  the  convent  of  that  city.'  On  this  image  of 
Nra  >Sra  de  la  Macana  we  have  a  MS.  in  Papeles  de  JctuiUtx,  no.  10,  written 
in  1754,  which  tells  us  that  in  the  great  N.  Mex.  revolt  of  '83  ('80)  a  chief 
raisud  liis  macana  and  cut  off  the  head  of  an  image  of  Our  Lady.  Blood 
flowed  from  the  wound;  the  devil  (7)  hanged  the  impious  wretch  to  a  tree; 
but  tlie  image  was  venerated  in  Mex.  for  many  years. 

'"A.  Mex.,  Lid.,  MS.,  16-23.     Order  of  Sept.  13,  '89. 


IM 


A  DECADE  OP  FREEDOM. 


Before  the  king  heard  of  Cruzat's  zeal  and  success, 
he  had  appointed  as  his  successor  Diego  de  Vargas 
Zapata  Lujan  Ponce  de  Leon.  In  later  orders  of 
July  IfiOl,  he  instructed  the  viceroy  that  if  Vargas 
had  not  taken  possession  of  the  office,  or  if  he  was  not 
ruling  successfully,  he  was  to  be  given  another  good 
place  and  Cruzat  retained  as  governor;  but  Vargas 
had  begun  to  rule  early  in  1691,  and  Cruzat  was  a  few 
years  later  made  governor  of  Sonora.'^  In  the  orders 
to  which  I  have  alluded,  the  king  consented  to  raise 
the  pay  of  the  presidio  soldiers  from  315  to  450  pesos 
per  year,  declined  to  sanction  the  abandonment  of  the 
El  Paso  garrison,  and  suggested  that  Cia  might  be  a 
better  site  than  Santa  Fe  for  the  proposed  restoration 
of  the  Spanish  villa. 

»'iV.  Mex.,  Cidulua,  MS.,  23-8;  Mange,  Hist.  Pim.,  228-9. 


CHAPTER  X. 

RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEfJO  DE  VARfJAS. 

1692-1700. 

AiTnoRmRs — Entrada  of  1692 — Otjcupation  of  Santa  Vi — A  Bloodlf-ss 
Campaign  -  TuPATtJ's  Efforts  —  Submission  of  tub  Pueblos— To 
AcoMA,  Zdni,  and  Moqui— Quicksilver — Return  to  El  Paso — 
Entrada  of  1693 — Cool  Reception — Battle  with  the  Tanos  at 
Santa  Fe — Seventy  Caitives  Shot— Four  Hundrkd  Slaves — Events 
OF  1C94 — The  Mesa  of  San  Ildefonso — Founding  of  La  Canada- 
Rumors  OF  Trouble — A  Famine — Revolt  of  1696— Massacre  of 
Fuiars  and  Settlers — A  New  Reconquest — Governor  Var<jas 
Succeeded  by  Cubero  in  1697 — A  Bitter  Quarrel — Chahues  of 
Tuic  Cabildo — Vargas  in  Prison — Events  of  1698-1700 — The  Moquis 
— The  French — The  Pecos. 


Records  of  the  reconquest,  with  its  various  entradas 
ami  conipUcations  down  to  the  end  of  the  century,  are 
comparatively  complete  and  satisfactory,  containing 
naturally  a  large  mass  of  petty  though  not  uninter- 
esting detail  that  cannot  be  compressed  within  the 
limits  of  a  chapter.'     The  new  governor  and  captain- 

'  The  printed  A  rcfiivo  de  ^.  Mex.  (see  bibliog.  note  on  p.  20  of  this  vol. ) 
is  the  most  complete  authority;  but  of  the  MS.  Archivode  Sta  Fi,  from  wliich 
thu  former  was  <lrawu  in  the  last  century,  large  fragments  still  exist  and 
have  been  consulted  by  me.  They  were  also  consulted,  when  probably  less 
imperfuct  than  now,  but  with  too  little  care  in  some  matters,  by  Davis,  Sjtan. 
I'uiiij.,  Xm  et  seq.,  whose  record  ends  practically  with  '96,  and  who  lias  been 
followed  more  or  less  closely  by  Prince  and  otber  late  writers.  Another 
excellent  and  contemporary  versicm,  founded  of  course  on  the  same  doc, 
or  Vargas*  reports  to  Alexico,  is  Siij'uenza  y  Gdti(/orn,  Mnrurio  Voldiite,  con  la 
(Ic  hi  nciiperiicion  de,  Uis  provinciaa  del  Nwvo  Meu-iro,  cotwteimida  por  Don  Dietjo 
(If  V((rij(w,  etc.,  written  by  order  of  the  viceroy  Conde  de  Ualve,  and  printed 
at  Mexico  1693.  It  contains  a  brief  summary,  of  no  special  value,  of  the 
iliscovery,  conquest,  and  revolt  of  N.  Mex.  I  have  not  seen  the  original 
jiiiiit,  but  have  a  MS,  copy  in  N.  Mex.,  Doc.  //m<.,  .'581-661.  Escalante,  in 
lii-i  Carht,  123-4,  brings  the  record,  with  few  details,  down  to  the  end  of  Sept. 
lii'.l'J.  Sigiienza,  Carta  ai  Almirante,  MS.,  6-7,  mentions  the  subject.  As  to 
uiiduellaueous  references  on  the  reconquest,  except  such  as  I  may  have  occa- 

(197) 


•Vi 


Ill 


m 


198 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


general  had  been  selected  with  special  reference  to  the 
reujaining  of  New  Mexico ;  but  on  account  of  troubles 
with  the  Sunias  and  other  tribes  nearer  El  Paso,  over 
a  year  passed  away  before  Vargas  could  give  his 
attention  to  the  far  north.  Then  so  great  was  his 
impatience  that  he  did  not  await  the  arrival  of  a 
reenforcement  of  fifty  men  from  Parral  assigned  to 
this  campaign  by  the  viceroy,  but  leaving  a  note,  in 
which  he  informed  the  conde  de  Galve  that  he  pre- 
ferred "antes  incurrir  en  la  nota  de  osado  que  en  la 
de  receloso,"  he  set  out  from  El  Paso  on  August  2 1 , 
1G92,  with  a  force  of  60  soldiers  and  100  Indian 
auxiliaries,  accompanied  also  by  padres  Francisco  Cor- 
vera,  Miguel  Muniz,  ar.d  Crist6bal  Alonso  Barroso.^ 
The  march  up  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  was 
uneventful ;  all  the  pueblos  up  to  Sandfa,  as  we  have 
seen,  had  been  destroyed  years  before ;  and  no  Indians 
were  seen.  On  the  9th  of  September  the  baggage 
was  left  at  the  Hacienda  de  Mejia  ,with  a  small  guard 
under  Captain  Rafael  Tellez;  Santo  Domingo  and 
Cochitf  were  found  entirely  abandoned;  and  at  dawn 
on  the  13th  Don  Diego's  little  army  appeared  before 
Santa  ^^c,  surrounding  the  town  and  cutting  off  botli 
the  water  supply  and  all  communication  with  the  out- 
side. Here  the  Tanos  of  Galistco  v^ere  strongly 
fortified,  but  were  apparently  taken  by  surprise.  At 
first  they  were  defiant,  and  declared  they  would  per- 
ish rather  than  yield  to  the  invaders,  or  rather,  that 
they  would  kill  all  the  Spaniards,  with  any  cov,- 
ardly  natives  who  might  join  their  country's  foes. 
But'  Vargas  and  the  friars,  while  preparing  "like 
brave  moii  and  zealous  Christians  for  battle,"  also  re- 
newed their  ofters  of  pardon  for  past  offences  and  th<ir 
entreaties  for  peaceful  submission;  and  before  niu:Iit 

sion  to  cito  on  special  topics  in  the  following  paecs,  there  is  no  occasion  to 
say  more  than  that  many  of  tlie  works  citeil  in  the  preceding  chapter  ini  the 
revolt  contain  also  brief  mention  of  succeedintr  »*vent8  to  1700. 

''  Vargas  in  a  letter  says  he  started  Auj,.  :ilst,  his  force  at  Sta  Ti  licing 
40  >^-  •".  and  50  Iml. ;  while  SigUenza  notes  that  14  Span,  and  50  Iml.  w. n- 
lett  with  the  l>aggnge  at  Mejia.  Davis  aays  the  force  was  200  H^mi.  ami 
less  than  100  lud. 


SANTA  Ffi  REOCCUPIED. 


IN 


tlic  natives  yielded  without  a  blow.  Next  day  they 
wore  properly  lectured  and  formally  absolved  from 
their  apostasy;  children  were  presented  for  baptism, 
ami  thus  Santa  Fe  became  once  more  a  loyal  Spanish 
villa.' 

Don  Luis  Tupatii,  the  most  ]>owerful  of  the  rebel 
cliieftains  since  the  death  of  Pope  and  Catiti,  ])res- 
<  ntly  made  his  appearance  on  horseback,  clad  in  Span- 
isli  costume,  to  tender  his  allegiance  and  that  of  the 
Tclmas.  He  said  the  Pecos,  Queres,  Jemes,  and 
Taos  had  refused  to  recognize  his  authority  and  might 
resist  the  Spaniards;  but  he  offered  to  accompany  the 
governor  on  his  tour,  and  aid  him  to  the  best  of  his 
ability.  The  fifty  soldiers  from  Parral  arrived  on 
tht>  2 1st,  and  joined  Vargas  at  Gal'steo,  Pecos  was 
abandoned  by  the  inhabitants,  who  in  five  days  could 
not  be  induced  to  return,  though  a  few  were  captured, 
and  released  bearing  offers  of  peace  and  pardon. 
]{eturning  to  Santa  ¥6,  Vargas  ^^tarted  for  the  north 
on  the  29th,  visiting  all  the  pueblos  in  that  direction.* 
The  people  took  their  dose  of  absolution  with  a  good 
grace.  Those  of  Taos  ran  away  at  first,  but  were 
soon  induced  by  Tupatii  to  return;  and  they  soon 
revealed  a  plot  of  the  hostile  nations  to  attack  the 
S[ianiards  from  an  ambush ;  but  also  joined  the  gov- 
ernor's force  in  considerable  ruimbers,  as  did  those  of 
oilier  pueblos,  to  act  as  warriors  or  messengers  of 
peace,  as  occasion  might  demand.  Returning  to  Santa 
Fe  on  October  15th,  Vargas  wrote  next  day  a  report 
to  the  viceroy,  announcing  that  he  had  "concjuered 
for  the  human  and  divine  majesties  "  all  the  i)ueblos 
for  36  leagues,  baptizing  nearly  1,000  children  born 

'There  is  no  foundation  whatever  for  the  bloody  battle  lasting  all  il:iy, 
or  tlie  allied  rebels  gathering  for  the  defence  of  Sta  Fe,  as  narrated  !)y  Davis 
aiiil  Prince.     There  was  no  blood  shed  duriitg  all  this  cainimign  of  lOtl'i. 

*S.  Cristdbal,  S.  L&zaro,  Tesuque,  Nanibe,  Cuyanimiquo  (?),  .Jacoiia, 
Pujuaque,  S.  Ildefonso,  Sta  Clara,  S.  Juan,  Picurfea,  and  laos  arc  named. 
A  fra(,'inent  of  the  original  MS.,  Van/as,  Reconquutti  de  N.  Mex.,  IIS-IU,  in 
till'  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  records  this  northern  tour,  and  t>n  foUowinj^  pa^'cs  later 
dcvi'loptiicnts  are  recorded.  As  a  rnle  I  shall  not  refer  to  these  original  frag- 
luuats  unless  they  contain  something  not  in  the  priutod  version. 


ir< 


U 


200 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIBOO  DE  VARGAS. 


U  :t: 


M 


in  rebellion.  To  hold  the  province  for  the  kin^^  he 
must  have  100  soldiers  and  50  families;  and  he  ret-om- 
mended  the  sendin<;  of  convict  mechanics  from  Mexi- 
can jails  to  serve  as  teachers  and  search  for  metals  '■^ 

Next  Pecos  submitted  on  the  17th;  but  Galisteo 
and  San  Mdrcos  were  found  deserted  Tlie  people  of 
Cochiti,  San  Felipe,  and  San  Mdrcos"  were  found 
toj^ether,  and  persuaded  on  the  20th  to  reoccupy  their 
pueblos.  Those  of  Cia  and  Santa  Ana  had  built  a 
new  pueblo  on  the  Cerro  Colorado  four  leap^ues  from 
the  old  Cia;  and  those  of  Jemes  and  Santo  Domingo, 
with  a  few  Apaches,  were  in  another  three  leagues 
from  the  old  Jemes.  All  submitted  after  some  sliglit 
hostile  demonstrations  on  the  part  cf  the  Jenus. 
Cold  weather  and  snow  had  now  become  troublesome ; 
and  on  the  27th,  from  the  Hacienda  de  Mejia,  Vargas 
despatched  for  El  Paso  his  artillery,  disabled  horses, 
Indian  auxiliaries,  ten  settlers,  and  a  party  of  rescued 
captives/  with  an  escort  of  soldiers.  A  junta  voted 
to  postpone  the  completion  of  the  campaign  to  another 
year,  but  the  leader  refused  his  asseiit. 

Marching  on  the  30th  the  army  of  89  men  reached 
Acoma  on  November  Sd.**  The  people  were  ready 
for  defence,  slow  to  believe  they  would  be  pardoned, 


"Vargas'  letter  of  Oct.  16,  1892,  in  ArcL  N.  Ilex.,  129;  also  \n  Arch.  Stn 
Fi.  Tlio  gov.  is  about  to  start  to  coiiquer  the  ruinaiuiiig  pueblos  ami  in 
look  after  the  quicksilver  mine.  The  inuasengur  bearing  the  letter  reacluil 
Mex.  Nov.  21at,  and  next  day  there  w;i8  a  great  celebration  of  tlio  victoiv, 
tlie  cathedral  being  illuuiinated  by  the  viceroy's  order.  Rohlea,  Diario,  117; 
Zaniaco'iJi,  Hist.  Mej.,  v.  408;  Si<jUeiiza,  Merc,  Vol.,  MS.,  C31.  Davis  sajs 
that  5()»  faniilies  were  demanded, 

*  S.  Marcos  was  3  1.  from  Galisteo. 

'Ace.  to  Arrh.  A''.  Mex.,  132,  there  were  43  of  these  captives.  In  the 
Arch.  Sill  Fi!  it  is  stated  tliat  tliey  numbered  1 7  males  and  40  fcuialos.  Si- 
gileuza  gives  tlio  number  as  CO  at  this  time,  but  in  all  77.  They  were  (iir- 
sons -mo.stly  half-breed  or  Ind.  servants,  and  incluilin;^  no  S[)an.  exoept  a 
few  women,  witli  the  children  they  had  borne  in  oapt.vity — that  had  hrt'ii 
held  by  the  rebels  sini'o  lt»8().  Davis  gives  a  list  of  some  of  the  women  :mil 
c'.iildren,  28  in  all,  whom  he  calls  prisoners,  but  cannot  understand  for  wliui 
fllfence. 

" Route  from  Hac.  de  Mejia:  Isleta  5  1. ;  Rio  Puerco  (perhaps  the  earliist 
mention  of  this  name  in  Arc/u  SUi  Fd,  M.">.);  the  Laguna  and  Arroyo  de  S. 
Felipe  are  named  between  the  Puerco  iind  El  Pozo)  7  1. ;  El  Pozo  111.;  Acnina 
1  1.;  R.  Naoimionto  or  t'uboro  5  I.;  Ojo  del  Nacimiento  3  I. ;  Kl  Morro  II  1  ; 
Ojito  de  Zuai  (i  1.;  Mesa  du  (ialisteu  4  I.  (Zuili).  UigUeuzj,  calls  tlie  tlitl 
Caipiinia. 


lUil 


AT  ZUSi  AND  MOQUL 


201 


\h.  SUi 
tail   til 

Ictcii-y, 

p,  117; 

says 

tn  the 

Si- 
I'l;  \iir- 
I'l'lit  a 
1  lii-eil 
111  :ii»l 
wluii 

[arlicst 

ik  S. 

|;VfoMia 

111: 

0  aiir 


and  fearful  of  being  killed  for  past  offences;  they 
%visl)ed  Vargas  to  pass  on  to  Zuiii,  and  give  them  time 
for  dehberation;  but  finally  they  yielded  to  persuasion, 
aiul  the  governor,  padres,  and  fifteen  men  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  penol  summit,  where  the  ceremonies 
of  submission  were  performed,  and  87  children  Ijap- 
tizt'd  on  the  4th.  At  Zufii  the  inhabitants  were 
found  to  have  left  their  old  pueblo  and  built  a  new 
OIK!  on  a  lofty  mesa."  Here  the  Apaches  made  a 
(lash,  and  drove  off  a  band  of  the  Spaniards'  cattle; 
hut  Zuni  was  restored  to  loyalty  and  faith  on  the 
11th,  about  300  children  being  baptized.  Here  the 
sacred  vessels  and  all  the  property  of  the  martyr  mis- 
sionaries had  been  carefully  preserved,  and  in  one 
room  were  found  candles  burning  on  a  kind  of  altar, 
this  being  the  oidy  pueblo  that  for  the  past  twelve 
yours  had  shown  the  slightest  respect  for  Christianity. 
Finally,  having  left  a  guard  at  Zuni,  Vargas  went 
on  to  the  Moqui  towns,  arriving  at  Aguatuvi  on  the 
I'Jtli.'"  The  Moquis,  having  been  advised  by  the 
Navajos  not  to  trust  the  Spaniards,  came  out  in  hos- 
tile attitude  700  or  800  strong,  but  the  chief  ^ligutl 
Avas  w  11  disposed,  his  people  required  but  little  p<r- 
fsuusion,  and  the  invaders  were  ceremoniouslv  wel- 
coined  on  the  20th.  Miguel  said  the  c>ther  pueblos 
were  hostile,  yet  they  all  submitted  without  irsistance 
(•xcei)t  Oraibe,  which  was  not  visited.  These  |)eoplo 
had  a  kind  of  nivjtallic  substance,  which  was  said  to 
(•OHIO  from  a  Cerro  Colorado  across  the  great  river. 
The  indications  seemed  to  point  to  a  quicksilver  mine, 
and  spociinens  were   brought  away  for  the  viceroy. 

'  Tlii.-i  may  tlirow  some  doubt  on  tlio  antiquity  of  the  niin.s  known  as  Old 
Ziu'ii.  On  tliu  Morro,  or  Iniscription  Rock,  i.s  iuHcribt'il:  '  Hero  wa.s  (m  ii.  it. 
Ilii-d  du  Vargas,  wiio  eonijuurod  tor  our  Holy  Faitli  anil  for  tliu  royal  crown 
all  New  Mexico  at  his  own  cost  in  tiie  year  l(i!t2. '  C'oiiioil  in  SiinpKon'n  Jdhi:, 
\i\  71;  hut  S.'s  translation  is  inaccurate,  and  that  of  Doniencch,  J>iscrt.'<,  i. 
41  li,  i-i  still  more  so. 

' '  Itimte:  Zufli,  Vila  Hinin,  to  a  waterless  7«wi/p,  0  1.,  l."»tli;  Aj,'uage  del  Kn- 
ti'rtiiiiiiiiento,  G  1.,  Kith;  Chupaderos,  1)  1.,  17th;  Magdalena  (only  in  MS.), 
l'^!!i;  S.  Hernardo  de  Ai^uatuvi,  10  1.,  lilth;  S.  Bernardino  Cualjii.  'J'Jd;  S. 
Uueii.  do  Mossaquavi  (or  Moxiouavi),  '2'2d;  S.  Boruabo  Jougopavi  (or  Xoni- 
iiiaii.ivi),  23d. 


't 


^'■^f'  ' 


li' 


If*''- 


m 


w 


202 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


The  horses  were  in  bad  condition,  some  alarming  re- 
ports of  Apache  raids  came  from  Captain  Tellez,  and 
Vargas  returned  to  Zuni,  whence  the  whole  army 
soon  started  for  the  east  and  south."  On  the  way 
there  occurred  two  attacks  by  Apaches,  who  wounded 
a  soldier  and  secured  some  horses;  but  one  of  the  gen- 
tiles was  caught,  exhorted,  baptized,  and  shot;  Var- 
gas reached  El  Paso  on  December  20th;  and  Captain 
Koque  de  Madrid  two  days  later  with  the  rear-guard 
of  the  army.  Thus  ended  Vargas'  first  entrada,  in 
which,  without  shedding  a  drop  of  blood  except  in 
conflicts  with  Apaches,  he  had  received  the  nominal 
submission  of  all  the  rebel  pueblos,  while  the  friars 
had  baptized  2,214  children.*^ 

New  Mexican  submission  was  as  yet  but  a  formality, 
as  no  Spaniards  had  remained  in  the  north.  On 
receipt  of  Vargas'  letter  of  October  1G92,  the  viceroy 
and  his  advisers  decided  to  supply  the  soldiers  and 
families  asked  for;"  but  a  little  time  was  required  to 
fit  out  the  colony,  and  the  governor,  as  before,  started 
before  the  reenforcement  came.  With  about  100 
soldiers,  having  collected  all  the  volunteer  settlers  and 
families  he  could  at  El  Paso  and  in  Nueva  Vizcava 
70  families  with  over  800  persons  in  all — he  set  out  (Ui 
the  13th  of  October,  1693,'*  accompanied  by  seventeen 

"The  deserted  pueblo  of  Alona  was  left  on  Nov.  29th.  The  route  fnuii 
the  Morro  to  Soeorro  seeins  to  have  been  a  new  and  direct  one  to  tlio  s. 
of  Acoma.  The  itinerary  is  given.  On  the  Sierra  ilo  Magdalena  the  ruins  vi 
an  ancient  pueblo  were  found.  The  sierras  of  S.iiulia,  Salinas,  and  Lailronts 
are  named  as  seen.  1  he  whole  distance  was  l."(il.  This  ends  the 'J. I  cin- 
dorno  of  Vargas  in  the  Arch.  A*".  Affx.,  137.  Of  tlie  orij^inal  in  the  Airh.  Sli 
F<i  there  is  fol.  118-238  of  the  Iivmm/ui.-<tu  de  Viir(ja.i,  with  some  gaps. 

'■^Simpson,  Jour.,  22,  gives  a  tradition  of  the  Jemes  about  a  figlit  with  tlie 
Span.,  ail  apparition  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  and  a  dispersion  of  the  trlie. 
Frujes,  Hist.  Breve,  146,  and  Pino,  L'xj)os.,  5,  A'oticUiti,  2,  0,  relate  th;it  S. 
Juan  and  Pecos  remained  faithful  and  greatly  aided  V^argas.  This  itlea  it- 
appears  in  various  forms  and  places,  but  has  apparently  no  foundation  in  fart 
On  Dec.  27th  Gov.  V.  formally  delivered  to  the  president  of  the  missionarii.s 
the  Christian  relics  found  at  Zuili.  Arch.  Sta  Fe,  MS.  P.  Joaquin  de  Hiim- 
josa  was  now  vice-custodio. 

'^Letter  of  viceroy  to  Gov.  V.  Sept.  4,  1093,  stating  tliat  lie  h.id  ohtiiiail 
GOi  families,  agj^regating  235  persons,  whom  well  supplied  for  the  jourmy,  lie 
had  sent  to  El  Paso.  Ong.  MS.  of  the  Phiart  <  'ol. 

"Sept.  20th  V.  issues  a  baudo,  making  known  the  viceroy's  order  tliat 


SECOND  EXPEDITION  OP  VARGAS. 


203 


friars  under  Padre  Salvador  de  San  Antonio  as  cus- 
todio.  Preparations  being  inadequate,  progress  was 
slow,  and  30  persons  died  on  tlie  way  from  hunger 
and  exposure.  The  start  was  in  three  divisions. 
]jioutenant-general  Luis  Granillo  was  second  in  com- 
mand, and  Captain  Juan  Paez  Hurtado  had  special 
charge  of  the  colonists. ^^  From  the  deserted  hacienda 
of  Lopez,  near  Socorro,  Vargas  had  to  press  on  in  ad- 
vance with  his  soldiers,  leaving  the  colonists  to  strug- 
gle forward  as  best  they  could.  Details  of  the  march 
j)ri!sont  little  of  interest. ^^  At  the  pueblos  the  Span- 
iards were  received  without  opposition,  but  with  more 
or  less  coolness.  Some  leading  men  said  the  people 
wore  afraid  of  being  killed,  founding  their  fears  on  a 
pretended  statement  of  an  interpreter  during  the  pre- 
ceding visit.  There  were  signs  of  trouble,'^  but  the 
army  was  joined  by  the  lagging  immigrants,  and  on 
December  IGth,  under  Onate's  original  banner,  made 
a  triumphal  entry  into  Santa  Fe. 

The  Tanos  inhabitants  of  the  villa  were  polite  but 
not  enthusiastic;  and  the  army  encamped  outside  to 
avoid  a  rupture.  San  Felipe,  Santa  Ana,  and  Cia 
wt'io  reported  friendly,  but  the  rest  only  awaited  an 
op|)()rtunity  for  hostility — except  Pecos,  which  kept 
its  promise  of  the  year  before,  revealed  the  plans  of 
the  iiialecontents,  and  even  offered  aid.     Vargas  sent 

the  100  soldiers  recruited  by  V.  for  the  Sta  Fo  presidio,  and  all  the  original 
vcfiiios  of  Sta  Fe  v:,w  ut  Kl  Paso,  should  go  to  the  north.  Air/i.  Sid  t'i\  MIS. 
I;i  the  later  proceedings  against  V.  in  1(398  in  the  same  Arch.,  it  apj)uar.s  that  he 
t'lilisteil  the  men  without  expense  to  tlie  treasury,  by  advancing  ^150  to  each, 
to  \w  deducted  from  his  later  pay.  It  is  also  stateil  that  he  abtained  at  Zaca- 
tc'cas,  Sonibrorete,  and  Fresnillo  about  27  families  of  '  viudas  viejas,  negras, 
cuycitiis,  y  lobas.'  Ace.  to  tlie  Arrh.  N.  Mex.,  1.3,  Davis,  37.'l-85,  makes  the 
stirt  (lu  Oct.  11th,  and  the  force  1,.300. 

'■'OtliLT  prominent  officers  were  captains  Roquc  de  Madrid,  Jose  Arias, 
Aatoiiio  .Jor;,'u,  Lazaro  de  Mis([Ufa,  Ratael  Telle/.  J  iron,  .Juan  du  iJios  Lucero 
ilcdoiloy,  Fernando  Duran  y  ( 'havez.  Adj. -gen.  Diego  Varcla,  Adj.  Fran,  do 
Aiiay;i  xMniiizan,  sergt.  ami  sec.  Juan  Uuiz.  Alfonso  lliiel  do  Aguilar  and 
Aiit(iiii(»  Valverde  figure  a*  civil  and  mil.  sec.  in  16U3. 

'"The  authority  is  the  .Sd  and  following  cuadcrnos  of  Vargas  in  the  An-li. 
X.  Mix.:  aljo  fragments  of  each  cuaderno  and  a  few  detached  doc.  in  the 
Ari'h.  StiFi',  MS.,  the  latter  followed  as  before,  sometimes  closely  and  ac- 
cu.-atily,  sometimes  carelessl}-,  by  Davis. 

'•  There  was  also  some  <lisc(>ntent  in  the  ranks.  A  corporal  and  several 
soKliurs  deserted  and  started  for  El  Paso  on  Dec.  3d.  Arch,  Sta  Fe,  MS. 


I  m 


5: 


IB 

' 

1 

904 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VAROAS. 


out  many  parties  to  reconnoitre,  but  the  Indians, 
though  not  very  liberal  with  their  corn,  protessecl 
friendshii),  and  in  turn  sent  their  chiefs  to  Santa  Fo. 
])uring  their  visit,  Captain  Arias  of  the  rear-guard 
arriving,  the  governor  announced  the  receipt  of  news 
tiiat  200  soldiers  were  on  the  way  to  New  Mexico. 
This  made  a  good  impression,  and  a  quantity  of  food 
was  obtained.  But  the  Tanos  soon  began  to  sliow 
their  independence  by  declining  to  furnish  corn  or  to 
bring  timber  with  which  to  repair  the  San  Miguel 
chapel.  They  offered,  however,  an  estufa — (juite 
good  enough  they  said  for  divine  service  until  warm 
weather  should  come. 

Then  the  Picurfes  and  others  bethought  them  of  a 
device  to  scatter  the  Spanish  force,  becoming  much 
concerned  for  their  own  spiritual  welfare,  and  askiiii; 
for  an  immediate  distribution  of  the  padres.  On 
December  18th,  Padre  San  Antonio  and  his  compan- 
ions presented  a  formal  protest  against  the  distribu- 
tion. While  ready  to  sacrifice  their  lives  for  the  faith, 
they  were  not  willing  to  go  rashly  and  needlessly  to 
sure  death.'**  The  governor  acceded  to  their  views. 
Another  petition  of  the  colonists,  through  their  cal)il(l(», 
represented  that  they  Wore  suffering  from  cold  by 
reason  of  insufficient  shelter,  twenty-two  chikhvn 
having  died  within  a  few  days,  and  asked  tliat  the 
Tanos  be  persuaded  or  forced  to  vacate  the  casas  ivahs 
and  dwellings  of  the  villa  in  favor  of  the  rightful  own- 
ers.     Though  dreading  a  conflict,  the  governor  was 

'"Dec.  18th,  petition  of  the  friars  iu  Arch.  X.  Mix.,  142-3.  It  is  M.  h/ 
of  tliu  original  MS.;  but  only  f«l.  37-71)  of  this  cuailorno  atill  exist  in  lliu 
Arrli.  Shi  /'V,  MS.  Tlie  friars  who  signed  were  as  follows:  Salv.  tie  S.  Antonio, 
Juan  Z.ivaleta,  Francisco  Corvera  (the  name  seems  to  he  Cervera  in  MS.  luc- 
onls  of  the  entrada  of  'i(2),  Juan  Alpuente,  Juan  Ant.  del  ("orral,  Juan  .Muik'z 
de  C;i3tro,  Antonio  Obrcgon,  Juan  Daza,  Buenaventura  C'ontreras,  Aiitoiiin 
Carhonel,  Jose  Narvaez  Valverde,  Diego  Zcinos  (sec.),  Fran,  de  Jesus  M.irKi 
CasaAes,  Gerdniuio  I'rieto,  Antonio  Bahanionde,  Donungo  de  Jesus  Muna, 
and  Jose  Diez.  The  last  5— with  3  otliers,  Miguel  Tricio  (or  Tirsn).  ^x^i 
Garcfa,  and  Bliuj  Nav.arro,  who  perhaps  arrived  a  little  later — were  fnnii  tlu' 
college  of  Sta  Cruz  de  Quoretaro  (tlie  rest  being  of  the  Prov.  del  Sto  I'.viin- 
g.'lio,  Mex.),  who  came  to  N.  Mex.  in  "03  and  departed  about  '%,  all  but  liiiu, 
who  'rubried  con  su  sangre  la  fe  (|ue  predicaba.  J?((2«/jo,'itt,  Chroii.,  9-,  -S--*! 
ArrkivUa,  Vron.  Seni/.,  17C,  199-200. 


A  BATTLE  AT  SANTA  ?t. 


205 


o1)lifjcd  to  call  a  junta  dc  gucrra,  which  decided  that 
tiic  Tiinos  must  be  transferred  to  their  old  pueblo  of 
(icalisteo.  The  natives  had  attributed  Spanish  for- 
bearance to  fear;  speakers  in  their  juntas  had  urged 
war,  claiming  that  the  invaders  were  few  and  weak, 
thi'ir  governor  an  embnutero,  and  the  story  of  approach- 
in<<"  rcenforcements  a  lie.  The  order  to  (juit  the  villa 
brought  matters  to  a  crisis.  On  December  2Hth  the 
Tanos  closed  the  entrance  to  tlie  plaza  and  pre[)art.'d 
for  defence.  Summoned  to  surrender,  they  demanded 
a  (lay  f  )r  deliberation,  and  then,  with  sliouts  of  insult, 
proclaiuKHl  their  purpose  to  resist.  El  Demonio  they 
said  t'ould  do  more  for  tliem  than  God  or  Marfa;  the 
Christians  would  be  defeated,  reduced  to  servitude, 
and  finally  killed.  - 

])()n  Diego  caused  prayers  to  be  read  for  his  kneel- 
ing soldiers,  raised  the  virgin's  picture  on  the  battle 
Hag,  and  then  the  army,  shouting  praises  to  the  Santo 
Sacramento,  rushed  in  two  divisions  upon  the  capital. 
This  was  on  the  29th,  and  the  conflict  lasted  all  day. 
Arrows,  stones,  and  boiling  water  rained  upon  the 
assailants  from  defensive  works  erected  by  the  Span- 
iards years  ago.  At  last  the  plaza  gate  was  burned 
and  the  new  estufa  captured ;  but  Tehua  reiinforce- 
monts  a[)pearcd.  Twice  did  the  cavalry  charge  and 
scatter  this  new  foe,  but  night  had  come  and  Varuas 
could  do  no  more  than  prevent  the  interference  of  the 
enemy  from  abnmd.  Next  morning  the  besieged  sur- 
rendered, their  h)sses  being  severe  and  their  wounded 
governor  having  hanged  himself.  Seventy  surviving 
warriors — only  nine  having  been  killed  in  the  fight  — 
iiK'lutling  Antonio  Bolsas,  their  leading  spirit,  vvere 
immediately  shot,  after  an  exhortation  to  penitence 
W  Father  Alpuente.  The  women  and  children,  400 
ill  number,  were  distributed  as  'hostages,'  to  serve 
until  tlie  viceroy  should  decide  tlie'r  fate — that  is, 
they  were  made  slaves.^'  This  en^oa  the  year  1093 
ill  New  Mexico. 

"Tilt!  Pecos  aidei?  the  Spaniiinls,  having  5  killed,  and  this  i»  the  founda- 
tion ot  the  current  rumcr  that  they  were  faithful  from  'SO.    Davia  says  noth- 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


!»'    S 


■I 


J  : 


The  Spaniards  had  now  better  protection  from  the 
cold  and  from  the  foe  in  the  dwellings  and  fortifica- 
tions of  the  villa;  moreover,  they  had  acquired  slaves 
and  a  large  quantity  of  corn;  yet  their  prospects  as 
colonists  were  gloomy,  as  their  occupation  was  limited 
to  Santa  Fe;  all  beyond  was  hostile,  raids  on  the 
ctittle  were  frequent,  arms  were  broken,  and  ammuni- 
tion was  scarce.  The  season  was  not  favorable  for 
offensive  operations  with  so  small  a  force.  Pecos, 
Cia,  Santa  Ana,  and  San  Felipe  remained  friendly, 
but  had  all  they  could  do  to  defend  themselves  against 
their  angry  neighbors.  Early  in  January  Juan  Ye, 
chief  of  the  Pecos,  applied  for  aid  against  the  rebels 
and  Apaches,  and  Captain  Madrid  was  sent  out  with 
thirty  men;  but  it  proved  to  be  a  false  alarm  invented 
to  test  the  sincerity  of  Spanish  promises.  On  the  9th 
Vargas  marched  with  ninety  men  to  the  abandoned 
pueblos  of  Tesuque  and  Namb^,  and  thence  to  the 
mesa  of  San  Ildefonso,  where  the  Tehuas  of  these 
three  towns  and  of  Pujuaque,  Cuyamanque,  Santa 
Clara,  and  Jacona,  with  the  Tanos  of  San  Cristobal 
and  San  Lazaro,  were  encamped.  They  promised  to 
come  to  the  villa  and  make  peace,  but  this  was  only 
a  device  to  gain  time  for  a  junction  with  the  Jenies, 
Picuries,  Taos,  and  others. 

On  the  23d  there  came  the  viceroy's  letter,  already 
mentioned,  sent  from  Cerro  Gordo  by  Padre  Fartan, 
the  procurador,  who  asked  for  an  escort  under  which 
to  send  up  his  colony  of  seventy  families  from  El  Paso. 
Vargas  in  reply  explained  the  impossibility  of  sparing 
an  escort,  and  urged  Farfan  to  come  on  to  Santa  Fe 
with  the  party,  at  the  game  time  sending  for  ammuni- 
tion.^" On  the  28th  he  marched  again  to  the  mesa 
with  offers  of  peace  and  pardon.    The  natives  professed 


f; 


ing  of  the  friars'  petition,  gives  the  date  of  assault  as  Dec.  26th,  says  the  native 
;ov.  was  hangea  by  the  Ind.,  and  puts  the  loss  at  160.     Arricivita,  Cnm., 
99-200,  gives  60  as  the  no.  executed,  and  says  that  60  of  the  women  and 
children  died  a  little  later  from  an  epidemic. 

'^*In  an  orig.  MS.  of  the  Pinart  Col.,  V.  seems  to  say  that  he  did  send  a 
euard,  and  that  they  had  a  fight  with  the  Apaches,  killing  two  and  captur- 
ing three,  who  were  shot. 


CONTINUED  HOSTILITIES. 


207 


repentance,  but  wished  the  governor  and  padre  to  come 
alone  and  receive  tJieir  submission,  beHeving  tliat  if 
they  could  kill  the  leader  the  rest  of  the  Spaniards 
would  leave  the  country.  Failing  in  this,  they  paid 
i!(i  heed  to  entreaties  or  threats,  and  Vargas  returned 
to  Santa  Fd.  C-^ptain  Madrid  attempted  to  get  mate- 
linl  for  balls  from  a  lead  mine  that  had  been  worked 
by  his  father  near  San  Marcos;  but  the  Indians  had 
filled  it  up.  Hostilities  now  became  frequent,  and 
through  messengers  sent  from  the  friendly  pueblos,  as 
from  occasional  captives,  always  questioned  and  shot, 
news  was  often  received  of  what  the  rebels  were  doing. 
It  seems  there  was  a  small  element  among  the  enemy 
favoring  surrender,  but  their  arguments  were  always 
answered  by  a  reference  to  the  seventy  Tanos  sliot 
after  the  taking  of  Santa  Fe.  Meanwhile,  efforts  were 
made  by  the  hostiles  to  get  aid  from  Acoma,  Zuni, 
and  Moqui,  and  to  form  alliances  with  Apache  bands. 
llakh  on  the  Spaniards'  live-stock  were  frequent,  and 
sometimes  slightly  successful  in  February ;  while  Var- 
gas, on  the  other  hand,  had  sent  out  various  raiding 
})arties,  taking  a  few  captives  and  obtaining  large  quan- 
tities of  maize  before  the  24th,  when  the  natives  be- 
gan to  destroy  all  the  supplies  they  could  not  remove."^ 
Late  in  February  the  governor,  resolving  on  a  vig- 
orous offensive  policy,  marched  with  about  100  sol- 
diers and  many  settlers  and  Indians  for  the  mesa  of 
San  Ildefonso.^^  Encamping  at  the  pueblo  of  that 
name,  he  sent  Captain  Madrid  across  to  the  west  bank 
of  the  Rio  Grande  to  reconnoitre  and  recover  stolen 
animals,  and  finally  began  the  attack  on  the  4th  of 
March,  his  two  pieces  of  artillery  bursting  at  the  first 
disoliarge.     Charging  up  the  hill  in  two  divisions,  the 

''^Arrh.  N.  Mex.,  149-52;  Vargas,  Campailas  de  '94,  MS.;  Arch.  hX  Fi, 
MS.     ])avis  has  nothing  of  events  in  Jan. -Feb. 

'^'' Ace.  to  Arch.  N.  Mex.,  152,  and  Arch.  Sta  Fe  (a  fragment  of  64  p.  of  a 
kitiil  of  diary  of  events),  the  btaru  v*ab  on  the  27th,  and  tlie  force  110  Span., 
I)esidf8  Ind.  In  his  Camjtailnx  de  '94 — an  orig.  MS.  report  to  the  viceroy  of 
events  from  Feb.  15th,  dated  June  2d  in  the  Pinart  Vol. — the  date  is  Feb, 
2oth  aiul  the  force  90.  Davis,  .386  et  seq.,  makes  the  start  in  March,  and  ia 
inaccurate  in  what  follows.     Most  details  are  omitted  by  me. 


t 


209 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEOO  DE  VAROAS. 


>t^A.: 


Spaniards  were  met  and  repulsed  in  a  fight  of  five 
hours,  fifteen  Indians  being  killed  and  twenty  Span- 
iards wounded,  eight  of  theni  seriously.  Obtaining 
reenf<»rcement8  and  sending  his  disabled  back  to  the 
villa,  Vargas  repeated  the  assault  on  the  llth,  fight- 
ing six  hours,  without  gaining  any  advantage.  Next 
night  the  Indians  came  down  and  made  an  attack,  but 
were  repulsed.  The  siege  was  continued  till  the  IDtli, 
and  then  abandoned  on  account  of  bad  weather,  dis- 
abled horses,  and  lack  of  ammunition.  The  army  rv- 
turned  to  Santa  Ft5,  having  killed  about  thirty  Indians, 
recovered  100  horses  and  mules,  and  taken  a  largo 
store  of  maize,  of  which  100  fanegas  were  sent  south 
for  the  approaching  families.^* 

The  friendly  Queres  now  asked  for  help  against  tlie 
rebels  of  Cochiti,  who  were  said  to  be  intrenched  with 
others  on  the  mesa  of  Cieneguilla,  and  to  be  plotting 
an  attack  on  the  Spaniards  and  their  allies.  Accord- 
ingly, Vargas  marched  on  April  12th,  joined  the 
Queres  under  Ojeda  of  Santa  Ana — the  man  already 
named  as  one  of  Governor  Cruzat's  captives  of  1C81), 
now  a  firm  friend  of  the  invaders'" — and  on  the  17tli 
defeated  the  foe  at  their  new  pueblo,  capturing  and 
shooting  thirteen  warriors,  besides  the  seven  killed  in 
battle,  taking  342  women  and  children,  with  70  horses 
and  900  sheep,  and  next  day  sending  a  provision  train 
with  a  guard  of  twenty  soldiers  to  the  villa,  where  on 
the  17tli  a  band  of  raiding  Tehuas  had  been  repulsed 
by  Lieutenant-general  Granillo.  The  governor  re- 
mained at  Cieneguilla  with  36  men;  and  the  natives 
were  now  very  penitent,  desiring  the  release  of  their 
women  and  children ;  but  Vargas  insisted  on  their  burn- 
ing the  new  pueblo,  and  returning  to  their  old  homo 

"March  30th,  V.  recVl  a  letter  from  Farfan,  and  the  supplies  started  Ajiril 
3d.  On  Api'il  3d  F.  wrote  again  from  Loa  Patos,  not  apparently  having 
reached  El  Paso.     P.  Buen.  Contreras  was  with  F.  Arch.  Sta  /V. 

"A  Zufli  chief  also  joined  V.  at  S.  Felipe  on  the  15th,  and  served  in  the 
exped.  He  was  friendly,  and  desired  aid  for  his  people  against  their  foes. 
V.  wished  the  Zuftis  to  move  to  some  of  the  abandoned  pueblos  on  tlie  Rii> 
(rrande,  and  the  chief  promised  to  consult  his  people  on  this  change.  ArcL 
Sta  F6,  MS. 


THE  WAR  CONTINUED. 


209 


at  Cochitf.  On  the  20th  or  21st  the  Spanish  camp  was 
Hudilonly  attacked,  and  150  of  the  captives  were  lost, 
two  soldiers  being  killed,  one  of  them  accidentally, 
and  Adjutant  Francisco  de  Anaya  Almazan  being 
drowned  a  few  days  later  in  crossing  the  river.  The 
mesa  pueblo  was  burned,  and  the  army  returned  to 
Santa  Fe  in  two  divisions  on  the  25th  and  27th.^^ 

hack  at  the  capital,  Don  Diego  gave  his  attention 
to  the  distribution  of  slaves  and  live-stock,  to  the  ap- 
])i)rti()innent  of  lands,  and  to  the  posting  of  guards,  and 
other  measures  to  protect  the  settlers  and  friendly 
natives  while  putting  in  their  crops.'^ 

On  the  21st  of  May  the  hostiles  of  fourteen  towns, 
or  six  nations,  made  a  raid  on  the  real  de  caballada, 
or  grazing  camp,  but  were  repulsed  by  the  guard ; " 
whereupon  Vargas  marched  to  the  mesa  of  San  II- 
defonso,  where  he  had  several  skirmishes,  taking  48 
animals  and  a  few  captives,  and  returning  to  Santa  Fe. 
The  Queres  had  also  sent  in  five  Jemes  prisoners,  two 
of  whom  were  not  shot — one  because  he  promised  to 
show  the  grave  of  a  martyred  friar,  and  the  other  at 
tlic  intercession  of  the  Pecos  chief  Juan  Ye.^  The 
families  from  Mexico  under  Padre  Farfan  arrived  on 
June  23d,  and  were  lodged  in  the  villa  until  on  the 
close  of  the  war  lands  could  be  assigned  elsewhere. 
With  the  colonists  or  a  little  later  came  new  stores  of 
amnmnition  and  other  needed  articles. 

The  Queres  had  again  applied  for  aid,  but  the  river 
was  so  high  it  could  not  be  crossed.     On  June  30th 

'^The  three  original  authorities  are  clear  enough  on  this  campaign,  but 
Davis,  389  ut  seq.,  confuses  it  moat  inextricably. 

-"  April  i28th,  Gov.  V.  gives  200  sheep  to  the  vice-custodio  for  the  two  mis- 
siouH  (proposed)  at  Pecos  and  Cia;  also  100  to  the  padres  for  their  support. 
S:ime  (late,  V.  sends  a  letter  to  the  Zuflia  and  MtHjuis,  urging  the  people  to 
submit  and  resume  friendly  relations.  The  letters  were  sent  by  the  Ziifti 
cliiof  already  mentioned.  ArcL  Sta  Ft;  MS.  Davis  mentions  the  coming  of 
a  party  of  Apaches  from  the  eastern  plains,  with  tales  of  silver  to  be  found  in 
their  country. 

'''•  It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  this  was  at  Sta  Fe,  or  during  an  exped.  of 
the  pov.  to  Tcsuque  and  beyond. 

"One  of  our  authorities,   Vargas,  Campailas  de  '94,  ends  with  June  2d, 
when  V.  was  confident  of  breaking  up  the  alliance  of  rebel  pueblos,  which, 
with  the  coming  of  reenforcements,  would  end  the  war. 
Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    M 


210 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEfiO  DE  VARGAS. 


f  ■'■ 


Vargas  marched  northward,  killing  eleven  Tehuas  of 
Cuyamanquo  the  first  day,  finding  Picurf  abandoned, 
and  reaching  Taos  on  the  3d  of  July.  This  puohlo 
was  also  deserted,  but  the  people  had  left  their  prop- 
erty protected  by  crosses,  which  they  supposed  tlio 
Spaniards  would  respect,  as  they  did  for  a  time.  Tlie 
Taos  were  in  a  canon  not  far  off,  but  after  a  com})!!- 
cated  series  of  negotiations,  carried  on  chiefly  through 
Juan  Ye  and  a  hand  of  friendly  Apaches,  nothing 
could  be  effected,  and  the  pueblo  was  sacked,  a  largo 
amount  of  maize  beinjr  taken.  To  reach  Santa  Fe  tlie 
governor  took  a  roundabout  way  northward  into  tho 
Yuta  country,  across  the  river,  and  thence  southward 
to  Ojo  Caliente,  Rio  Chama,  and  San  Juan.  On  tlic 
way  he  had  several  skirmishes,  and  spent  some  day.s 
hunting  buffalo  for  meat.  In  the  night  of  the  12tli 
he  was  attacked  by  the  Yutas  on  a  stream  called  Saii 
Antonio,  losing  eight  soldiers   killed.     The 


savages 


were  repulsed,  pardoned  on  the  plea  +hat  they  mistook 
the  Spaniards  for  hostile  Indians  who  had  often  in- 
vaded their  country  in  Spanish  dress,  and  became 
very  friendly.  Finally,  having  reconnoitred  the  mesa 
of  San  Ildefonso,  where  the  rebels  were  still  stronylv 
posted,  he  returned  by  way  of  Pujuaque  and  Tesuquo 
to  Santa  Fe,  arriving  on  July  IGth.*" 

Governor  Vargas  marched  on  July  21st  with  120 
men  to  join  the  Queres  under  Ojeda  in  an  attack  on 
the  Jemes,  who  after  his  start  assaulted  Cia  and  killed 
five  men,  but  whose  new  pueblo  on  the  mesa  Don 
Diego  carried  by  assault  on  the  24th,  after  a  hard  fight, 
in  which  the  allies  of  Santa  Ana  and  Cia  fought 
bravely,  Don  Eusebio  de  Vargas — perhaps  a  brother 
of  the  governor — greatly  distinguished  himself,  and 
the  enemy  lost  84  killed  and  361  or  371  prisoners. 
The  pueblo  was  sacked  and  burned,  after  300  fanegas 

'•There  is  much  confusion  in  details,  both  in  the  printed  archivo,  which  is 
most  complete,  and  in  the  M8.,  which  contains  two  separate  but  similar  ru- 

Eorts,  as  also  of  the  following  campaign.     V.  visited  what  were  supposed  to 
e  the  ruins  of  Ofiate  s  S.  Gabriel,  near  the  stream  of  Ojo  Caliente  and  G  1.  >'. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Chama,  which  is  not  very  intelligible. 


NEW  ATTACK  ON  THE  MESA. 


911 


of  maize  had  been  sent  to  the  villa,  the  rest  of  the 
plunder  being  distributed  amoijg  the  native  allies,  vx- 
i\'|)t  10(5  animals  given  to  Padre  Alpuente  ft)r  his  pro- 
posed mission  at  Cia.  Before  returning,  Vargas  wont 
to  the  old  pueblo  of  Jemes,  where  he  recovered  the 
rt'iiiains  of  Padre  Juan  de  Jesus,  killed  in  the  rev(jlt  of 
1080,  deposited  with  appropriate  ceremonies  in  the 
oliapel  at  Santa  F<5  on  the  1 1th  of  August.*'  Six 
(lays  later  messengers  came  in  to  ask  parilon  for  the 
Jemes,  attributing  all  their  bad  actions  to  the  influ- 
once  of  the  chief  Diego,  whom  they  were  willing  to 
give  up;  also  promising  to  return  to  their  old  pueblo 
and  to  render  aia  against  the  common  foe.  Their 
ofler  was  accepted,  and  Diego  was  brought  in  on  the 
2()th  to  be  sentenced  to  death — a  sentence  which  at 
the  last  moment,  on  the  intercession  of  his  people,  was 
commuted  to  ten  years'  labor  in  the  mines  of  Nueva 
A'izcaya.  The  Jemes  were  given  some  implements, 
promised  their  chiisma  when  they  should  have  proven 
'  leir  good  faith,  ordered  to  be  ready  for  a  march 
against  the  mesa,  and  sent  home  to  rebuild  their  old 
town. 

Vargas  now  felt  the  importance  of  striking  a  deci- 
sive blow  against  the  Tehuas  and  Tanos  before  the 
winter  should  set  in.  With  all  his  available  force,  in- 
cluding 150  Queres  and  Jemes,  he  marched  on  the  4th 
of  September,  assaulted  the  mesa  of  San  Ildefonso, 
and  was  driven  back  with  a  loss  of  1 1  men  wounded, 
including  Captain  Antonio  Jorge  of  the  Santa  Fe 
presidio.  On  the  5th  the  native  allies  with  three 
soldiers  and  an  arriero  marched  up  the  slope,  chal- 
lenged the  foe  and  were  put  to  flight,  the  nmleteer  and 

'*Arch.  N.  Mex.,  158-€2,  includ.  V.'s  letter  describing  the  finding  of  tlio 
padre's  remains;  also  two  records  in  Arch.  Sia  Fi,  MS.  Many  detaila  of  the 
battle  are  given  With  this  campaign  Davis'  record  practically  ends,  though, 
UH  tiie  Sta  Fe  documents  show  many  later  details,  it  in  not  easy  to  unuerstand 
why.  The  Jemes  campaign  is  also  mentioned  in  a  brief  report  in  the  Pinnrt 
Col.  In  the  ArcL  Sta  Fi,  MS.,  Fr.  Francisco  Farfan  is  named  aa  procurador 
general,  Diego  Varela  as  adjutant-gen.,  Fr.  Juan  Muftoz  de  Castro  as  vice- 
custotlio;  and  Vargas  signs  as  New  Mexico's  '  nuevo  restaurador,  conquistador 
a  su  costa,  y  reconquistador  y  poblador  en  el,  y  castellano  de  sua  fuerzaa  y 
presidios  por  su  majestad,'  besides  being  gov.  and  capt.-gen. 


212 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


li  I  ,"' 


liiri 


one  soldier  being  killed.  For  several  days  Vargas 
now  gave  his  attention  to  the  cutting-off  of  supplies. 
At  sight,  however,  of  their  fields  of  corn  in  the  milk 
trampled  by  the  Spaniards,  and  of  their  native  foes 
dancing  round  the  scalp  of  a  fallen  warrior,  the  Tehuas 
several  times  came  down  and  engaged  in  desperate 
conflict;  but  they  were  repulsed,  soon  became  dis- 
couraged, and  on  the  8th  began  to  treat  for  peace, 
sending  trifling  gifts  to  appease  the  governor's  wrath. 
Peace  and  pardon  were  granted  on  condition  of  return 
to  their  pueblos.  Thus  New  Mexico  at  last,  except 
the  towns  of  the  extreme  north  and  west — those  of 
the  south  being  annihilated — became  once  more  a 
Spanish  province.^^ 

The  Jemes,  having  proved  faithful  allies  in  the  last 
campaign,  were  now  given  their  women  and  children 
at  the  politic  intercession  of  their  destined  missionary. 
On  the  13th  of  September  the  chiefs  of  San  Juan, 
San  Cristobal,  San  Ldzaro,  and  Santa  Clara  came  in 
with  some  mules  which  they  had  taken  from  the 
Apaches,  reporting  that  all  the  Tehuas  and  Tanos 
were  hard  at  work  rebuilding  their  pueblos.  Vargas 
now  appointed  the  regular  pueblo  officials,  and  on  the 
17th  he  started  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  which  satisfied 
him  that  tlie  natives  had  submitted  in  good  faith. 
Other  tours  followed,  during  which  occurred  the  formal 
submission  and  pardon  of  other  pueblos.  The  vi'C- 
custodio  was  notified  that  the  missions  were  ready  for 
their  respective  padres,  and  by  the  end  of  1694  tiie 
friars  were  distributed  and  at  work,  though  obliged  to 
content  themselves  with  very  humble  quarters  while 
the  Indians  were  rebuilding  churches  and  houses.'" 

"The  Arch.  A'.  Mej:.,  162  et  seq.,  is  the  only  authority  for  this  final  cam- 
paign, and  for  what  followed  to  the  end  of  1694.  Davis  has  nothing  on  this 
pi^iod;  nor  for  the  rest  of  1694  is  there  anything  left  in  the  Arch.  Stu  /V, 

'''The  distribution  was  ad  follows:  P.  Fran.  Corvera  at  S.  Ildefonso  aiid 
Jacona;  P.  (rordn.  Prieto  at  S.  Juan  and  (temporarily)  Sta  Clara;  P.  Ant. 
0))regon  at  S.  Cristobal  and  S,  Lorenzo  (L&zaro?);  P.  Diego  Zeinos  at  Peuos; 
P.  Juan  Alpuente  at  Cia;  P.  Fran.  J.  M.  Casafles  at  Jemes;  P.  Juan  Mufloz 
de  Castro,  vico-custodio  and  rom.  de  la  inquisicion,  at  Sta  Fe;  P.  Jose  Diez 
atTesuque;  P.  JoseUarcia  Matin  at  Sta  Cleura;  P.  Ant.  Carbonel  at  S.  Felip<i, 


REESTABLISHrNG  THE  MISSIONS. 


213 


The  several  tours  of  the  governor  and  custodian  to 
inspect  tiie  pueblos  and  settle  the  missionaries  need 
not  be  described,  though  some  particulars  are  preserved 
in  the  records.  The  natives  had  made  up  their  minds 
to  submit  to  the  inevitable,  and  not  to  revolt  again 
until  a  favorable  opportuiiity  should  present  itself. 
The  women  and  children  taken  from  the  different  towns 
and  distributed  as  servf.nts  among  the  colonists  arid 
soldiers  were  row  gradually  given  up,  not  without 
much  regret  and  opposition  on  the  part  of  their  masters. 
Of  the  Tanos  chusma  taken  at  Santa  Fe  45  ran  away, 
wliereat  the  vecinos  coi^^plained  bitterly;  but  tlie 
chieftains  were  ordered  to  brinj;  back  the  fugitives, 
and  did  so,  which  so  pleased  Vargas  that  he  released 
the  45  and  promised  to  free  the  rest  soon,  proposing 
to  settle  with  them  the  village  of  Cieneguilla,  five 
leagues  west  of  the  capital.  This  policy  naturally 
pleased  the  natives,  but  it  made  for  the  governor 
many  bitter  foes  among  the  colonists.  Padre  San 
Antonio,  who  had  gone  to  El  Paso,  resigned  his  office, 
and  Padre  Francisco  Vargas  arrived  as  custodio  on 
the  1st  of  November  with  four  new  friars.  Mean- 
while the  governor  sent  south  an  order  to  a  friend  to 
purchase  and  forward  3,000  fanegas  of  maize,  wishing 
to  relieve  the  Indians  of  excessive  taxation  for  a  time 
until  the  old  prosperity  should  return.^ 

In  1695  the  seventy  Mexican  families  who  had 
come  up  with  Padre  Farfan  were  settled  in  the  new 
villa  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada,  founded  on  the  r2th 
of  April,^*  under   an   alcalde    mayor  and  capitan  d 

Cochitl,  and  later  Taos:  P.  Miguel  Tirso  at  Sto  Domingo;  P.  Jose  Arbizii  at 
8.  Cristobal;  P.  Ant.  Moreno  at  Sta  Fe  (temporarily),  La  C'aila<la,  and  lator 
Kaiiibe;  P.  Ant.  Acebedo at  Nambe ;  P.  Fran.  Vargas,  custodio.  Tiiis  leaves 
soriii!  of  the  original  friars  unaccounted  for,  and  also  one  of  the  4  who  came 
ill  Nov. 

^■'  Arch.  N.  Mex.,  162-7.  On  Jan.  10,  '95,  V.  wrote  to  the  viceroy,  thank- 
ing him  for  the  nrovision  made  of  3,000  fan.  of  corn;  and  again,  May  9th,  on  the 
tnmble  he  had  had  in  transporting  that  corn.  Arch.  Sta  F^,  MS.  Tliis,  how- 
eviT,  may  noc  indicate  that  it  was  not  purchased  on  V. 's  account.  It  wiis 
charged  later  that  only  about  580  fan.  ever  reached  N.  Mex.,  and  nmch  of  that 
was  wasted  in  the  distribution. 

'*  Vet  we  have  seen  indicationa  that  already  in  1080  there  was  a  settle- 


214 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


u 


1  n 


guerra,  sergeant,  four  corporals,  and  alguacil,  with 
Padre  Moreno  as  the  first  minister.  The  new  villa 
and  the  lands  assigned  to  the  vecinos  included  the 
sifes  of  San  Cristobal  and  San  Ldzaro,  the  Tanos  of 
these  pueblos  being  deprived  of  their  homes  and 
lands,  very  injudiciously  as  the  friars  claimed  later 
and  perha|)s  now.  Some  of  the  exiles  were  attached 
to  San  Juan,  and  others,  after  being  scattered  in  dif- 
ferent Tehua  pueblos,  were  later  united  and  sent  to 
repeople  Galisteo.  This  year  the  Picuries  and  Taos 
were  peaceal>ly  reduced  to  submission  and  put  in 
charge  of  missionaries;  but  hardly  had  the  friars 
bejxun  work  when  rumors  of  new  troubles  bei^an  to 
circulate.  The  Indians  had  lost  little  of  their  hatred 
for  the  invaders,  and  now  that  the  padrt^s  were  ay;aiu 
at  their  stations  and  the  military  force  somewhat  [scat- 
tered, there  were  chiefs,  especially  among  the  implac- 
able Tehuas,  who  began  to  dream  of  a  new  revolt  and 
massacre  like  those  of  1()80,  by  which  once  more  to  rid 
their  country  of  the  tyrant  foreigners.  The  threat- 
ened dangers,  however,  took  no  definite  shape  this  year; 
althougli  the  natives  of  San  Crist6bal  and  San  Litzaro, 
cliafi:  g  under  the  loss  of  their  lands,  ran  away  to  tlie 
sierra  in  December.  As  the  other  pueblos  did  not 
join  the  movement,  the  Tanos  were  persuaded  without 
much  difficulty  to  come  back  and  be  pardoned. "''■' 

It  appears  that  in  1G95-G  there  was  a  failure  of 
crops,  resulting  in  serious  privations,^"  or  even  in  a 

ment  at  La  Caftada  uiidpr  an  alcalde  mayor,  Luis  Quintana.  At  this  found- 
ing ot  Ui'.lo  tills  villa  was  given  the  '  preeminonciii  du  antigiiedad  '  over  all  tiiu 
Buttleinents  of  N.  Mex.  except  >Sta  Fe.  Tlic  poblacionea  of  Oerrillo  aud  Ber- 
nalillo are  also  mentioned  in  records  of  this  year. 

'■^'  Airh.  X.  Mex.,  H)8-9.  May  31st,  tlio  suttlers  liad  been  selling  arms  to 
the  Ind.,  which  Vargas  forbids  by  a  Iwindo  c,f  this  date.  Padre  Zjinos  shot  and 
killed  an  Ind.  at  Pecos;  but  it  M':i8  accidental  and  he  was  not  blamed.  The 
padre's  full  name  was  Diego  de  la  Cassa  Zeinos,  and  he  was  sec.  of  the  cus- 
todia,  dclinidor,  com.  del  santo  oHcio,  aud  guardian.  Luis  Granillo  was  still 
lieut.  -general.  .1  irh.  Sfa  /V,  MS. 

^"In  Nov.  1005,  (lov.  V.  sent  to  the  viceroy  a  petition  of  the  cabildo  and 
vecinos  for  relief,  as  all  that  they  bad  sown  had  been  consumed  by  the  worms. 
The  viceroy  [lud  junta  in  Feb.  109(5  decided  to  send  them  201)  cattle  fnnii 
Parral,  with  some  arms  and  ammunition,  at  the  same  time  warning  them  tiiat 
they  must  luaru  to  rely  on  themselves  aud  not  ou  the  govt  for  succor.  Arch. 
St>i  Fi,  MS. 


FAMINE  OF  1695-6. 


215 


Jcrrible  famine,  if  we  credit  the  highly  colored  and 
partisan  statement  made  in  later  legal  proceedings 
against  Vargas.  According  to  this  authority,  the 
ptople  were  forced  to  live  on  dogs,  cat-,  aorses,  mules, 
biill-hides,  'foul  herbs,'  and  old  bones;  finally  roaming 
over  the  fields  like  wild  animals,  and  many  of  them 
hiring  themselves  to  the  Indians  to  carry  wood  and 
water,  afif'  grind  corn,  over  200  dying  from  the  effects 
of  insufficient  and  noxious  food.  Of  course,  the  gov- 
ernor's failure  to  distribute  properly  the  stores  of 
niiiize  was  noted  as  one  cause  of  the  famine;  and  it  is 
also  stated  that  four  settlers,  driven  by  their  sufferings 
to  desert,  were  brought  back  and  hanged  without  the 
last  consolations  of  religion.  To  what  extent  these 
statements  were  founded  in  fact  it  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine, but  though  doubtless  exaggerated,  they  were 
supported  by  the  sworn  testimony  of  many  a  few 
years  later,  as  we  shall  see." 

In  the  spring  of  1696  the  missionaries,  who  had 
the  best  opportunities  for  knowing  the  real  sentiments 
of  tlie  natives,  found  the  indications  so  alarming  in 
various  quarters  that  tlie  custodio  on  March  7th  made 
known  to  Vargas  in  writing  the  imminent  danger  of 
a  revolt,  the  defenceless  condition  of  the  missions,  the 
risks  taken  by  the  padres,  and  the  incalculable  damage 
that  nmst  result  from  a  new  disaster  like  that  of  1080. 
Ho  concluded  by  begging  for  a  guard  of  soldiers  for 
each  mission.  Two  other  petitions  of  like  tenor  were 
written  on  the  13th  and  22d,  and  from  diflTorent 
directions  came  reports  that  the  Indians  had  already 
connnitted  outrages  in  the  new  temples;  but  the  gov- 
ernor, believing  that  the  natives  had  submitted  in 
ji^ood  faith,  and  that  the  complaints  and  fears  had  no 
better  foundation  than  idle  rumor,  either  would  not 
or  could  not  furnish  the  desired  escoltas.  He  per- 
niitted  the  friars,  if  they  were  af»^uld,  to  retire  to  Santa 

^'  Viinim,  Aru.tncion  del  Cahildo  de  Sta  Fi  contra  el  ex-i/oliermtdoi;  in  Air/i. 
Stu  Fi,  MS.;  followed  by  Davis,  Spin.  Coik/.,  412-1.3.     The  i)ailru  cruui.st.i  who 
li:irutl  the  priuted  Arch.  A'.  Meji.  ratlicr  straugely  says  uothiug  of  tliiit 


in; 


miiiue. 


Ill 

i    !■ 


I'  *■ 


M 


i 

1 .  ■ 

1 

216 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


F«$,  .15-  some  of  them  did.  In  his  report  of  March 
28th  to  the  viceroy  he  not  only  stated  that  all  was 
quiet,  and  the  danger  imaginary,  but  used  languaj^e 
which  the  padres  regarded  as  an  imputation  of  cow- 
ardice. Their  pride  was  touched,  and  they  returned 
to  their  stations  quietly  to  await  the  crisis.  It  came 
on  the  4th  of  June,  when  the  Taos,  Picurfes,  Tehuas, 
Queres  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Cochitf,  and  the  Jemes 
rose,  killed  five  missionaries  and  21  other  Spaniards, 
in  most  cases  immediately  abandoning  their  pueblos 
and  fleeing  to  the  mountains.^ 

The  governor  started  on  the  7th  for  a  tour  among 
the  deserted  towns,  and  "saw  to  regret  what  he  ought 
to  have  believed  to  remedy."  Pecos,  Tesuque,  San 
Felipe,  Santa  Ana,  and  Cia  had  remained  faithful, 
but  the  Acomas,  Zunis,  and  Moquis  had  aided  the 
rebels,  or  at  least  were  sheltering  the  fugitives,  and 
were  said  to  be  planning  new  attacks.  The  chief  of 
Santo  Domingo,  a  leading  spirit  in  the  revolt,  was 
captured  and  shot  on  the  14th;  and  several  revolu- 
tionary agents  were  also  put  to  death  at  Pecos,  with 
the  governor's  consent.  On  the  23d  of  July,  a  body 
of  rebels  was  attacked  and  10  of  the  number  killed.''' 

^^Arcli.  N.  Mex.,  168-71,  and  several  records  in  the  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS., 
including  the  gov.'s  report  of  July  i!7th.  In  the  Aciiaacion  alreaily  referred 
to,  followed  by  Davis,  the  no,  of  killed  is  given  as  34  instead  of  21,  and  the 
famine  is  given  as  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the  revolt;  that  is,  the  Ind.  tonk 
advantage  of  the  enfeebled  and  scattered  condition  of  the  Span. 

The  padres  killed  were  Arbizii  of  S.  Cristobal,  Carbonel  of  Taos,  Corvcra 
of  S.  Ildefonso,  Moreno  of  Nambe,  and  Casafies  of  Jeines.  Corvera  and 
Moreno  were  shut  up  in  a  cell  at  S.  Ildefouso,  and  burned  with  the  convent. 
P.  Cisneros  of  CochitI  had  a  narrow  escape.  P.  Navarro  of  8.  Juan  succeeded 
in  esci^ing  to  La  Cafiada  with  the  sacred  vessels,  etc.  Ace.  to  Etjiiiiatu, 
Cron.  Sera/.,  260-86,  P.  Casafies  at  Jemes  had  foreseen  his  fate,  and  asked 
the  Ind.  to  let  him  die  at  the  foot  of  a  certain  cross.  Summoned  to  attend  a 
sick  person,  he  was  led  into  an  ambush  of  Apaches,  who  killed  him  with  dubs 
and  stones  at  tho  chosen  spot.  He  was  the  first  martyr  of  the  Queretaro  eol- 
lege,  and  Espinosa  gives  an  account  of  his  life,  including  his  miraculous 
transportation  by  an  angel  on  mule-back  to  visit  unknown  Texan  tribes. 
Capt  Lazaro  Mizuufa,  wil£  Alf.  Jose  Dominguezand  12  soldiers,  escaped  from 
Taos  and  reached  Sta  Fe  in  9  days  after  in  a  sorry  condition.  Gregg,  Com. 
Prairies,  i.  128,  dates  this  revolt  in  '98. 

'•July  27th  the  cabildo  asked  for  an  esoort  for  a  bearer  of  despatclies  to 
El  Paso  and  Mex.,  to  aak  tho  viceroy  for  aid.  V.  replied  that  he  was  exin'ct- 
ing  200  cattle  to  arrive  shortly.  On  Sept.  24th  the  viceroy  replied  to  \  .'s 
letter  of  July  2'/th,  promising  aid  and  his  iuHueuco  in  obtaiuiug  rewards  from 
the  king.  Arch.  Sta  F6,  MS. 


REVOLT  OF  1696. 


217 


At  the  beginning  of  August  an  expedition  was  made 
to  Cia,  with  a  view  to  operate  either  against  the 
Acomas  or  Jemes ;  but  Don  Diego  was  recalled  to  the 
capital  to  distribute  200  cattle,  which  now  arrived 
from  the  south.*®  On  the  8th  he  marched  for  Acoma, 
and  attacked  that  pueblo  on  the  15th,  capturing  five 
natives,  one  of  them  the  chief,  but  failing  to  reach  the 
penol  summit.  Then  he  released  the  chief  and  re- 
sorted to  persuasion,  without  success,  finally  shooting 
the  captives,  ravaging  the  corn-fields,  and  retiring.*^ 
Subsequently,  Adjutant  Juan  Ruiz  was  sent  against 
the  Jemes.  In  September  Don  Diego  attacked  the 
Taos  in  a  canon  not  far  from  their  town,  and  after 
several  skirmishes  they  surrendered  on  the  8th  of 
October,  returning  to  live  in  the  pueblo.  The  Picuries 
and  the  Tehuas  of  San  Juan  feigned  a  desire  for  peace 
in  order  to  save  their  crops;  but  Vargas  discovered 
their  plans,  and  attacked  them  on  October  26th,  captur- 
ing 84  of  their  women  and  children,  to  be  distributed  as 
servants  among  the  soldiers  on  his  return  to  the  capi- 
tal, early  in  November.  There  were  other  campaigns, 
productive  of  but  slight  results,  as  it  was  difficult  to 
find  dny  considerable  number  of  the  rebels  together. 
On  the  24th  of  November,  the  date  of  the  governor's 
report  to  the  viceroy,  all  had  been  reduced  to  nominal 
submission  except  those  of  Acoma  and  the  west, 
Pujuaque,  Cuyamanque,  and  Santa  Clara,  with  per- 
haps Santo  Domingo  and  Cochitf.  Yet  many  of  the 
pueblos  contained  but  a  few  families  each.  The  rest  of 
the  population  was  scattered  in  the  mountains,  among 
the  gentile  tribes,  or  in  the  western  pueblos.*^  The 
surviving  Queretaro  Franciscans  left  the  country  in 
1096.    A  few  officials  of  the  year  are  named  in  a  note.^^ 

^^  Arch  Sta  Fd,  us. 

*'  Padres  Juati  ile  Mata  and  Diegc  Cliavarrla,  new  names,  are  mentioned 
as  I'haplaina  of  this  expedition. 

*- i/r/t.  N.  Mex.,  171-4;  gov.'s  report  of  Nov.  24th,  in  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS. 
Tlie  alcalde  of  La  C'aflada  in  an  inspection  found  at  8.  lldefonso  17  men  and 
%  women  and  children;  at  Jacona  10  and  10;  at  Nand)e  4  and  10.  Davis 
says  that  '  during  the  rebellion  more  than  2,000  Ind.  perished  in  the  moun- 
tains, while  as  many  more  deserted  their  villages  and  joined  the  wild  tribes. ' 

"  E.ipiiioaa,  Crou.  Apoatiii,  92,  284-0;   Enciuiero,  Not.  Son.,  43-7.     Capt. 


n': 


iilU'i4  S'l 


218 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


(  Sii 


'     (II 


The  governor's  term  of  five  years  expired  in  1696, 
and  Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero  had  been  appointed  by 
the  king  to  succeed  him.  Vargas  had  asked  for  re- 
appointment, but  though  the  king  was  favorably  dis- 
posed, the  appHcation  came  too  late.  Overruling  Don 
Diego's  objections,  the  viceroy  sustained  Cubero,  who 
came  to  New  Mexico  and  took  possession  of  the  office 
on  the  2d  of  July,  1697."  The  king  approved  when 
after  long  delay  the  matter  reached  him  in  1699,  but 
at  the  same  time  he  thanked  Vargas  for  his  services, 
gave  him  the  choice  of  titles  between  marques  and 
conde,  and  granted  a  reappointment,  to  take  effect 
on  the  expiration  of  Cubero's  term  in  1702,  or  sooner 
if  the  office  should  become  vacant.*^  In  the  same 
cddula  was  approved  all  that  the  viceroy  had  done  in 
connection  wiuh  the  reconquest;  and  it  was  ordered 
that  the  presidial  force  of  Santa  F^  should  be  raised 
to  100  men,  the  Parral  force  retiring;  that  the  force 
at  El  Paso  should  not  be  reduced,  as  had  been  pro- 
posed;*^ and  that  additional  families  should  be  sent, 
not  from  Nueva  Vizcaya,  but  from  Mexico. 

Meanwhile  Vargas  was  involved  in  serious  troubles ; 
and  indeed,  at  the  date  of  being  thus  highly  honored 
by  the  king  he  had  been  two  years  in  the  Santa  Fe 
prison.  There  had  been  more  or  less  misunderstand- 
insjr  between  him  and  the  cabildo  from  the  first.     En- 


Fern.  Duran  de  Chavez  was  alcalde  mayor  of  S.  Felipe  and  the  '  puesto  de  Es- 
pafioles  de  Bernalillo;'  Capt.  Roque  Madrid,  lieut.-gen.  of  cavalry  and  alcalile 
mayor  of  'la  villa  nueva  de  los  Mexicanos  de  Sta  Cruz  (de  la  CaAada);'  Do- 
mingo de  la  Barreda,  sec.  de  gobierno  y  guerra;  Capt.  Alonso  Rael  ile  Agui- 
lar,  lieut.-gov.  and  capt.-^en.  m  place  of  Granillo.  The  cabildo  of  Sta  Fe  was 
Alcalde  Lorenzo  de  Madrid,  Fran.  Romero  de  Pedraja,  Lizaro  de  Mizquia, 
Diego  Montoya,  Jose  Garcia  Jurado;  clerk,  Capt.  Lucero  de  Godoy.  Arch. 
Sta  Fe,  MS. 

**This  date  from  a  royal  cedula  of  Jan.  26th,  approving  the  viceroy's  act, 
as  it  preceded  the  reappointment  which  it  ha<l  been  intended  to  grant  to  V., 
and  V.  therefore  had  no  right  to  object.  N.  Mex.  Cedulaa,  MS.,  28-9.  Aco. 
to  Arch.  N.  Me.v.,  174,  the  date  was  July  4th.  Cubero's  accession  had  bitiii 
made  known  in  the  viceroy's  letter  of  April  18,  1098. 

♦*  Juno  15,  1699,  in  N.  Mex.  C'iduUts,  MS.,  29-33.  I  find  no  foundation  for 
Davis'  statement  that  Vargas  was  removed  from  oflSce  in  consecjuenue  of 
complaint  from  the  cabildo.     These  complaints  and  charges  were  of  later  date. 

"In  March  1699,  Don  Antonio  de  Valverde  y  Coslo,  later  gov.,  was  ap> 
pointed  capt.  of  the  £1  Paso  presidio,  fd.,  34. 


CHARGES  AGAINST  VARGAS. 


819 


joying  the  confidence  of  the  viceroy,  he  had  been  given 
entire  control  of  tJie  expedition,  and  attending  in  per- 
son or  through  his  agents  to  all  details  financial  as 
well  as  military,  he  had  ignored  and  offended  the 
colony  officials.  Moreover,  there  had  been  much  dis- 
satisfaction, as  we  have  seen,  at  his  policy  in  depriving 
the  settlers  of  their  Indian  slaves  by  restoring  these 
captives  to  their  pueblos  as  a  means  of  gaining  the 
good-will  of  the  natives.  Cubero  liad  a  commission 
as  juez  de  residencia,  and  though  Vargas  is  under- 
stood to  have  passed  the  ordeal  successfully,  he  gave 
up  his  office  unwillingly  and  made  of  his  successor  a 
bitter  foe;  and  the  cabildo,  with  the  additional  incen- 
tive of  gaining  favor  with  the  new  ruler,  renewed  the 
quarrel  in  earnest. 

Formal  charges  were  presented  before  the  governor, 
whose  authority  to  consider  them  was  very  doubtful. 
The  ex-governor  was  accused  of  having  embezzled 
large  sums  of  money  furnislied  him  for  the  recruiting 
and  support  of  tlie  colonists;  of  having  provoked,  by 
shooting  the  Tanos  captives  at  Santa  Fo,  and  by  other 
oppressive  acts,  all  the  hostilities  of  1G94-G  ;  of  having 
caused,  by  his  mismanagement  and  failure  to  properly 
distribute  the  small  remaining  portion  of  the  food 
supply,  which  had  been  paid  for  by  the  king  but  sold 
by  Vargas  in  the  south  for  his  own  profit,  the  deadly 
famine  of  1695-6;  and  of  having  driven  away  by  his 
oppression  the  families  likely  to  testify  against  him  in 
his  residencia.  Juan  Paez  Hurtado  was  also  involved 
in  the  accusations,  as  Vargas'  accomplice,  and  as  j)rin- 
cipal  in  other  serious  charges.*^     Cubero  gratified  his 

*'  Tlie  charges  in  detail  are  recited  in  the  origiuiil  documents,  still  i>ro- 
aervcd,  though  not  complete,  in  the  A7rh.  Sta  Fe.  The  accusation  of  the 
cal)ililo  is  not  dated,  but  was  apparently  written  in  Oct.  1G97.  Oct.  20,  1(597, 
Oov.  ().  orders  Capt.  Granillo  at  El  Paso  to  arrest  Paez  Hurtado  and  send 
him  to  Sta  Fe.  At  the  same  time  Capt.  Ant.  Valverde,  Alf.  Martin  Uriosto, 
and  Adj.  Felix  Martinez  were  exiled  from  N.  Mox.,  probably  in  connection 
witli  the  same  affair.  Hurta<lo  was  accused  of  having  defrauded  the  colonists 
of  half  the  allowance  by  the  crown,  of  collecting  JjlOO  each  for  .38  settlers  who 
(lid  not  come;  of  hiring  vicious  persons  for  $4  or  $6  each  to  personate  colo- 
nists, for  each  of  whom  he  collected  $100,  subsequently  filling  their  places  in 
part  with  negro  and  mixed- breed  tramps;  of  collecting  the  |100  several  timea 


ii? 


820 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIEGO  DE  VARGAS. 


personal  enmity  and  that  of  the  cabildo  by  treating 
Varjras  in  a  most  harsh  and  unjust  manner.  He  was 
fined  4,000  pesos  for  costs  of  the  suit,  all  his  property 
was  confiscated,  and  he  was  kept  in  prison  for  nearly 
three  years.  Few  even  of  his  own  family  were  al- 
lowed to  see  him,  and  every  precaution  was  taken  to 
prevent  the  sending  of  any  written  communication  to 
Mexico  or  Spain.  Padre  Vargas,  the  custodian,  vis- 
ited Mexico  and  obtained  an  order  for  the  prisoner's 
release  under  bonds  to  defend  himself  before  the  vice- 
roy ;  but  Don  Diego  refused  to  accept  liberty  on  sudi 
conditions,  claiming  that  to  give  bonds  would  be  do- 
grading  to  a  man  of  his  rank  and  services,  especially 
in  view  of  the  king's  recent  orders  in  his  favor.  At 
last  came  an  order  for  his  release  without  conditions, 
and  he  started  for  Mexico  in  July  1700.  Here  the 
charges  against  him  are  said  to  have  been  fully  inves- 
tigated by  royal  order ;  at  any  rate,  he  was  exonerated 
from  all  blame,  and  his  reappointment  as  governor,  as 
we  shall  see,  remained  valid.  As  we  have  no  original 
records  in  the  case  except  the  partisan  charges,  it  would 
perhaps  be  going  too  far  to  declare  Don  Diego  en- 
tirely innocent;  the  cabildo,  however,  later  retracted 
its  accusations,  attributing  all  the  blame  to  Cubero; 
and  the  chronicler,  a  Franciscan  who  can  hardly  be 
suspected  of  prejudice  in  Vargas'  favor,  states — doubt- 
less reflecting  the  views  of  his  order — that  Don  Diego, 
while  somewhat  over-enthusiastic,  disposed  to  promise 
more  than  he  could  perform,  and  to  ignore  in  his  re- 
ports many  of  the  difficulties  and  dangers  in  New 
Mexico,  never  gave  the  Spaniards  any  just  cause  of 
enmity,  but  rather  merited  their  love  as  a  protector.*^ 

of  one  person  under  diflferent  names;  of  stealing  a  box  containing  $7,000;  of 
aiding  ( rov.  V.  in  his  rascalities,  etc.  All  his  property  was  confiscated,  l)ut 
the  arresting  officers  seem  not  to  have  found  him,  at  least  not  at  first.  U. 
was  later  gov.  ad.  int. 

*^An/i.  JV.  Mex.,  174-7.  The  cabildo,  hearing  of  V.'s  reappointment  on 
Dec.  1(5,  1700,  petitioned  the  king  against  permitting  him  to  return  and 
avenge  himself;  but  the  king,  by  a  ctldulaof  Oct.  10,  1701,  ordered  an  investi- 
gation; and  the  cabildo  soon  began  to  make  excuses,  etc.  Davis  in  his  list, 
like  Mflino,  Prince,  and  others,  names  several  viceroys  of  Mex.  as  goviu'iuirs 
of  N.  Mex. !     Viceroy  Mendoza,  conde  de  Galve,  figures  in  1094-5  aud  iu  1  ''22, 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  CUBERO. 


221 


Of  Cubero's  rule,  within  and  beyond  the  limits  of 
tlii.s  c'liapter,  there  is  little  to  be  said.  Father  Vargas 
rcsiijfniiig  the  office  of  custodio  was  succeeded  by 
padres  Diego  de  Chavarrfa,  Juan  Munoz  de  Castro, 
aiitl  Antonio  Guerra.  A  document  of  May  1697 
intlicates  that  the  number  of  settlers,  heads  of  families, 
in  the  province,  including  new-comers,  was  313.  This 
did  not  include  the  soldiers;  and  the  total  of  so-called 
Sj>anish  population  was  probably  not  less  than  1,500.*" 
Early  in  the  same  year  Santa  Cruz  de  Galisteo  was 
resettled  with  Tanos;  and  later  the  rebel  Queres  of 
Cieneguilla,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Cochitf  formed  a 
new  pueblo  four  leagues  north  of  Acoma,  on  the  stream 
called  Cubero.^  In  July  1698,  it  was  decided  in  a 
junta  de  hacienda  at  Mexico  that  the  New  Mexican 
colonists  must  in  future  depend  on  their  own  exertions, 
since  the  aid  then  furnished  would  be  the  last;  yet 
this  regulation  was  not  strictly  enforced,  as  agricultural 
implements  at  least  were  afterward  supplied.  In 
July  1699,  the  governor  Gubero  made  a  tour  in  the 
west.  On  the  4th  the  new  pueblo  of  the  Queres  sub- 
mitted, being  named  San  Jose  de  la  Laguna;  two 
days  later  Acoma,  now  called  San  Pedro  instead  of 
San  Estovan,  renewed  its  allegiance;  and  on  the  12th 
La  Purisima  de  Zufii,  formerly  Asuncion  and  later 
Guadalupe,  followed  the  example  of  its  eastern  neigh- 
bors.^^ 

The  Moquis,  noting  the  submission  of  other  nations, 
and  dreadiiifij  war  more  than  they  feared  or  loved 
Christians,  sent  ambassadors  in  May  1700  to  treat 
with  the  governor,  professing  their  readiness  to  rebuild 
churches  and  receive  missionaries.     At  the  same  time 

"Airh.  Sta  Fk,  MS.  Distrib.  on  May  Ist  of  a  large  quantity  of  cloth  and 
livBvitock,  including  GOO  cows,  '260  bulls,  3,300  sheep  and  rams,  2,200  goats; 
smne  of  which,  however,  had  been  left  at  El  Paso.  On  Dec.  10th  Gov.  C. 
orders  the  auth.  of  El  Paso  to  permit  no  maize  or  other  grain  to  be  carried 
out  (if  tlie  province,  as  there  had  been  a  failure  of  crops. 

*  Named  for  the  gov.,  probably;  and  this  may  be  the  origin  of  the  name 
Coverii  still  applied  to  a  pueblo  in  that  vicinity. 

"'Niid,  Apiint.,  108-9,  says  that  Moqui  was  also  visited  at  this  time.  A 
doc.  ill  tlie  .1  rrh.  ijUi  Fe,  MS. ,  shows  that  during  the  gov.  's  absence  the  friends 
of  Vargas  made  an  effort  to  cause  a  disturbance  and  make  V.  gov.    No  details. 


V     :l:ii: 


•  I 


i 


m 


h. '  '1^' 


!   j 


Ms  riti-  I  *.. 


RECONQUEST  BY  DON  DIl.YJO  DE  VAROAS. 


Espeleta,  chief  of  Oraibe,  sent  for  Padre  Juan  Garai- 
coechea  to  come  and  baptizo  children.  The  friar  set 
out  at  once  with  Alcalde  Josd  Lopez  Naranjo/'^  and 
went  to  Aguatuvi,  where  he  baptized  73  young  Mo- 
quis.  On  account  of  a  pretended  rumor  that  the 
messengers  to  Santa  F6  had  been  killed,  he  was  not 
permitted  to  visit  Oraibe  or  the  other  pueblos  at  tliis 
time;  but  Espeleta  promised  to  notify  him  soon  when 
they  were  ready  for  another  visit,  Garaicoechea  re- 
turning to  Zuni  and  reporting  to  the  governor  on 
June  Oth.**  In  October  the  Moquis  were  again  heard 
from,  when  Espeleta  came  in  person  to  Santa  F<5  with 
20  companions,  and  with  somewhat  modified  vicMs. 
He  now  proposed  a  simple  treaty  of  peace,  his  nation, 
like  Spain,  to  retain  its  own  religion!  Cubero  could 
offer  peace  only  on  condition  of  conversion  to  Chris- 
tianity. Then  the  Moqui  chief  proposed  as  an  ulti- 
matum that  the  padres  should  visit  one  pueblo  eacli 
year  for  six  years  to  baptize,  but  postponed  perma- 
nent residence  till  the  end  of  that  period.  This  scheme 
was  likewise  rejected,  and  Espeleta  went  home  for 
further  deliberation.** 

There  were  in  those  days  fears  of  French  invasion. 
Padre  Niel  tells  us  that  among  the  captives  whom 
the  Navajos  were  accustomed  to  bring  to  New  Mexico 
each  year  for  Christian  ransom,  he  rescued  two  little 
French  girls.  In  1G98  the  French  had  almost  annihi- 
lated a  Navajo  force  of  4,000  men;  and  in  1700  the 
Apaches  reported  that  a  town  of  the  Jumanas  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  same  foe.  Toward  the  Span- 
iards the  Navajos  were  friendly  down  to  1700,  but  in 

*^  p.  Antonio  Miranda  is  also  named  aa  hia  companion  in  Fernandez  Dim, 
NoticiaS,  137. 

*^In  the  Moqui,  Notidaa,  MS.,  669,  it  is  stated  that  the  other  Moquis, 
angry  that  Aguatuvi  had  received  the  padres,  came  and  attacked  tlie  piu'lilo, 
killed  all  the  men,  and  carried  off  all  the  women  and  children,  leaving  tlie 
place  for  many  years  deserted.     I  think  this  must  be  an  error. 

'^Arch.  N.  Mex.,m-9;  Moqui,  Noticias,  MS.,  664-70.  P.  Garaicoechea 
was  in  charge  of  Zufii  and  P.  Miranda  of  Acoma  and  Laguna.  In  June  1700 
one  Miguel  Gutierrez  was  sentenced  to  be  shot  and  his  head  stuck  on  a  jiole, 
to  show  the  Jicarillas  and  other  gentile  aatioua  that  they  must  not  harbor 
fugitive  Span.  Arcfu  Sta  Fi,  MS. 


NAVAJOS  AND  APACHES. 


223 


arai- 
r  set 


anc 


Mo- 
i  the 

9  not 
t  this 
when 
3a  re- 
.or  on 
heard 
5  with 
views, 
lation, 

could 
Chris- 
,n  ulti- 

10  each 
perma- 
schenie 
me  for 


tliat  year  they  committed  some  depredations,  and  tlie 
orovernor  started  on  an  expedition  against  tlieni,  mak- 
ing peace,  however,  with  the  Navajo  chief  at  Taos. 
There  was  also  a  campaign  against  the  Faraon 
Apaches,  but  of  it  we  know  only  that  nothing  was 
accomplished.  This  same  year  there  was  trouble  at 
Pecos,  resulting  from  the  execution  by  Don  Felipe, 
the  chief,  of  five  rebels  in  the  war  of  1590.  There 
was  an  attempt  to  raise  a  revolt  against  that  chief, 
but  the  ringleaders  were  imprisoned  at  Santa  Fe  until 
they  escaped  and  joined  the  Jicarilla  Apaches.  The 
pueblo  became  divided  into  two  factions,  which  often 
came  to  blows,  until  at  last,  Don  Felipe's  party  hav- 
ing the  best  of  it,  the  other  asked  permission  to  live 
at  Pujuaque.  It  is  not  recorded  that  the  change  was 
actually  made. 


Lvasion. 
whom 
I^texico 
little 
annihi- 
00  the 
lias  had 
Span- 
but  ia 


,wte  Duro, 


er 


Moquis, 
he  piH'lilO) 
leaving  the 

araicoechea 
,  June  I'OO 
.  on  a  linle. 
not  liarljor 


1 1 


i'.:¥' 


CHAPTER  XI. 


vii 


-i4 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EKJHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

1701-1750. 

Permanent  Submission— Cubero's  Rule — Revolt  at  Zuni— Rule  and 
Dkath  of  Governor  Vargas — Foundino  ok  ALBURQUKRguE — Moyi  is 
AND  Apaches — Marqu^  de  la  Penuela — Navajo  War — Refounu- 
ino  of  Isleta — Rule  of  Flores — The  Yutas — Governor  Martinez 
— The  Comanches — A  Controversy— Valverde  in  Command— Ev- 

TRADA     TO     THE     NoRTH — BuSTAMANTE's      RuLE — SmUOULINO— FRENCH 

Encroachments— Padres  versus  Bishop — Cruzat  Governor— Ola- 
vide's  Rule — Mendoi^a  -Frenchmen — Converts  from  Moyui— Gov- 
ernors Codallos  and  CaI'Hupin  —  Mogul  —  Jesuits  Defeated— 
Navajo  Missions — A  Quarrel —  Statistics — List  of  Governors  t(j 
l&t6. 

The  submission  of  New  Mexico  in  the  last  years  of 
the  seventeenth  century  may  be  regarded  as  perma- 
nent; the  natives  were  now  too  few  and  weak,  and 
the  Spanish  power  too  firmly  established,  for  any 
general  movement  of  revolt.  Petty  local  troubles  or 
rumors  of  troubles  in  the  different  pueblos  were  of 
not  infrequent  occurrence,  some  of  which  will  be 
noted  in  these  pages,  as  will  occasional  raids  of  the 
gentile  tribes.  These,  with  the  succession  of  gover- 
nors, now  and  then  a  political  controversy,  periodical 
renewals  of  efforts  to  make  Christians  of  the  Moquis, 
a  few  reports  of  mission  progress  or  decadence,  some 
not  very  important  expeditions  out  into  the  plains  or 
mountains,  feeble  revivals  of  the  old  interest  in  mys- 
terious regions  of  the  north,  rare  intercourse  vith 
the  Texan  establishments,  fears  of  French  and  Eng- 
lish encroachment — make  up  the  annals  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century.  The  archive  record  is  meagre  and 
fragmentary,  yet  in  respect  of  local  and  personal  de- 

(224) 


MOQUI  AFFAIRS. 


225 


tails  much  too  bulky  to  be  fully  utilized  witbiti  the 
scoj)o  of  my  work.  Froii  1700  New  Mexico  settletl 
(JdWii  into  that  nionototiously  uneventful  career  «»f 
intit  and  non-progressive  existence,  whi<di  sooner  or 
later  is  to  be  noted  in  tlie  history  of  every  Hispaiio- 
Anierican  province.  The  necessity  of  extreme  con- 
densation may  not,  therefore,  prove  an  unmixed  evil. 

The  Moqui  chief  did  not  decide  to  accept  the  Span- 
iaids'  terms ;  and  it  appears  that  the  peo[)le  of  Aguat  uvi 
were  even  punished  for  past  kindness  shown  to  visit- 
ini;'  friars,  (jrovernor  Cubero  therefore  marclied  in 
1701  to  the  province,  killing  a  few  Mocjuis  and  cap- 
turing many  ;  but  it  was  deemed  good  policy  to  release 
tiie  captives,  and  Cubero  returned  without  having 
accomplished  anything,  unless  to  make  the  natives 
more  olstinate  in  their  apostasy,  as  the  not  im})artial 
Vargas  declared  later.'  In  the  spring  of  1702  there 
were  alarming  rumors  from  various  quarters,  resting 
hugely  on  statements  of  Apaches,  who  seem  in  tliese' 
times  to  have  been  willing  witnesses  a<;ainst  tiie  town 
Indians.  Cubero  made  a  tour  among  the  pueblos  to 
investigate  and  administer  warnings,  but  he  found 
bligiit  ground  for  alarm.  It  appeared,  however,  that 
tlic  Moquis,  or  perhaps  Tehua  fugitives  in  the  Moqui 
towns,  were  trying  to  incite  the  Zunis  and  others  to 
revolt;  and  it  was  decided  to  send  Captain  Juan  de 
Uriharri  with  a  force  to  make  investigations,  and  to 
leave  Captain  Medina  and  nineteen  men  as  a  garrison 
at  Zuni.^     This   was  probably  done,   but,  all   being 

'  Arrlu  X.  Mex.,  179;  Mof/ui,  Not.,  MS.,  tiG9.  In  Arch.  Sta  Ff,  MS.,  is 
a  pi'titioii  of  the  cahiUto  to  (lov.  C  when  about  to  .start  on  this  exped.,  ask- 
ing liiiii  not  to  go,  referring  to  the  affair  of  '99,  and  expres.sing  fear^  tliat  in 
ills  ;il)sence  Vargaa'  frienda  would  succeed  in  creating  a  revolt;  or  purhajis 
Wdul.l  go  to  El  Paso  en  masse  to  represent  that  by  C.'s  harsh  treatment  they 
liml  liji'ii  forced  to  Hoe.  In  HeijUnn  Cosmoy.,  1701-2,  is  a  mention  of  N. 
-MfX.  .iiiil  its  supposed  boundaries  in  1701. 

-Full  record  of  investigations,  etc.,  in  Feb.-Mar.  1702,  an  orig.  MS. 
of  74  p.  in  the  Pinart  collection.  P.  Ant.  Guerra  is  named  as  custodio;  P. 
Martin  Hurtado  took  part  in  the  councils;  also  Adj.  Jose  Doiiiingui^z.  Uri- 
barri  was  capt.  of  the  Sta  Fe  company.  Among  the  measures  ordered  was 
the  transfer  of  the  Sta  Clara  Ind.  to  S.  Ildefouso,  where  lands  confiscated 
from  former  rebels  were  assigned  them. 
Hist.  Ariz,  and  K.  Mex.    15 


PibMI 


ii  ! 


Im  ' 


^''M 


226 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


quiet,  the  eseolta  was  soon  reduced.  The  remainin<jr 
soldiers  behaved  badly,  and  three  Spanish  exiles  from 
Santa  Fe  much  worse,  treating  the  Indians  harHlil\ , 
and  living  publicly  with  native  women.  The  pudio 
complained;  the  governor  failed  to  provide  any  rem- 
edy; and  on  March  4,  1703,  the  Indians  killed  the 
three  Spaniards,  Valdds,  Palomino,  and  Lucero,  flee- 
ing, some  to  the  penol,  others  to  Moqui.  The  solliers 
seem  to  have  run  away.  Padre  Garaicoechea  was 
not  molested,  and  wrote  that  only  seven  Indians  were 
concernod  in  the  affair;  but  evidently  in  his  mission 
ary  zeal  and  sympathy  for  the  natives  he  underrated 
the  danger.  The  governor,  justifying  his  course  by 
the  viceroy's  orders  to  use  gentle  means,  sent  Captain 
Madrid  to  bring  away  the  friar,  and  Zuili,  like  the 
Moqui  towns,  was  left  to  the  aborigines.^ 

In  August  1703,  Cubero,  learning  that  Vargas — 
whose  exoneration  and  reappointment  have  been  re- 
corded—was  on  the  way  to  succeed  him,  and  feariii*,^ 
retaliation  for  past  acts,  though  as  a  matter  of  fact 
Vargas  brought  no  authority  to  investigate  his-  acts, 
left  the  country  without  waiting  to  meet  his  rival. 
He  claimed  to  have  retired  by  permission  of  the  vice- 
roy ;  it  was  said  he  feignod  an  Indian  campaign  as  an 
excuse  for  quitting  the  capital;  and  his  successor 
chai'ijed  that  ho  ran  awav  for  fear  of  the  natives, 
whose  hatred  he  had  excited.  Cubero  was  a|)pointe(l 
govern(jr  of  Maracaibo  and  given  other  honors,  but 
died  in  Mexico  in  1704.  Don  Diego,  now  mar<|UL's 
de  la  Nava  de  Brazinas,  assumed  the  office-  <>f  governor 
and  ca])tain-general  at  Santa  Fe,  on  November  10, 
1703.^     He  was  urged  by  Padre  Garaicoechea  to  re- 

^  Arrh.  N.  Mex.,  180-6,  with  letters  of  P.  ( iiiraicoeche;i  ami  Miranda.  Tlie 
liittiT  wrote  from  Acoma  that  all  the  Zuili  ])roj)i'rty  had  Ikjuii  stoUii.  t!ie 
iiiis.siouary's  lifo  in  clangor,  anil  tliat  tlie  lud.  of  Aeouia  and  Cia  wi>licil 
to  no  to  the  padre's  rescue,  whicli  he  did  not  purniit,  fearing  that  tin; 
lio.-itiles  on  hearing  of  the  apjiroaeh  of  a  force  would  kill  the  padre  Hu 
thought  the  Ziifiis  might  he  easily  suhdncd,  liaving  no  water  on  the  \Kii'<\; 
))ut  if  they  were  not  conquered  the  whole  western  country  was  )f «»,  :i>  the 
Mo(|uis  were  at  the  bottom  of  the  movement. 

M»avis,  Prince,  and  others  name  the  duke  of  Albunjuerque  a.s  gnv.  in 
1703-10,  another  \  iceroy  of  Mexico! 


I 


GOVERNOR  CUERVO. 


227 


lla.   The 

lliii.  t!ie 

w  i.-1k-i1 

Ihiit   the 

Hu 

.v  the 

g„v.  in 


establish  a  mission  among  tlie  Zunis,  with  wliom  tlie 
padie  had  kept  in  communication;  but  the  governor 
lacked  faith  in  the  good-will  of  that  people,  or  at  least 
{■(iUikI  no  time  to  attend  to  the  matter  during  h:  •  l)rief 
rule,  and  that  of  Padre  Juan  Alvarez  as  custodio. 
At  the  beginning  of  1704  there  were  more  rumors  of 
revolt,  but  nothing  could  be  proved  except  against  the 
ever-hostile  Moquis.  In  March  Vargas  staH'id  on  a 
('aiii|>aign  against  the  Apaches,  but  was  taker,  sud- 
denly ill  in  the  sierra  of  Sandi'a,  died  at  Bornalillo  on 
the  4th  of  April,  and  was  buried  at  Santa  Fe  in  the 
parish  church.'' 

Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  lieutenant-general  of  the  prov- 
iiico  and  an  old  friend  of  Don  Dieoo,  served  as  actinj; 
iiovernor  till  the  10th  of  March,  1705,  when  Don 
Fiancisco  Cuervo  y  Valdes  assumed  the  office  of 
governor  ad  interim,  that  is,  by  the  viceroy's  appoint- 
ment.^ The  condition  of  affairs  was  not  very  encour- 
ai,niig.  Depredations  by  Apaches  and  Navajos  were 
frefjuent,  the  Moquis  were  defiant,  the  Zuni  rebels 
.still  on  their  penol,  and  the  presidial  soldiers  in  great 
need  of  clothing,  arms,  and  horses,  their  pay  having 
heen  cut  down  about  five  per  cent  in  support  of  the 
Chihuahua  mission  of  Junta  de  los  Rios.  Cuervo's 
luh'  was  marked  by  a  series  t^f  appeals  for  aid ;  but 
exeept  a  few  arms  and  implements — and  plenty  of 
censure  for  complaining  that  his  predecessors  had 
givt  n  more  attention  to  their  quarrels  tlian  to  the 
oouiriry's  needs — nothing  was  obtained.  On  his  way 
north  he  had  to  stop  at  El  Paso  to  fight  Apaches; 
and  on  i^rrival  nt  the  capital  he  station(Hl  his  garrison 
in  seven  detachments  at  exposed  points."     Eai'ly  in 

M-r/,.  .V.  Hfex.,  187. 

'■Ill  a  lettt  of  Oct.  II,  1704,  tlic  viceroy  notified  tiie  king  of  Cuervo'.s  ap- 
lioiiitiiicnt  on  ouiitof  liis  distinguished  bervicos  ami  merits.  Oii  Juno 'Ji), 
I'll.'),  ihc  king  'ickuowledges  receipt  of  the  Iftter,  and  anuounceathe  apponit- 
iiic  It  of  I'haci.  as  proprietiiry  gov.  X.  J/cr.,  Crdiilan,  MS.,  3.').  The  month 
(it  i'lwrvo's  arrival  is  omitted  in  the  printod  Air/i.  X.  Mex.,  188,  but  given  in 
my  .\IS.  copy,  p.  ,345.  It  is  noticeal>»e  that  he  is  liere  called  Cuhero,  and 
that  Tuhfrii  in  the  royal  eedulas  (or  at  Iwist  in  n-y  copies)  is  called  (Jiieiio. 
e.  WHS  a  knight  of  Santiago,  and  hail  been  a  treasury  oiKcial  at  iJuadaiajara, 
Hi.i  rule  was  fro  ii  iMaroh  10,  170.1,  to  .July  31,  1707. 

'  I'hf  wcinoa  by  order  of  the  gov.  presented  themselves  for  inspection  of 


jiii 


22S 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


1705  Padre  Garaicoechea  went  back  to  Zufti,  and 
brouo'ht  the  rebels  down  to  the  plain  to  fsubmit  on 
April  6th  to  Captain  Madrid.  In  July  Don  Ro(|ue 
marched  against  the  Navajos,  wlio  wore  incited  and 
aided  by  refugee  Jemes.  During  this  campaign  the 
horwes'  thirst  was  miraculously  assuaged  'v\  answer  to 
the  chaplain's  prayers,  whereupon  the  foe  was  so  ter- 
rified as  to  surrender,  and  the  army  turned  back  to 
Cia  in  August.  In  September  the  finding  of  a  Icnottnl 
cord  at  Zuni  recalled  the  dread  days  of  1G80,  but  noth- 


mg  came  of  it. 


In  170G  Governo  Cuervo  informed  the  viceroy  tliat 
he  had  founded  with  30  families  the  new  villa  of  Al- 
burquerque,  named  in  honor  of  the  viceroy;"  with  18 
Tanos  families  from  Tesuque,  he  had  resettled  Santa 
Maria — formerly  Santa  Cruz — de  Galisteo;  trans- 
ferred some  Tehua  families  to  the  old  pueblo  of  Pn- 
juaque,  now  called  Guadalupe;  and  refounded  witli  21) 
families  the  old  villa  of  old  La  Canada,  long  aban- 
doned, renaming  it  Santa  Maria  de  Grado,  a  name 
tliat  did  not  last.  He  asked  for  church  ornaments, 
which  were  supplied;  but  he  was  blamed  for  fouiidiiijj^ 
the  new  villa  without  authority,  and  its  name  was 
changed  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Felipe  de  Albui- 
querque,  in  honor  of  the  king.  It  was  ascertained 
later  that  in  all  these  reports  Cuervo  had  considerably 
overstated  his  own  achievements.     Captain  Uribairi 

arms  in  April — 74  at  Sta.  Fe,  37  at  Bernalillo,  and  82  at  La  Cafiada.  Arch. 
tStd  Fi'',  M.S.  Sta  Clara,  Cochiti,  Jemes,  and  Lagiina  wery  among  tin;  iniints 
where  guards  were  stationed  It  Wiis  deeidi'd  to  bring  up  the  cavah-y  at  Kl 
Paso  to  Sta  Fi5.  P.  Jnan  Alvarez  wiis  still  custo«lio;  P.  Juan  de  Zuv.deta 
com.  del  sto  oticio.  Capt.  Valverde  was  lieut.-gen.  and  com.  at  Kl  I'asn; 
Juan  I'aez  Hurtado  and  Juan  de  Uriharri  are  named  as  generals;  LdiiiiZD 
de  Madrid  maestro  de  campo;  eaptaiiks  Felix  Martinez,  Juan  Lucero  (mmIiiv. 
Diego  de  Medina,  and  Alf.  Juan  Hoiiue  (Gutierrez;  aleal.le  Capt.  Uiei.'o  Ana* 
de  Quirds;  alguaeil  mayor  Ant.  Aguilar;  rcgidore.s  Capt.  Antonio  Moiitnyi, 
Ciiwt.  Ant.  Lucero,  Fran.  Romero  de  Pedrazji,  Alf.  Martin  Hurtado;  n- 
triliano  Cristobal  (Wngora,  all  at  Sta  F»^.  At  Bernalillo,  captains  K<rn. 
Chavez,  Diego  Montoya,  Manuel  Vaca,  Alf.  Cris.  Jaramillo,  sergt  Juan  linn- 
zalez.  At  \  illanueva  de  Sta  Cruz  (La  Cailada),  captains  Silvestre  I'ailiucu, 
Miguel  Tenorio,  Jose  de  Atienzfa,  Nio.  Ortiz,  and  sergt  Biirtolo  Mclaliato. 

"Tlio  name  is  commonly  but  inaccurately  written  Albuquerqiu'  iti  X. 
Mex.  Davis  and  others  erroneously  derive  the  name  from  a  goviTiinr- 
Some  authors  have  dated  the  fouudiug  back  to  tho  time  w£  the  1st  duke  ut'  .\. 
who  serv  cd  as  viceroy. 


GOVERNOR  CHACON. 


229 


marched  this  year  out  into  the  Ciboh)  plains;  and  at 
Jicarilla,  37  leagues  north-east  of  Taos,  was  kindly 
received  by  the  Apaches,  who  conducted  him  to  Cuar- 
talejo,  of  which  he  took  possession,  naming  the  province 
San  Luis  and  the  Indian  rancheria  Santo  Domingo. 
The  Moquis  often  attacked  the  Zunis,  who  were 
no'v  for  the  time  good  Cliristians,  and  to  protect  whom 
Cai)tain  Juan  Koque  Gutierrez  was  sent  in  April  1 700 
with  eight  men.  With  this  aid  the  Zunis  went  to 
Moqui  in  May,  killed  two  of  the  foe,  and  recovered 
70  animals.  Captain  Tomds  Holguin  was  sent  with 
a  new  reiinforcement,  and  in  September  su*  "ounded 
the  Tehua  pueblo  between  Gualpi  and  Oraibe,  forcing 
the  Indians  after  a  fight  to  sue  for  peace  and  give  hos- 
tages; but  the  Tanos  and  other  reen  force  me  »its  ar- 
rivecl  attacked  the  Spaniards  and  allies  as  they 
retii  '!  uid  drove  them  back  to  Zuni,  the  hostajjes 
htiiig  snot.  Presently  the  Zunis — now  under  Padre 
^liianda,  who  came  occasionally  from  Acoma — asked 
to  have  their  escolta  removed,  a  request  which  aroused 
feai's  of  a  general  rising  in  the  west.  A  junta  at  Cia 
in  April  1707  resolved  to  withdraw  the  frontier  es- 
cdltas  to  Santa  Fe  for  recuperation  of  the  horses,  and 
thus  the  west  was  again  abandoned.® 

It  was  on  the  1st  of  August,  1707,  that  the  gov- 
cinor  ad  interim  was  succeeded  by  the  admiral  Don 
Jose  ( -liacon  Medina  Salazar  y  Villasenor,  njanpies  de 
la  I'l'iiuela,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  king  in 
170.0,  and  who  ruled  till  1712.  The  new  ruler  turned 
his  attention  like  others  to  the  Moquis,  toward  whom 
liis  predecessors,  according  to  his  theory,  had  acted 
harshly,  shooting  captives  and  exasperating  the  na- 
tives. He  sent  an  embassy  of  Zunis  "^  with  an  i;.\hor- 
tiition  to  peace  and  submission ;  but  the  oidy  reply 

°. I  »■'•/).  ,V.  ^fl>r.,  194-5.  There  13  some  confusion  of  diitos.  P.  Juan  Min- 
g'lizis  ii.'imtidasanieiiiberof  these  exped.   Afouiii,  Not.,  070;  FernauilfZ  Diiro, 

X'l.  l.'fT. 

'  Xiitwitli.standing  the  a1>.iniloninpnt  In-fore  noted,  1'.  Fran,  do  Irazubal 
st'Liiis  Ui  have  bee.i  now  ia  charge  of  Aluiia,  one  of  the  Zuili  pnebloa. 


i?i 


i     ■!! 
1' 


^'llil 


■  at;  , 


|»:f 


$'     I 


i  i; 


230 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


was  a  raid  of  refugee  Tanos  and  Tehuas  on  Zufii, 
Nothing  more  important  is  recorded  in  1708  than  the 
building  of  a  parish  church  on  the  site  of  the  one 
destroyed  in  1680.  It  was  built  by  the  marques  gov- 
ernor at  his  own  cost,  though  permission  was  obtained 
to  employ  Indians  on  the  work,  and  was  completed 
within  two  years."  The  year  1709  was  marked  by  a 
war  with  the  Navajos,  who  had  become  ver}'  bold  in 
their  depredations,  sacking  the  pueblos  of  Jemes  in 
June,  but  who  were  defeated  by  the  governor  in  a 
vigorous  campaign,  and  forced  to  make  a  treaty  of 
peace.  This  year,  also,  the  custodio.  Padre  Juan  de 
la  Pena,  collected  some  scattered  families  of  Tiguas/' 
and  with  them  refounded  the  old  pueblo  of  San  Agus- 
tin  Isleta,  Padre  Pefia  engaged  moreover  in  a  spir- 
itual campaign  against  estufa-rites  and  scalp-dances; 
and  complaints  sent  to  Mexico  of  abuses  on  the  part 
of  the  governor  and  alcaldes  brought  from  the  viceroy 
stringent  orders  against  forcing  the  Indians  to  work 
without  compensation.^' 

Padre  Pefia  died,  and  was  succeeded  as  custodio  hy 
Padre  Juan  de  Tagle,  after  Padre  Lopez  de  Haro  as 
vice-president  had  been  for  a  time  in  charge  of  the 
office.  There  was  a  quarrel  in  progress,  of  wliicli  we 
know  little  or  nothing,  between  the  marques  and  liis 
predecessor  Cuervo ;  and  Tagle  with  other  friars  fa- 
vored the  latter,  and  were  the  objects  of  Penuchis 
con»plaints  in  Mexico.^*     In  1711  iind  the  two  follow- 

•' Prince,  HM.  Sf:.,  223-4,  notes  an  inscription  on  the  church,  'Kl  s  fior 
marqut's  de  la  IVfluola  liizo  csta  fahrica;  el  alf^ruz  real  Don  Agiistiu  [Invi 
Vot%'ara  su  criado  afio  de  1710.'  Pefluela  waa  not,  as  Prince  saya,  later  \ie  :■ 
roy  of  N.  Spain. 

'-Called  Tclmas  in  Arrh.  N.  Mex.,  197-8;  but  they  were  more  Iik.l>.  I 
think,  Tiguaa,  tiie  original  oL'cujKUits  of  the  town,  home  of  wlioni.  it  w  II  \n 
renieiiiherod,  had  hucii  suttlod  l>y  (rov.  Otenniu  near  El  Paso.  The  P.  Cinui.su 
seems  conFnHeil  himself  on  the  Buhject. 

'•'Ri'villa  aii,'eilo.  Carta  de  1703,  441,  says  there  were  20,110  tax-jiayers 
rcgistoru  I  in  1710,  tlie  garrison  of  Sta  Fe  beiug  120.  Events  of  thwe  yuart 
inAirh.  N.  Mr.r.,  107  1>. 

»  Arrh.  N.  Mt'.c,  108-9.  The  gov.  not  only  complained  of  Taglo's  hnii',' 
kci)t  in  office  througli  Cuervo's  inthience,  hut  that  ht;  had  done  great  iMriii  liy 
ri-'iiioviiig  P.  Jose  liopcz  I  olio  fr(>m  his  ministry.  He  also  charged  tli;it  P. 
Fran.  Hrotoni  of  Taos  Iiad  ordered  his  Ind.  to  rebnihl  tlieir  estnfas.  Hh 
coiTi])lainini{  report  was  on  M  ly  20,  '12,  aud  it  waa  referred  ou  Aug.  l^Uli  to 
the  com.  gen.  ot  tlie  Franciscans. 


GOVERNOR  FLORES  MOGOLLON. 


2S1 


\r\^  years,  we  find  several  royal  orders  on  New  Mexi- 
can affairs;  but  none  of  them  has  any  historic 
importance.  The  soldiers  had  asked  for  an  increase 
of  pay,  the  friars  for  reenforcements,  and  Governor 
Cuervo  had  reported  his  great  achievements  in  town 
fovmding;  the  c^dulas  were  routine  replies,  ordering 
the  viceroy  to  investigate  and  report,  but  always  to 
look  out  for  the  welfare  of  the  northern  province. 
Tlie  sum  total  of  information  seems  to  be  that  there 
were  34  padres  in  the  field,  which  number  the  viceroy 
deemed  suflScient,  though  he  was  authorized  by  tiie 
king  to  increase  the  missionary  force  whenever  it 
miiiht  be  deemed  best.^^ 

Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon,  formerly  governor 
of  Nuevo  Leon,  had  the  royal  appointment  as  gov- 
ernor and  captain-general;  and  the  marques  de  la 
Peiluela  retiring  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  five 
years,  Governor  Flores  assumed  the  office  on  October 
5,  1712,  ruling  until  1715.'^  The  Sumas  of  the  south 
revolted  in  1712,  but  were  reduced  by  Captain  \^al- 
verde,  and  settled  at  Kealito  de  San  Lorenzo,  a  league 
and  a  half  from  El  Paso,  probably  at  Oterniiu's  old 
camp  of  1681,  In  May  1713  the  natives  of  Acoma 
and  Laguna,  offended  by  the  anti-pagan  zeal  of  Padre 
Carlos  Delgado,  thought  favorably  of  a  proposition  to 
kill  him  at  the  instigation  of  a  Zuni  Indian — at  least 
so   Padre   Irazdbal   reported;    but  nothing  could  be 

»^V.  Mex.,  Cidulas,  MS.,  35-42,  orders  of  Feb.  9,  13,  Jan.  17,  March  2, 
1711;  Dec.  10,  1712;  Aug.  4,  Sept.  27,  1713.  Gov.  Pefiuela  li.ul  written 
direct  to  the  king,  Oct.  28,  1707,  on  Apache  troubles;  on  Nov.  25tii,  liail  for- 
Wiirdi'il  a  petition  of  the  soldiers  for  a  restoration  of  the  old  pay,  and  that  it 
miglit  be  paid  at  Mex.  instead  of  Guadalajara.  (Jov.  Cuervo,  on  April  15, 
170(),  had  forwarded  a  complaint  of  1*.  Alvarez  ou  neiilect  of  the  mih.sinns;  on 
All!,',  18,  1706,  had  asked  for  more  friars;  and  ou  June  13,  18,  23,  17'M>,  had 
reported  his  founding  of  Al'iunjuorque,  etc.  The  cedula  of  Dec.  10,  '12,  asks 
for  information  on  the  pay  of  Gapt.  Felix  Martinez  of  the  Sta  Fe  company. 
The  order  of  Aug.  4,  '13,  relat«'s  to  the  soldiers'  petition,  but  does  not  clearly 
show  whether  it  was  granteil  or  not. 

"Arch.  N.  M(j:,  ISW  Davis,  I'rince,  and  the  rest  find  room  for  another 
viceroy,  the  duke  of  Lvaares,  as  gov.  in  1712.  Prince,  I/iit.  Sk.,  224,  tells  na, 
and  accurately  so  far  w  I  kiK>w,  that  Flores  was  commissioned  at  Madrid 
^<\it.  27,  1707,  for  5  u^trs;  qualitif  i  t)ct.  !»th;  did  not  come  to  .Mex.  lor  a  long 
time;  was  recomniissioned  i "''  by  the  viceroy  Feb.  U,  '12;  aud  mstalled  at  Sta 
Ft  Oct.  5th.     His  aakry  w^»a  ^2,000. 


:  ■«: 


iiSJi 


It 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


proved.  In  October  of  the  same  year  Captain  Soma 
with  400  soldiers  and  alHes  defeated  the  Navajos  in 
their  own  country;  and  besides  this  achievement  tlie 
Faraon  Apaclies  were  warned  to  desist  from  their  dep- 
redations! In  1714  the  Yutas  and  Taos  had  many 
fig'hts,  but  the  governor  restored  harmony  by  an  en- 
forced restitution  of  stolen  property.  Navajo  raids  on 
the  Jemes  had  again  to  be  checked  by  a  campaign  of 
Captain  Madrid,  while  Captain  Valverde  marclu>d 
against  the  Apache  hoards  of  Pharaoh,  as  did  also  the 
I'rench  from  Louisiana. 

A  junta  of  civil,  military,  and  missionary  authori- 
ties was  held  to  deliberate  on  two  questions  deemed 
momentous:  First,  should  the  Christian  Indians  be 
deprived  of  fire-arms  1  The  military  favored  such  a 
policy,  but  the  friars  opposed  it,  both  to  avoid  offence 
and  afford  the  converts  protection ;  and  the  governor 
at  last  ordered  the  arms  taken  away  except  in  the  case 
of  natives  especially  trustworthy.  Second,  should 
the  converts  be  allowed  to  paint  themselves  and  wear 
skin  caps,  thus  causing  themselves  to  be  suspected  of 
crimes  committf^d  by  gentiles,  or  enabling  them  to 
commit  offences  attributed  to  gentiles?  Governor 
Flores  and  his  officers,  with  some  of  the  padres,  were  in 
favor  of  forbidding  the  custom ;  but  the  rest  of  the  friars 
took  an  opposite  view,  holding  that  no  Christian  Indian 
had  ever  been  known  to  use  his  paint  for  a  disguise  to 
cover  crime,  that  it  was  impolitic  to  accuse  them  of 
so  doing,  that  painting  was  the  native  idea  of  adorn- 
ment, and  in  that  light  no  worse  than  Spanish  methods; 
and  finally,  that  the  custom  was  objectionable  only  in 
connection  with  superstition,  in  which  respect  it  must 
be  removed  gradually  by  Christian  toacliings.  The 
decision  is  not  recorded. ^^     Like  other  years  of  this 

"  A  rch.  JV.  Mex. ,  201-4,  including  a  letter  of  V.  Miranda,  who  mado  himself 
the  chanipiou  of  the  Ind,  On  tlie  other  nido  are  named  PP.  Lticas  Aiuviilu 
oi'  Taos  and  Jose  Ant.  (^lucrrero  of  Sta  Fe.  The  junta  was  on  July  *>,  '"'-t- 
In  M.  Pinart's  col.  is  au  original  order  of  ( Jov.  F.  this  year,  that  a  new  estufa 
at  P(;cos  he  suppressed  and  great  care  talieu  by  all  alcaldes  to  prevent  any- 
thing ut  the  kiiid. 


MOQUI  DirLOMACY. 


288 


and  most  other  periods,  1715  had  its  vague  rumors  of 
an  impending  revolt,  ever  dreaded  by  the  New  ^[exi- 
cans,  not  traceable  to  any  definite  foundation.  I  find 
also  the  record  of  one  of  the  typical  campaigns  against 
A[>aches  on  or  toward  the  Colorado  Rlvor,  made  by 
Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  with  no  results  of  importance/'^ 
It  must  not  be  supposed  that  nothing  was  lieard 
from  the  Moquis,  for  I  find  original  records  of  five 
juntas  de  guerra  at  Santa  Fe  on  their  account/^  In 
June  171.3  an  Indian  named  Naranjo  was  refused  per- 
mission to  visit  the  Moquis,  but  in  December  two 
natives  of  Zuni,  through  Padre  Irazabal,  obtained 
the  license  and  were  given  letters.  They  fi)und  the 
]\ro(piis  eager  for  peace  and  alliance  with  the  Zunis, 
l)ut  the  controlling  element  under  the  chief  of  Orail)e 
Lad  no  desire  for  the  Spaniards'  friendship.  In  March 
r/15  a  Moqui  appeared  at  the  capital  with  favorable 
reports,  and  was  sent  back  with  assurances  of  good- 
will. Xext,  in  May  a  chief  from  Oraibe  came  to  make 
further  investigations,  reporting  that  a  grand  junta  of 
all  the  towns  had  decided  on  peace  and  Christianity. 
This  chief  was  sent  back  with  gifts,  and  in  July  eight 
Moquis  came  to  announce  that  after  harvest  the  for- 
mal arrangements  for  submission  would  be  conqjleted. 
Thus  all  went  well  so  long  as  the  Moquis  were  the 
ami )assadors ;  but  when  the  governor  sent  messengers 
of  his  own  choosing,  the  truth  came  out  that  the  pre- 
triidi'd  ambassadors  were  traders,  who  had  invented 
all  their  reports  to  account  for  their  visits  and  insure 
tlirir  own  safety,  the  Moqui  authorities  being  as  hos- 
tile as  ever! 


(Governor  Flores  was  an  old  man  in  fct'ble  health, 
wl  n  resigned  on  account  of  hi-^  infirmities.  He  was 
sua't.eded  by  Captain  Felix  Martinez,  who  asvsumed 

^^  HHrttulo,  I'atnixiila  cindnr  iw  AjiiichcK  Aijoxto-Set.  1715,  MS.,  in  Piiiart 
OV.,  i.u'luiliiig  ili  ,,  H),  juut-a  ile  guerra,  corresji.,  etc.  Tliu  force  was  2o0  sol- 
dioi's  ;ui(l  allies. 

'" Mfxpii,  Jmtnx  (Ip  (lut'.rm,  171 -f-h',  ..rig.  MS.  <if  the  Pinort  Col.  The 
juut.ia  were  im  Doc.  2G,  13,  March  V2,  May  :{,  July  5,  Nov.  L',  '15. 


m 


284 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


the  office  as  acting  governor,  or  perhaps  governor  ad 
interim  by  the  viceroy's  appointment,  on  October  30, 
1715,  and  who,  instead  of  permitting  his  predecessor 
to  dispart  with  an  escort  for  Mexico  as  ordered, 
engaged  in  quarrels  and  lawsuits  with  him,  keeping 
him  under  arrest  for  two  years.^"  During  Martinez' 
rule  of  two  years  two  campaigns  are  recorded.  In 
August  17H)  the  governor  marched  in  person  against 
the  Moquis  with  68  soldiers,  accompanied  by  the  cus- 
todio.  Padre  Antonio  Camargo,  the  cabildo  of  Santa 
Fe,  and  a  force  of  vecinos  from  Alburquerquc  and 
La  Canada.  Commissioners  were  sent  forward  from 
Alona,  and  some  of  the  Moquis  seemed  willing  to 
submit,  but  the  people  of  Gualpi  and  the  Tanos  pueblo 
refused.  Two  fights  occurred  in  September,  the  In- 
dians being  defeated,  if  we  may  credit  the  diary,  with 
many  killed  and  wounded;  but  the  army,  after  de- 
stroying corn-fields,  retreated  to  Santa  Fe,  and  tlio 
pretended  victories  may  be  regarded  as  very  doubtful.-'^ 

''"Arrfi,  N.  Mex.,  lOo-fi,  Martinez  had  come  with  Vargas,  enlisted  as  a 
solilier,  hecaine  capt.  of  tlie  Sta  Fe  comiiaiiy  in  IV'fuiela's  time,  was  forf(!il  to 
resign  on  aeuount  of  liis  soniewliat  quarrelsome  character  in  '12,  hut  in  '1  j 
hail  got  a  new  appointment  from  tlie  Icing  aa  captain  for  life  and  regidor  p(;r- 
petuo  of  the  villa.  Florea  Mogollon  was  a  native  of  Sevilla.  A  sierra  in  N. 
Mex.  preserves  Ids  name.  Davis,  Prince,  and  others  make  Capt.  Valvonlo 
gov.  in  '14,  and  so  he  may  have  heen  acting  gov.  at  some  time  tluring  Florea' 
illness.  These  M'riters  also  state,  to  quote  from  Prince,  that  Flores  '  was  ac- 
cused of  nialefeasanee  in  office,  but  the  case  did  not  coma  on  for  trial  until 
after  a  delay  of  some  ye  irs.  By  the  king's  command  he  wa.s  relieved  fidiu 
his  position  Oct.  5,  17 IT),  after  serving  exactly  3  years.  His  trial  was  li.id  at 
Sta  Fe  in  1721,  long  after  lie  had  left  N.  Mex.;  and  his  sentence  was  sent  to 
tlic  viceroy  lor  coniirmation,  tlic  costs  being  adjudged  against  him.  The  of- 
ficer reported  tliat  neither  the  accused  nor  any  of  liis  property  could  lie 
found.'  I  supj)osu  tiiat  these  statements  rest  on  some  doc.  of  1721  in  the 
Arc/i.  Stir  /''(',  M.S.,  wiiich  I  have  not  found. 

■^'Certified  copy  of  Martinez'  diary,  in  Arch.  Stn  Fe,  MS.,  the  original 
having  been  carried  by  M.  to  Mex.  The  return  to  Sta  Fe  was  on  Oct.  ^tli. 
Ace.  to  Arrh.  A\  Mex.,  20C-7,  the  gov.  accomplished  nothing,  and  tiu'  tnitii 
wiiicli  lie  concealed  in  his  diary  came  out  in  liis  later  n^sideucia.  The  [laJio 
croiiLstii  is  apparently  wrong  in  naming  P.  Jose  Lopez  Tello  as  custodio  at  tliis 
time  and  P.  .Miranda  as  liis  predecessor.  He  alio  tells  us  that  the  gov. 
decided  to  wage  war  on  the  Moquis  after  consulting  the  viceroy,  but  lie. ore 
awaiting  his  reply.  In  Moi/iii,  Xotirins,  MS.,  ()71--4,  P.  Domingo  Araon  is 
n  I'ue  I  as  a  companion  of  P.  Camargo;  and  an  account  i.s  given  of  tiie  ore- 
limiiiary  negotiations,  but  not  ot  tlie  hghts  hat  folk)wed.  It  aeema  tliiit  the 
Moquis  at  first  pretended  to  be  well  di.sposed  but  required  time  to  ihHhor- 
atc,  spending  tlie  5  days  allowed  in  ]ii('paratious  for  war.  The  ex]iril.  is 
mentioned  in  Fcrndndtz  Ditro,  NotirinH,  YXi.  On  this  trip  (Jov.  M.  htt  Ins 
name  inscribed  ou  El  Morro,  Aug.  20th,  with  a  record  that  he  waa  on  the 


GOVERNOR  VALVERDE. 


235 


Durinij  the  jfovernor's  absence  in  the  west  the 
Yutas  and  Conianchcs — perhaps  the  first  definite  ap- 
pearance in  history  of  the  latter  nation — attacked 
Taos,  tlie  Tehua  towns,  and  even  some  of  tlio  S[)anish 
settlements.  On  his  return  Martinez  sent  Captain 
Serna,  who  attacked  the  foe  at  the  Cerro  de  San 
Antonio,  thirty  leagues  north  of  Santa  Fe,  killing 
many  Indians  and  capturing  their  chusnia.  It  isub- 
secjuently  came  out  in  the  governor's  residencia  that 
the  captives  were  divided  between  Don  Felix  and  his 
])n)tlier,  and  sold  on  joint  accimnt  in  Xueva  Vizcaya, 
tiic  Yutas  being  told  later  that  their  chusma  had  died 
of  small-})ox!'^'^ 

In  September  1716,  the  new  viceroy,  marques  de 
Valero,  informed  secretly  of  how  tilings  were  going  in 
New  Mexico,  ordered  Governor  Martinez  to  present 
himself  in  Mexico,  at  the  same  time  directing  Ca})tuin 
Antonio  Valverde  y  Cosio  to  go  up  from  El  Paso,  as- 
sume tlie  governorship  ad  hitcrim,  and  investigate 
certain  chai-oes.  Valverde  arrived  at  Santa  V6  the  9th 
of  ])ecember;  but  Martinez,  supported  by  the  cabildo, 
refused  to  give  up  the  office  or  presidio  books.  He 
could  not,  however,  disobey  the  viceroy's  summons, 
ond  having  appointed  Juan  Paez  Hurtado  to  act  as 
governor  in  his  absence,  he  started  on  the  20th  of 
.lanuary,  1717,  taking  with  him  apparently  Flores 
Mogollon,  his  predecessor.  Valvertle  was  ordered  to 
accompany  him  to  El  Paso,  but  feigned  illness,  and 
took  refuge  with  his  friend,  Padre  Tagle,  at  the  con- 
vent of  San  Ildefonso.  As  to  resulting  coniplii-atious 
between  Hurtado  and  Valverde,  I  have  found  no  rec- 
ord, but  su[»pose  that  the  former  ruled  but  a  few 
months,  and  that  before  the  end  of  1717,  as  soon  as 
orders   could     be    returned    from    Mexico,   Valverde 

way  to  reduce  the  Moquis  with  the  cuatodio,  P.  Camargo,  and  Juan  Oareia 
d^■  1!  vas,  ulcaldo  of  Sta  Fe.   Sinip/snii'i  Jour.,  104-."),  \)l.  0."),  ()7. 

-'Ill  a  iiieiiiorial  of  ll'2'2,  Air/i.  Sla  Fe,  MS.,  all  the  otHuors  and  soldiers 
statt'il  that  N.  Mex.  was  in  groat  peril  during  M.'.;  rule.  'Con  .su  in.sacialile 
y  vciiaz  eodicia,  rohos  y  cngailos  niauitiestos,  eatuvo  peudieute  ile  uii  cabello 
liara  una  total  asolaciou.' 


e 


i* 


■I '. 


w 


■in 


236 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


assumed   the  office,  which  he  held  for  four  or  five 
yeara."^ 

A  leading  event  of  Valverde's  rule  was  his  expedi- 
tion of  1719,  with  105  Spaniards  and  30  Indians,  beiui,' 
joined  also  on  the  way  by  the  Apaches  under  Captain 
Carlarna,  ajj^ainst  the  Yutas  and  Comanches,  who  liad 
been  coniniittinuj  many  depredations.  His  route  was 
nortli,  east,  south-east,  and  finally  south-west  back  to 
Santa  Fe.  He  thus  explored  the  reorions  since  known 
as  Colorado  and  Kansas,  going  farther  north,  as  lie 
believed,  than  any  of  liis  predecessors.  He  did  not 
overtake  the  foe,  encountering  nothing  more  formida- 
ble than  poison-oak,  which  attacked  the  officers  as 
well  as  the  privates  of  his  command."*  On  the  liiu 
Napcstle,  apparently  the  Arkansas,  Valverde  mot  tlie 
Apaches  of  Cuartelejo,  and  found  men  with  gunshot 
wounds  received  from  the  French  and  their  allies,  tlie 
Pananas  and  Jumanas."^     An  order  came  from  the 

^^  Arr/i.  A'.  Mex.,  207-8.  This  invaluable  authority  comes  to  an  end  Iicre, 
and  its  alwence  will  be  felt  in  the  remainder  of  this  chapter.  Davis  and  the 
other.s  name  no  ruler  in  '19-20.  The  Arch.  Sti  F<:,  MS.,  shows  V.  as  gov.  in 
'18  20,  and  he  probably  held  the  office  in  '17-21.  I  find  no  original  record 
of  how  the  troubles  of  Martinez  and  Florea  were  settled  in  Mexico,  but  theio 
are  some  indications  tliat  a  juezde  residencia  was  sent  to  Sta  Fe  in  '21  to  take 
testimony. 

'■"P.  .luan  Pino  was  the  chaplain,  and  the  start  was  on  Sept.  15tli.  The 
men,  suffering  terribly  from  poison-oak,  found  the  best  remedy  to  be  chewing 
chocolate  and  applying  tlie  saliva  to  the  parts  affected.  The  route  wa.s  N. 
witli  the  sierra  on  the  left  to  Oct.  10th,  the  names  given  being  Rio  S.  Jose 
at  Rosario,  Rio  Colorado  (an  arroyo)  or  Soledatl,  Sacramento,  Rio  S.  Miguel 
(poison-oak  experience),  Rio  Sto  Domingo,  S.  Lorenzo  at  junction  of  two 
streams,  Rio  S.  Antonio,  Rio  S.  Francisco  4  1.,  S.  Onofre,  Dolores  Spr.  4  1., 
Carmen  Spr.  G  1.,  Sta  Rosa  in  sand  dunes,  S.  Ignacio  nmre  eastward,  Sta 
Eligenia  »  1.,  S.  Felipe  de  Jesus  Cr.  61.  Thence  Oct.  1  lth-20th  down  tlie  river 
Sta  Maria  Magdalena  E.  and  s.  E.  to  S.  Nicolas  Obispo  4  1.,  Pilar  (i  1.,  La 
Cruz  4  1.,  Sta  Teresa,  Rio  Napestle  10  1.  Here  they  met  the  Apaches  t'al- 
chufines,  ami  se:it  P.  Pino  and  a  party  to  Taos  for  supplies.  Sood  they  met 
the  Apaclies  of  Cuartelejo.  The  diary  ends  abruptly  when  they  started  buck 
for  .Sta  Fe.  Valrrrilv  y  CoMo  (Aiitnuio),  Diario  y  Darrot'iro,  1719;  oiig.  MS. 
Avritten  by  Soc.  Aloii.so  Rael  de  Aguilai-,  in  the  Plnart  Vol. 

'^■'  It  was  said  tlie  French  had  given  these  Ind.  fire-arms,  and  tliat  tlicy 
had  formed  two  largo  towns.  I  .suppose  the  Pananas  may  have  been  Pauaii.is, 
or  Pawnees.  Escalante,  dtrUt,  125,  tells  us  that  in  this  year,  1719,  a  coin- 
pany  under  Capt.  Villasur  was  sent  (perhaps  after  tlie  gov.'s  return)  to  tiiid 
the  Pananas,  300  1.  s.  K.  of  Sta  Fe.  He  reached  the  river  on  wliich  tlioir 
towns  stood,  l)ut  tlie  Pananas^who,  he  thinks,  may  have  been  tiio  Quiviras^ 
attacked  V^illasur  in  the  night  with  guns,  killing  V.,  P.  Juaii  Miugues,  and 


EXPLORATIONS. 


237 


viroroy  to  establish  a  presidio  of  25  men  at  Cuartdfjo, 
soiiio  130  leagues  from  Santa  Fd,  in  the  heart  of  the 
Apiiclie  region;  but  a  council  of  war  tlc^oided  tliis  to 
ho  inijtos.sible,  believing  the  viceroy  liad  meant  Jiea- 
rilla,  some  40  leaj^ues  from  the  capital,  as  the  site,  and 
that  even  tliere  25  men  would  not  suffice.  In  171'.)- 
20  the  governor  made  a  tour  of  inspection,  visitini^ 
evi'iy  pueblo  and  settlement  in  the  province.^^  He 
also  sunt  information  on  the  Moquis  for  which  he  was 
thanked  by  the  viceroy;  and  the  same  p(>rsistent 
apostates  were  mentioned  in  a  ro^-al  order,  from  which 
it  appears  that  the  Jesuits  were  trying  to  bo  put  in 
charge  of  the  Moqui  conversion,  a  phase  of  the  matter 
that  belongs  to  the  annals  of  Arizona  in  another  chap- 
ter of  this  volume."^  From  the  same  document  it 
appears  that  there  was  a  dispute  between  the  bishop 

iiKist  of  the  party,  including  the  French  guide.  Ritch,  Aztlaii,  244,  niuiitinus 
tills  I'iiwiu'e  iiiassacro  as  having  boon  i)n  tlie  Missdiiri. 

Ill  a  letter  of  Feb.  1886,  l>r  J.  F.  .Suyilci'  of  Virginia,  Caaa  Co.,  III., 
inlorniH  uie  that  a  massacre  of  SpautanU  l>y  tlic  Mi.sMOuriij,  mistaken  lor 
Pawnees  I>y  the  victims,  in  1720,  is  nientiomil  i:i  all  the  early  histories!  (pf  tlio 
region.  Ho  cites  the  narrative  as  given  in  /'e;/iioli/^  I'ionrcr  111.4.  af  llUimi.^, 
34,  ;inil  also  cites  Cluirlevoix,  Jo\ir»nl,  that  autiior  having  obtained  soni^jSpan- 
isli  relics  in  the  north,  said  to  have  been  obtain^'d  at  a  great  massacre  of  the 
New  Mexicans.  There  is  much  variation  as  to  details,  but  the  ge.iend  ver- 
sion is  that  tiie  Spaniards  came  to  drive  out  the  Fieneh  and  met  ili.sa^ter  l.y 
conliiling  their  hostile  plans  to  a  tribe  that  was  friendly  to  the  Freicli  and 
led  tliein  into  an  ambush.  Dr  S.  has  been  shown  the  spot  in  Saline  ( 'o.,  Mo., 
wlieie  tlie  affair  occurred.  It  would  seem  that  tlie  expedition  must  have  been 
that  of  Villasur,  or  one  sent  out  after  Valverde's  return,  and  in  Con8e((ueriee 
of  liis  reports  about  the  French.  It  is  unfortunate  that  no  original  records 
have  been  found.  It  is  possible  that  Villasur  reached  the  Missouri;  but  it 
is  strange  that  such  a  disaster  has  left  no  more  definite  trace  in  the  archives. 

-''  .\rch.  Sta  t'e,  MS.  In  these  years  Mig.  Tenorio  de  Alba,  Mig.  Enri(piez 
(le  Cabrera,  a;id  Alonso  Rael  de  Aguilar  appear  as  govt  secretary.  Capt. 
l'L'(h'o  do  Villasur  was  lieut.-gen.  The  alcaldes  mayores  were  Alf.  Cris. 
Tiirres,  Sta  Cruz  de  la  Caflada;  Capt.  Luis  (larcia,  Albunjuerque,  Bernalillo, 
Sta  .\na,  Cia,  and  Jeme.s;  Capt.  AIon.-;o  Oarcia,  Isleia;  Capt.  Ant.  do  L'i'i- 
harii,  Laguna,  Acoma,  Aloua,  or  the  Zufii  region;  Cajit.  Alonso  Kuel  de 
A>;iular,  Pecos  and  Galisteo;  anil  Capt.  Mig.  'ienorio  (le  Ali)a  at  S.  (!ero:i. 
(le  Taos.  la  1718  there  were  complaints  from  Cociiiti  against  tlie  alealde 
mayor,  Migurl  de  Vaca,  for  beating  and  otlierwiso  almsing  the  I:iil.  Tliey 
led  to  an  investij  .-ion  and  an  order  of  the  gov.  for  more  care  in  I;i<l.  treat- 
ment.    The  bulky  record  is  in  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS. 

-■.V.  Mex.,  O'dulas,  MS.,  42-4,  order  of  Feb.  11,  '10.  Arch.  Sta  /V,  MS. 
At  tlio  end  of  '18  Gov.  V.  sent  some  Tanos  to  a.ssiire  the  fugitive  'lanos, 
Tuliuas,  and  Tiguas  of  Moqui  that  they  might  return  without  fear  to  tlu'ir 
puelilo.s.  Ho  was  ordered  by  the  viceroy  to  use  only  gentle  measures.  A 
royal  cedula  of  Marcii  7,  '19,  ordered  investigation  of  past  management  of 
Ca|it.  Felix  Martinez  and  other  presidio  co.n.,  especially  i.i  tiuauci^l  matters. 
^'.  MiX.,  Ced.,  MS.,  44-5. 


^. 


v^,  '•  "<^- 


'iu 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1^  1 2.8 

"  ii£   IIIIIM 


IIIIIM 


1.8 


1-25      1.4      1.6 

< 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


Xj( 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4S03 


# 


\ 


V 


o^ 


5 


W 
o 


238 


FIRST   HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


of  Durango  and  the  archbishop  of  Mexico  on  the 
ecclesiastic  jurisdiction  of  New  Mexico. 

Don  Juan  de  Estrada  y  Austria  seems  to  have 
couiu  in  1721  as  juez  de  residencia  to  investigate  tlio 
still  pending  charges  against  and  controversies  betwct  ii 
ex-governors  Flores  and  Martinez;  and  he  may  h.ive 
held,  as  was  sometimes  customary,  tlie  position  of 
acting  governor  during  the  performance  of  his  duties 
as  judge  ;'^  if  so,  he  turned  over  the  office  before  tlio 
end  of  the  year  or  early  in  the  next;  and  on  Marcli  J, 
1722,  the  regularly  appointed  governor,  Don  Juan 
Diimingo  de  Bustamante,  succeeded;'^''  ruling  two  full 
terms,  or  until  1731.  A  visitador  general,  in  the  per- 
son of  Captain  Antonio  Cobian  Busto,  came  in  1722 
to  investigate  the  condition  of  provincial  affairs.** 
Sonje  Spaniards  engaged  in  illicit  trade  with  the 
French  inhabitants  of  Louisiana,  which  brought  out 


III''' 


It    -..! 


^  Davis,  Prince,  and  others  represent  him  as  '  his  Majesty's  residuary  ( .') 
judge,  acting  fiov.,  etc.,'  in  1721.  I  have  seen  no  original  record  of  liis  yran- 
euce. 

^*The  date  of  B.'s  assuming  office  at  Sta  Fe  is  given  in  a  doc.  of  ''J'2  in 
Arr/i.  Stii  Fe,  M8.     On  March  15,  ''2'2,  the  oUicors  diers  of  Sta  Fe  sign 

a  muiiioriul  of  praiso  iu  favor  of  ex. -gov.  V.,  who  on  relieveil  hy  H.  (im 

ref.  to  Estrada),  They  accredit  V.  with  all  ki  .  of  good  conduct.  He 
had  ))uilt  at  his  own  cost  a  church  and  chapel  at  tiiu  capitiil,  and  a  chajicl  at 
S.  IMefonso;  paid  his  men  regularly  and  treated  them  well.  V.  was  capitan 
vitalioio  of  the  presidio  of  Kl  I'aso,  ami  now  returned  to  his  post. 

^Airh.  Sl<i  Fi,  MS.  In  Oct.  a  junta  was  held  at  Sta  Fe  to  explain  to 
Busto  for  the  king's  edification  why  the  country  from  Chihuahua  up  to  \. 
Mex.  was  not  fully  settled  by  prosperous  and  trilmtc-payiug  Spaniards.  T!ie 
reason  was  found  in  the  small  number  and  poverty  of  the  settlers,  and  tlic 
fear  of  gentile  raiders.  The  remedies  proposed  were  a  presidio  of  .tv)  uum  and 
a  settlement  of  200  families  at  Socorro,  and  another  presidio  of  50  men  at 
Aguatuvi.  Tlie  country  was  rich  in  metals  and  well  adapted  to  agriculture 
ami  stock-raising;  ami  any  expenditure  of  money  by  the  govt  would  be  a 
good  investment. 

Mig.  Enriquez  was  now  sec.  Paez  Hurtado  and  Ant.  Becerro  Nieto  are 
named  as  generals,  the  latter  of  Janos,  in  N.  Mex.  temporarily.  Cajit.  FfcIii. 
Bueno  do  Bohorques  y  Corcuera  was  alcalde  mayor  of  Sta  Fe;  Aguilar  was  a 
sargento  mayor.  Captains  Ignacio  de  Roybal  and  Diego  Arias  de  Quirds  and 
Lieut.  Fran.  Montcs  Vijil  are  named.     Hurtado  was  lieut.-gen.  in  '24. 

Padres  named  in  '22  are:  Juan  de  Tagle,  comisario  d;'l  sto  oficio  and  visita- 
dor, Juan  de  la  Cruz,  custodio  and  juez  ccles.,  Juan  Sanchez,  Diego  Eijiincisa 
de  Ids  Monteros,  Juan  de  Mirabal,  Juan  Ant.  de  Celi,  Manuel  du  Sopeiia, 
Carlos  Delgado,  Juan  del  Pino,  Fran.  Irazdbal,  Domingo  de  Araos,  Fniii.  Ant. 
Perez,  com.  sto  oficio,  Jose  Ant.  (ruerrero,  guardian  of  the  Sta  Fe  convfiit. 
These  were  all  at  the  Sta  Fe  junta.  P.  Jos6  Diez,  who  left  N.  Mex.  in  llilW, 
died  at  (jueretoro  in  '22,  age  05.  Arricivita,  Cron.  Seni/.,  i.  18S)-20ti. 


MOQUIS  AND  FRENCHMEN. 


280 


proliibitory  orders  from  the  king  in  1723;  and  orders 
ri«,'ulating  the  trade  with  gentile  tribes  were  issued 
In'  ( >f)vern()r  Bustamante  the  same  year."  Early  in 
17-4  the  Yutas  committod  depredations  at  Jomes; 
and  the  Comunches  attacked  the  Apaches  at  Jicarilla, 
forced  them  to  give  up  half  their  women  and  childrtjn 
to  save  their  lives  and  town,  burned  the  j)laee,  and 
killed  all  but  G9  men,  two  women,  and  three  boys — 
all  mortally  wounded.^"  In  1727  Bustamante  notified 
the  viceroy  that  the  French  had  settled  ut  Cuartokjo 
and  Chinali,  UIO  leagues  from  Santa  Fe,  proposing  an 
rxpcditi(m  to  find  out  what  was  being  done,  and  askijig 
for  troops  for  that  purpose;  but  it  was  decldrd  that 
siuli  an  entrada  was  n*)t  necessary,  though  all  possible 
iiifoniiation  should  be  obtained  from  the  Indians.^ 
Tlic  Jesuits  still  desired  to  convert  the  Moquis,  and 
ohtainiid  in  172G  favorable  orders  from  king  and  vice- 
roy, of  which  they  made  no  practical  use.  Padres 
^liiaiida  and  Irazilbal  visited  tlie  province  in  17'J4, 
ohtaiiiing  what  they  considered  favorable  a.isurances 
for  the  future;  and  in  1700-1  padres  Francisco  Ar- 
cliuudi  and  Jose  Xarvaez  Valverde  seem  to  have  had 
a  like  experience.  The  Moquis  had  no  oljjections 
to  an  occasional  interview  so  long  as  they  could  put 
off  their  submission  to  a  convenient  time  not  the 
present.^* 

"  -V.  ^fex.,  Cid.,  MS.,  45-<5,  orders  of  March  10,  'i.'J,  and  March  7,  '24.     It 

was  iliiirgo'l  that  N.  Mex.  traders  went  to  La  and  bouglit  $r.;,0 JO  worth  of 
gddJs.  liov.  B.'s  order  ahout  trade  with  gentiles,  Apr.  3,  ''l'.\,  in  Airh.  A\',i 
/ ' ,  MS.  The  people  were  allowcil  to  trade  with  genL.lcs  who  came  to  Taoa 
aiiil  Tecos,  Init  some  wure  accustomed  to  go  out  in  tl»o  pi  ins  to  meet  them. 

^M.ettiTs  of  rP.  Mlrahal  and  Irazd.l);:l,  in  Arch.  Sla  /V,  M.=i.  Tlie  i)a.lro8 
tlioii'rlit  as  the  Jicarillas  were  Christians  and  tlie  Co..iaachea  had  hcun  iioti» 
lit'  I  iif  it  war  oa  the  latter  was  justifiable  aoc.  to  scripture.  I'aez  llurtado 
w.is  (iriiiTcd  ill  Fch.  to  make  aa  cxped.  wiJi  103  men,  but  I  have  not  found 
any  n  port  of  result!.  lu '23,  Rivera,  DUirio  y  Drrrotero,  2.1-9,  muntiona 
Ar>iiripier(iue  as  a  villa  of  mixed  Span.,  mestizos,  a:id  milattoes,  mostly  scat- 
ters I  oil  the  rauchos.  Bonilla,  Apuiifcn,  MS.,  says  t'.i -t  in  '26  a  roc  nfnrcc- 
iiu  lit  of  troops  was  ordered;  also  that  Brig.  Tedro  de  Klvera  vi  ut^il  N.  Mux. 
to  irorganize  the  presidio,  the  force  being  couseiiuently  fixod  at  SJ  men  with 
.*^i;i.)  (uuii.  P.  Ni.l,  Apunt.,  90-100,  gives  80!iio  geojjraplilo  untos  of  '29  for 
till'  N.  Mux.  settlements  that  seem  to  b  j  confused  rofereueos  to  earlier  records, 
ami  are  so  faulty  that  I  do  not  deem  t'.iem  worth  reproduction. 

"Orig.  MS.  in  Pinart  collection. 

".V.  Me.r.,  Cid.,  MS.,  4;i-8,  order  of  March  20,  '2r>,  and  viceroy's  t. sport 
of  May  11,  '25.     See  later  chap.  o:i  Ariz.;  X.  Mcr.,  Djc,  -M-i.,  iiii-8,  sUte- 


240 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


E 


There  was  a  complicated  controversy  in  these  and 
later  years  between  the  missionary  and  episcopal 
autliorities.  The  bishor  of  Durango  claimed  Niw 
Mexico  as  part  of  his  bisnopric,  insisting  on  his  rii^ht 
to  appoint  a  vicar  and  control  ecclesiastic  matters  in 
tlio  province,  which  the  friars  refused  to  recognize. 
Bishop  Crespo,  in  his  visitaof  1725,  reached  El  Paso, 
and  exercised  his  functions  without  much  opposition; 
but  in  August  1730,  when  he  extended  his  tour  to 
Santa  F(5,  though  he  administered  the  rite  of  confii- 
mation  there  and  at  a  few  other  towns,  at  some  of  the 
missions  he  was  not  permitted  to  do  so,  the  friars  ob- 
jecting by  instruction  of  the  custodio.  Padre  Andn's 
Varo,  and  he,  of  course,  obeying  the  instructions  of 
his  superior  in  Mexico.  The  bishop  also  appointed 
Don  Santiago  Roybal  as  juez  eclcsidstico,  whose  au- 
thority was  only  partially  recognized.  Crespo  began 
legal  proceedings  against  the  Franciscan  authorities 
in  Mexico,  and  besides  demanding  recognition  of  his 
episcopal  rights,  ho  made  serious  charges  against  tho 
Now  Mexican  friars,  alleging  that  they  did  not  proj)- 
erly  administer  the  sacraments;  that  they  did  not 
learn  the  native  language;  that  the  neophytes,  ratlitr 
than  confess  through  an  interpreter,  who  might  reveal 
their  secrets,  did  not  confess  at  all,  except  in  (irfir"lo 
7nor(is;  that  of  .SO  padres  provided  for,  only  24  wero 
serving;  that  the  failure  to  reduce  the  Moquis  was 
their  fault;  that  some  of  them  neglected  their  duties, 
and  others  by  tlieir  conduct  caused  scandal ;  and  that 
tithes  were  not  properly  collected  or  expended.  Tlnse 
charges,  especially  those  connected  with  ignorance  of 
the  native  language,  were  supported  by  tho  formal 
testimony  of  24  prominent  officials  and  residents, 
taken  by  the  governor  at  Santa  Fo  in  Juno  17"'l. 

monts  of  PP.  Miranda,  Irazll)al,  Archundi,  and  Valverde.  Tlio  latter  UmI 
served  in  N.  Mex.  since  'ihJ.  It  iloes  not  clearly  appear  here  that  lie  li.nl  vis- 
ited Moqui;  but  Fernandez  Ihiro,  Xoliriits,  \'A7,  citea  a  MS.  of  I'M  (iji.  m  tlio 
Acad,  de  Hist.,  entitled  Vnbrnh,  Erped.  d  hprov.  de  Moqui,  1730.  On  .\r- 
clnindi's  cntrada,  see  also  Cn-xjui,  Mem.  Ajitjtt.,  51,  where  it  is  said  tli:it  m  i'U 
entrada  of  '31  a  pa  Ire  sacrificed  his  life(?).  Some  time  before  Nov.  ':!•_',  f. 
Frau.  Tuebooiiui  uut«red  Mwiui  and  brought  away  5  Tisuas  to  Idleta.  Id.,  '>4. 


FRIARS  VERSUS  BISHOP. 


241 


])etails  of  the  suit  are  too  bulky  and  complicated  f»)r 
iKitice  here.  There  was  a  royal  order  of  1729  favor- 
iiltlo  to  the  bishop,  and  ant>therof  1731  to  some  extent 
sustainiiijjf  the  position  of  the  Franciscans;  but  the 
(Itc'ision  in  1733  was  in  substance  that,  pending  a  final 
(Iccision  on  the  great  principles  involved,  the  bishop 
IiikI,  and  miglit  exercise,  jurisdiction  in  New  Mexico; 
and  as  we  shall  see,  he  did  make  avisiki  in  1737.  In 
Spain,  the  case  came  up  on  appeal  in  173G,  and  amain 
feature  of  the  friars'  plea  was  the  claim  that  the  testi- 
iiioiiy  against  them  was  false,  having  been  given  by 
had  nioii,  moved  by  prejudice  against  the  padres,  who 
liad  opposed  their  sinful  customs.  To  prove  this,  they 
|)i(t(hiced  the  evidence,  taken  by  the  vice-custodio, 
I'adro  Jose  Antonio  Guerrero,  in  July  1731,  of  an- 
(itlitr  set  of  officials  and  citizens,  to  the  effect  that  the 
missionaries  had  performed  every  duty  in  the  most 
cxeiiiplary  and  zealous  manner,  though  it  was  not  pre- 
teiidod  that  they  knew  the  native  dialects.  Counter- 
cliaigt's  were  also  made  that  the  governor  and  his 
ofHcials  abused  the  Indians,  forcing  them  to  work 
witliout  pay.  The  record  from  which  I  take  this  iu- 
fonnation  was  printed  in  1738,  when  no  permanent 
decision  had  been  reached.^^ 


'■^  Crenpo,  MemorUil  ajtuttwlo  que.  de  drden  del  connfjo  supremo  de  fndinn  se  hi 
hcchr,  lid  pli'i/to,  que  siijiiid  el  Ulmo.  Sor  Don  lienUo  Crenpo,  oliiipo  qiw  J'ue  de 
UHiitiitjn,  y  lo  conliiiiui  el  Ulmo.  Snr  Don  Martin  de  Elizticoerhen,  m  mtrveiiMor  en 
ilir/it)  iiliUpiulo.  Con  la  relijion  dc  ^V.  P.  S.  Friinciiieo,  de  la  Rvijular  Oh/ifnriicin, 
jl  Kii  prorurador  general  de  Ins  Indiiw.  Soltre  viinbir,  y  exerrer  lo9  arto*  de  la 
juiisilirrimt  dioresdna  en  la  cmUxlia  del  N'uero  Mexico  en  la  Nne^^t  Expitil  i,  jv)ner 
ficiiiii)  j'oraiieo,  y  otras  co»a«.  Madrid,  17118,  fed.,  64  1.  The  patlres  accused 
of  iiugloot,  HO  far  as  named,  were  PP.  Ant.  Oaltaldon  of  Nainne,  Juan  de  la 
Cm/,  (if  S.  iluan,  Cirlns  Dulgadn  of  I»leta,  Manuel  Sopena  of  Sta  Clara,  Joae 
Yri^joyon  of  S.  Ildefonso,  I>oniine<)  Anma  of  Sta  Ana,  Ant.  Miranda  of  Cia, 
IVili'ii  .Montano  of  Jemes,  Juan  Miral>al  of  Taos,  and  Juan  Ant.  Hereiza  of 
rioiinort.  Some  of  the  witnesses  aj^ainst  the  padres  were  Capt.  Juan  Oonza- 
If/,  iilc.  mayor  of  Alburquerquc;  Diego  de  Torres,  lieut.-alc.  m.  of  Sta  Clara; 
Jiutii  PuLK  Hurtado;  Ramon  Careia,  ale.  m.  o.''  Bernalillo;  and  Miguel  Vega, 
all'  III.  of  Taos.  Witnesses  in  f.ivor  of  tiie  padres  included  Capt.  Tomis 
Niift  z  lie  Haro,  Capt.  Ant.  de  Uriharri,  Capt.  Seliastian  Martin,  Capt.  Alonao 
Rati  lie  Aguilar,  Andres  Montoya,  ale.  m.  of  S.  FeliiMj,  Capt.  Nicolas  Ortiz 
Nn'iii,  and  some  of  the  opposing  witnesses  on  certain  points.  P.  .Juan  Mig. 
Mi'iicliero  was  in  N.  Mex.  as  vi.sita<lor,  and  took  some  part  in  this  affair. 
The  liishop's  visits,  both  in  ''2'i  and  '.HU,  are  said  to  have  produced  copious 
rains,  and  thus  greatly  benefited  the  province.  The  marriage  of  Manuel 
Ariiiijo  and  Maria  FrancUca  Vaca,  which  the  juez  eclus.  tried  to  prevent^ 
figtiriil  l:irg; ly  in  the  testimony.  • 

Hist.  Akiz.  and  N.  Mex.    IS 


242 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH   t'ENTUllY. 


1  Ni 


Grovernor  Bustamante's  rule  ended  in  1731,  and  tlu^ 
result  of  his  residencia  was  favorable,  though  on  on*- 
charge — that  of  illegal  trade,  admitted  to  be  for  tlic 
benefit  of  the  country — he  was  found  guilty  and  f(>rced 
to  pay  the  costs  of  trial.^  His  successor  was  Gervasirt 
Cruzat  y  Gr6ngora,  who  ruled  for  a  full  term  of  five 
years.  The  period  was  a  most  uneventful  one  so  lar 
as  we  may  judge  by  the  meagre  record  in  the  shaj)o  of 
detached  items.  A  mission  of  Jicarilla  Apaches  Avas 
founded  on  the  Rio  Trampas,  three  or  five  leagues  from 
Taos,  in  1733,  prospering  for  a  time  under  Padre  Mi- 
rabal;  no  Indian  campaigns  or  troubles  are  recorded, 
and  nothing  is  heard  even  of  the  apostate  Moquis/' 
From  the  governor's  part  in  taking  evidence  for  tiio 
bishop  in  the  great  controversy  already  noticed,  it  may 
be  presumed  that  he  was  not  regarded  a.i  a  friend  l>y 
the  friars. 

A  successor  was  appointed — ad  interim,  by  the 
viceroy — on  May  17,  1736,  in  the  person  of  Enri(|uo 
de  Olavide  y  Michelena,  who,  however,  may  not  have 
assumed  the  office  till  1737.  This  year  Bishop  Eliza- 
coechea  visited  the  province,  without  opposition  so  I'ar 
as  is  known,  and  extended  his  tour  to  the  Zufii  towns. 
In  1738  Governor  Olavide  visited  all  the  pueblos,  ut 
each  publicly  announcing  his  presence  and  calling  upon 
all  who  had  grievances  against  the  alcaldes  or  indi- 
viduals to  make  them  known ;  but  nothing  more  serious 
was  submitted  than  a  few  petty  debts  of  a  horse,  cow , 

** Bustamnnte  [Juan  Dam.),  JResidencia  del  gc/ttrnador  y  Cnpitan  genernl  i/ne 
fui  <le  N.  Mexico.  Tornada  por  D.  Fran,  de  fct  Sierra  y  CaMillo,  1731.  Ong. 
MS.  of  177  1.,  iu  Piiiart  col.  One  witness  for  making  malicious  charges  wad 
fined  $100. 

"Founding  of  the  Apache  mission.  ViUaseiior,  Tentro,  ii.  420;  Ci-efi^, 
Mtm.  AJusl.,  (Jl.  There  were  130  Ind.  at  this  mission  in  '34;  hut  few  or  imuo 
were  left  in  '48.  In  '33  an  Ind.  greatly  excited  the  wrath  of  P.  Montartu  at 
Alhurquerque  hy  presenting  himself  during  service  without  a  cloak  and  with 
braided  hair,  being  sustained  in  the  ensuing  quarrel  by  his  griintlfatlifr. 
The  padre  complained  through  the  custodio,  P.  Jos^  Ant.  Guerrero,  to  thi'  gov. , 
and  declared  that  the  grandfather  shouhl  be  shut  up  in  a  dungeon  with 
shackles  for  his  impious  conduct.  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.  May  20,  '3o,  Gov  <-'• 
strictly  forbiiis  the  sale  of  arms  to  gentiles,  under  severe  penalties — a  fin(  of 
10,000  maravodis  for  Span.,  and  100  lashes  and  50  days  m  prison  for  Ind- 
Id.  July  14,  '36,  Gen.  Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  inspector,  left  his  name  on  Kl 
Morro.  Simpton't  Jour.,  pi.  67.     P.  Joae  Ortiz  VeUusco  was  custodio  iu  '33-5. 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  MENDOZA. 


243 


3; 


tlio 


enn-nl  '/"f 
,11.  Orig. 
Iiarges  wa* 

>0;  C>■e.-^^, 
ew  or  ni'">-' 
loiitafi"  lit 
k  aii.l  with 
imlfatliur. 
totlu'g"^'-. 
igedii  with 
35,  0"V.  C. 
g_a  iiiie  of 
II  for   I'l'l- 
ame  on  r-' 
,0  in  '33-0. 


or  pair  of  drawers.  Let  us  hope  tlmt  Don  Enrique's 
orders  for  payment  were  promptly  obeyed.  Tlio 
{Tovernor's  residencia  was  pro.secuted  in  January  1 7;V.), 
by  Juan  Josd  ^foreno  as  jucz;  and  as  tlie  answeis  to 
the  twenty-eight  routine  questions  by  twenty-four 
witnesses,  half  of  them  Indians,  were  uniformly  i'avor- 
a!»le,  the  decision  was  most  flattering  to  a  ruler  re- 
specting the  occurrences  of  whose  rule  little  is  known. '^ 
The  new  governor,  appointed  by  the  king  on  Ma}"- 
1'2,  1737,  and  assuming  office  in  January  17;^.),  was 
(fuspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza,  who  ruled  till  174:{. 
About  1740  a  small  party  of  Frenchmen  came  by 
way  of  Jicarilla  and  Taos,  two  of  them  remaining,  and 
the  rest  departing  by  another  route;  and  this  iMcur- 
rence  is  rather  vaguely  connected  by  certain  writers 
with  a  plan  of  the  French  to  take  possession  of  tlie 
Kio  Colorado  region.^"  In  1742  padres  Delgado  and 
Ignacio  Pino  went  to  the  Moqui  towns  and  succeeded 
ill  bringing  away  441  Tiguas,  who  before  the  great 
revolt  had  lived  in  the  pueblos  of  Sandia,  Alameda, 
and  Pajarito,  which  the  friars  now  wished  to  rees- 
tablish, though  the  governor  declined  to  act  without 
si)ecial  instructions.     Meanwhile  the  recovered  neo- 

"■  Feb.  1,  '37,  gov.  issues  a  bando  forbid<Iing  tra<le  with  the  Iiid.  except  by 
perniission  of  the  proper  authority,  under  i»eualty  of  fine,  forfeiture  of  gnods, 
mill  tiogging  in  the  case  of  a  lutive  offender.  .-I  ir/i.  Stn  Ft,  MS.  On  tlie  governor's 
tour  of  inspection,  OUtvUle  y  Mirhflemi  {Heiiriiiut),  Atito^  tie  vMn  herlms  yor 
li  tjoltr,  17oS,  MS.,  38  1.,  in  the  Finart  col.  The  bishop's  v'ut'Ud  is  reconlcil  in 
an  inscription  on  El  Morro  of  Dec.  iJ8-9th,  when  he  started  for  Zufti.  Siinjtsou'i 
J'liii:  Prince,  Ilitit.  Sk.,^26,  is  in  error  when  he  says  this  was  the  Kst  epi.scopal 
visit.  On  the  final  trial  of  Gov.  C,  I  have  itlnviile  y  Michelena,  AhIoh  dr 
irniileitcin,  1739,  an  orig.  M.S.  of  178  1.  in  the  Pinart  col. 

^•Mention  of  the  arrival  of  9  Frenchmen,  in  Airh.  Sta  Fi,  MS.  Of  the  '2 
who  remained,  one,  Jean  d'  Alay,  niarrii'd  ami  liecame  a  good  citizen  (anil  liar- 
liiT)  of  Sta  Fe;  the  other,  Louis  Marie,  l>ecame  involved  in  troul)le»,  and  was 
slint  in  the  plaza  in  Mendoza 's  time.  Coilallo*  y  Rnlml,  TcHtimoiiiii,  etc.,  in  A/. 
Tlio  French  criminal  sentenced  to  death,  'sacadoel  corazon  por  las  espalilas,' 
is  mentioned  by  the  gov.  in  a  letter  of  '43.  X.  Mcx.,  Doc.,  MS.,  (iltl.  Ace. 
til  tiiis,  the  Frenchmen  came  in  '.39.  They  are  also  mentioned  in  Minchn-o, 
Ihrlnracion,  MS.,  7'2f»,  who  says  that  for  their  country  a  settlement  near 
Islota  was  named  Canatl^.  Salvador,  VoimuUn,  GOi2-.3,  says  tiiey  were  on  the 
way  to  settle  in  the  west;  and  VilUiseflor,  Tratro,  ii.  410,  tells  us  that  they 
settled  at  a  place  near  Alburquerque  called  Caflada,  and  later  Limiiia  Con- 
ctpeion,  or  Fuenclara.  Ace.  to  reconls  of  land  grants,  published  with  transi. 
ill  r.  S.  Land  Off.  HepU,  'M,  p.  291-8,  it  appears  that  the  settlement  of 
Tome  Doininguez  waa  founded  iu  1739,  by  some  30  settlers  who  received 
lauiU. 


244 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


t.' 


phytes  were  distributed  in  different  missions.*"  Mota 
Padilla,  the  historian  of  Nueva  (Jalicia,  devotes  soint; 
attention  to  New  Mexico,  and  gives  its  population  of 
Spaniards  in  1742,.  not  including  the  soldiers  and  tluir 
taniilies,  as  9,747,  living  in  24  towns.*'  Mendoza's  rule 
ended  late  in  1743,  and  his  residencia,  conducted  l>y 
his  successor,  brought  to  light  no  complaints  or  un- 
favorable testimony." 

Joaquin  Codallos  y  Habal  was  the  next  governor, 
ruling  for  a  little  more  than  a  full  term,  from  the  end 
of  1743  to  1749."  Colonel  Francisco  de  la  Roolia 
was  appointed  in  1747  or  earlier  to  succeed  Codallos 
on  the  expiration  of  his  term;  but  Rocha  declined  on 
account  of  his  age  and  infirmities.  The  viceroy  wislud 
to  appoint  a  substitute,  but  the  king  would  not  permit 
it,  appointing  to  the  office  Tomds  Velez  Cachupin,  wlio 
took  command  as  early  as  May  1749,  and  ruled  to  and 
beyond  the  end  of  the  half-century  covered  by  this 
chapter.  New  Mexican  affairs  in  these  years,  some- 
what more  fully  recorded  than  for  the  preceding,  may 
be  most  conveniently  grouped — except  a  few  detached 
items  given  in  a  note** — in  four  or  five  topics,  to  each 
of  which  I  devote  a  paragraph. 

♦"Letters  of  gov.  M.,  and  PP.  Delgado,  Pino,  and  Cris.  Yraeta  (at  Kl 
P.iso)  in  '42-3.  Mmjiii,  Xotieidn,  MS.,  0*8-92  P.  CJabriel  Hoyuela  is  naim'l 
as  eustodio  (still  holding  the  office  in  '45  with  P.  Juan  (iaruia  aa  sec),  anil  I'. 
Fran.  Bruno  de  la  Pefia  is  mentioned,  and  P.  Jose  M.  Lopez.  P.  Yract.i 
blames  the  gov.  for  not  aiding  the  missionary  projects,  and  says  twici'  as 
many  might  have  Iwen  rescued  from  Moqui  with  proper  aid.  It  was  jiin- 
posed  to  try  again  the  next  year.  The  gov.  nnintelligiuly  mentions  misnicms 
called  Vini  and  Sargarria.  Villaseflor,  Tentro,  ii.  416,  mentions  the  entry  nf 
the  '2  padres,  and  notes  that  in  Oct.  440  Aioquis  came  to  Sta  Fe  to  ask  tnr 
protection  ami  friars.  They  were  settled  in  dififerent  pueblos  and  given 
^2,000  in  live-stock,  etc. 

*'  Motit  PailiWi,  Coiiq.  X.  Oal.,  319,  515-16.  He  calls  Alburqueniuc  tli.' 
capital,  witlj  a  garrison  of  80  men.  The  Apaches  and  Comanchea  are  constant 
ia  their  raids;  the  presidios  are  expensive  and  of  little  use.  The  estimate  >'t 
pop.  is  more  than  twice  too  large. 

*'  Memlcat  (Oin^jtnr  Domimjn),  RfnUltucia. . .  .contra  el  tenknte  coronel. . .  .'Id 

tiempo  que  /tie  ijobr  y  rap.-i/en.  deenti'  reiiio 1744>  MS.  of  133  1.,  in  the  Piii;irt 

col. 

"That  is  of  course  excepting  1747,  when  ace.  to  Davis,  Prince,  and  (itlurs 
another  viceroy,  GUemes  y  Horcasitas  ruled  ad  interim!  Gov.  C.  was  ,i 
major  in  the  army. 

♦*The  viceroy  in  a  report  of  Nov.  8,  '47,  notified  the  king  of  Rocha  s  in- 
ability to  serve,  and  the  king  in  an  order  of  Jan.  20,  '49,  forbids  the  appuuit- 


NEW  EXPLORATIONS. 


(at  i:i 

Is  naiiu'il 

ai.a  1'. 

Yraeta 

Itwicf  as 

vas  l>i'<'- 

inissiciiis 

leutry  of 

ask  I'T 

|ul  givi'" 

fcrqiu'  till' 
[foiistant 
tiinati'  of 

\d.  ■■■''' I 
le  riiKirt 

1,1  otliirs 
■was  a 

cha's  ill- 


api 


Mihit- 


But  for  the  route  from  El  Paso  up  the  Rio  tlcl 
Xorte,  the  region  between  Santa  Ft  and  Zufii  on  tlie 
iiurth  and  the  frontier  presidios  of  Janos,  Corodcgua- 
clii,  and  (xuevavi  on  tlie  south  was  a  tierra  incognita 
occupied  by  savage  tribes.  In  1747  the  viceroy  or- 
il'ivd  a  combined  movement  or  campaign  in  this 
country.  Thirty  soldiers  and  as  many  settlers  and 
fVii'iidly  Indians  were  to  march  north  by  separate 
I'outfs  from  each  of  the  four  southern  presidios  to 
met  t  a  corresponding  force  sent  south-westward  from 
Santa  Fe.  They  executed  the  movement  and  readied 
tilt'  Aeoma  region  late  in  the  year;  but  Governor 
('otlall«)8  was  unable  to  cooperate,  on  account  of  a 
Comanche  raid,  not  reaching  Cubero  until  the  others 
luul  departed.  Therefore  nothing  was  effected  against 
the  Indians,  at  which  the  viceroy  was  angry,  and  <le- 
(lucted  $8,000  from  the  New  Mexican  situado,  though 
he  later  accepted  the  governor's  excuses.  We  have, 
unfortunately,  no  details  of  the  explorations,  except 
that  Padre  Menchero  was  with  the  El  Paso  company, 
tuiuing  to  the  west  from  the  Jornada  del  Muerto, 
reached  the  upper  Gila,  and  therjce  went  north  to 
Acftma  through  an  entirely  new  region.*^ 

The  prospect  of  having  to  surrender  the  Moqui  field 

iiu'iit  iif  a  substitute.  A'.  Mex.,  CiiL,  MS.,  .W-S.  The  king  in  thisce<hila  says 
notiiing  of  a  new  appointment,  and  if  at  that  time  he  hail  appointeil  Caehupin 
the  latter  coulil  not  have  been  at  Sta  Fe  so  early  as  May  '4i);  so  that  after  all 
('.  may  have  been  the  substitute  uontirnied  by  the  king, 

l)ee.  24,  '44,  order  of  the  viceroy  to  suppress  5  pliizas  of  the  Sta  Fe  presi- 
ili;),  reducing  the  force  to  80  men,  its  former  number.  MS.  of  I'inart  col. 
Ill  '44  a  Frenchman  named  Velo  arrived  at  Pecos.  He  was  arrested  and  sent 
tip  Mux.  Arch.  SUi  /V,  MS.  In  /(/.,  for  this  and  followinj'  years  there  are  va- 
rious orders  of  the  gov.  against  gambling,  maltreating  Ind.,  etc. ;  also  appeals 
,  to  Mex.  for  arms,  etc.  In  '47  P.  Mig.  Menchero  made  another  tour  as  visi- 
ta.lor;  and  coming  from  El  Paso  witli  a  large  party,  they  turned  we^it  from 
tile  .lornada  del  Muerto,  reached  the  upper  (Jila,  and  thenee  went  n.  to 
.Aei una,  thus  exploring  a  new  region.  Tiimarnn,  TiwV  j,  M.S  ,  97-**.  In'48cit- 
i/'ii.i  called  to  serve  against  geiitiles  and  failing  to  ol>ey  had  to  pay  a  tine. 
.1  »•'■//.  St  I  /V,  MS.  This  year  33  Frenchmen  visited  the  Comanelies  at  the 
Kio  lie  Jicarillaand  srid  them  muskets.  The  gov.  thought  tliat  in  this  party 
must  liave  been  some  of  those  who  visited  N.  Mux.  before,  and  tliat  the 
Knnch  had  hostile  designs.  Id.  The  gov.  recommended  a  presidio  of  50  men 
at  .1.,  but  the  viceroy  declined  to  authorize  it  now.  Id.  Taking  of  a  census 
orilered  by  viceroy.  Id.  Royal  order  against  gambling  and  other  excesses 
imli.  by  (iov.  C.  in  '49.     MS.  of  Pinart  col. 

'Original  corresp.  of  gov.,  viceroy,  etc.,  in.^rcA.  Sta  Fe,  MS.;  Tamaron, 
VUUa,  MS.,  97-8. 


I  : 


Mh-;i!i 


ilJ 


146 


KIUST   HALF  OK  TIIK   KHMITKKN'TH    (  KNTUKY, 


!:) 


1^' 


h 


ui' 


t<»  tilt.'  Jiisuits  was  a  tliorn  in  tho  flesh  of  tlio  Francis- 
(iii.H.  Tliuir  ^reat  acliiuvoinent  to  provoiit  tliu  clian^ff 
was  t!»e  (Mit»'a(la  of  1742,  in  wliidi  441  ajxwtatL'H  wiic 
rt('(»\  cred,  as  already  rt'lated  ;  hut  they  continued  their 
elloits,  mainly  with  the  |K!n,  the  venerahle  Del^adi) 
Ik  iii^f  the  leadinj^  spirit.  In  1743,  an<l  a^iini  in  1744, 
tiiev  wished  to  make  a  new  entrada,  hut,  as  tlitv 
claimed,  could  not  j^et  the  jjovernor's  permission  and 
aid.  In  174;"),  however,  padres  J)elj^ailo,  lri<;oyeii. 
and  Juan  Jose  Toledo  ^ot  the  required  license,  with 
nn  escort  of  80  Indians  under  an  ex-soldier,  and  vis- 
ited all  the  Moqui  towns,  countinj^  1(),H4(>  Indians, 
who  listened  j^ladly  to  their  preaching.  Of  course 
tluy  made  the  most  of  their  success,  ridiculed  tlie 
idea  that  the  natives  had  exj)res8ed  a  pi'eference  for 
the  padres  pridns  instead  of  the  padres  aziiles,  and  tluy 
e\en  sent  in  ghjwing  re|>ort8  on  the  wealth  of  the 
.Sierra  Azul  and  grandeur  of  the  great  city  or  empiic 
of  Tejiuavo,  with  a  view  to  reawaken  interest  in  the 
Noitliein  Mvsterv.  Meanwhile  the  king  was  imhictd 
to  change  his  mind  and  to  helieve  that  he  had  Ixt  ii 
grossly  deceived  respecting  the  geographical  situation 
of  Mocjui,  the  hostility  and  power  of  its  people,  and 
the  vain  eft' )rts  of  the  soldiers  and  friars  to  reduce 
t!iem.  Surely,  if  two  missionaries  could  go  alone,  with- 
out a  cent  of  expense  to  the  royal  treasury,  and  hriiiL; 
out  441  converts,  the  Moquinos  couhl  neither  he  so 
far  oft"  from  New  Mexico,  nor  so  confirmed  in  their 
apostasy,  as  had  been  represented.  So  reasoned  thu 
king;  and  in  a  royal  cedula  of  Novend)er  28,  1745,  lie 
ox[)lained  his  views,  took  back  all  he  had  said  in  favor 
of  the  Jesuits,  and  ordered  the  viceroy  to  support  the 
Franciscans  in  every  possible  wa}'.  Thus  the  aztilrx 
won  the  fight,  though  the  Moquis  were  not  nuK  h 
nearer  salvation  than  before.  In  1748,  however,  the 
rescued  Tiguas  of  1742,  or  some  of  them,  were  united 
at  Sandia,  and  their  old  pueblo  was  rebuilt  at  or  near 
its  original  site.** 

**In  '4.1  P.  Delgailo  not  allowed  to  visit  Moqui;  sends  a  Relacioii  'l''J" 
Sierra  Azul,  oa  gatliured  from  4  lud.  Mvnchero,  DecUiracion,  MS.,  700  73. 


NAVAJO  MISSIONS. 


m 


aiK'is- 

i  wire 
\  ill*  ir 

I'ljj^iult) 

.  1744, 
s  tl»t  y 
ou  uiul 

jtrovt'll. 
'^    "  .  . 
,e,  NVitli 

II ul  vis- 

luliaiis, 

coursi' 

U'd   tho 

unci'  tor 

,ml  tluy 

r  enn>ii'<' 

t  in  tlu' 

iiuliu't  tl 

lad  l»'»'" 
situation 

)\)k',  antl 
o  roiliu'o 
iiu',  Nvi th- 
ai l>ii»!4 
lor  Ih'  j^" 
in  thi'ir 
>netl  the 
1745,  lio 
I  in  i'avor 
pport  tlio 
_  le  aznk^ 
liot  much 
over,  tin' 
re  unitcil 
,t  or  ntai' 


{elacioii  'I''  ''' 
IMS.,  "*J''  '"'• 


1 


The  Navajos  attracted  still  more  attention   than 
tlio  Moquinos.     Padres  Delgado  and  Irigoyen  started 
ill   ^Fareh    1744    by  way  of  Jemes   lor  the  Navajo 
country,    and    found   the    Indians    ap|)arently    ea^er 
til  hei'onio  Christians  and  receive  missionaries,  4,000 
of    thoni    being    '  interviewed.*     They    promised    to 
come  the  next  full  moon  to  see  the  governor,  and  did 
so,  being  received  with  flattery,  gifts,  and  [)romi8es  of 
jtrotoction,  as  well  as  salvation.     The  padres  wrote  of 
this  in  June;  the  governor  advised  the  sending  of  sev- 
iiai  new  missionaries,  and  prospects  were  deemed  ex- 
icllent,  though  as  usual  there  were  vexatious  delays. 
The  viceroy  ordered  a  complete  investigation ;  and  in 
174;')  a  dozen  witnesses  formally  told  the  governor  all 
they  knew  about  the  Navajos,  which  was  not  much. 
The  king  heard  of  the  'conversion'  of  5,000  gentiles, 
and  ordered  the  viceroy  to  sustain  the  friars  and  help 
ah>ng  the  good  work.     The  viceroy  authorized  the 
t'ounding  of  four  missicms  in  the  Navajo  country,  with 
a  garrison  of  thirty  men  for  their  protection.     This 
was  in  I74G,  and  Padre  Menchero,  the  visitador,  to()k 
iiji  the  enterprise  with  much  zeal,  visiting  the  gentiles 
in  person,  and  inducing  some  500  or  GOO  to  return  with 
him  and  settle  temporarily  at  CeboUeta  in  the  Acoma 
region.     The  hostile  Apache  bands  in  various  direc- 
tions made  it  impossible,  in  Governor  Codallos'  opin- 
ion, to  spare  the  mission  guard  required ;  and  a  year 
or  two  later  a  bitter  war  between  the  Navajos  and 

'44.  1).  intends  to  go  in  July  to  bring  out  tho  reinaina  of  the  inartyreil 
I)ailr<'s.  Moi/ui,  Xotirias,  MS.,  700.  June  18,  1).  writ«i8  to  his  superior  on 
the  risks  the  Jesuits  will  run  in  entering  MfMjui.  Jf  tliuy  go  with  soldiurs  luul 
liliisttr.  all  will  lie  lost.  A".  Mkt.,  Doc.,  MS.,  77!>  8.T  Stpt.  14,  '4.'),  (Jov. 
C'uilallos  at  ZuAi  iterniitn  an  entrada,  but  has  no  solilicrs  to  spare.  Arrh.  Sin 
Fr,  MS.  Visit  of  the  3  padres  in  Sept.  '45.  The  Ind.  told  of  Jesuit  etl'orts 
frmn  Sonora,  in  which  they  had  Ijcun  driven  back  by  another  tribe  (see  later 
cliap.  on  Ariz.).  N.  ^ft•J•.,  Dor.,  M.S.,  78G-SH).  P.  Delgado's  Noticia  di-l  iinni 
Ti'iniii/f),  200  1.  N.  w.  of  N.  Mex.,  where  the  j)adre  proposes  to  go  the  next 
yt'.ir.  I,/.,  I'M  5.  Royal  eedula  of  Nov.  '23,  '45,  in  X.  Mfjr.,  Cal.,  MS.,  49- 
54.  It  is  a  h>ng  doc.,  iu  which  the  king  gives  a  long  account  of  preceding  <ir- 
<lirs,  etc.  Refoundiug  of  Sandia  (Dolores)  in  '48,  at  the  petition  of  V.  Men- 
ilaro.  Arc/i.  Stii  F^,  MS.;  Prince's  Jlint.  .S'/t.,  38;  Mtlmn'it  :i,iMHt  Milin,'2\\-'H). 
Ill  Minrhero,  Informe  1749,  MS.,  the  writer  says  he  iiad  not  yet  been  able  to 
vii^it  Moqui,  as  he  had  intended;  but  that  the  natives  had  3  times  come  to 
S<iii<ha  to  ask  him  when  he  was  coming  to  bring  them  away  from  tUeir  apos- 
tasy. 


S48 


FIKST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


their  foes,  the  Yutas  and  Chagunguas,  interfered 
with  the  conversion  of  the  former.  Accordingly, 
in  1749,  in  response  to  Menchero's  petitions,  a  nt'W 
governor  advised,  what  a  new  viceroy  approved,  tin- 
founding  of  the  missions,  not  in  the  fai  nortli  or 
Navajo  country  proper,  but  in  the  Acoma  district; 
and  this  was  done,  some  additions  being  made  to  tlu^ 
converts  already  there,  and  two  missions  of  Cebolleta 
and  Encinal  being  established,  under  padres  Juan  di- 
Lozaun  and  Manuel  Bermejo.  All  went  well  for  a 
very  brief  time;  but  in  the  spring  of  1750  there  was 
trouble,  which  Lieutenant-governor  Bernardo  An- 
tonio de  Bustamante,  with  the  vice-custodio,  Padre 
Manuel  de  San  Juan  Nepomuceno  de  Trigo,  went  to 
investigate.  Then  the  real  state  of  affairs  becanu' 
apparent.  Padre  Menchero  had  been  liberal  with 
his  gifts,  and  still  more  so  with  promises  of  more; 
hence  his  success  in  bringing  the  Navajos  to  Cebo- 
lleta. But  they  said  they  had  not  received  half  tlic; 
gifts  promised,  and  their  ])resent  padres — against  whom 
they  had  no  other  complaint — were  too  poor  to  make 
any  gifts  at  all.  What,  then,  had  they  gained  by  the 
change  ?  At  any  rate,  pueblo  li.  and  Christianity 
had  no  charms  for  them,  and  they  were  determiiud 
not  to  remain.  They  would  still  be  friends  of  the 
Spaniards  and  trade  with  them,  and  would  always 
welcome  the  friars,  who  might  even  baptize  and  teach 
their  children;  perhaps  the  little  ones  might  grow  u|i 
to  like  a  different  life,  but  as  for  themselves,  they  had 
been  born  free,  like  the  deer,  to  go  where  they  pleased, 
and  they  were  too  old  to  learn  new  ways.  Indeed, 
they  took  a  very  sensible  view  of  the  situation.  Tlius 
stood  the  matter  in  1750,  and  the  Navajo  conversion 
was  a  failure.*^ 

♦'  In  '43  a  Christian  Apache  reported  a  mountain  of  silver  in  the  Navajo 
coantry,  and  a  large  party  went  to  tind  it,  without  success;  indeed,  tliu 
Navajos  had  never  heard  of  it.  CodnUnn,  Redwcion,  MS.  Entrada  t>f  '44. 
Arch.  6'fai  /V,  MS.;  also  letters  of  PP.  Dulgadoand  Irigoyen,  in.^.  Mrr.,  />'>'••, 
MS.,  692-704,  777,  etc.  Delgado  gavu  away  his  clothes,  and  begs  lii»  .fuiio- 
rior  for  more — old  ones,  not  new — so  that  he  may  with  decency  meet  people. 
He  thinks  liis  late  achievements  will  shut  the  mouths  of  tiie  bishop  aud  Jc:iuiU 


!> 


6!  1 


INDIAN  AFFAIHS. 


240 


Of  the  Yutas  and  Apaches  during  this  period  wc 
know  nothing  definitely,  excejit  that  in  most  yeuiH 
tlit'V  gave  trouble  in  one  way  or  another;  but  respoot- 
iii^' the  Coinanches  our  infi. 'Nation  is  soniewliat  less 
iiicomplote.  In  June  174G  !hey  made  a  raid  on 
IVc'os,  killing  12  inhabitants  of  .i;at  pueblo,  and  also 
coiiunitied  hostilities  at  Galisteo  and  elsewhere.  The 
popular  clamor  for  a  campaign  against  them  was 
meat,  and  the  governor  asked  for  increased  poweis. 
Till!  auditor  in  Mexico  made  a  long  report  in  October 
(jii  the  preliminary  efforts  that  must  be  made  befr.re 
war  could  be  legally  wa«^ed,  and  corresponditjg  u- 
structions  were  sent  by  the  viceroy.  In  October 
J  747  Codallos,  w?t''  over  500  soldiers  and  allies,  over- 
took the  Comanches  with  some  Yuta  allies  beyond 
Ahiquii'i,  ud  killed  107  of  them,  capturing  20(1,  with 
nearly  1 ,000  horses.  Four  Yuta  captives  were  shot. 
Ill  January  1748,  with  a  smaller  force,  he  repulsed 
tlie  foe  at  Pecos,  though  with  some  loss  of  Indian 
allies;  yet  a  month  or  two  later  he  gave  a  friendly 
reception  to  000  Comanches  at  Taos,  on  their  assur- 
ance that  they  had  taken  no  part  in  the  war.  Later 
in  the  year,  by  the  viceroy's  orders,  a  junta  was  held 
at  Santa  F6  to  determine  whether  the  Ct)manches 
sliould  be  permitted  to  attend  the  fairs  at  Taos  for 
purposes  of  trade.  All  admitted  the  unreliable  and 
treacherous  character  of  the  tribe;  but  a  majority 
favored  a  continuance  of  trade  because  the  skins, 
meats,  and  horses  they  brought  for  sale  were  much 
needed  in  the  province ;  and  moreover,  their  presence 
at  the  fairs  would  bring  them  within  Christian  in- 

at  least.  Taking  of  testimony  in  '45.  Codallos  y  Rnfxil  (Jotii/uin],  Ileilurrion 
(/<■  /of  Indioa  ijent.ileti  tie  In  Promiwid  tie  iV(i?Yt/o,  H^S.  Tc/itimoiiio  li  In  letrii  tie 
iw  Autos,  etc.,  MS.,  in  tho  Pinart  col.  Koyal  order  of  Nov.  'lA,  '4.'),  in  y. 
Mix.,  L'ld.,  MS.,  48-9.  Viceroy's  order  of  June  28,  '4(5,  and  econl  of  later 
(I'ivelopments,  in  Arch.  Stn  Fi,  MS.  Letters  of  PP.  Mirabal,  irigoycn,  and 
Toledo  to  their  superior  on  Menchero's  efforts.  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  TWa-SOU. 
Rt'cord  of  '49,  petition  of  P.  Menchero,  and  orders  of  gov.  and  viceroy.  Mtm 
clwm  (Jutm  Mitjuel),  Petkion  solire  Conversion  de  los  Ntnxtjtks,  con  otros  fxipeUs, 
-MSS.,  ill  the  Pinart  col.  Troubles  of  '50,  with  official  record  of  the  investiga- 
tiiiiia  and  report  of  P.  Trigo  to  Mex.  Triyo  {Manuel  tie  S.  J.  X.),  Ir{f'orme 
mhre  las  Misionea  tie  In  Cebolleta  y  Encinal  y  sua  acaecimientos  en  este  Aiio  de 
I'io,  MS.,  ia  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  1090-1134. 


250 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


^;!^ 


f 


fluences,  especially  the  captives  they  brought  for  sale, 
who  might  otherwise  be  killed.  The  governor  deciclod 
accordingly,  against  the  views  of  the  padre  custodio.** 
The  bishop,  who  had  practically  won  his  case,  docs 
not  appear  to  have  attempted  in  these  years  any  exer- 
cise of  his  episcopal  authority ;  but  the  quarrel  started 
by  Crespo's  charges  was  still  in  progress,  as  appears 
from  two  long  reports  of  1750.  Juan  Antonio  de 
Ordenal  y  Maza  in  some  secular  capacity  visited  New 
Mexico  in  1748-9,  and  made  a  report  to  the  viceroy, 
in  which  in  a  general  way  he  represented  the  padres 
as  neglectful  of  their  duties,  oppressive  to  the  Indians, 
often  absent  from  their  posts  to  engage  in  trade, 
neither  learning  the  native  dialects  nor  teaching: 
Spanish  to  the  natives.  Don  Juan  advised  that  the 
number  of  missions  should  be  reduced  by  consolida- 
tion, and  that  some  of  the  Spanish  settlements  should 
be  put  under  curates.  This  being  referred  to  the 
Franciscan  provincial  brought  out  from  him  a  long 
reply,  in  which  he  denies  the  truth  of  all  the  charges, 
deiends  his  friars,  and  impugns  Ordenal's  motives, 
accusing  him  of  being  merely  the  mouth-piece  through 
which  Governor  Cachupin  expressed  his  well-known 
hatred  of  the  padres.*®  The  other  report  was  one 
written  by  Padre  Delgado,  who  had  served  40  years 
at  Isleta,  and  was  now  in  Mexico,  being  called  upon 
probably  to  write  something  that  would  counterbal- 
ance current  charges  against  the  friars;  and  the 
veteran   missionary   did   so  with   a   vengeance.     He 

**  (riiemes  y  HorcaMtofi,  Medios  para  In  pacijicaeion  tie  los  gentiles  Cumniirlii.^. 
Decreto  del  virey  26  de  Oct.  17^0,  MS.,  in  the  Pinart  col.  Coitallos  y  J/nUil, 
Tentiinonio  d  la  letra  8of>re  Camaiiclu/i,  17 4S,  MS.,  in  Arch.  Sla  Fi. 

**  A'.  Mex.,  In/oniie  del  S.  P.  Provincial  al  virey  impwjnaudo  e.l  que  di6  con- 
tra los  iiiinioneros  de  N.  Mex.  Don  Juan  de  Onlenaly  Mazn,  1750,  iu  X.  Mix., 
Doc.,  MS.,  1-99.  I  have uot  seen  Ordenal's  report,  but  its  substauce  is  given 
in  this.  Tliere  is  not  much  of  value  in  tlie  reply;  indeed,  the  writer's  main 
position  is  tliat  O.'s  charges  are  general,  vague,  unsupported  by  evidence,  aii<l 
evidenllj'  the  work  of  a  man  who  had  no  authority,  facilities,  or  ability  to 
make  an  investigation — in  fact,  a  superficial  partisan  report  worthy  of  iiu 
reply,  though  ho  writes  a  long  one.  It  appears  that  there  nad  been  a  contro- 
versy witli  the  gov.,  who  had  claimed  the  right  as  vice-patrono  to  (hrect 
chai:.ges  of  friars  from  mission  to  mission.  Later,  in  the  California  missions, 
the  right  was  recognized,  and  changes  could  not  be  made  without  the  gover- 
aor'a  couaeut. 


i. 

for  sale, 

•  deckled 

istodio.*^ 

ase,  docs 

my  exer- 

;l  started 

3  appears 

itonio  de 

ited  New 

3  viceroy, 

he  padres 

e  Indians, 

in  trade, 
teacliing 
that  the 

consolida- 

nts  should 

ed   to  the 

iin  a  long 

^e  charges, 
motives, 

ce  throu;:;h 

veil-known 
was  one 

d  40  years 
ailed  upon 
jounterbal- 
and  the 
ance.     He 

tiles  Cumanchi-'t. 
(Hiallos  y  v.'"'"''. 
Fi. 

0  el  9««  «^"*  *■""" 
50,  iu  y.  J/"- 
jatauce  is  given 
10  writer's  iii:iiu 
(v  eviilewce,  ami 
,a,  or  ability  to 
*■  worthy  of  no 
.  been  a  coiitro- 
itrono  to  direct 
fornia  missions, 
bout  the  giiver- 


char:jes  against  the  friars. 


251 


represented  the  governors  and  alcaldes  mayores  of 
New  Mexico  as  brutal  tyrants,  who  treated  the  natives 
a;;  slaves,  forcing  theui  to  work  without  compensation, 
or  accomplishing  the  same  result  hy  appropriating  the 
product  i  of  their  corn-fields,  obliging  the  friars  to  keep 
silent  by  refusing  otherwise  to  sign  the  warrants  by 
which  their  sinodos  were  collected,  and  thus  driving 
the  converts  into  apostasy,  and  effectually  preventing 
tlie  conversion  of  gentiles.  There  are  indications  iu 
other  correspondence  that  Delgado  was  more  or  less  a 
'crank';  and  it  is  certain  that  in  this  instance  he 
overshot  the  mark;  for,  if  true,  his  charges  were  in 
reality  almost  as  damning  to  the  padres  who  sub- 
mitted to  these  atrocities  as  to  the  officials  who  com- 
mitted them.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  natives  here 
as  elsewhere,  and  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  many 
l>:ovinces,  were  the  victims  of  oppression  from  Span- 
ish officials,  many  of  whom  were  bent  on  pecuniary 
gain,  and  were  favored  by  their  isolated  position;  but 
1  find  in  the  records  nothing  to  support,  and  much  to 
contradict,  the  supposition  that  the  rulers  were  for  the 
most  [)art  blood-thirsty  brutes,  practically  sustained  in 
their  rascalities  by  the  Franciscans.^ 

*'  Delijndo  {Cdrlon),  Iti/orme  que  hizo  el  R.  P.  a  N.  R.  P.  Jimeno  sohre.  las 
(j-ernililes  Itostilidiules  y  tiranias  de  los  goltenuuloren  y  .  'cables  mayoven  fniitra  los 
i!|||h^  en  connteiiuicion  de  la  cuxtodia,  ailo  de  1750,  in  N.  Mex.,  D'lc,  MS., 
9*.)- 1 28,  dated  March  27,  '50,  at  Tlatelulco.  The  alcaldes  are  creatures  of  the 
giiv.,  uupoiuted  oa  couditioa  of  making  all  they  can  and  dividing  with  the 
gov.  f'rom  each  pueblo  they  take  a  squad  of  30  or  40  Ind.  to  do  all  their 
wiii'k  of  tilling  the  soil,  making  adobe*},  building,  etc. ;  others  are  employed 
to  trade  with  gentiles  and  drive  live-stock  to  Chihuahua,  none  receiving  other 
pay  than  an  occasional  handful  of  tobacco  or  glass  beads.  Those  k-ft  at  the 
pueblos  have  to  weave  each  year  for  their  oppressors  400  maiifn-i  and  400 
mli(iiiii.H,  besides  tilling  their  own  milpag.  When  harvest  time  come.j  they  are 
forced  to  transport  nearly  all  their  maize  to  the  villas  and  sell  it  on  credit, 
the  payment  of  worthless  trinkets'  being  in  three  instalments  tarde,  mal,  y 
hiiiicK  The  Ind.  women  are  used  for  the  gratification  of  lust.  Once,  iu  the 
pailre's  presence,  a  woman  came  to  upbraid  tiie  gov.  for  taking  her  daughter, 
MJiorcupon  he  gave  her  a  bufifalu-skin  to  make  it  all  right.  Any  slight  dis- 
obcjieuce  is  punished  by  the  stocks  :uid  flogging.  In  his  visits  to  the  gentiles 
tlio  padre  has  found  apostates  generally  covered  with  scars  and  refusing  to  be 
Christians  again  at  such  cut<t.  On  an  unsupported  charge  of  stealing  .'{  ears  of 
corn  an  Ind.  was  shot  by  orders  of  a  capt.  On  a  march  3  Ind.  who  were 
footsore  and  could  not  keep  up  were  killed  and  their  children  soM  as  slaves 
It  the  commander's  profit.  For  a  somewhat  similar  and  famous  report  from 
Cal.  ill  1796,  see  Hist.  Col.,  i.  587-97.  P.  Andres  Varo,  who  had  been  twice 
custudio,  came  to  ^ex.  ii .  49  and  made  a  report.    Uo  was  sent  back  for  a  3d 


1252 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


The  standard  work  of  Villasenor,  published  in  1748, 
and  the  manuscript  report  of  Padre  Menchero  in  1741, 
contain  some  statistics  and  other  general  information 
on  the  condition  of  New  Mexico  about  the  middle  of 
the  century.  Descriptive  matter  cannot  be  presented 
in  the  space  at  my  command,  but  I  append  a  statistical 
note.  On  population  Villasenor  and  Menchero  agree 
in  some  points,  but  differ  widely  in  others.  Bonilla, 
however,  gives  a  table  of  1749  which  agrees  tolerably 
well  with  the  general  conclusions  of  the  others.  The 
Spanish  population  was  3,779 — too  small  a  figure,  I 
think — and  the  number  of  Christian  Indians  1 2,14*2, 
besides  about  1,400  Spaniards  and  the  same  number 
of  Indians  at  El  Paso.  This  is  Bonilla's  statement. 
Villasenor  and  Menchero  give  the  population  as  586 
to  GGO  families  of  Spaniards,  and  1,428  to  1,570  fanii- 
lics  of  neophytes,  besides  220  and  330  families  in  the 
district  of  El  Paso.  Mota  Padllla's  estimate  of  about 
9,500  Spaniards  in  1742  was  an  exaggeration.  Of 
course,  many  of  the  so-called  Spaniards  were  of  mixed 
breed.  I  attach  to  the  statistical  note  a  chronolo«,nc 
list  of  governors  from  the  beginning  down  to  184G." 

term,  and  was  still  living  in  '61,  having  come  from  Spain  in  '18.  Serr>iiio, 
Ii{/oi-me,  MS.,  170-7. 

"  Menchero  (Juan  Miguel),  Declaracion,  1744,  in  ^^-  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  704  73j 
Bonilla,  Apuntes,  MS.,  37G-81;  Villaseilor,  Teatro,  ii.  409-23.  In  Hjxin. 
Empire  in  America,  89-94,  is  a  slight  descrip.  of  N.  Mex.  in  '47.  la  wiiiit 
follows  the  figures  in  brackets  are  from  Bonilla;  those  in  parentheses  frmn 
Menchero;  the  rest  chiefly  from  Villaseflor. 

Sta  Fe,  villa  [9C5  Span.,  570  Ind.],  300  (127)  Span.  fam.  and  a  few  la.l. 
under  a  curate  (2  PP.,  M.).  Sta  Cruz  de  la  Caflaila,  villa  [1,205  Span.,  S.SO 
Ind.,  including  mission  and  ranchos],  260  (100)  fam.;  1  padre;  new  church 
being  built  in  44.  Alburquerque,  villa,  with  suburb  of  Atrisco  and  nii.ssion 
[500  Span.,  200  Ind.],  100  fam.;  1  padre.  Concepciou,  or  Fuenclara,  !Sii;in. 
settlement  of  50  fam.,  under  padre  of  Isleta.  M.  calls  it  Oracia  Real  or  later 
Canada,  from  the  Canadians  who  settled  here  in  '40;  not  mentioned  by  B.  It 
was  prob.  the  Tome  of  '39.  The  following  ranchos  are  named  by  M.  and  V., 
their  pop.  being  vicluded  in  B.'s  figures:  Chama,  17  fam.,  and  Sta  Rosa  Alii- 
quid,  or  Rosa  Hawicuii,  20  fam.,  under  padre  of  S.  Ildefonso;  Ojo  Caliciito,  46 
lam.,  and  4  other  ranchos  10  fam.,  uudc-r  padre  of  Taos;  Soldedad,  40  faiii., 
under  padre  of  S.  Juan,  7  1.;  Embudo,  8  fam.,  under  padre  of  Picurles;  Bocas, 
10  fam.,  under  padre  of  Sta  Ana;  and  Alameda,  8  fam.,  under  padre  of  Alliur- 
querque.     Few  of  these  are  named  by  V. 

Missions,  each  with  one  padre,  including  some  ranchos  of  Span.:  Taos 
[125  Span.,  541  Ind.],  80  (170)  fam.;  with  an  alcalde  mayor;  the  mission  of 
Jicarilla,  5  1.  N.,  being  abandoned  in  '44.  Picuries  [64,  322],  80  fam.  8.  Juan 
[346,  404],  60  fam.     Sta  Cruz,  included  in  La  Ca&ada.     S.  Ildefonso  and  its 


,    5 


STATISTICS  AND  LIST  OP  GOVERNORS. 


1  1748, 
1 1744, 
mation 
tldle  of 
Dsentcd 
itistioal 
■o  agree 
Bonilla, 
jlerably 
s.     The 
iigure,  I 

12,14-2, 
number 
itemeiit. 
n  as  530* 
i70  faini- 
es  in  the 

of  about 
tion.     Of 
1  of  mixed 
nologic 
184().'' 


ro 


18.    Serrano, 

MS.,7(M  73; 
In  Sjxvi. 
Ill  wliiit 
ntheses  from 

a  few  I;i'l 

)5  Span.,  ''SO 

new  church 

anil  mission 

clara,  ^V-^. 

Real  or  later 

led  by  B.    It 

Y  M.  and  v., 

ta  Rosa  Al>i- 

,  Caliento,  46 

lad,  40  fain., 

luries;  Bocas, 

of  Alliur- 

Span.:  Taos 

le  mission  of 

am.    S.  'Iiian 

Ifonso  ami  ita 


viMita.  Sta  Clara  [89, 631],  100  fam.  Tesuque  and  Pujuaque  [507  Ind.],  50  and 
]8(S0)  fam.,bothvi8itasof  StaFe.  Nambe  [100,  350],  50  fam.  Pccoa  (1,000 
In<l.|,  ]'2o  fam.;  curate,  V,;  2  padres,  M.;  fine  church  and  convent,  (ralisteo 
[.TiD  Ind.],  50  fam.;  ranchos.  Cochiti  [25,  400],  85  (80)  fam.;  ranchos.  Sto 
l!„iuin-o  [303  Ind.],  50  (40)  fam.  S.  Feliiw  [70,  400].  60  (70)  fam.;  ranchos. 
JiMLvs  f.">74  Ind.],  100  fam.  Sta  Ana  [100,  606],  50  fam.;  on  Rio  Bernalillo, 
Cia  I  KM),  6<')0],  50  fam.;  2  ranchos.  Laguna  [401  Ind.],  60  fam.;  3  ranchos. 
AcHiiia  (750  Ind.],  110  fam.  ZuAi  [2,000  Ind.],  150  fam.;  2  pdres.  IsleU 
[I. HI,  'J.')U],  80  fam.  Sandfa,  not  founded  till  '48,  and  not  mentioned  by  M.  or 
N.     n.  givus  it  a  pop.  of  400  Ind.  in  '49. 

TciMK',  or  Valencia — called  by  V.  Oenizaros,  made  up  of  ill-treated  neo- 
phytes- is  mentioned  by  M.  as  a  settlement  of  40  Ind.  fam.,  who  were  cap- 
tives of  the  Apaches  and  Comanches,  sold  to  the  Span.,  and  released  from 
servitiulu  by  the  gov.  in  '40  to  form  this  visita  of  Isleta,  being  2  1.  a.  of  that 
mission.  Hi  e  note  39  of  this  chap,  for  origin  of  another  Toni^.  The  £1  Paso 
est;il>lishments,  presidio,  and  5  missions,  not  included  iu  the  figures  of  my 
text,  iiR'hiiled  about  220  Span.  fam.  and  330  Ind.  fam.  [1,428  Si>an.,  1,431 
luil.  in  '49.  Bonilld].  Villaseflor  tells  us  there  were  a  few  unprohtable  and 
abandoned  mines  ia  the  country;  the  Ind.  rode  horseback  and  saluted  the 
Sp:in.  witli '  Ave  Maria ';  the  route  up  the  river  to  Alburquerque  was  infested 
witli  savages;  and  there  was  some  trade  via  El  Paso,  where  fairs  were  held. 

In  '48  P.  Juan  Jose  Perez  Mirabal  was  custodio;  Man.  Zambrano  vice-cus- 
todio  and  ex-visitador;  Man.  Sopcfla  discreto  and  min.  of  Sta  Cliira;  Ant. 
(i.ilialilou  cx-visitador,  discreto,  and  min.  of  Sta  Cruz;  Juan  Ant.  Ereiza 
eX'\'iee-cust.  at  S.  Ildcfonso;  Ant.  Zamora  at  N.imbe;  Juan  Martinez,  sec; 
Tnludo  at  Zufli;  Irigoyen  at  Albunjuerque;  and  Delgado  at  Isleta.  Anh. 
.>jti  Ft.  Additional  padres  named  by  Alencliero  ia  tlie  reports  of  '50,  some 
of  their;  doubtful,  were  Andres  Varo,  cust.,  Pedro  Fiao,  Man.  Berniejo,  Mig. 
I'dlhiehi,  Jose  Urmiiroi,  Jose  Tello,  M.'ircelino  Alburn,  Ant.  Roa,  Fran.  Con- 
cejieion  <  lonzidcz,  Trigo,  Ouzman. 

List  of  .Span.  a:id  ]Slcx.  governors  and  captain-generals  of  N.  Mex. : 

.Tuau  de  Ortate,  1598-I(M)8. 


I'e  ho  lie  Peralta,  1608- 
FrHpe  Zotylo,  (1621-8). 
.Nhumel  de  Silva,  1629. 
rein.  <h!  Arguello,  1640  (?). 
Luis  de  Rosas,  1641. 

V:dde,s,  (1642). 

Aloiiso  I'acheco  de  Heredia,  1643. 

I'eru.  de  Arguello,  164"). 

Luis  d  ■  tUiznian,  (1647). 

Hiiiiaudo  de   Ugarte    y   la  Concha, 

It  150. 
iliwm  ih'  Sanianiego,  1653-4. 
Kiiri(Hie  de  Avila  y  Pacheco,  1656. 
Bernardo   L(  pez   de    Meadizabal,    to 

Itllll. 
l)i.  .(o  de  Peflalosa  Briceflo,  1661-4. 
Fern,  de  ViUaniieva. 
Juaiide  Modrano. 
Juan  lie  Miranda. 
Ju.in  Kraneisoo  de  Trevifio,  1675. 
Antonio  Otermin,  1679-83. 
Doiniiiyo  Jironza  Petriz  Cruzat,  1683 

-G. 
Peiiro  Uenoro;j  do  Posada,  1686-9. 
Doniinno 

-ill." 


Pedro  Rodriguez  Cul>ero,  1697-1703. 
Diego  de  Vargas,  etc.,  marques  de  la 

Nava  de  Brazinas,  1 70.3-4. 
Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  acting,  1704-5. 
Francisco  Cuervo  y  Valdes,  ad  int., 

1705-7. 
Jos«3  Chacon  Medina  Salazar  y  Villa- 

seftor,  marques  de  la  Peftuela,  1707 

-12. 
Juan  Ignacio  Flores  MogoUon,  1712- 

15. 
Felix  Martinez,  ad  int.,  1715-17. 
Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  acting,  1717. 
Antonio  Valverde  y  Cosio,    ad   int., 

1717  22. 
Juan  de  Estrada  y  Austria  (?),  ad  int., 

1721  (?). 
Juan  Domingo  de  Bustamantu,  1722- 

31. 
Gervasio  Cruzat  y  Gdngora,  171^1-6. 
Enrique  de  Olavido  y  Miehelena,  ad 

int.,  1736-9. 
O.iapar  Domingo  de  Mcndoza,   1739- 

43. 


Joaquin  Codallo?  y  Rab.al.  174.1  J. 
lironza  Petriz  Cruzat,  1689    Francisco  de  la  Roeha  (apj)t'(l),  1747. 

Tomas  Velez  Cachupin,  l<49-.')4. 


Dieuo  lie  Vargas  Zapata  Lujan  Ponce    Francisco  Antonio  Marin  del  Valle, 
ue  Leon,  1691-7.  1754-60. 


n 


I  'i 


254 


FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


Mateo  Antonio  de  Mendosa,  acting, 

1760. 
Manuel  Portillo  Urrisolo,  acting,  1761 

-2. 
Tomds  Velez  Cachupin,  1762-7. 
Pedro  Ferminde  Mcndinueta,  1767-78. 
Francisco    Trebol    Navarro,    acting, 

1778. 
Juan  Bautista  de  Anut,  1778-89. 
Manuel  Flon  (appt'd),  1785. 
Fernando  de  la  Concha,  1789-94. 
Fernando  Chacon,  1794-1805. 
Joarjuin  del  Real  Alencaster.  1805-8. 
Alberto  Maiuez,  acting,  1807-8. 
Jose  Manrique,  1810-14. 
Alberto  Mainez,  1815-17. 
Pedro  Maria  do  AUande,  1816-18. 
Facuudo  Melgarea,  1818-22. 
Francisco  Javier  Chavez,  1822-3, 
Antonio  Vizcarra,  1822-3. 


Bartolom^  Vaca,  1823-5. 
Antonio  Narbona,  1825-7. 
Manuel  Armijo,  1827-8. 
Antonio  Vizcarra,  acting,  1828. 
Jofl^  Ant.  Chavez,  1828-31. 
Santiago  Abreu,  1831-.3. 
Francisco  Sarracino,  1833-5. 
Juan  Rafael  Ortiz,  acting,  1834. 
Mariano  ('havez,  acting,  1835. 
Albino  Perez,  18.35-7. 
Pedro  Mufloz,  acting,  1837-8. 
Jo8<    Gonzalez,    revolutionary    gov., 

1837-8. 
Manuel  Armijo,  1838-46. 
Antonio  Sandoval,  acting,  1841. 
Mariano  Martinez  de  Lejanza,  actini!, 

1844-5. 
Jose  Chavez,  acting,  1845. 
Juan  Rautista  Vigd  y  Alarid,  acting, 

1846. 


CHA.PTER  XII. 

LAST  HALF   OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

1751-1800. 

Seqi'ente  of  Events— RfLE  op  Cachupin  and  Marin  del  Valle — Indian 

(AMPAUIN.S — MkN1H)ZA  AND  UkRISULA — COMANCHES— CaCHITPIN  AOAIN — 

Visit  of  Rubi— Flood  at  Santa  FA— Reolamento  i»e  Presidios— 
MoQt'is — Escalante's  Writinos  and  Explorations — Tour  of  Padrb 
(lARCEs — Bonilla's  Report — Provincias  Internas — OovERNOR  Anza 
—Comanche  Campamn  of  79 — The  Moq'.'i  Famine  and  Pestilence— 
Flon,  Concha,  and  Chacon — Morfi  on  Reform — Fkiars  versus 
(tovERNOR— The  Mission  System — Consolidation  of  Missions — Secu- 
larization— College — List  of  Padres— Industries  of  the  Prov- 
ince— Agriculture  —  Stock-raising — Trade  or  Barter  —  Annual 
Faiiw  at  Taos  and  Chihuahua — Imaginary  Money — Commercial 
Evils — Statistics  of  Population  and  Local  Items. 

Existing  records  for  these  fifty  years  are  much 
more  vohiminous,  and  in  several  important  respects 
more  satisfactory,  than  for  the  preceding  half-century. 
They  include  several  general  reports  of  secular  and 
missionary  authorities,  with  statistical  information 
that  is  comparatively  complete.  They  throw  much 
light  on  the  mission  system,  on  the  condition  of  the 
pueblo  India  ^  on  the  Franciscan  friars  and  their  con- 
troversy with  governor  and  alcaldes  mayores,  on  the 
commerce  and  other  industries  of  the  province ;  but 
these  and  other  general  topics  will  be  detached  from 
the  chronologic  narrative  and  presented  in  a  later  part 
of  this  chapter.  As  to  the  series  of  happenings  from 
year  to  year — the  succession  of  rulers,  campaigns 
against  the  various  gentile  tribes,  the  never-ending 
question  of  Moqui  conversion,  and  occasional  com- 
plaints of  impending  ruin,  with  corresponding  projects 

(255) 


'-    . 


tU 


8S6 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


rir  ^ 


by  wliich  it  might  be  averted — both  events  and  tlio 
record  are  as  before  somewhat  fragmentary  and 
meagre,  though  there  is  little  reason  to  fear  that  any 
momentous  occurrence  has  been  buried  in  oblivion. 

Governor  Cachupin  marched  against  the  Conian- 
ches  in  1751,  setting  fire  to  a  iular  into  which  he  had 
driven  145  of  the  foe,  killing  101  and  capturing  the 
rest.^  This  elicited  commendation  from  the  viceroy 
and  was  reported  to  tlie  king.  It  may  be  well,  how- 
ever, to  bear  in  mind  that  according  to  the  friars,  wlio 
were  particularly  bitter  against  Cachupin,  the  gov- 
ernor's reports  of  Indian  campaigns  had  often  no 
foundation  in  fact.  At  the  end  of  his  five  years'  term 
in  1754,  Don  Tomds  was  succeeded  by  Don  Francisco 
Antonio  Marin  del  Valle,  who  perhaps  served  ad  in- 
terim by  tlie  viceroy's  appointment,^  and  who  was  also 
cordially  hated  by  the  padres.  In  1755  Padre  Rodri- 
guez de  la  Torre,  with  a  small  party  of  neophytes, 
visited  the  Moqui  towns,  being  well  received  and  per- 
mitted to  preach ;  but  whenever  the  masses  showed 
any  sign  of  yielding  to  his  persuasions  a  'cacique  ende- 
moniado'  would  rise  to  talk  on  the  other  side.  Tlie 
padres  were  good  men,  he  said,  but  his  people  were  too 
sensible  and  strong  to  become  slaves  of  the  alcaldes.^ 

^  Arch.  Stn  Fi,  MS.  The  Comanches  had  raided  Galisteo.  Gov.  C.  hail 
164  men,  of  whom  only  one  was  killed.  Forty  of  the  captives  were  released 
with  the  women  and  children,  but  4  were  held  as  hostages  for  the  ret  irii  of 
earlier  prisoners.  In  1752  the  Cosninas,  30  1.  from  Moqui,  10,000  souLs  in  11 
rancherias  are  said  to  have  asked  through  P.  Menchero  tor  Christian  instruc- 
tion. Id. 

'■'  He  signs  a  doc.  as  '  gobernador  politico  y  militar  'on  Nov.  26,  1754.  Arch. 
Sta  Fi.  I  think  he  was  regularly  appointed  by  the  king.  Davis  and  Prince 
name  him  as  acting  gov.  in  1761-2,  which  I  think  is  an  error.  Ace.  to  Prince, 
(tov.  Marin  and  wife  presented  the  great  carved  stone  reredos,  or  altar 
screen,  in  the  Sta  Fe  cathedral. 

^  Kodriijiiez  de  la  Torre  (Mariano),  Entrada  en  la  prov.  de  los  Mnqninm 
1755,  MS.,  written  in  '70.  In  2'f.  Hex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  842-53.  He  remaineil  14 
days.  A  curious  story  heard  by  him  was  that  the  Moquis  had  a  board  (ui 
which  they  had  made  one  mark  each  year  since  the  revolt  of  1680;  when  the 
board  was  covered  with  marks,  then  would  they  submit  to  Christianity.  A 
MS.,  Domiiiijucz  (Ahvumo),  Exped.  Ul  a  Prov.  de  Momii  in  '55  is  cited  in  Fer- 
nandez Dnro,  Not.,  1.38,  as  in  the  Aca^..  de  Hist. ;  uut  I  suppose  the  date 
should  be  '75.  In  '56-7  Bernardo  Miera  y  Pacheco  obtained  permission  to 
remelt  the  old  useless  cannon  and  mak  new  ones.  It  was  not  his  trade,  ''ut 
he  thought  he  could  do  no  harm  by  trying.  He  was  then  alcalde  mayor  of 
Pecos  and  Galisteo.    The  result  is  not  recorded.  MS.  in  Pinart  col. 


i\   1 


THE  BISHOPS  TOUR. 


257 


tl»o 

and 

any 
(\. 

iiKin- 
3  luul 
r  tlie 
ceroy 

how- 
i,  who 

S     CTOV- 

O 

en  no 
'  term 
lucisco 

ad  in- 
as  also 
Rodri- 
phytcs, 
lid  pcr- 
sbowed 
e  endo- 
The 

ere  too 

Jdes.' 

-)V.  C.  liii'^ 
[e  released 
ret  vru  of 
fsouls  in  1 1 
|au  instruc- 

754.  Ari-h- 

ml  Triiice 

to  Priiii-'n, 

|s,  or  altar 

M  Mnquiiio» 

ainaiui'il  1* 

(a  boanl  on 

when  tlie 

kianity.     A 

[teil  in  /"'■'■• 

Ic  the  date 

tiniasio"  to 

,  trade, ''Ut 

|e  may>J''  *^' 

Til. 


The  leading  event  of  Valle's  rule  was  the  visit  of 
IVisliop  Tamaron  of  Durango,  who  at  the  different 
scttloiiients confirmed  11,271  persons,  besides  2,973  in 
the  district  of  El  Paso.  The  visita  was  from  April  to 
July  of  1760,  and  met  no  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
missionaries.*  Later  in  the  same  year  Mateo  Antonio 
do  Meridoza  acted  as  governor  for  a  few  months,  and 
ill  1701-2  the  position  was  held  by  Manuel  Portillo 
Urrisola.^  Don  Manuel  distinguished  himself,  if  we 
take  his  word  for  it,  by  killing  400  Comanches  in  a 
fij^iit  at  Taos  in  December  17G1."  The  governor  had 
hoped  that  tliis  victory  would  settle  the  Comanche 
(juestion  and  strike  terror  to  all  gentile  raiders;  but 
was  disappointed  at  finding  his  successor  averse  to  en- 
ergetic and  warlike  methods,  and  the  country  conse- 
(inently  not  yet  saved. 

That  successor,  who  took  command  on  the  1st  of 
February,  17G2,  was  no  other  that  Cachupin,  who, 
(lis[)ite  the  bitter  opposition  of  the  Franciscans,  had 
been  appointed  by  the  king  for  a  new  term.^     During 

*  Tamnron  (Pedro),  VinUa  del  Ohumode  Durango  1759-63,  MS.,  p.  123-53, 
KV)  1.  There  were  64  in  the  party  from  El  Paso  in  Apr.,  including  the  P. 
(.'iistixlio  and  a  guard  of  22  men.  The  bishop's  carriage  was  once  overturned, 
Imt  he  fell  on  top  of  the  custo<lio  and  was  not  hurt !  At  Pecos,  as  elsewhere, 
tliere  was  a  grand  ceremonial  reception,  which  an  Indian  a  little  later  pro- 
oft'dcd  to  burlesque,  playing  himself  the  part  of  bishop;  whereupon  to  punish 
Ills  impious  conduct  a  bear  came  down  from  the  mountains  and  chewed  up 
liis  head  in  a  fatally  efiPective  manner.  On  the  return  the  season  was  so  wet 
tliat  water  was  found  even  in  the  Jornarda  del  Muerto. 

'  Mendnza  is  named  only  by  P.  Serrano,  Informe,  MS.,  266,  209,  writing  in 
01,  who  aays  he  ceased  to  rule  in  Dec.  '60  or  Jan.  '61.  His  successor  m  a 
MS.  of  the  Pinart  col.  is  called  Francisco  Portilla.  Serrano,  276,  notes  the 
almost  complete  dispersion  of  mission  Tnd.  of  the  El  Paso  estab.  in  '60-1. 

**  III  Aug.  '60  the  Comanclies  made  a  rai<l  on  Tans,  and  attacking  the  people 
wlio  had  tiiken  refuge  in  the  house  of  one  Villalpando,  killed  all  the  men 
.iiid  carried  off  50  women,  thouch  losing  49  of  their  own  force.  Gov.  Valle 
imrsuud  them  200  1.  in  40  days,  out  accomplished  nothing.  Tamaron,  V'lMtn, 
Ms.,  141.  The  sequel  is  told  in  a  letter  of  Urrisola  to  the  bishop,  dated  Feb. 
'-'4,  '•)•_*,  in  Id.,  141-4.  In  Aug.  '61  the  Ind.  came  back  to  trade  as  if  nothing 
II  iii.sual  had  occurred,  but  were  not  admitted.  They  returned  again  in  Dec. 
ill  large  force  to  insist  on  the  privilege  of  trading,  even  offering  to  give  up  7 
iif  tliuir  captives.  Gov.  U.  with  80  men  hastened  to  Taos,  and  engaged  in 
ciinnilicateil  negotiations  and  wrangles  with  the  warlike  traders,  whose  inde- 
lit-udtiiu'o  and  insolence  soon  resulted  in  a  fight,  with  the  result  as  given  in  my 
text.  During  the  battle,  however,  the  Yutas  took  advantage  of  the  opportu- 
nity to  drive  off  1,000  horses  !  I  have  not  much  faith  in  the  accuracy  of  this 
report,  and  suspect  that  the  gov.  may  have  been  an  embiistero. 

'Appointment  March  5,  1761,  with  orddrd  to  the  viceroy  to  put  C.  in  po«- 
Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mbx.    17 


IB/ 


m 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


this  second  rule  of  five  years  Don  Tomds  sent  a  party 
to  search  for  mines  in  the  San  Juan  and  Gunnison 
regions  of  what  was  later  Colorado,*  attended  to  tlio 
routine  duties  of  his  position,®  and  waged  legal  war- 
fare on  certain  Indians  accused  of  witchcraft  at  Abi- 
quiii,  the  whole  affair  presenting  a  striking  picture  of 
silly  superstition — on  the  part  of  the  Spaniards.*"  In 
1766  the  Marquds  de  Rubf  visited  New  Mexico  in  hi.s 
tour  as  inspector  of  frontier  presidios." 

Colonel  Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta  succeeded 
Cachupin  as  governor  and  captain-general — being  the 
last  to  hold  the  latter  title — in  1767.*^     In  that  year 

session  of  the  office  without  delay,  '  con  pratexto  ni  motivo  algunc'  On  Aug. 
30,  '62,  the  king  has  rec'd  viceroy's  report  of  Dec.  17,  '61,  with  copy  of  secnt 
instructions  to  Gov.  C.  N.  Alex.,  (Jed.,  MS.,  56.  At  the  time  of  Urrisok  s 
Comanche  campaign  an  escort  of  22  soldiers  had  been  sent  to  £1  Paso  for  tlic 
new  gov.  Tamaron,  Vinita,  MS.,  141-4. 

*  Domimjuez  and  Eacalante,  Diario,  388-9, 409-10.  Ace.  to  this  printed  iliary 
of  an  entrada  of  1776,  Juan  Maria  Rivera  visited  the  region  (about  the  junctidii 
of  the  Gunnison  and  Uncompahgre)  in  1761 ;  it  was  visited  by  a  party  sent  Ity 
Gov.  C,  and  the  name  of  I«i  Plata  given  to  a  sierra  and  river,  from  silver  dis- 
covered at  that  time;  and  perhaps  a  3d  visit  made  in  1775.  But  FerIl<^lllle/. 
Duro,  Noticias,  139,  142,  who  consulted  a  MS.  copy  of  the  diary  in  the  Acail. 
Hist.,  makes  the  date  of  Rivera's  tour  1763.  Dominguez  saw  Rivera's  ikn-o- 
tero. 

•In  '62  some  50  citizens  of  Alburquerque  protest  their  inability  to  com- 
ply with  tlie  gov.'s  orders  to  keep  horses,  etc.,  in  readiness  for  Ind.  service; 
and  in  May  are  chided  by  the  gov.  for  their  lack  of  patriotism.  They  iiiiust 
obey  and  stop  selling  their  arms  and  animals  to  avoid  service.  In  1703,  40 
citizens  of  the  same  town  petitioned  for  the  removal  of  their  alcalde  uiaynr, 
Ant.  Vaca,  and  33  other  citizens  protested  that  V.  was  a  good  official,  tliuugli 
the  object  of  the  enmity  of  a  few.  To  keep  the  peace  Mig.  Lucero  va^ 
appointed  temx)orarily  to  fill  the  office.     MSS.  of  Pinart  col. 

".1  utoa  contni  uuoa  Imlioa  Jeniziiroa  del  puehlo  de  A biquiu  acfrre  ser  aciisailim 
de  hecldceros  vinlrjieos  por  au  ministro  el  Ji.  P.  Fr.  Junn  Joseph  de  Toledo  ji  d 
indio  Juac/umllo.  MS.  of  the  Pinart  col.  The  case  dated  in  1760-6,  but  lliu 
trial  was  chiefly  in  1763.  One  effect  of  the  alleged  sorcery  was  a  sad  coinii- 
tion  of  the  padre's  stomach.  The  trial  was  before  the  ale.  mayor  of  La  La- 
fiada,  Cirlos  Fernandez,  and  over  100  pp.  are  filled  with  testimony.  Tlie  re- 
sult was  tliat  7  or  8  Ind.  were  condemned  to  '  become  the  servants  '  of  curtain 
Span,  families.  A  detachment  of  troops  was  sent  to  Abic^uid  to  destroy  rolicn 
of  supposed  idolatrous  worship,  inclucfing  a  stone  with  hieroglyphics,  etc. 

^^  Lafora  (Nicolda),  Viayedel  imjeiiiero  a  Sta  Fi,  1766.  MS.  in  Pinart  col. 
L.  accom^mnied  Rubl  and  kept  the  diary,  which  contains  little  or  nothing 
of  interest  except  statistics  utilized  later.  L.  also  made  a  map,  whicli  so  tar 
as  I  know  is  not  extant. 

•'■"Morfi,  Dendrdene-t,  MS.,  407,  writes  the  full  name  Lara  y  Mendintut.!, 
and  calls  him  brigadier.  Davis  and  Prince  represent  him  as  ruling  also  in 
1759  and  1762,  and  Cachupin  in  1773,  all  of  which  must,  I  think,  be  Mnmg. 
They  mention  the  fact  of  his  being  the  last  capt.-gen. ;  and  certainly  no  one 
had  that  title  after  him;  but  I  am  not  quite  sure  that  all  his  predcccssor.s 
held  it,  and  I  have  seen  no  dou.  iu  which  ne  uses  that  title.  M.  was  a  knight 
of  Santiago. 


?ls 


MENDINUETA'S  RULE. 


259 


there  was  a  great  flood  at  Santa  F6  in  October,  tho 
course  of  the  river  being  turned  into  the  Kio  Chi- 
qiiito  and  threatening  the  safety  of  the  public  build- 
inj^s."  Against  this  ruler  and  liis  successors  I  have 
found  no  complaints  from  the  missionaries.  In  1771 
lie  announced  the  conclusion  of  a  treatv  with  the  Co- 
iiianches  on  the  3d  of  February;"  and  the  victroy, 
replying  with  thanks,  called  for  a  report  on  the  condi- 
tion and  needs  of  the  province,  which  was  furnished 
ill  March  1772.  Mendinueta  declared  that  the  force 
of  80  soldiers  at  Santa  F6  was  not  sufficient  to  protect 
so  broad  a  territory,  raided  by  savage  foes  from  every 
side.  True,  there  were  about  250  men  capable  of 
bearing  arms  among  the  settlers,  besides  the  pueblo 
Indians;  but  these  were  poorly  supplied  with  weap- 
ons, and  could  not  leave  their  homes  unprotected  to 
engage  in  distant  campaigns.  The  governor's  pro- 
posed remedy  was  a  new  presidio  at  Taos,  and  an  en- 
forced law  requiring  the  Spaniards  to  live  in  compact 
pueblos  like  the  Indians." 

The  subject  of  northern  frontier  defences  received 
much  attention  in  these  years,  and  in  1772-3  the  new 
refjhmento  de  presidios  was  published.  The  only 
change  ordered  in  New  Mexico  proper  was  the  de- 
tachment of  thirty  soldiers  from  Santa  Fe  to  join 
tliirty  citizen  auxiliaries  from  El  Paso,  forming  a  gar- 
rison at  Robledo,  which  was  to  protect  the  route  up 
tlio  river  and  serve  as  a  base  for  reestablishing  the 
ruined  pueblos  of  Senecii,  Socorro,  Alamillo,  and 
Sevilleta.  For  the  protection  of  El  Paso  the  militia 
was  to  be  organized,  the  presidial  company  being 
transferred  to  Carrizal  on  the  frontier  of  Nueva  Yiz- 


"  Sta  Fi,  Inundaci(me»  de  1767.  MS.  of  Pinart  col.  The  gov.  in  decree  of 
Nov.  7th  orders  all  citizens  to  turn  out  by  list  under  certain  superintentlents 
and  work  to  restore  the  river  to  its  original  bed.  Fran.  (Juerrero  was  alcalde 
mayor.  July  15,  '69,  orders  of  viceroy  to  gov.  M.  about  a  projected  cain- 
paiLMi  against  the  Apaches.  MS.  in  Id. 

''April  25,  71,  Gov.  M.  to  the  people,  announcing  the  treaty,  and  urg- 
ing all  to  use  the  utmost  care  to  treat  the  Ind.  in  exact  conformity  with  the 
conditions.  MS.  in  Pinart  col. 

"March  26,  1772,  Gov.  M.  to  Viceroy  Bucareli,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d 
ser.,  iv.  720-3;  Bomlla,  Apuntes,  MS.,  352-6. 


2G0 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


caya."  Nothing  of  all  this  was  carried  into  effect,  ex- 
cept the  transfer  of  the  presidio — or  of  the  main  force, 
n  detachment  bein*^  always  or  generally  stationed  at  El 
Pa.so — the  governor  very  properly  protesting  against 
the  division  of  the  force  at  Santa  Fe,  and  some  con- 
venient excuse  being  always  ready  for  failure  to  or- 
ganize the  militia. 

The  conquest  or  conversion  of  the  Moquis  was  a 
matter  still  kept  in  view,  though  for  about  twenty 
years  no  practical  efforts  in  that('''^ection  are  recorded, 
down  to  1774-0,  when  the  project  was  revived  in  con- 
nection with  the  California  expeditions  from  Sonora. 
Captain  Juan  Bautista  de  Anza  made  an  experimental 
or  exploring  trip  by  way  of  the  Gila  to  California  in 
1774;  and  it  was  desired  that  in  connection  with  his 
second  expedition  the  region  between  the  Gila  and 
Moqui  towns  should  be  explored.  This  region  had 
not  l)een  traversed  since  the  time  of  Coronado  in 
1540.3,  except  by  Onate,  whose  journey  was  practi- 
cally furgotten.  The  country  and  its  people  wore 
wrapped  in  mystery,  and  were  the  objects  of  nmcli 
curiosity  and  theorizing.  To  find  a  way  to  ]VIo(jiii 
was  deemed  important,  especially  as  it  was  proposed, 
if  possible,  to  occupy  the  Gila  valley  and  some  of  its 
branches."     The    New    Mexican    friars    were   called 


m 


^^PreaidioK,  Jieglavinito  S  Imtniceion  1772-3,  p.  11,  16-18,  118-22;  given 
also  ill  whole  or  in  part  iu  several  works.  See  Ilixt.  North  Mex.  St.,  i.  (14(5,  tidS. 
Tlie  8ta  P'e  presidio  as  reorganized  was  to  have  1  capt.  (the  gov.)  at  a  salary 
f)f  J4,(K)(),  2  lieut.  at  $700,  2  sergt.  at  $350,  0  corp.  at  $.300,  and  08  soM.  at 
S2iH);  there  was  to  be  a  lieut. -gov.  at  El  Paso,  with  a  salary  of  iJl.OOO,  and  tho 
30  veciuos  auxiliaries  at  Roblcdo  were  to  receive  $15  per  month  for  10  years, 
to  be  armed  like  soldiers,  to  be  free  from  cuartel  duty,  and  finally  to  have 
land-grants.  Bonilla,  Ajnintes,  MS.,  gives  some  particulars  about  the  non-exe- 
cution of  the  reglamento  and  the  orders  following  it.  Antonio  Maria  Daroca 
was  made  lieut. -gov.,  but  died  soon  from  wounds  received  in  an  Apache  cam- 
paign; and  was  succeeded  by  Manuel  Arrieta,  and  he  by  Narciso  IVlufiiz. 

''  C'/r.spo  {Fran.  Ant.),  Iilforme  que  hizo  al  virei/  el  i/oitr.  de  Sonora  acerrn  ihl 
denrulirimienlo  de  N.  Mex.  para  Monterey,  in  X.  Mex.,  Doc,  MS.,  802  '_';{. 
Tlie  detaiU  pertain  to  Ariz,  rather  than  N.  Mex.  The  writer  proposes  a 
branch  cxped.,  after  Anza's  return  from  Cal.,  to  the  Colorado,  that  is,  from  the 
Mojave  region  to  Moqui  and  N.  Mex.  This  doc.  is  cited  under  a  different 
title  by  Fernandez  Duro,  Not.,  141,  as  in  the  Acad.  Hist.  He  also  cites  d'"/- 
rf!.i,  Diiirio  deade  N.  Mej.,  a  la  Cal.,  which  may  be  a  ref.  to  Garces'  journal  of 
Anza's  Ist  trip,  or  of  G.'s  trip  of  '7<»  to  N.  Mex.,  to  bo  noticed  later.  Ou 
Aiua's  exped.  of  74  and  '76,  see  Hint.  Cal.,  i.  220-4,  257-78. 


ESCALANTE  AND  DOMINGUEZ. 


261 


upon  for  their  views,  and  Padre  Escalanto  developed 
much  enthusiasm  on  the  subject.  In  June  1775,  or 
pctssibly  1774,  he  spent  eight  days  in  the  Moqui  towns, 
trying  in  vain  to  reach  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cosninaa 
hcyond.  In  a  report  to  the  governor  he  gave  a  de- 
scription of  the  pueblos — where  he  found  7,494  souls, 
two  thirds  of  them  at  Oraibe,  in  seven  pueblos  on  throe 
separate  mesas — and  his  ideas  of  what  should  bo  done. 
Ho  earnestly  recommended — subsequently  writing  to 
his  superior  a  long  argument  in  support  of  his  position 
— tluit  the  Moquis  should  be  reduced  by  force  of  arms 
ajid  a  presidio  established  there.  The  Moquinos,  he 
said,  wore  well  disposed,  but  their  chiefs  had  dotor- 
miiied  not  to  give  up  their  power,  not  only  keeping 
their  own  people  from  submission,  l)ut  the  Cosninas  as 
woll,  who  were  eager  to  be  Christians.  As  to  the 
routes,  Escalante  thought  from  what  he  could  learn 
by  Indian  reports  that  the  way  from  Terrenate  by 
tlie  Gila  and  thence  north  to  Zuni  would  not  be  very 
difficult;  that  the  central  route  from  the  Colorado  to 
^[oqui  would  probably  be  found  impracticable;  but 
that  the  best  of  all  was  one  leading  from  Monterey 
eastward  in  a  nearly  direct  line  to  Santa  Fe."* 

Alas  for  the  good  padre's  geographic  theories!  In 
177(5,  with  a  party  of  nine,  including  Padre  Francisco 
Atanasio  Dominguez,  he  attempted  to  reach  Monterey 
from  Santa  Fe  by  the  northern  route.  This  tour  be- 
longs mainly  to  the  annals  of  Utah  and  Colorado,  as 
recorded  in  other  volumes.  The  explorers  reached 
Utah  Lake  and  thus  accomplished  results  that  should 
make  their  names  famous;  but  fortunately — else  they 
Would  not  have  lived  to  tell  the  story — when  on  the 
approach  of  winter  provisions  became  scarce  and  the 

^^  Etcnlaute  (Silvetitre  Velez),  Informe  y  Diario  de  la  Enlratln  que  en  junto  de 
VTM  hizo  en  laprov.  de  Moqui.  MS.,  in  y.  Mex.,  Doc.,  1022-57;  also  without 
titlu  in  /if.,  951-84.  It  is  dated  Oct.  28,  1775.  The  author  has  heard  of 
soiiK!  wliite  men  in  the  west  before  the  founding  of  Monterey,  and  thus  intro- 
duces the  Northern  Mystery,  shipwrecked  Spaniards,  etc.  Garces,  Diario, 
3G2  4,  iviludes  to  a  similar  report — perhaps  the  same — written  by  Escalante 
on  Aug.  18,  1775.  Escalante,  Carta  de '76  nohre  Motiui,  in  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS., 
98')  lUl.*),  is  the  argument  alluded  to  iu  my  text  to  prove  the  justice  and 
policy  of  using  force. 


t68 


LA8T  HALF  OF  THE  EKiHTEENTH  CENTUKV. 


'In  ■ 


f    '! 


natives  showed  no  knowlctljfo  of  Spaniards  in  the 
west,  lots  were  cast,  and  futo  decided  that  the  JDurncy 
to  Monterey  should  be  postponed.  Accordin<»1y,  they 
returned  soutli-eastward,  forded  the  CoKirado,  caiiio 
to  the  Moqui  towns,  and  returned  to  Santa  Fe.  The 
!Mo(|uinos,  thoU|L(h  furnishing  food  and  slielter,  would 
not  rtreive  presents.  A  nieetinj^  was  held  to  discuss 
suhinission,  hut  while  wiHin<r  to  be  friends  of  the 
Spaniards,  the  jieople  proudly  refused  to  be  sul'jccts 
or  Christians,  preferrinjj  to  *go  with  the  majority' 
and  be  g(!ntiles,  as  the  traditions  of  their  futlurs 
directed  thein.'^  Not  only  did  Escalante  fail  to 
demonstrate  the  merits  of  his  favorite  northern  route, 
but  earlier  in  the  same  year  the  central  one  was 
proved  to  be  practicable;  and  this,  so  far  as  the 
Moqui  (luestion  was  concerned,  was  the  only  result 
of  Anzas  California  exi»edition.  Padre  Francisco 
Garces,  leavinjr  Anza  at  the  Gila  junction,  went  up 
the  Colorado  to  the  Mojave  reji^ion  with  a  few  Indian 
servants,  and  after  making  important  explorations  in 
California  started  eastward  for  Moqui,  which  lie 
reached  without  any  special  difficulty  in  July.  The 
Moquis,  however,  would  not  admit  him  to  tluir 
houses  or  receive  his  gifts,  cared  not  for  his  paintiii«,' 
of  heaven  and  hell,  and  refused  to  kiss  the  image  of 
Christ.  After  passing  two  nights  in  the  court-yard 
he  wrote  a  letter  for  the  padre  at  Zuni,  returned  in 
sorrow  to  the  Yamaji  Ss,  or  Mojaves,  and  went  down 
the  Colorado,  finding  his  way  to  Bac  in  Septeinbir. 
His  was  a  wonderfu  trip,  though  not  very  effective 
in  respect  of  Moqui  s    vation.** 


**L 


^*Domingua  and  Escalante,  Harioy  Derrotero,m(i;  also  incomplete  MS. 
copy  in  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  1729-5(  ,  and  in  Id.,  831-42,  a  letter  of  Doniinguez  iii 
'80,  giving  a  resume  of  the  trip.  See  also  JfiM.  Utah  and  llmt.  Coliwiulo,  this 
aeries,  with  map.  The  start  was  on  July  29th,  the  arrival  at  MiMjui  Xnv. 
llith,  and  the  return  to  Sta  Fe  Jan.  3,  77.  The  Coloiado  was  forded  about 
on  the  Utah  and  Ariz,  line,  or  at  the  corner  of  the  four  territories. 

'^Oarcita  {Francinco),  JJiurio  y  Dvrrotero  que  sijuiii. .  .d  loa puel'loa  dfl  JAv/mi 
de  N.  Mex.,  1776.  In  Doc.  Jfi»t.  Mex.,  2d  ser.,  i.  223  et  seq.,  the  Mmjui  trip 
being  described  on  pp.  309-37.  For  some  additional  details,  see  chap,  xv  i.  of 
this  vol.  on  Ariz,  history.  The  padre  visited  Oraibe,  or  Muca,  and  one  otlicr 
pueblo,  and  he  gives  a  good  descrip.  of  the  towns  and  people.     He  fuuad  a 


PR0VINCIA8  INTEKNAS. 


2263 


Tt  was  in  1776  that  Lieutenant-colonel  Antonio 
lionilla,  of  Coahuila,  embodied  in  a  formal  report,  not 
(•Illy  a  rt'8uni«5  of  New  Mexico's  past  history,  but  hia 
V if  ws  as  to  what  should  be  done  to  avert  im|)ending 
ruin.  He  believed  that  as  a  frontier  outpost  among 
•pontile  tribes  who  had  now  lost  all  the  fear  and  respect 
inspired  by  the  first  conquerors,  and  who  themselves 
usi'd  fire-arms  and  horses,  the  holding  of  the  province 
liad  an  importance  far  beyond  its  Jlrect  value  as  a 
Spanish  possession,  since  if  it  were  lt)st  the  savage 
hordes  would  direct  their  whole  force  against  Nueva 
Vizcaya  and  Sonora.  Therefore  a  vigorous  warfare 
sliould  be  waged  by  veteran  troops  from  New  Mexico 
as  a  centre.** 

It  was  also  in  1776-7  that  the  northern  provinces 
(if  Mexico  were  organized  as  tlie  Provincias  Internas, 
umler  the  Caballero  de  Croix  as  comandante  general, 
independent  of  the  viceroy.  This  change  and  the  fol- 
lowing complications  of  the  military  and  civil  status 
of  tlie  various  districts  have  but  slight  direct  bearing 
on  New  Mexico,  simply  depriving  the  governor  of  his 
title  of  captain-general,  and  making  him  subordinate  at 
times  to  the  comandante  general  instead  of  the  vice- 
roy, and  they  cannot  be  properly  presented  here  in  the 

Ziini  Iiid.  who  could  speak  Spanish,  as  could  some  of  the  Moquis.  His  letter 
to  tliu  Zufli  patlro  of  July  3d  is  copied  in  A'.  Mejc.,  Doc.,  MS.,  828-:«).  It 
ilduH  not  appear  that  Escalante  received  it  before  starting  on  his  northern 
tiii).  lu  Fernaiidn  Duro,  Not-.,  141,  is  cited  a  letter.  Garcia,  Exped.  daidt 
Sti  Fe  a  Cal.,  etc.,  in  the  Acad.  Hist. 

■^  JionilUi  [Antonio),  Apunlea  IlinUiricot  sohre  el  N.  Mex.,  1776,  MS.  n  A'. 
Mil-.,  /Air.,  327-81;  also  as  a  preface  to  A^.  Mej>.,  CiduUm,  MS.  Besides  the 
.x>Miili:ig  of  veteran  troops,  B.  recommends  as  necessary  measures  the  reforma- 
turn  of  Span,  settlements  in  compact  form,  the  organization  of  the  militia,  a 
garrison  at  Roltledo  without  reducing  the  Sta  F^  force,  tlie  execution  of  ex- 
isting orders  respecting  tlio  Paso  del  Norte  district,  and  more  careful  treat- 
incut  of  the  Christian  Ind.,  perhaps  including  measures  of  secularization  to 
get  rill  of  the  friars.  B.  did  not  favor  the  presidio  at  Taos,  because  he 
tliuught  it  better  to  spend  money  at  present  oa  active  measures  rather  than 
oil  iiurinanent  establishments. 

Morfi,  Viitje  de  Imlioa  y  Dinrio  del  N.  Mex.,  is  misleading  in  its  title.  It 
is  a  (liiiry  of  the  visita  of  the  Caballero  de  Croix  in  77,  but  does  not  include  N. 
Mix.,  at  least  as  printed  in  Doc.  Hid.  Mex.,  3d  ser.,  iv.  305.  In  Nov.  '77 
tlieru  was  a  fight  with  the  Comanches  and  Apaches,  who  in  one  of  their 
raids  had  killed  11  persons,  and  who  now  lost  30  killed  and  40  horses.  The 
gov.  was  ordered  to  make  peace,  if  possible,  with  the  Comanches,  so  as  to  use 
tliuiii  against  the  Apaches.  Arch.  Sta  i\  MS.;  M^S.  in  Piuart  col. 


it 


■  ;iv 


264 


LAST  HALF  OF  Ti.XE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


ili-"^' 


i  fi:?  V. 


:jr!    i 


m 


space  at  my  command;  yet,  as  they  are  m  a  general 
sense  an  essential  part  of  the  history  of  all  the  northern 
regions,  I  refer  the  reader  to  the  annals  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya  and  Sonora  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  century,  as 
compactly  presented  in  another  volume  of  this  series." 
Governor  Mendinueta  retired  in  March  1778,  leav- 
insf  Francisco  Trebol  Navarro  in  command  as  actin<x 
governor;^  but  before  the  end  of  the  year  a  successor 
came,  in  the  person  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Juan  Bautista 
de  Anza,  as  political  and  military  governor.^*  Anza, 
whose  Californian  expeditions  have  been  noticed,  was 
a  native  of  Sonora,  a  man  of  excellent  ability  and 
character,  and  of  wide  experience  in  Indian  warfaro. 
He  seems  to  have  proved  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
Caballero  de  Croix's  high  esteem;  yet  with  all  his 
energy  he  effected  but  slight  change  for  the  better  iu 
New  Mexican  aftairs.  His  first  recorded  enterprise 
was  a  campaign  against  the  Comanches  with  a  force 
of  G45  men,  including  85  soldiers  and  259  Indians. 
His  course  was  north  and  north-east  for  sonic  95 
leagues,  and  the  result  was  the  killing  of  Cuerno  Verde, 
the  famous  Comanche  chieftain,  with  four  of  his  lead- 
ing sub-chiefs,  his  high-priest,  his  eldest  son  and  heir, 
and  32  of  his  warriors.^^ 

«'See  Hist.  North  Mex.  States,  i.  63G-91. 

"March  14,  '78,  (rov.  Mendiuuetii's  instnic.  to  his  succesaor,  MS.  in  the 
Pinart  col.  Ind.  aflFairs  and  caro  of  the  presidio  horses  demand  chief  attiin- 
tion.  There  is  no  use  in  pursuing  Ind.,  unless  there  is  a  possibility  of  catili- 
ing  them.  Pocoa  and  Galisteo  as  frontier  posts  require  special  care.  The 
Yutas  have  been  at  peace,  and  pains  should  be  taken  to  keep  them  so,  no  iit- 
tention  being  j>aid  to  petty  offences.  The  Navajos  are  at  peace,  but  are  si\iil 
to  join  the  (iilcflo  Apaches  in  rai<ls.  No  peace  should  oe  made  witli  the 
Apaches,  but  always  war.  The  Comanches  should  be  drawn  to  peace,  luit 
never  trusted,  fttr  their  custom  is  to  be  at  peace  with  Taos  and  at  war  with 
other  parts.  In  the  Ami.  Sta  Ft!,  MS.,  and  Pinart  col.  are  several  iniiinr 
commun.  of  Croix  and  Kiibio  to  the  gov.  on  details  of  Ind.  policy.  In  the 
same  year  P.  Escalante  writes  very  sensibly  on  Teguayo,  which  is  the  Yuta 
country,  shown  by  ruins  and  pottery  to  havj  been  once  the  liome  of  piielih) 
Ind.,  the  stories  of  wliite  bearcled  men  in  the  n.  w.  being  proven  false  by  E.  s 
late  trip;  also  on  Quivira,  which  is  nothing  more  wonderful  than  the  Paniina, 
or  Pawnee  villages.  Ljc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d  ser.,  iv.  124-0;  FetTuindez  Duro,  Sat., 
146-7. 

"Anza  ^as  appointed  in  June  '77.  Cidukirio,  MS.,  iii.  9.  The  date  of  his 
arrival  does  not  appear;  but  he  signs  orders  in  Jan.  and  Feb.  '79.  A  rcli.  Siii 
Fe,  MS.  One  -^oc.  seems  to  show  him  iu  com.  iu  Juno  '78.  Davis  and  Prim  u 
make  his  rule  begin  in  '80. 

'^  A  iiza  (Juan  B. ),  Diario  de  la  Erpedicion  que  sale  d  practicar  contra  hi  mi- 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANZA. 


2G5 


Back  from  this  campaign,  Governor  Anza  gave  his 
attention  to  the  Moquis.     A  failure  of  crops  had  re- 
duced that  people  to  such  straits  that  the  time  was 
deemed   most   favorable   for   their   conversion,   even 
Christianity  being  perhaps  preferable  to   starvation, 
^lany  of  them  were  said   to  have  abandoned   their 
towns  to  seek  food  in  the  mountains  and  among  the 
Xavajos,  and  these  fugitives  were  reported  as  disposed 
to  submit,  though  the  others  still  preferred  death.     It 
was  feared  that  if  something  were  not  done  now  all 
the  Moquis  might  quit  pueblo  life  and  join  the  hostile 
gentiles.     Anza  wrote   repeatedly  to  Croix   on   the 
prospects,  enclosing  letters  from  the  padres,  and  ad- 
visinir  that  an  effort  should  be  made  either  to  establish 
missionaries  at  the  towns,  which  would  require  some 
additional  force,  or  to  induce  the  natives  to  migrate 
en  masse  and  settle  in  new  pueblos  nearer  the  Spanish 
centres. '^^     In  reply,  the  comandante  general  did  not 
favor  the  use  of  force,  but  advised  that  Anza  on  some 
pretext,  as  of  an  Apache  campaign,  should  visit  the 
Moquis,  give  them  some  food,  and  persuade  them,  if 
possible,  to  settle  in  New  Mexico;  otherwise  the  foun- 
dation might  be  laid  for  future  conversion.     The  gov- 
ernor continued    his  efforts,  and  in  August  1780  a 
message  came  that  40  families  were  ready  to  migrate 
if  lie  would  come  in  person  to  bring  them.     He  started 
in  September  with  padros  Fernandez  and  Garcia,  vis- 

eim  Cmnancha,  1779,  MS.  In  A'',  ^fc.1•.,  Doc,  801-922,  preceded  by  Anza 'a 
Itttcr  of  Nov.  1st  and  Croix's  letter  of  thaiiliH  .Jan.  1,  '80.  The  cainpuiga 
was  in  Aug. -Sept.  '79;  2()0  Yiitas  and  Apaches  joined  the  army  as  allies  on 
tin;  way;  30  women  and  children  with  300  hor.'ies  were  captured.  Names  on 
tlie  way  and  return  above  Taos,  are  Paso  do  iS.  Rirtolome  on  the  Rio  del 
Ndrte,  15  1.  from  its  source,  Ciei.ega  de  S.  Luis,  Arroyo  de  S.  (iines,  Agiiage 
(le  Vutas,  Rio  S,  Agustin,  Lomas  Perdiilas,  Rio  Sta  Rosa,  Sierra  du  Almagre, 
Arr.  de  Cristo,  Rio  Dolores,  Rio  Culebra,  and  Rio  Ductil. 

'^'' J/'xyi/i,  Prnvidenciaa  tomcula.t  a  roiini'rufrn'iii  de  Ion  ar!i<oit  romunirndo^  yor 
Aiifi,  J77;),  in  N.  Mex.,  Doc.,  MS.,  922-1022.  Letters  of  Anza  to  Croix,  Nov. 
Ist,  llitli,  with  a  letter  of  P.  Andres  (.iarcla,  who  had  made  some  vain  efforts  to 
tiiiil  the  Moqui  fugitives  among  the  Navajos;  also  E.scalante's  letters,  already 
nntiiod,  and  Croix's  reply  of  Dec.  Slst. 

Ill  connection  with  Anzfv's  operations,  Bi^mardo  Miera  y  Pacheco,  the  same 
mIu)  hail  tried  to  manufacture  cannon,  and  a  member  of  the  exploriiin  party 
of  Itominguez  and  Escalante,  made  two  maps,  covering  all  the  settlements  of 
N.  .Mex.  in  '79,  which  are  preserved  in  the  Acad.  Hist,  at  Madrid,  but  which 
1  have  not  seen.  Fernandez  Duro,  Not.,  143. 


266 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


!■!  ;' 


m 


m !  -v 


iir 


iting  all  the  towns,  two  of  which  were  completely 
abandoned.  The  40  families  had  been  forced  by  hun- 
ger 15  days  ago  to  go  to  the  Navajo  couutry,  whtre 
the  men  had  been  killed  and  the  women  and  children 
seized  as  slaves.  Moqui  affairs  were  indeed  in  a  sad 
condition.  Escalante  in  1775  had  found  7,494  souls; 
now  there  were  but  798 ;  no  rain  had  fallen  in  three 
years,  and  in  that  time  deaths  had  numbered  6,698. 
Of  30,000  sheep  300  remained,  and  there  were  but 
fi  .e  horses  and  no  cattle.  Only  500  fanegas  of  maize 
and  beans  could  be  expected  from  the  coming  crop. 
Pestilence  had  aided  famine  in  the  deadly  work ;  raitls 
from  tlie  Yutas  and  Navajos  had  never  ceased.  There 
were  those  who  believed  their  misfortunes  a  judgment 
for  their  treatment  of  Padre  Garces  in  1776.  The 
chief  at  Oraibe  was  offered  a  load  of  provisions  to  re- 
lieve immediate  wants,  but  he  proudly  declined  tlie 
gift,  as  he  had  nothing  to  offer  in  return.  He  refused 
to  listen  to  the  friars,  and  in  reply  to  Anza's  exhorta- 
tions declared  that  as  his  nation  was  apparently 
doomed  to  annihilation,  the  few  who  remained  \\  ere 
resolved  to  die  in  their  homes  and  in  their  own  faith. 
Yet  his  subjects  were  free  to  go  and  become  Chris- 
tians if  they  chose  to  do  so;  and  finally  30  families 
w^ere  induced  to  depart  with  the  Spaniards,  including 
the  chief  of  Gualpi.^^  I  find  no  record  as  to  what 
became  of  these  converts,  but  I  have  an  idea  that 
with  them  and  others,  a  little  later,  the  pueblo  of 
Moquino,  in  the  Laguna  region,  may  have  been 
founded. 

Not  only  among  the  Moquis  did  pestilence  rage, 
but  small-pox  carried  off  5,025  Indians  of  the  mi.ssion 
pueblos  in  1780-1 ;  and  in  consequence  of  this  loss  of 
population,  Governor  Anza,  by  consolidation,  reduced 
the  number  of  missions,  or  of  sfnodos,  to  20,  a  change 
which  for  the  next  decade  provoked  much  protest  on 


"  /l»2^,  Dinriode  In  exjpedkion  que  hnced  la  provincia  de  Moqui,  17S(1.  Orig. 
MS.  ill  the  Pinart  col.  The  start  was  on  Sept.  10th  from  Sta  Fe,  Zufli  )  Ttli, 
Moipi  2U-ith,  back  at  Sta  Fe  Oct.  1st. 


NEW  APACHE  POLICY. 


867 


the  part  of  the  friars. ^^  Pino,  followed  by  other 
autliors,  gives  1783  as  the  date  of  a  long  effective 
treaty  witli  tiie  Conianches ;  but  as  he  mentions  the 
defeat  of  Cuerno  Verde  in  the  same  connection,  this 
iiiiiy  be  a  reference  to  an  earlier  event.^  In  1786 
A'ieeroy  Galvez,  in  his  instructions  to  General  Ugarte, 
introduced  a  new  Indian  policy  in  the  north,  a  policy 
of  extermination,  the  main  features  of  which  were  to 
be  unrelenting  warfare  on  all  tribes  to  secure  treaties, 
free  trade  and  gifts  to  tribes  at  peace,  the  creation 
among  the  savages  of  needs  that  could  be  supplied  only 
by  the  Spaniards,  the  distribution  of  guns  and  powder 
of  inferior  quality,  the  liberal  use  of  spirituous  liquors 
to  demoralize  the  Apaches,  and  constant  efforts  to 
promote  a  war  of  extermination  between  the  different 
tribes.  Little  or  nothing  appears  respecting  the 
cariying-out  of  this  policy  in  New  Mexico;  but  the 
instructions  in  some  parts  had  special  reference  to 
that  province.** 

-'' Anza's  report  of  May  6,  '81.  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.;  Jievilld  Ghjedo,  Carta  de 

i:;i3,  p.  443. 

'^  I'ino,  Erposicion,  .39,  43;  Id.,  NoticUis,  87-8;  Velauro,  Kot.  EH'id.  de  Son., 
2l)2;  Ddi'is'  El  Orini/o,  82.  Yet  a  iiieutiou  of  tlie  ciiinpaign  appears  in  the 
G'trrtit  de  Mcx.,  i.  131-2.  It  may  be  that  a  treaty  wiis  made  in  '83  in  conse- 
f|ui!uce  of  the  victory  of  '79.  Davis,  El  Oriiujo,  82-3,  also  ilescribus  a  later 
liiittlu  of  '85  with  the  Conianches  at  Rabbit  Ear,  the  Span,  leader  beinj^  Lieut, 
liiierrero,  and  the  foe  being  so  eflFeetually  defeated  that  tliey  sued  for  peace 
iiiil  made  a  permanent  treaty.     I  have  found  no  original  record  of  this  atiair. 

^"  /iiitriiccioHj'ormadn  en  virtiid  de  real  drdeti,  176'tj.  See  aUo  J/ixt.  North 
M'.r.  .itJttr.'<,  i.  G48.  The  N.  Mex.  troops  were  to  be  aided  by  settlers  and 
liiil. ;  movements  were  to  be  made,  when  possible,  in  conjunction  with  forces  of 
N.  \'iz.  and  Soiiora;  all  to  be  directed  by  the  gov. ;  hostilities  between  Apaches 
and  Xavajos  to  be  promoted;  the  peace  with  Yutas  to  be  scrupulously 
olwcrved,  and  they  to  be  used  against  the  others;  also  peace  with  the  Jica- 
rilliis;  Comanche  oflfers  of  peace  at  Taos  not  to  be  rejected,  but  encouraged 
liy  trade;  areportonthe  M(Miui  condition  to  be  made.  Oct.  6th,  Gen.  Ugarte 
til  .\nza.  Mill  devote  $0,000  a  year  to  the  task  of  defeating  the  Gileftos  and 
keeping  peace  with  the  Comanches,  Yutas,  and  Navajos.  Four  hundred 
iiiir.sL's  and  a  large  amount  of  stores  were  sent  iit  tlie  beginning  of  tiie  year. 
A  salary  to  be  paid  the  Com.  chiefs  for  their  services.  Oct.  2r)th,  he  coin- 
pliiiiis  tliat  certain  Navajos  aided  the  (iileflos  in  an  attack  on  Arizpe.  Jan. 
IT,  I7S7,  Anza  says  that  gentle  measures  with  the  .Motpiis  iiave  been  successful 
and  shoidd  be  continued.  Over  200  are  content  in  tiieir  new  homes.  June 
I'i,  1789,  Ugarte  orders  active  operations  against  the  Apaches  during  the  r-jst 
iif  tlic  year,  with  Comanelie  aid.  July  4th,  gov.  reports  a  campaign  in  May, 
ill  whicii  he  killed  0  Apaches.  Against  orders  he  has  consented  to  a  truce 
"ith  tiie  Apaches  at  Tecolote  w-lio  promise  well,  and  will  be  watched, 
M.SS.  in  Pinart  col.  Navajos  reduced  to  {)eace  in '88.  Enrudero,  A'ot.  t'hih., 
'"".    Ind.  of  N.   Mex.  at  peace  Juno  '88,  ace.   to  viceroy's  report,  taw. 


I  .'i! 


m  • 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


Lieutenant-colonel  Manuel  Flon  came  from  Spain 
in  1785  with  a  commission  as  governor,  and  started 
for  New  Mexico;  but  there  are  no  indications  that  ho 
ever  assumed  the  office.^'  Anza's  successor  was  Fer- 
nando de  la  Concha,  who  arrived  after  the  middle  of 
1789,  and  ruled  for  a  full  term  of  five  years. ^"  Conclia 
was  succeeded  in  1794  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Fernando 
Cliacon,  whose  rule  continued  to  the  end  of  the  cen- 
tury and  later, ^*  For  the  last  years  of  the  period  I 
find  many  items  in  the  archives;  but  nearly  all  arc  of 
so  trivial  and  unimportant  a  nature  that  they  are  not 
worth  reproduction.  They  relate  almost  exclusively  to 
Indian  affairs,  and  seem  to  indicate  that  all  the  tribes 
were  behaving  tolerably  well,  except  the  Apaches, 
against  whom  constant  warfare  was  waged,  with  re- 
sults not  clearly  shown  by  the  records.^ 

Evidently  not  nmch  had  been  effected  in  the  way 
of  general  reform;  for  in  the  last  decade  we  have  from 
the  pen  of  Padre  Juan  Agustin  Morfi,  not  one  of  the 

Tres  Sii/foii,  iii-  77.  Aboiit  '90  a  Comanche  chief,  Maya,  put  Iiis  son  at 
school  ill  8ta  Fe  uiiiler  Lieut.  Troncoso.  The  sou  later  became  chief  ami  ii 
firm  frieii.l  of  tlio  Spans.  Pino,  Erpo.,  38. 

^H7o,„m,  Diarin,  214-lG;^rc/(.  C'al.,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  181.  I'loii's 
wife  was  a  sister  of  the  vireina;  and  ho  was  later  prominent  in  Mex. 

^•' Aug.  10,  '89,  (Jen.  Rengel  notifies  Anza  from  El  Paso  that  Concha  is  nn 
the  way  to  succeed  liim.  Arch.  Stu  Fv,  MS.  Davis  ami  Prince  maku  his  nilu 
'88-93,  and  again  in  1800.     He  was  prob.  appointed  in  '88. 

"••July  21,  1794,  Gen.  Nava  notified  the  lieut.-gov.  at  El  Paso  of  Chacon's 
appointment  and  coining.  Arch.  Sla  Fi,  MS. 

^*In  May  1793  there  was  a  suspicious  meeting  of  the  Ind.  at  S.  Ildefonsn, 
leading  to  some  arrests  and  long  investigations.  Nothing  definite  was  proven, 
tliough  lialf  a  dozen  Ind.  were  flo^'geil  or  condemned  to  several  moiitlis  in 
chains.  Arch.  St  i  Fe,  MS.  Lieut.  Fran.  Javier  do  Uranga  is  named  as  lieut.- 
gov.  at  El  I'iiso  in  1794.  Id.  In  Aug.  1795  Gen.  Nava  ordered  a  gen.  move- 
ment from  Chih.,  Coaliuila,  and  N.  Mex.  against  the  Apaches,  to  be  made  in 
Sept. -Nov.  and  again  in  the  spring;  no  gamluleti  to  be  spared.  MS.  of  I'inart 
col.  In  July  1795  (iov.  Ciiacon  reports  the  Navajos  as  friendly  to  Span., 
foes  to  the  Apaciies,  occupied  in  agric,  fond  of  wearing  jewelry  an. I  speaking 
Span.  — yet  a  spy  is  always  kept  among  them  to  watch  and  rejiort  their  plans. 
Arch.  Std  /V,  MS.  In  Aug.  Gen.  Nava  complains  that  of  five  Ind.  killed 
the  ears  were  not  brought  in  as  proofs,  '  que  e.i  la  practica  que  se  observa  en 
esta  provincia.'  Id.  Lieut.  Caftuclas  sent  with  ICtO  men  against  Apaches,  wlio 
had  raided  Alburquerque.  Id.  In  '9(J  the  gov.'s  inspection  of  Abiquiii  and 
Sandia  is  preserved,  mere  formality,  nothing  of  importance.  Id.  In  May 
1800  the  gov.  and  500  men  made  a  campaign  against  the  Apaches  Navajos  (?i, 
20  chiefs  appearing  to  make  peace,  giving  up  28  animals.  Another  expod.  of 
Lieut.  Jose  Manrique  with  250  men  to  the  sierras  of  S.  Mateo  and  Mngd.drMa 
recovered  two  animals.  Gen.  Nava  iu  July  complaiua  that  so  little  has  It 'eii 
elfected.  MS.  of  Piuart  col. 


"li' 


PADRE  MORFI'S  REPORT. 


2C9 


Xew  Mexican  friars,  an  able  presentment  of  the  coun- 
ti\  s  ills  similar  to  those  alluded  to  by  earlier  writers. 
f  liief  among  the  evils  to  be  remedied  were  the  lack 
of  order  in  Spanish  settlements,  the  houses  being 
scattered,  and  the  settlers  beyond  the  reach  of  law 
ami  religion,  besides  being  exposed  to  Indian  raids;  a 
vicious  system  of  trade,  and  absence  of  money,  of  which 
more  will  be  said  presently;  the  free  admission  of 
Spaniards  and  castas  to  live  in  the  Indian  pueblos, 
these  penniless  intruders  generally  succeeding  in  mak- 
ing the  industrious  native  proprietors  practically  slaves 
through  debt,  or  in  driving  them  away  to  live  among 
the  gentiles,  the  remedy  being  to  forbid  the  Spaniards 
to  live  in  the  pueblos  or  own  property  in  them  except 
hy  marriage;''^  the  oppressive  tyranny  of  the  alcaldes 
mayorcs,  more  fully  noticed  elsewhere  in  this  chapter; 
and  finally  the  unsettled  and  unfortunate  status  of 
the  Gcnizaros,  or  rescued  Indian  captives.^ 

Before  1750,  as  recorded  in  the  preceding  chapter, 
tlic  padres  wei'e  charged  by  secular  and  ecclesiastic 
authorities  with  culpable  neglect  of  their  duties  as 
missionaries,  notably  in  their  failure  to  acquire  the 
native  languages,  or  to  speak  Spanish  to  the  Indians, 
the  result  being  that  their  preaching  and  religious  in- 
struction had  no  real  effect,  that  the  neophytes  were 
Christians  only  in  name,  and  that  confession  of  sins 
through  interpreters  was  generally  post[)()ned  until 
the  approach  of  death.  While  this  matter  did  not  in 
this  half-century  assume  a  controversial  aspect,  yet 
the  eliarges  are  sustained  by  such  evidence  as  exists. 
Bisliop  Tamaron  in  his  visit  of  17G0  had  occasion  at 
many  points  to  administer  severe  reproof;  and  the 

^'A  mulatto  felt  insulted  because  a  pueblo  Intl.  wished  to  marry  his 
ilimf,'liter!  Tliis  absurd  pride  of  the  castas  and  tlieir  assumed  superiority 
iivtr  tlio  natives  should  be  discouraged.  Ind.  shnulil  not  be  allowed  to  sell  or 
iiioituMiio  their  lands.     The  laws  on  these  matters  are  not  observed. 

■"'.l/oy;/!  (Jican  A(fU8tin),  Demirdena  i/ue  kc  adrieHenen  el  N.  Mex.  y  vifiUos 
i/iii'  .w  jxz.jan  njmrtunoK  piira  mejordrxii  coiititUtccioH  {170J).  MS.  in  iV.  Mex.,  Doc., 
HSl  4.")il.  P.  Morti  declares  that  the  New  Mexicans  are  much  worse  off  than 
lit'foie  tlie  coming  of  the  Spaa,  or  than  the  Moquis  who  have  retained  their 
iudeiieudence. 


ili!. 


\k<   ^B 


"^: 


270 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


!        \ 


iim. 


!;•  f 


(,,■■1 


S'  1  5 


friars,  while  making  various  ex  ;uses  for  their  remiss- 
ness, denying  some  of  its  worst  results,  and  even 
promising  reforms,  did  not  claim  the  ability  to  com- 
municate with  their  neophytes,  except  through  inter- 
preters. Charges  of  neglect  in  other  matters,  of 
oppressing  the  natives,  of  being  frequently  absent 
from  their  posts,  and  of  undue  fondness  for  trade  are 
not  supported  by  any  evidence  of  this  period.^' 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  New  Mexican  missions 
were  radically  different  from  the  Californian  estab- 
lishments of  later  years.  Practically,  except  in  being 
subject  to  their  provincial  and  paid  by  the  king,  in- 
stead of  being  under  the  bishop  and  supported  by 
parochial  fees,  these  friars  were  mere  parish  priests  in 
charge  of  Indian  pueblos.  There  were  no  mission 
estates,  no  temporalities  managed  by  the  padroo,  and 
cxceot  in  petty  matters  of  religious  observance  the 
latter  had  no  authority  over  the  neophytes.  At  eacli 
pueblo  the  padre  had  a  church,  where  he  preached, 
and  taught,  and  said  mass.  With  the  performance  of 
these  routine  duties,  end  of  those  connected  with  bap- 
tism, marriage,  and  burials,  he  was  generally  content. 
The  Indians,  for  the  most  part  willingly,  +'lled  a  little 
piece  of  land  for  him,  furnishing  also  a  few  servants 
from  week  to  week  for  his  household  service  and  that 
of  the  church.  He  was  in  most  instances  a  kind- 
hearted  man,  a  friend  of  his  Indians,  spending  much 
of  his  salary  on  them  or  on  the  church.  If  sometimes 
reproved  by  conscience  for  having  lost  sometliinu^  of 
the  true  Franciscan  spirit,  he  redoubled  his  zeal  in 
petty  parish  duties  for  a  time,  bethought  him  of  ad- 

"  Tamnron,  VMta,  MS.,  passim.  The  bishop  offered  to  print  confeniomrm 
in  native  laiig.  if  the  friars  wouUl  write  them.  Some  promisus  wero  iiiadu, 
and  some  later  ct>rresp.  had,  but  nothing  effected  down  to  170.3.  Nnv.  \',\ 
1764,  the  viceroy  orders  Gov.  Cachupin  to  see  to  it  that  the  Ind.  learn  Sjkiii., 
and  that  the  padres  attend  zealously  to  their  duties.  Recent  reports  imli- 
cated  that  the  friars  were  not  careful  enough  to  destroy  idols  and  luMtlun 
temples,  or  to  study  the  native  character.  MS.  of  Pinart  col.  HmiiUi, 
ApHidcx,  MS.,  308-9,  in  1770  advises  a  careful  investigation  of  the  friars 
treatment  of  Ind.,  with  a  view  to  learn  if  the  missions  shouM  not  bo  .sfoiilar- 
ized.  In  I7S4  Unv.  Anza  was  onlered  to  see  to  it  that  the  Ind.  wen.-  [>ro- 
tected  iu  all  their  rights.  Arch.  SLi  Fi,  MS. 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


271 


verse  circumstances  and  of  the  'custumbre  del  pafs,' 
ami  relapsed  into  the  customary  inertia.  If  reproved 
l)V  tlic  governor  or  bishop  or  provincial — for  even  the 
latter  occasiondly  complained  that  the  New  Mexican 
friars  were  beyond  his  control — he  had  stored  up  in 
his  memory  no  end  of  plausible  excuses  and  counter- 
clicUjxes.  The  Indians  were  in  no  sense  Cliristians, 
but  they  liked  the  padres  in  comparison  with  other 
Spaniards,  and  were  willing  to  comply  with  certain 
harmless  church  formalities,  which  they  neither  under- 
stood nor  cared  to  understand.  They  had  lost  all 
hope  of  successful  revolt,  but  were  devotedly  attached 
ti)  their  homes  and  their  ancestral  ways  of  pueblo  life; 
dreaded  apostasy,  because  it  involved  a  precarious 
existence  among  hostile  tribes  of  savages ;  and  thus,  as 
a  ehoicc  of  evils,  they  lived  and  died  as  nominal  Chris- 
tians and  Spanish  subjects,  or  perhaps  more  properly 
slaves. 


3S 


^^  Tri'jo  {Manuel  de  S.  J.  X. ),  Informe  sdhre  las  M'mones  del  X.  Mer. ,  17o4, 
MS.,  in  X.  Mex.  Doc.,  283-.'}26,  is  devoted  mainly  to  uniinportaut  descrip. 
niatttr  on  each  mission,  with  particular  ref.  to  the  personal  service  rendered 
liy  tlie  Iiul.  to  the  padres  instead  of  olm'ncionai,  fees,  or  taxes.  Many  details 
(if  tliu  mission  routine  are  found  in  Ruiz  (Joaquin  de  J. ),  Gotiierno  dc  Its  Mi- 
mii(.-i,  177 d,  MS.,  in  X.  Mex.,  Doc.,  1059-70;  and  also  in  Serrano,  Iiijhrme,  of 
'Gl.  Humboldt,  Ens.  Pol.,  305-0,  gives  some  attention  to  the  condition  of 
the  X.  Mu.x.  missions.  Davis,  Spati.  Conq.,  416,  notes  a  decree  of  the  audien- 
cia  (if  Mex  in  '81,  prohibiting  the  Ind.  from  selling  or  otherwise  disposing  of 
their  lands.  Ilzaroe,  Informe  del  P.  Provincial,  1787,  MS.,  in  Pinart  col., 
cumjilains  somewhat  of  the  diflieulty  of  getting  reports  from  the  N.  Mux. 
friars,  but  praises  the  efficiency  with  which  they  perform  their  duties  as  mis- 
sionaries and  teachers.  At  Sta  FtSthe  padre  was  supported  by  fees,  elsewhere 
by  tliu  sinodos  of  §.330  per  year.  I.  says  the  reduction  of  the  nuinlx-r  of  mi.i- 
sioiis  or  of  salaries  is  a  wrong  to  the  friars,  and  interferes  considerably  with 
niissiim  discipline.  His  complaints  are  more  strongly  urged  in  his  EMndo  of 
17SS;  and  tlie  bishop,  Dnninjo,  Informe  del  Ohit^po  sohre  Mi■^ione.^<,  J78!>,  MS. 
of  I'mart  col.,  declares  it  has  been  impossil>le  to  get  satisfactory  reports  from 
the  X.  Mex.  custodio.  Viceroy  Revilla  Gigedo,  in  his  Carta  de  17U,t,  443,  etc., 
}.'ivis  much  information  on  the  condition  and  management  of  the  missions. 
The  jiucl)lo  is  ruled  in  local  matters  by  a  native  gov.,  or  alcalde,  war  captain, 
and  various  subordinates  elected  each  year  under  tlie  supervisioa  of  the 
akiiMe  mayor,  with  approval  of  the  gov.  Tliese  officials  also  render  aid 
ag  iiust  tlie  gentile  foe.  In  internal  affairs  they  often  act  arbitrarily.  Tliere 
is  no  comnninity  property  or  formal  distril)Ution  of  lands,  each  fam.  regarding 
a<  its  own  the  land  held  by  its  ancestors,  cultivating  it  ace.  to  needs  or  fancies; 
yrt  as  the  puelilo  lands  are  the  best,  the  Ind.  got  a  living  more  easily  than  tlie 
Siiaii.,  the  latter  having  sometimes  to  rent  land  of  the  Ind.,  or  even  to  work 
fur  thcni  in  bad  years.  Good  crops  and  much  live-stock.  The  Ind.  do  not 
gcncially  dress  in  Span,  stylo  or  sp  -ak  Spanish,  though  many  of  them  undcr- 
8l;iri(l  It.  They  hunt  deer  and  buffalo,  or  barter  for  them  with  the  gentiles. 
Xo  brotherhoods  or  ccjfradian;  churches  generally  iu  a  statu  of  decadence; 


m^ 


272 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


J:l 


Countercharges  of  the  friars  against  the  governors 
and  alcaldes  mayores,  as  embodied  in  Padre  Delgado's 
letter  of  1750,  were  repeated  in  this  period,  especially 
in  an  exhaustive  report  of  the  provincial,  Padre  Pedro 
Serrano,  in  1761,  which  included  long  quotations  from 
a  letter  of  Padre  Varo,  the  custodio,  and  from  state- 
ments of  other  friars.  The  last  governors,  Cachupin, 
Marin  del  Valle,  and  Mendoza,  are  represented  as  the 
worst,  but  all  as  speculating  tyrants,  without  skill  or 
experience  in  matters  of  Indian  warfare  or  government, 
habitually  sending  to  Mexico  reports  of  campaigns 
never  performed,  bent  only  on  enriching  themselves, 
treating  the  pueblo  Indians  most  inhumanly  as  slaves, 
using  their  women  and  all  female  captives  for  the 
gratification  of  their  lusts,  cheating  the  gentiles,  and 
by  outrageous  treatment  keeping  alive  their  hostility. 
The  alcaldes  are  mere  tools  or  accomplices  of  the  gov- 
ernors, and  jueces  de  residencia  are  also  in  the  ring  of 
oppressors.  The  Indians  are  the  chief  victims  of  these 
rascals;  but  the  Spanish  settlers  are  hardly  less  unfor- 
tunate, and  even  the  soldiers  are  cheated  out  of  half 
their  pay.  The  padres  are  the  objects  of  hatred,  and 
if  they  open  their  mouths  in  protest  are  by  perjured 
and  suborned  testimony  made  the  victims  of  outra- 
geous calumnies,  their  reports  to  Mexico  being  inter- 
cepted on  the  way.  The  partisan  bitterness  and 
prejudice  of  the  writers,  with  their  allusions  to  oft'ences, 
terrible  only  in  the  eyes  of  friars,  and  the  sicken- 
ing cant  and  priestly  verbiage  in  which  they  clothe 
their  charges,  indicate  clearly  enough  that  the  accusa- 
tions are  too  sweeping,  and  often  grossly  over-colored ; 
yet  enough  of  candor  and  honest  evidence  remains  to 

Inil.  ignorant  of  the  faith.  Tlie  chiM  is  baptized,  but  does  not  keep  his  bap- 
tismal name;  he  attends  doctrina  from  the  a^e  of  6  or  7  years,  but  soon  ft>r- 
guts  after  marriage  the  little  he  has  learned,  and  dies  for  the  most  part  like 
tiie  pagans.  The  Span,  are  but  little  better.  The  Arch.  Sla  Fe,  MS.,  contains 
records  of  various  formal  inspections  of  the  missions  by  the  gov.,  who  fimls 
affairs  in  tolerable  condition,  though  the  Ind.  are  much  too  fond  of  their  old 
ways.  Gov.  Chacon,  in  his  report  of  '99,  says  each  pueblo  hav  1  league  of 
land  assigned,  though  at  some  pueblos  more  is  cultivated.  We  have  seen, 
however,  that  in  the  preceding  century  4  sq.  1.  bad  been  assigned  to  somu  of 
the  pueblos. 


PREVALENT  ABUSES. 


278 


jiistifv  tlic  conclusion  tluit  New  ]\[exioan  affairs  wore 
ill  a  s;ul  plight,  and  that  the  j)Uoblo  Indians  were  little 
Iti  titr  than  slaves.  With  all  their  shortcomings,  the 
|ia<lres  were  better  men  than  their  enemies.  After 
17(il  not  much  is  heard  against  the  governors,  though 
till'  liiars  were  not  able  to  j)revcnt  the  reapjxjintment 
ot'  Cachupin.  Probably  there  were  reforms  in  some 
directions  under  the  later  rulers;  but  if  we  mav  credit 
I'adre  Morfi's  statements,  the  condition  of  the  Indians 
was  but  slightly  bettered,  since  the  alcaldes  mayores, 
tln<lU^•ll  the  creation  of  debts,  a  vicious  commeivial 
system,  and  various  abuses  of  their  official  authority, 
still  kept  the  natives  in  their  power  as  before.^* 

^^Si'i-nnw  (Prilro),  luforme  ilcl  P.  Prm'inrhil  sohre  los  rniilc.t  do  X.  Mex., 
17':!,  MS.,  ill  X.  Mi'x.,  Doc,  17.H-28.S,  adilressed  to  the  viceroy  and  fo\iii(li;d 
(11  viirious  FL-ports  iu  the  archivus.  Ono  of  tiicse  reports  is  Lrzaun  (.luaii  Sunn), 
X'lfi'un.i  biiinidttlikx  tinu-cida.t  en  la  X.  Mrx.,  y  utnimx  ijui'  raila  1 1  in  si'  i.rjieri- 
iiiriil'ii  iisi  fill  /()  espiritmil  conio  en  lo  tcmpoml,  17(iil,  MS.  in  /?/.,  l'_'S-73.  A 
siiiiii'wiiat  iiiciro  tempurate  and  later  statement  of  the  case  is  Mar/!  {,/iinn 
A.lii.^t'.ii),  Di.siirdi'iii'.i  ([HP  ne  ailm>rtvn  in  el  X.  Mv.r.,  J7!'.',  MS.  in  /'/.,  .SSI   4.")0. 

1  ^'ivir  a  few  details  of  the  accusations,  but  liave  no  space  for  most.  Eiglity 
jii  hiJ  iiavc  lost  their  lives  in  N.  Mex.;  yet,  l»y  the  governor's  fault,  little  lias 
lie  ii  lu'eomph.slied.  At  Zuni  4,000  Ind.  live  without  religion,  tlie  siuyle  p;idre 
^'.\l^•l•tin^'  tieath,  and  the  gov.  refuses  a:i  escort.  The  gov.  and  his  friends 
iiitcniipt  jiadrcs  during  divine  service,  declaring  the  king  to  be  the  pope's 
fil'.iiil,  entering  church  on  horseback  after  accused  persons  or  even  Iriars, 
(iftou  tliri'ateniug  to  put  padres  in  chains.  In  '50  the  gov.  forbade  the  i.isu- 
aiKe  iif  any  certiticates  to  friar.s,  so  that  they  can  send  no  reports;  before  that 
tini :  ro}iiirts  were  dotditle.ss  stolen  on  the  way,  except  a  few  sent  by  returning 
pa  Irt'.-i.  Tlio  gov.  had  threatened  to  turn  out  all  tiio  padres  and  substitute 
.Ji'suin  or  Eranciscans  of  Zacatecas.  Tlie  gov.  collects  all  tlie  wool  lie  can, 
uii'l  divides  it  among  the  pueblos  for  spinning  and  weaving,  and  tlie  Ind.  have 
til  tiMiispiirt  the  product  to  Sta  Fe.  All  agric.  work,  slielling  and  grinding 
ciuii,  liiul.ling,  tending  stock,  etc.,  must  be  done  by  the  Ind.  without  pay; 
an  I  tlu!  slight  product  of  his  own  fields  must  Ijc  sold  on  cre<lit,  to  be  paid  for 
at  liiilf -price  in  gimcracks.  The  cream  of  all  barter  with  the  gentiles  is  taken 
by  til  •  :;i)v.,  antt  the  people  have  to  live  on  what  is  left,  (iirl  captives  are 
n-inld  alter  a  time,  with  the  recommendation,  '  que  ya  estan  buenas;  tli>^  best- 
lookuij;  Women  are  selected  for  service  at  t\w  pilnrio,  and  usuidly  return  to 
their  puiblo  enceinte.  Many  Ind.  refuse  to  marry  because  ashamed  of  their 
wiv.s  having  children  of  light  color.  Wiien  anything  is  accomplished  against 
the  Li'iitilcs  it  is  by  vecinos,  not  the  soldiers.  Militiamen  are  selected,  not  for 
miUt  iry  .service,  but  as  cheap  servants  of  the  gov.  Once  the  gov.  sold  all  the 
li'iw  |(  r  and  L'ft  the  militia  without  any.  The  artillery  at  (ialisteo  wa<  cii  j- 
mouiitc  il,  and  tlio  iron  made  into  implements  for  trade  with  the  Jnd.  Morii 
tills  us  that  tile  alcaldes  inayorcs  are  rarely  of  Span,  blood,  the  most  ignorant 
au.l  vicious  of  all  the  inhabitants.  They  rarely  visit  the  towns  under  their 
charge,  rcijuiriiig  all  they  ueeil  to  be  brought  to  them.  They  are  the  only 
ones  «ho  trade  with  the  pueblo  Ind.,  and  get  all  their  property  for  little  or 
iiiitliiiig.  Few  girls  escape  infamy.  The  worst  of  the  gang  have  been  Cle- 
iiieiitt!  ( iutierrez,  Fran.  Trebol  (once  acting  gov.),  Balta.sar  Vaca,  Pedro  Pino, 
Ntriu  Montoya,  Manuel  Vigil,  Cris.  Vigil,  and  Jose  Mig.  de  la  Pefla.  Mur- 
lIisT.  Aiiiz.  AND  N.  Mex,    18 


''it'M 


;i;t 


II 


274 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


Tlio  population  of  pueblo  Indians  docreascd  Iiv 
about  2,400  during  those  50  years,  local  particulars 
and  approximately  exact  figures  being  presented  in 
tlie  final  note  of  this  chapter.  Of  mission  histoiy 
proper  in  addition  to  what  has  been  given  in  otlur 
coimections,  there  is  little  to  be  said.  In  ITOZ  the 
four  establishments  of  Santa  Fe,  La  Canada,  AlKui- 
(juerque,  an<l  El  Paso  wi'ro  ordered  to  be  put  uii<ltr 
secular  curates,  and  this  was  jierhaps  done,  tlioiii'Ji 
later  records  .seem  to  indicate  that  friars  weie  still 
stationed  at  those  places.  The  fou!iding  of  a  mission- 
ary college  was  ordered  by  the  king  and  pojH'  in 
1777-1),  but  nothing  was  accomplisheu.  In  cmise- 
(juence  of  the  small-pox  epidemic  of  1780-1,  as  we 
have  seen,  the  number  of  missit>ns  was  reduced 
by  consolidation  in  1782,  Jemes,  Santa  Ana,  Acouia, 
Nambe,  Tesuque,  Pecos,  San  Felipe,  and  San  Ude- 
fonso  being  reduced  to  the  condition  of  visitas.  a 
saving  of  about  $4,000  in  sinodos  being  thus  cH'eeted. 
The  friars  were  naturally  dis[)leased,  and  down  to  tlie 
end  of  the  century  were  constant  in  their  etlbrts  to 
obtain  an  increase  of  missionaries,  or  of  salaries,  or 
tlu'  ])rivilege  of  collecting  parochial  taxes,  but  without 
success.  In  addition  to  somo  references  and  particu- 
lars of  these  and  other  matters,  I  give  in  the  iip- 
pcnded  note  a  list  of  friars  serving  in  1751-1800, 
including  all  the  names  I  have  found  in  the  various 
documents  consulted,  but  doubtless  far  from  beiiiL,^ 
complete.''"^ 

tiiu-.  {Diiinia)!),  Cnrtn  nl  P.  Mwfi,  J7n.?.  :MS.,  in  X.  Mex.,  Dor.,  4r)0~s:?.  .im- 
t;ii'.i.s  iiiJiny  of  tlio  items  cm  wliicli  Morti's  nport  rests,  ami  also  coiisiiltr.ilile 
infoi'iiiiitioii  on  iiiinenils,  etc.,  of  the  iirovince. 

'■'S:iuti:igo  K()yl);il  was  still  vicar  and  jiiez  ecles.  in  '06,  and  apparently  in 
'(50.  MS.  of  Piuart  col. ;  Tiunaron  Visitu,  -MS.  Ace.  to  an  articL' in  tin;  V/''. 
j\I<.r.  f/io;/.,  BoU'tln,  2da  ep.,  i.  371-2,  the  G  doctrintus  of  the  El  I'aso  (listiiut 
were  secularized  in  '5(5,  l>ut  the  curates  were  replaced  by  friars  again  in  71. 
The  secularization  ordtrs  of  'G7  for  the  'A  villas  and  El  Paso  api)ear  in  oii.iuiil 
conmnniications  of  the  viceroy  and  com.  gen.  de  Indias  in  July  of  th;it  .\i aj. 
MS.  of  Pinart  col.  Tlie  expense  of  supporting  the  friars  in  '70  was  \^Ai'A 
pesos  per  year.  Ji'ci'ill  i  (rijiilo,  Ciirta,  442.  Pino,  Hxponifian,  .S")-(>,  cilisn 
royal  order  of  June  .SO,  '77,  and  a  pope's  brief  of  Nov.  17,  '7'.),  for  the  nli^-illll• 
ary  college.  He  say.s  a  convent  was  built  and  lands  were  assigned,  but  noth- 
ing more  <lone  down  to  1812.  t'roix  in  '77  or  '78  asked  the  king  to  1  miilny 
Zaoatecaii  friars  in  N.  Mex.,  ucc.   to  the  bishop 'a  statement  of  'Ul.   M-^  ^^ 


NKW   M?:XICAN   INDUSTIUKS. 


•jt:. 


\v  ap- 
bein;' 


sjili'ivililc 
ivontly  in 

o  (li.-ti-ict 
liii  ill  Ti- 
ll I  >ri-i"'" 

hat  >>■;»■• 
as  1  >».•*:;! 

fiti'S  a 
lui^-i""• 

Imt  n"ti>- 
(I  I mliliiy 

,1.   M-^'  "' 


Xi  \v  ^fox 


icaii   iiR 


lust 


rii's   wrvo    a-'iifulture,  s 


•itock- 


niisiiiiL;',  and   ImrttT.      TIkti^   was   no    Miiniiii,'',  though 
(iccasioiial  indications  of  mint  ral  wialtli  wi-re  foiuul. 


]^[iuiufactiir 


I'S, 


1)0  vol 


id    til 


10   |)r('[);iratiou  o 


f   si 


lOlls 


f..l- 


liDiiio  uso  or  a  soiitliorn  inarkot,  tlio  wcavinLf  "I"  <'ot- 
tmi  in  small  quantities  at  a  few  piicl'lns.  an. I  tlio 
uiakinLf  of  pottory  at  otlici's,  wtic  fonlinrd  to  tlio 
t'al>ri<ation  of  coarse  woollen  Mankets  l»y  the  ])Uel)lo 
Indians.      A'n'ieultural  i)roducts,  ehietlv  from  ini<'ated 

I'liiart  I'lil.     Ill  '81  (iiiv.  Aiiz.i  liy  Cniix'.s  uriler  ilistriliuti'il  to  tlii!  otlu  r  cstab. 


th.' 


aond  ve.sscl-i,    etc.,   that  hail  hueii   {irDviclul    lur   thu   Navajr 


>     1M1«S111|IS. 


.l/v/,,  S/,i  F<\  MS.     Kovilla  <;iirc(h),  (juta  ilf 


\\.  41.'{.  ;;ivi's  iii(i-t  jiartiiu- 


lirs  ahimt  thu  cli.s.-4ali.slac'ti(>ii  of  the  {lailrus  with  thu  r.ihuttioii  "t  iiiissioiis 
till'  S'J;  Imt  ill  tliii  A  nil.  Sf'i  Fi',  MS.,  in  a  rtcKiil  nf  tiouMfs  at  Sta  Clara  uml 
S.  lliKloiiso,  wlicre  tliu  jiadru  ohjci'tcd  to  serving  hntli  jilaci-.s  lutMiisi'  tin;  liver 


lli'MJiii'  lietweeu  them  was  iifteli  unt  Idiihihle,  ami   hoeail.su  .Sfo    I'oiniiii 


.1 


Co.  hiti,  though  nearer  tdgetiier  ami  on  thu  s.uiiu  .side  of  thu  river,  had  ntpt 
heeu  united,  oil  account  of  tliu  gov.'.s  unfair  favoritism  to  the  jndru  there. 
The  re  was  more  controversy  in  'Sli.     17!K),  iietitiim  fur  a  vieario  eastreiise  and 


ele.s.  ill  N.  Mex.    A/.     In   itl    ther 


(•  was  ail  on 


ler  f. 


r  an  examin.  ot 


11 


iliiotrineros 


for  til 


thi 


u  liositioii  of  curate;  hut  the  hishoii  writi's  tliat  m  N.   Mex. 


iru  no  examiners  hut  tiiu  iiadres  to  liu  exaininud;  hesiihs    the  order  is 


I'diitiary  to  law.    MS.  of  I'inart  col. 

.Mliluilietieal  list  of  friars  serving  in  \.  .Mex.  in  17.")i)  l.so.):   I'P.  .M.uiuel 
I.siiidro  Ahadiano  hufciru  '01.     Kifael  lieiiavides  at  Zuiii  '.SS.      HI  is  li(  uitrz  at 
((Ue  SS.     .Fuan  IJcrmejo  Nuiie/.,  (.-hajilaiii  at  Sta  Ke  and  eust.   Iroiii 


All  PI 


,|i: 


'61.  l.Viiilru.i  B.  heforo  '01  ami  .lose  B.  at  Aliii[Uiii  in  '.sS  maj'  he  dill'c  rent 
men.)  Cayetano  Jose-  Ifin.  Uei'iial  at  J.sleta  "!>•_>,  at  Seneeu  'SS.  .lo^e  IJdihis 
at  Taos  'fSS.  Fraiu'isco  Bueiio  at  Canada  "SS.  Fran,  de  Biiigos  at  .Sandia  'S8. 
(.Maiiiul  do  ]5.  of  'O.j-Tlt,  perhaps  the  same.)  Ant.  (/ahalh  im  at  (.'nuiiiti  Si', 
.\llnir(iuernuu   '88.     Cris.   Calvo  hufore  '01.     Aut.   Cam]ios  at  Kl   I'aso   "88. 


.In 


Castro,   custoilio   ",■>").     Ant.   Ceiiizo  at  Cochiti   "88.     .(cpse   Corral  at 


Latriiiia  "88.     Patricio  Cuellar  'O-'j-TO.     Fr; 


.r. 


Uavila  at  I'ieiiin. 


8-J 


Fran.  Atanasio  Dominguez,  visitador  '70  (i,  at  Cia  "8S.     Fra:i.  Uueu.i.s  at  Sta 


I  'SS.     Silvostre  V'elez  Esealantu  at  Zufii   '74-8.      Ign.    Ivstarroua  Ix  fi 


'('•I.     SulM.sti 


ernandez  "80,   at  Coehiti    "88. 


onias 


Silv.   1- 


eriiamltz 


at 


enma  '82.      Ant.  (ialfarzozo  at  Sta  Fe  "88.      Andres  (larcia  'OJ-70,  at  Ziini 
'.1^0.     (Angel  ( iarcia  perhaps  the  same. )     Feniamlo  Ant.   (onuez,   see.    "io. 


Ant.  (i 

It    rujiKupiu    "88.     J 


L'Z  at  Sta  Clara  "82,   at  S    .luaii  '88 
uaii 


.l( 


Arnli 
Hernandez    l)ufore    '01.      Hezii 


A.'iistiii  Ant.  Iniestra  "(m-70.     Jii 


iinuuera  a 


t  S.  J 


uau  (U. 


Die 


.Josu  I 
Ml 


no|os,i,  e 


ust. 


"1.     .1. 


idsio  <fUeira 
'Oslo.' 
)ac|Ulll  .(elez. 


lurado  at  Ahii|uiii'  S'J,  at   .sta 


Cl.iia  88.     Juan  Lahora  heforc  "01.     (iahnel   L,il;o  at   I'lijuappie    SS.     .luaii 
Sui.i  lie  Lezauii   '01.      Fran.   Marino.      I»an.  Martinez  at    Zufii  and   I'.l    I'aso 


112.     J. 


Med 


rano  at   .Sto 


I). 


'1.     l»ieuo  Munoz  at  1 


leune.- 


T. 


igo    82.     Juan    .Miiruel   .M. 


M 


ureiaiio. 


le    .■>2,  Taos  "88,   custodio  "V.S.     Juaii  .lose  Onui/'o  from 


Fran.  ()-io  at  .sta 


(oalk. 
I'l 


1; 


;i1m.  () 
J 


rontaro).     Jose  I'aez  hefore  '01.      .Ii 


Pal, 


leios  a 


It  J-.. 

t  La 


iao   at   A 


Aeoma    oO. 


Jose    Prado    Kl    P.is 

't;o. 


<Juintaiia    Iw -70.      Manuel   Hojo  at  Alhiinpieiiii 
MarMiio  Ro.seto  at  Islcta  "88.      Fran.  .Sail 


J. 


na    00 

la  's± 
list.  '8S.  (iaiiriid 
oiiiuin   Rodri-uez. 


■hez  hefore  "01. 


.Saiitiai'o   reiiian 


il-z  lie  la  Sierra  at  Sta  Clara  and  S.  Juan  "82-8.      .Fuaii  Jose  'I  oledo  at  Al 


(id  (1. 


Mi 


llllUll 


iriano   Kodriguez   de   la  Torru  'ou-70,  vice-oust.   "70-l.   '70,   eust. 


.Manuel   de  .S.  J 


N.  Ti 


8.  Felipe  00.     Manuel  Vega  at  Zuili  '88. 


Igo,   vice-cust.    o 


1-01. 


\'al 


eiicia  at 


;:!  i! 


,».  ? 


^i  ■  I' 


fl76 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE   EKHITHKNTH  CENTURY. 


laiidn,  were  maizo,  wheat,  and  Inans  in  tlio  iiortli,  nr 
Nl'W  Mexico  proper,  witli  a  little  cotton,  fiuits  fur 
lionio  consumption,  h\h\  an  inferior  species  of  tol»a<((» 
kn»»\vn  as  punrhr;  while  the  soutlu'rn  district  <»f  i!l 
Paso  was  famous  for  its  fruit  orchards,  vineyards, 
wine,  and  aguardientes  Of  live-stock,  sheep  I'oniicd 
tho  chief  element,  these  animals  hein^  raised  in  larj^c 
munhers,  both  for  their  wool  and  meat,  thou*^h  th(  re 
are  no  reliable  statistics  extant.  H(»rses  and  cattle 
were  also  raised,  jjut  the  former  were  always  scarce 
in  the  province  on  account  of  the  nund)ers  sold  to 
and  stolen  l)y  the  wild  Indians.  I  find  no  definite 
indications  that  cattle  were  raised  to  any  great  extent 
i'ov  their  hides  and  tallow. 

]^ut  all  was  subordinate  to  tiie  commercial  iiidiis- 
trv.^'  and  all  trade  was  aunhahichc,  or  barter.     J^ar  li 

^'  \ov.  T)4,  Cxiv,  Valle  orders  tlmt  tlie  price  of  a  liorso  lie  lixeil  at  1-  tn 
li'i  skins;  or  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth  weighing  10  arrohas  for  2  pacii-liorsi's,  or 
an  iron  i\nite  for  a  .siiin.  Arc/i.  tiUi  /•'<■,  MS.  No  mares,  ninles,  assis,  or.ili'  'iri- 
ive  weai'ons  to  he  sohl  tlie  lud.  A/.  Hishoii  Taniaroii,  Vi<itit,  MS.,  Hi)  Imi, 
ir>l,  liivc-i  some  account  of  tlie  aniDial  caravans,  and  notes  th.it  the  one  ot  iKI 
was  attacked  hy  Ind.  hctween  KI  I'aso  and  Cliiii.,  losing;  their  horses.  M.ii- 
tine/,  ('(irtii,  MS.,  411  7,  gives  many  details  of  trade.  He  notes  that  inilnv. 
Caclinpin's  time  tine  gold  was  assayed,  hut  no  mines  worked;  also  silver,  (i'|i- 
per,  and  (luicksilver.  Ju  (iov.  Mendinueta"s  time  a  hall  of  line  silver  w  is 
found.  In  "()7  the  f,'ov.  ohjccted  to  the  viceroy's  proposition  to  enlmce  tlie 
tohaeei)  idanco,  as  very  little  real  tohaeco  was  u-seil  in  N.  Mex.,  only  jmii':'", 
ami  liy  the  ]nd.  a  leaf  called  iintto;  yet  in  '7<)  the  fstmiro  was  ordered  to  lie 
eid'oreed,  an<l  tho  planting  of  jmnr/ir  proliihited.  MS.  of  Pinart  col.  In 
Jhiiiciiir/i'n  ])i's('it.%  i.  IS"'  .'5,  WhUziiiiin  Taiir,  '2"),  are  founil  more  or  le-s 
ahsurd  rumors  of  an  earlk  r  cxjiortation  of  gold  and  silver  to  S[iain,  with  ii  - 
]iorts  that  the  (Jrau  Quivira  ruins  represented  a  firmer  mininj,'  city,  wijcie 
the  ])eople,  heing  attacked  l)y  Inil.,  buried  aii  immensii  amount  of  treiihiin', 
to  tiiid  wldcihsonie  expeditions  were  vnade  l.itri.  This  is  all  hundiug.  O-t. 
14,  "7">,  gov.  forhids  citizens  of  any  class  t.)  vi.it  the  Yutas  for  trade.  Ms.  in 
I'inart  col.  lioiiilln,  A}mii/cn,  MS.,  coiit,-..,'!.'  some  eonimercial  matter.  Se|it. 
'77,  Oen.  Croix  refuses  toaholish  the  'J  percent  tax  on  exports,  on  the  greiin.l 
that  it  is  simply  addi'd  to  ])riei'S,  and  is  therefore  home  hy  the  Chili,  tiadei.-i. 
Arch.  Stii  /■'(',  .NIS.  Oct.  '2'),  'iSS,  (Jen.  Ugarte  makes  a  long  report  on  N.  .Me\. 
trade,  reconinieiiding  the  encouragement  of  Chill,  industries,  now  heing 
ahaiiiloiied  on  account  of  the  decaileiice  of  mining;  also  the  sending  of  iirti^.iu 
instriietors  tf>  N.  Mex.,  exemption  from  taxes,  etc.,  so  as  to  iiierease  iiiamil. 
and  j'ive  the  prov.  a  halance  of  money.  A/.  In  Aug.  'Sfl  M.  Louis  IMaiic,  comi. 
at  Natchiiloclies,  writes  to  (ieii.  Ugarte,  urging  the  opening  of  trade  het.  -V. 
Mex.  aiul  Louisiana,  hy  estahlishing  a  presidio  among  the  Jumanas.  Tiiis 
woiilil  prevent  smiigeling  and  tend  to  keep  the  peace  with  Iml.  trihes  like 
the  Osages.  Tiie  journey  with  freight  was  only  40  days,  through  a  fertile 
country.  Pierre  Vial  ami  a  party  had  recently  made  th-j  trip.  (Jen.  U.  -^i  "ds 
tiie  letter  to  (iov.  Concha  for  his  consideration  and  report.  A/.  A  little 
money  after  '98.  Piiin,  Xnt.,  04.  Slight  ment.  of  N.  Mex.  resources  ia 
Aiifptctil'ii  Univ.  llkt.,  ix.   uGG.    Morji,  l)ea6nknes,  MS.,  contains  the  best 


NEW  MEXICAN  TRADE. 


277 


v<ar  in  July  or  Aui^ust  tlu'  people  mot  the  Conmnclios 
iiiid  otlu-r  tril)L's  of  till'  jdaiiiH  at  Taos,  wiitTo  a  «j;raii(l 
lair  was  held.  Some  trade  was  done  at  otiier  fVontier 
iiMiiits,  ant!  also  hy  eitizens  and  pueldo  Indians,  who 
\\r\\t  ont  in  variouH  directions  to  meet  customers,  l»nt 
tills  was  discouraged  and  at  times  forl)idden.  I'o  this 
tail'  the  wanderinjjf  gentiles  brought  skins  of  deer  anil 
hutlalo,  with  Indian  captives  to  barter  tor  knives  and 
dthci'  iron  implements,  horses,  beails,  and  trinkits, 
ami  to  some  extent  blankets.  At  the  end  of  the  year  tlu; 
New  Mexicans  went  in  caravans,  sometimes  of  jOO 
iiitii,  to  attend  the  January  itiir  at  Chihuahua,  where 
they  exchan|L!;cd  the  skins,  Indian  servants,  bhuikets, 
aii<l  to  slii^ht  extent  other  j)roducts  of  the  [jvovince  for 
cloths,  jj^roci^ies,  and  sarious  articles  for  the  year's 
Indian  trade.  The  value  of  each  year's  cxpoits  was 
estimated  by  the  comandante  jujeneral  in  17>ss  at 
$;;<>, 000.  The  departure  and  return  of  the  caravan 
were  the  jjfreat  events  of  the  j'ear.  In  177G  the  j2:<»v- 
cnior  delayed  the  publication  of  an  imjtortant  bando 
till  the  people  had  returned  from  their  'ordinaria  an- 
ual  salida;'  and  the  provincial  in  1788  explains  the 
impossibility  of  obtaining  reports  from  New  Mexico 
until  the  people  come  down  to  the  January  fair. 
There  was  no  trade  as  yet  with  the  French  in  Ijouis- 
iana,  or  with  the  Spaniards  in  Texas.  Tlu  re  was  no 
('i)in  or  other  monev  in  New  Mexico,  but  the  traders 
for  their  accounts  invented  a  svstem  of  imaijfinarv  cur- 
nncy,  including  four  kinds  of  dollars — pc^os  dc  }>}iita, 
Wdith  eight  reales;  pc^os  dc  proj/rcld,  six  reales;  jksos 
uiitli/KOfi,  four  reales;  and  pesos  dc  hi  tlcrra,  two  reales. 


j:;i'ipr;il  presontmont  of  the  country's  coiiiniurci.il  condition  ami  nti'dM,  ex- 
I'liiiiiuL!  tlic  system  of  iniagiuiiry  nionuv,  anil  giving  instances  of  enoniums 
in'iilits.  Kuvilla  (jtij'oilo,  ('ar/it  ili- 'U.I,  444,  gives  this  j)ii;tiii'u  of  tliu  general 
cuii.litiiin:  'No  sou  mcjores  [in  coiup.  with  the  Iml.J  resi)eetivainente  las  eos- 
tiiiiiliies  do  los  vecinos  espaiioles  y  ileinas  castas,  eiiyas  polilacionos  consisteii 
I'll  lasas  dranclu)s  dispcrsos,  ilonde  no  tieneii  testigns  (juu  descuhran  lus  vicios 
y  li  ilisiilucioa  oninie  su  i>rostitiiyen,  iniitaiulo^  los  indio.s  enlavidii  oeiosa,  y 
n-iliuiendoso  todos  sus  atanua  y  coniercio  a  la  perniuta  wsuraria  do  seiuilhis 
y  I'l'iitos,  y  a  la  venta  que  liaecn  ellos  eu  la  villa  de  Chihuahna,  adoude  hajan 
en  idrdiia  caila  anoy  se  provecn  du  los  guneros,  efectos,  y  utunsilios  para  sus 
Vfotuarios,  ateucioues  doniistiuas,  y  labures  del  canipo, ' 


278 


LAST   llAf.F  OF  THE  EIGHTEKNTir   CENTURY. 


Pi::-M' 


»f      N 


I, 


Tlie  ItnauU  of  tliis  systoin  was  tliat  the  traders  al- 
ways b()U,L;'lit  lor  tlic  cheap  pesos  and  sold  for  tliu 
deanr  kinds,  all  being  'dollars'  to  the  Indians. 
Profits  were  enormous,  a  trader  bv  two  or  three  bar- 
ters  in  a  year  often  getting  $(54  for  a  piece  of  cloth 
which  cost  him  six.  Advantaoe  was  also  taken  of  the 
Indians'  weakness  for  baubles  and  ignorance  of  their 
real  value.  Seiior  Trebol  bought  a  guacamaya,  or 
macaw,  for  eiglit  dollars,  and  sold  the  gay  feathers  for 
$41)2.  Another  system  of  swindling  commerce  was  the 
habitual  selling  of  goods  to  be  i)aid  for  in  future  pro- 
ducts. Thus,  for  a  little  seed  grain  six  fanegas  at  liar- 
vest  were  promised;  or  for  a  bottle  of  brandy  in  holy 
week  a  l)arrel  was  exacted.  The  natives  through 
debt  became  practically  slaves,  besides  losing  tluir 
land,  and  the  poor  settlers  were  hardly  less  tlie  vic- 
tims of  commercial  oppression.  While  the  settlers  and 
pueblo  Indians  were  always  in  debt  to  the  traders,  the 
latter  in  turn  were  debtors  to  or  agents  for  Chihua- 
hua merchants,  who  thus  monopolized  all  the  profits, 
and  nothing  was  left  for  New  Mexico,  except  for  ( or- 
t:iin  traders,  who  as  alcaldes  mayores  utilized  their 
political  authorit}'  for  private  gain.  Padre  Morfi's 
p,ro[)oscd  remedy  for  these  evils  was  the  encourage- 
nuuit  of  home  manufactures  by  sending  artisan  teachers 
and  machinery  to  the  province,  with  a  view  to  render 
the  inhabitants  independent  of  Chihuahua.  His  plan 
was  to  send  criminals  of  the  better  class,  whose  offences 
were  chiefly  due  to  drink  and  the  temptations  of  a 
city,  from  Mexico  to  the  far  north,  and  through  them 
to  reform  the  New  ^lexican  industrial  system.  This 
expedient  was  tried  in  California  later  without  any 
brilliant  success. 

The  population  in  1750  has  been  given  as  3,770 
Spaniards  and  f2,142  pueblo  Indians,  a  total  of 
15,1)21  in  New  Mexico  proper,  or  18,721  including; 
the  district  of  El  Paso.  In  17(10  official  reports  show 
that  the  number  of  Si)aniards  had  increased  to  7,0 GO, 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION. 


279 


tliat  of  Indians  decreased  to  9,104,  and  the  total  was 
1(1.770,  or  21,752  including  El  Paso.  Down  to  1788 
there  was  slight  change  in  the  figures,  but  in  the  final 
(.leiade  there  was  an  inexplicable  doubling  of  the 
Spanish  population;  and  at  the  end  of  the  century 
the  figures  stood  as  follows:  Spaniards,  including  of 
course  the  castas  or  negroes  and  mixed  breeds,  18,826, 
Indians  9  732,  total  28,558,  or,  including  El  Paso, 
;U,138.  Details  are  shown  to  best  advantage  in  tiie 
a|?ponded  table,  though  some  of  the  figures  are  con- 
fusing, in  consequence  of  varied  groupings  of  the 
pueblos  in  the  different  reports.  I  also  add  some 
local  items  not  given  in  the  table.*^ 


*'^  T.al)le  of  population 

iiiN.  Mex.,  ] 

750-1800: 

17fiO. 

1788. 

I7i;3. 

17 

J8. 

17 

«. 

Settlements. 

Span. 

Ind. 

Total. 

Span. 

Ind. 

Span. 

Ind. 

Span. 

Ind. 

Allnirijuerque 

Santa  V6. 

2,146 

1,6.50 

2,27i) 

4,020 

603 

1,2«;> 

2,244 

2,41'J 

4,194 

314 

l.ii  Cafinda 

L.M.i 

816 

1.070 

1,0:50 

2,.5!;4 

7,351 

1,079 

Abiqiiiii  

617 

lii6 

l.isi 

1,147 

210 

1,.573 

i7t; 

'I'llOS.    .       

160 
208 

328 

578 
212 

403 
1,310 

518 
2.54 

78J 
566 

251 

1,351 

782 

I'icurles 

Sail   hiaii 

57.') 
277 

316 

2.')7 

452 

2,173 
635 

2tW 
139 

1,'J71 
1,84:) 

202 
1.3 

Santa  Cliira 

San  Ilih'fiiiiso 

30 

J.<M 

240 

22.5 

251 

l';ijnHi|ia' 

, 

li9 

368 

308 

.53 

22J 

7J 

Nam  In'" 

118 

204 

, 

1.55 

20 

178 

Ti'nuiiue 

232 

200 

13S 

148 

1.55 

I'lM'ns  and  Oalititeo. 

.>).« 

152 

1.50 

18J 

Cni'llitl.         .        

140 

450 

400 

720 

425 

5u5 

Santo  Itnmiiigo.  . . . 

424 

608 

6.50 

2.57 

1,488 

San  Felipe 

...... 

458 

M'i 

421 

2S2 

Jellies. 

..... 

373 

, 

375 

4S5 

314 

272 

3E8 

1,166 

Cia.             

.... 

rm 

i,oa5 

275 

.   .. 

202 

Santa  Ana    

. 

404 

8.5!> 

8t 

6,34 

Sandla  (Alameda) 

2-22 

2J1 

696 

810 

nin 

pxi 

230 

1.4J0 

1,.513 

Meta,  ToniO,  lielen. 

620 

304 

2,103 

2.680 

410 

1,771 

603 

Aionia  .        

1,W)2 

10 

820 

...,,. 

757 

l.au'iina 

8.) 

bUO 

1,368 
1,017 

fili8 

ir> 

802 

15 

1,559 
2,716 

y.ui-ii 

664 
9,104 

10 

1,'./3J 
9.275 

' 

2,710 
10,762 

7 

18,82:1 

Total 

7,ni'.o 

17,153 

16,1.56 

16,065 

9,7.12 

Kl  I'a.-odUtript. 

8,i>8h 

1,3:4 
10,4U8 

4,1)27 
22,080 

8,022  1    l,i.00 



,    .  .  . 

4,143 

23,769 

(37 

•  iriiml  Total 

11,2.54 

19,778 

11,175 

10,3fU 

Tlie  o  report.*  embodied  intho  tahle  are  as  follows:  Tamaroii,  VUita,  /W, 
Ms.,  in  wliich  tho  1>''-'.  )p  expresses  tho  npiuioii  that  the  padroiiof  Sta  Fo  doc's 
not  .siiow  more  tl  ■■■  .alf  tho  real  pop.;  llzarl>e.  (J<nv;uiii),  Ed(vln  i/r  /m  Mi- 
■  '')//'<,  I78S,  MS.,  in  Piuart  col.,  tho  writer — provijieitd  of  the  Sto  Evangelic) 
provinee -stating  that  there  wvvo  18  ndssions  (tlie  oiiii.siions  i;i  lii.t  list  a '  per 
t.ihle  .-iiiowing  tlie  consolidatiou  eflfected  i)y  Aiiza),  1 1  aii:ie?:es,  24  padre:^  (  viio 
are  iiaineil),  ,5,508  fam,,  and  for  the  year  \,2M  haptisms,  4'\H  in  irriiue*,  atid 
tJ47  deaths,  this  author  making  iio  distinction  of  racer,  liiVilU  Oij(S),  i'mti 


280 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


I: 


I'  V   ' 


de  179,1,  sohre  miskmes,  441-2,  also  MS.,  the  viceroy  giving  the  latitude  of 
each  settlement  and  the  tribe  inhabiting  it,  and  being  foUowed  in  his  statis- 
tics by  Humboldt,  Emii  Pol.,  57,  and  through  H.  by  jveral  others;  i\w 
report  of  'he  custodio,  P.  Fran.  Osio  (called  Heziu),  for  '98,  as  given  iu 
Melim's  2,01)0  M'lci,  208-9,  tlie  totals  as  printed  and  followed  by  Prince,  /fht. 
Sk:,  227,  being  apparently  erroneous,  the  report  including  also  the  totals  fur 
'90,  Span.  14,167,  Ind.  9,453;  also  baptisms  for  '96-8,  Ind.  708,  Span.  I,'Js:{; 
marriages,  Ind.  170,  Span.  220;  deaths,  Ind.  469,  Span.  522;  and  finally,  (rdv. 
Chacon's  report  of  '99,  in  Melinea  2,000  Miles,  220,  this  doc.  giving  oidy  the 
totals  for  each  jurisdiction. 

A  doc.  of  '90,  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.,  gives  the  total  pop.  as  30,955,  and  ailils 
'que  por  los  enlaces  que  han  tenido  uuos  con  otros,  a  penas  se  hallan  iiidivi- 
duos  que  no  scan  parientes.'    In  '94  Gov.  Chacon  gave  the  pop.  as  follows: 

Men.  Women.  Boys.  Girls.  Tutal. 

Span 7,502  5,912  2,153  1,703  17,:i:iO 

Ind 4,343  4,207  1,539  1,219  ll,:i(l.S 

Castas 1,941  1,001  792  1,224  5,.m8 

13,786  11,780  4,484  4,200  34,'J.-)G 

In  '93  a  similar  statement  is  given,  the  figures  varying  but  slightly  from  the 
above,  and  the  grand  total  being  34,201.  The  cwttds,  I  think,  cannot  luro 
include  the  mixed  Span,  ivnd  Ind.,  but  perhaps  negro  mixtures.  There  \vc:ii 
but  very  few  full-blooded  Span.  Arch.  Sta  F6,  MS.  In  Lnfora,  Viniic,  the 
pop.  for  '00  in  37  settlements  of  15  nations  is  given  as  10,524  Span,  and  !»,r)NO 
Ind.,  inchuling  El  Paso.  The  extent  of  N.  Slex.  is  given  by  Lafora  as  l;it. 
32°  to  38";  long.  258°  to  204°  from  TeneriflFe,  and  by  Revilla  Gigedo  as  Lit.  :U' 
to  37.^°;  long.  208°  to  274°.  The  jurisdictions,  or  districts,  as  given  i:i  tlie 
Arch.  Sta  Fe,  MS.,  in  '93-^,  were  Sta  Fe,  Caflada,  Alburquerque,  Qiu're<; 
Zufii,  Laguua,  and  Acoma;  and  El  Paso.  No.  1,  2,  3,  and  6  are  the  siiine  in 
all  reports,  but  the  othors  vary.  Revilla  Gigedo  gives  Taos,  S.  Felipe,  (^tueriM, 
Saudia,  Laguna,  ami  Zuiii.  Gov.  Chacon  in  '99  gives  Alameda  (Saiidial,  Taix, 
Jemes  (Queres  ?),  Laguna,  and  Zufii.  In  A^.  E-<paria,  Breve  liexnm^n,  MS.,  ii. 
321-2;  and  in  Viujero  Unb:,  xxvii.  144-r)2,  are  brief  descrip.  and  historic 
sketches  of  N.  Mex.  for  '07  and  '99  respectively. 

Local  items  in  addition  to  pop.  as  given  in  the  table:  Abiquiii  (Sto  Toinas), 
a  pueblo  of  geufzaros,  or  rescued  captives,  yet  having  a  large  Span.  jiop.  It 
was  in  the  jurisd.  of  La  Cailada.  In  1771  the  citizens  wished  to  abandon  tii« 
place,  but  Gov.  Mendinueta,  through  the  alcalde  mayor,  Marcos  Sancluz,  tur- 
bade  it,  as  all  danger  from  the  Comanches  was  past.  The  pop.  of  this  an  1 
other  settlements  includes  that  of  scattered  ranchos  iu  the  vicinity.  In  88 
there  were  54  baptisms,  10  marriages,  and  17  deaths. 

Acoma  (S.  Estevan),  pueblo  of  (Queres  Ind.,  but  with  a  few  Span,  in  the 
last  decade;  a  visita  of  Laguna  in  '88,  and  prob.  had  n>.  padre  later. 

Alburquerque  (S.  Felipe  Neri),  villa  of  Span.,  with  a  friar  acting  asounile, 
and  a  vicar  api)ointed  by  the  bishop  iu  '60.  Militia  force  80  in  '00.  TIkui^Ii 
nominally  a  villa,  it  was  scattered  many  leagues  up  and  down  the  valley,  tiio 
people  living  on  their  lanchos,  chielly  at  the  Alameda,  and  only  coming  to  tlie 
town  on  Sundays.  Two  padres  in  '88;  bapt.  89,  marr.  21,  deaths  26.  la  (iO 
the  bishop  confirmed  732. 

Belen,  Span,  settlement  of  .38  fam.  in  '66,  included  in  pop.  with  Islcta.  A 
considerable  number  of  gonizaro  fam.  lived  here  also,  and  at  tlie  settlement  of 
Tome,  near  by,  60  in  all  in  '92,  having  much  troulde  with  the  Sp:iii.,  wh<i,  lilic 
the  Ciiristiau  Ind.,  looked  down  upon  tliese  sons  of  gentiles,  llicy  wisluil  tn 
form  a  pueblo  at  Sabinal,  but  did  not  succeed. 

Cailada  (Sta  Cruz  do  la),  largest  of  the  Span,  villas,  1,517  couhrmatioMs  in 
'60,  and  a  vicar  appointed;  97  bapt.,  23  marr.,  35  deaths  in  '88,  wlun  i'. 
Fran.  Bueno  was  in  charge. 

CeboUeta.  in  tlie  Laguna  region,  abandoned  Navajo  mission;  a  few  Nava- 
}0A  and  Apached  were  still  living  iu  a  raucheria  ia  the  vicinity. 


PUEBLOS  AND  MISSIONS. 


281 


Cia  (Aiuncion),  mission  of  Queres,  with  Juiues  and  Sta  Ana  as  visitas 
afti  r  '&2:  'JJ  bapt.,  32  inarr.,  5G  deaths  in  '88. 

Tocliiti  (S.  Buenaventura),  pueblo  of  Queres,  visita  of  Sto  Douiingo  after 
'S'J. 

( 'iil)uro,  or  Covero,  pueblo  in  the  Laguiia  region,  not  mentioned  in  this  half- 
ct'utiiry;  prob.  aban(loiie<l. 

( lalisteo,  visita  of  Pecos,  with  235  Iml.  in  'GO;  not  mentioned  in  later  re- 
piirts;  prob.  abandoned. 

Islvta  (8.  Agustin),  mission  pneblo  of  Tehuas(?),  whose  padre  had  charge 
of  UfliMiaml  Tome;  bapt.  74,  marr.  23,  deaths  31  in  '88. 

Ji'nii-'i  (S.  I)iogo),  pueblo  of  Jemcs,  IVcos  la:ig.,  a  visita  of  Cia  after  '82. 

Lai,'uiia  (S.  Jose),  mission  of  Queres,  with  some  fam.  of  half-noaverted  Na- 
vajin  and  Apaches  in  vicinity;  had  Acoma  as  a  visita  after  '82;  bapt.  33, 
iiuiiT.  2t,  deaths  12  in  '88. 

MiMi'aiiio,  puublo  of  tlie  Laguna  region,  not  mentioned  in  this  period,  but 
porliiips  estab.  witli  Moqui  faui.  now  or  a  little  later. 

Nambe  (S.  Fran.),  pueblo  of  Tchuas,  visita  of  Pujuaque  after  '82. 

Pcuos  (Los  Angeles),  visita  of  Sta  Fe,  and  rapidly  declining  in  pop. 

Viouries  (S.  Lorenzo),  mission  with  many  Span,  settlers  in  the  vicinity; 
I  'pi    '.■),  marr.  (5,  deaths  8  in  '88. 

I,  aque  ((jruadalupc),  pueblo  of  Tehuas,  visita  of  Nambe  in  'GO,  but 
\<V  ■■  mission  with  visitas  of  N.  and  Tesuque;  2  padres  in  '88;  bapt.  42, 
laur:.  ill,  deaths  14. 

.■■•.  I'uliiie,  mission  of  Queres;  visita  of  Sto  Domingo  after  '82. 

S.  lldefonso,  mi.ssio:i  of  Tehuas;  visita  of  Sta  Ana  after  '82. 

8.  Juau  de  los  Caballeros,  mission  of  Tehuas,  with  many  Span,  in  the  vi- 
ciuity;  2  padres  in  '88;  bapt.  IG,  marr.  lO.deaths  25. 

S.  lliifael  do  los  Gentiles,  15  settlers  of  this  place,  location  not  given,  pe- 
titiiiiR'd  fur  and  obtained  in  '65  arms  to  defend  themselves. 

Saudia  (Asumpcion  or  Dolores),  mission  of  90  Tehuas  (?)  and  19G  Moquis 
ill  'li;);  bapt.  57,  marr.  27,  <leatlis  18  in  '88. 

Sta  Ana,  puoblo  of  Quorcs,  had  a  padre  in  'G');  visita  of  Cii  after  '82. 

Sta  I'lara,  mission  of  Tehuas,  with  S.  Ildefonso  as  visit.i  after  '82;  bapt. 
Gl),  marr.  22,  deaths  US  in  '88. 

Stii  Domingo,  mission  of  Queres,  calle<l  Sto  Dom.  de  Cocliiti  after  '82;  with 
S.  Krlipu  and  S.  Buen.  (Cochiti)  as  visitas;  bapt.  124,  marr.  25,  deaths  31 
iii  '.sS,  hiving  2  padres. 

Sta  Fi',  capital  villa,  with  garrison  of  80  soldiers,  but  no  fortifications;  2 
padres,  1  ••■jting  as  "*  ico-^ustodio  (the  custodio  generally  liviiig  at  El  Paso),  and 
a  .si'indar  priest  i  .liil  i>y  tithes;  2  churches  an  I  another  almost  completed  in 
Gi),  built  by  {i'i  MAnn  dul  Vallc.  Pop.  2,324  in  'GG.  Lnfom.  In  88  Gen. 
Uf.Mitij  ipprovi'il  (Jo,-,  .'nucha's  project  of  reforming  the  villa  and  building  a 
cuartil,  I  ■•  p ■■  isii'i.i,  !j;:,0!}0  being  assigned  for  the  work.  Tliore  had  been  siuiie 
lal'.v  -if  hmldi   ST  t;  •    .  «,cf'-l  a*  the  sulnirb  of  Analco,  and  even  of  moving  the 


villa  to  St  1  P'imiu;. 
irizcil  to  use  hi 


tlio'iL'h  both  '    iunos  a!i<l  Iml.  objected.     The  gov.  was 
iui':.  .iicnt,  and  the  villa  was  not  moved.   Arch.  Slu  F^, 


niith 
MS. 

Ta;is  (S.  Gerdnimo),  mission  pueblo,  witli  a  l.irgc;  Span.  [)op.  on  ranchos  in 
tli(!  vicinity;  2  j)adres  in  '88;  bapt.  ti5,  marr.  43,  cleatlis  41.  Taos  was  the 
grr.it  trading  rendezvous  for  the  tribes  of  the  plains;  and,  as  we  have  seen, 
sivii-al  bloody  tights  took  place  in  that  region  during  tiie  lialf-century. 

■|i'su(iiio  (8.  Diego),  pueblo  of  Tehuas;  visita  of  Sta  Fe  in  'GO,  and  of  Pu- 
juaiHic  after  '82. 

T'Hiic  (Couccpcion),  settlement  of  Span,  and  genlzaros;  70  vecinos  in  'GG; 
40'.'  toiilirin.  ii>  'GO;  had  a  good  church  under  padre  of  Isleta  or  Alburi|uer(iue. 

Zurti  ((Jr.  *alupe),  mission  ]tuel)lo  of  many  Ind.,  tliough  a  largo  part  of  the 
IKili.  was  -u..  'y  scattered;  2  pailres  in  '88,  bapt.  3.'>,  marr.  23,  deaths  47. 
Ill  lilt,  wii'   ;     :,  vanchcs,  had  a  jjop.  of  1,121.  Air/i.  Sti  Fi',  MS. 

Kl  I'lso  !.v  ,1  ;,'i'a  del  Pilar  y  S.  Jose),  presidio  and  later  town,  with  2 
friai-i  an!  2  prii,o  s;  captain  and  alcalde  mayor,  later  lijut.-g»v.     El  Paso  was 


I 


282 


LAST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


famous  for  its  vineyard?  ami  orchanla;  anil  except  tlie  raids  of  hoatile  pen- 
tilti^,  its  ciiiuf  concern  was  about  its  irrigating  ditches  and  the  dam  of  the  Rid 
del  Norte,  which  supplied  thcni.  This  dan»  was  usually  carrie<l  away  hy  ,i.f 
floods  of  May-July.  A  doc.  in  the  Pinart  col.  shows  the  constant  hut  fiitilt 
efi'orts  of  tlie  authorities  i.i  '54-62  to  collect  a  special  tax  of  50  cents  on  oach 
100  vines  to  huild  a  soli<l  dam.  Tli.;re  were  '250,000  vines,  hut  the  ownurs  ilu- 
clired  they  were  too  poor  to  pay  the  tax  either  in  money  or  work.  In  tlih 
district  were  S.  Lorenzo,  Scnecu,  laleta,  and  Socorro,  respectively  1,  3. ,"),  hikI 
6  1.  eastward  down  the  river;  also  Carrizal,  30  1.  toward  Chihuahua,  foumli'il 
in  '58;  jmp.  101  .Span,  iu  '6d,  with  a  guard  of  '20  soldiers  from  El  Paso;  lai  r 
site  of  tlie  presidio. 


M[ 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 

181)1-1822. 

Two  Books — Succession*  ok  CJove.  no.  j — Chacon,  Alencaster,  Mainez, 
M.vNKiyrE,  Allande,  MEUiAKEs,  Chavez,  and  Vizcahua — Indian 
AhFAiKs— CoMANCHES,  "Vavajos,  asi>  Moyii.s — Meehake-i  in  THE 
iSiiuTH-EAST — Election  ok  a  Delegate  to  the  Cortes — Pedko  Uai  iista 
I'iNoCrOES  to  Spain — The  Loi'isiana  Pukchase  ani>  Boinkauv  (^ies- 
riiiN  Lai.ande  ami  Pcksely— Zeullon  M.  Pike — Attemits  at  Trade 
—  "  li'K  N  niHT— Choteac  an  d  Ue  M  in — (  Jlen  n,  Bccknell,  an  d  CoOI'ER — 
I'lUMi.ATioN — Local  Items — Trade— Ac RicrLicRE — MANiKAtTiREs — 
.MiNiN(i — Institutions — (Government — Militahv — Missr)n.s  and  Bish- 
oi'iiii— Charges  aoain.st  the  Fkiaiw— War  ok  Independence — Viva 

lltRIUDE! 

Thk  same  kind  providence  that  causes  rivers  to  flow 
luar  large  towns,  the  moon  and  stars  to  shine  at  niujlit, 
wlieii  their  feeble  light  is  »>f  some  use,  sends  snow  only 
ill  till'  winter,  when  there  is  no  hot  sun  to  melt  it,  and 
|K  it'oi  ins  other  beneticent  acts,  is  iu)t  always  unmind- 
tlil  of  the  annalist's  needs.  Thus,  when  the  history  of 
tlir  last  years  of  S[)anisli  rule  in  New  Mexico  seemed 
likrly  to  resemble  the  famous  chapter  on  snakes  in 
III  land,  not  only  was  it  put  into  the  head  of  the 
1  iiitfd  States  government  to  send  an  explorer  to  this 
fai-ofl'  province,  and  of  tlie  people  to  send  a  delegate 
to  tlie  (ortes  of  Spain,  but  both  explorer  and  delegate 
Were  inspired  with  the  idea  of  writing  a  book,  as  the 
friur  Benavides  and  the  conqiieior  Villagni  had  been 
ill  earlier  times;  and  the  result  was  a  mass  of  infor- 
mation which  goes  far  to  make  this  chapter  as  long 
and  as  interesting  as  those  that  have  preceded  it. 

(283) 


284 


LAST  YEAU8  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


For  tills,  as  for  earlier  periods,  I  do  not  deoin  it 
Tiecessary  to  consider  lu-re  tlic  complications  of  niili- 
tary  and  civil  <rov«'rnnient  in  the  Provincias  Intemas 
of  nortlu>rn  Mexico,  a  subject  that  is  as  fnlly  treati d 
as  till!  nieaucrc  records  permit  in  another  work  of  this 
series,'  '^riiere  was  always  a  ijovernor  or  actinij  <j,()V- 
ernor  in  New  Mexico,  snhordinate  to  the  comandaiitc 
ii-eneral  of  the  J^rovincias,  a  state  of  thini^s  which  has 
led  mo(k'rn  writers  into  some  confusion,  causinjL*'  tliiiii 
to  induihi  some  of  the  soutln^rn  otticials  in  their  list-i 
of  <>()vei-nors,  just  as  tlu-y  brou«;ht  sever  1  vict^roys  of 
New  Spain  to  rule  the  province  in  earlier  times. 
(Governor  Chacon  vn\vd  until  the  sprinjj^  of  1805,  wlicii 
he  was  succei'd*  d  hy  (\)loiU'l  Joaipiin  del  lli'al  Ahii- 
caster."  The  hitter's  name  does  not  appear  after  I SOH, 
and  AlbcTto  Mixinez  is  named  as  actintj^  i^overnor  in 
IS()7  8,  and  next  in  the  list  is  LieutiMiant-colonel  Jom' 
Mai»ri(pie,  rulini;'  in  1810  14,  pei"haj»s  ad  interim  lor 
j)art  ofth.it  period.  Maini'Z  ruled  a<i^ain  in  18  I  o  17,' 
Pedro  ALari'a  tie  Allande  in  1810-18,  and  Facuiido 
Meloai-es  -who  as  a  lieutenant  serviui^  in  C^hiluialuia 
had  visited  New  Mexico  before— in  1818-22.  Mrl- 
jifares  was  tlu>  last  i^overnor  under  Spain,  and  was 
succei^dtnl  on  July  f),  1  H'2'2,  hy  Fraucisco  Javier  (^havez 
as  jefe  politii'o,  rulinij;'  in  182*2  li,  thou<,di  Antonio  Viz- 
carra  also  held  the  oliice  for  a  time  in  1822.* 


'  flixf.  X'vdi  .Vr.r.  Stit>:%  i.,  ii. 

'■^  I  liiul  ill  tliii  .1  (•'•/(.  S/ii  Fv,  MS.,  an  order  of  Cliacoii  in  March,  and  of 
AlciH'asU'r  in  May  ISO.").  Tlui  latter  name  is  a  fiir.n  of  the  Kiiglisli  Lancas- 
ter, more  often  written,  exeejit  in  N.  Mex.,  AK'neastre,  as  in  tiu^  ease  of  tlut 
viceroy  of  that  name.  I'iiio,  Eijm/i.,  40,  seems  to  say  tliat  A.  was  gov.  frmii 
l>Si(,")  to  ISlL',  and  this  may  indicate  tiiat  his  suecossor  in  1808-12  was  only 
acting  gov. 

^  Also  in  '14,  ace.  to  Davis.  El  Grhnin,  8;?,  who  saya  that  in  tiiiit  year  :i 
consjiiracy  was  formed  hy  (.'orp.  Antonio  Arniijo  an<l  Dionisio  Valdes,  wlio 
Were  exiled  for  10  years  to  C'hihnahua. 

*In  the  (iiiMi  di-  Mi'.r.  of  March  7,  '10,  the  governorship  of  N.  Mex.  is 
declared  vacant,  and  aspirants  are  notified  to  send  in  their  petitions.  Mi  1- 
gares,  in  the  documents  of  '10  I'O,  is  called  gov.  ad  Interim.  I  regret  that  I 
am  not  ahle  in  this  period,  as  I  have  l)jen  in  earlier  ones,  to  correct  trmii 
original  sources  the  list  of  governors,  anil  a  n  ohliged  to  follow  Davis,  Meliiii', 
Hitch,  Prince,  etc.,  thougii  there  is  evidently  a  little  confusion  of  d.itcs. 
Tlicy  take  their  information  from  land-grants,  etc.,  in  the  archives,  and  ia 
the  C  .!>'.  Lund  Hvjnrtx,  and  my  original  notes  add  nothing  of  importance. 


INDIAN   AFFAIRS. 


285 


Troul'K'S  witli  the  Indians  were  much  less  scrioi\s 
;iii(l  constant  than  in  former  years,  tlic  combined 
(■Hurts  of  the  frontier  «^arrisons,  with  a  consistent  sys- 
ttiu  of  treaties  and  jjfifts,  producing  apparently  excel- 
1(  lit  results.  Tlie  Conianches,  in  particular,  were 
fiiciidly,  being  zealous  in  bringing  information  and 
luiiiors  respecting  the  movements  of  Americans  in 
ilir  north-east,  and  ex'en  eager  to  aid  Spain  in  crush- 
iii'4  the  insurgents  under  Hidalgo;  and  the  other 
tiihos  were  often  in  the  same  mood.'^  The  Navajos 
were  hostile,  however,  in  1803-5,  having  intrenched 
tlicinselves  in  the  canon  de  Chelly— since  famous  for 
its  ruined  ]iueblos — where  they  deemed  their  position 
iiii|ir(>gnable.  Governor  Chacon  led  several  expedi- 
tiniis  against  then),  as  did  Lieutenant  Antonio  Nar- 
liiiiia  after  Alencaster's  accession,  and  in  1805  they 
\vt  i(!  reduced  to  submission  and  friendship."  In  180G 
Lieutenant  JVIelgares  was  sent  up  from  Chiliuahua 
with  100  dragoons  to  join  a  force  of  500  militia  in  an 


^ Piiiri,  A'-i-j'^M.,  42^.  This  author  says  the  Ind.,  by  gifts,  etc.,  had  Ituen 
kijit  I'liiiiilly  f(n-  tlio  most  purt  hiiico  Aii/a'ti  timu  down  to  lISl  1. 

''.I;ui.  "J.").  ISO."),  Niirliona  to  jxov.  rojiorts  from  Ztiilia  fight  in  ("helly  canon, 
\v!i"ii'  lie  killed  !I0  huck.s,  with  -')  women  and  children,  huiriiles  capturing  'M, 
w  nil  nil  Women  and  children;  al.-fo  SO  horses  and  .S50  .sheep.  H(!  had  only  one 
liiii.  chief  killed  and  04  wonnded.  Chelly  is  a  vei-y  Htrong  position,  and  a 
l;ii-L;.r  force  will  ho  rcipiired  for  further  movements.  Arrh.  Sit  Fe,  MS.  In 
iMIt  the  coin.  gen.  refu.ses  to  grant  arc(|uest  of  the  Navajos  toacttlcut  ('cl)o- 
11.  t, I.  MS.  of  i'iuart  col.  March  2!'t,  ISOo,  (lov.  ('.  announccH  the  terms  to 
111'  L.'i:iritcd  the  Navajos.  Tiiey  shall  have  no  claim  to  Celxdlcta  or  to  livc- 
.-iiuk  in  possession  of  the  Spin.;  for  their  2  captives  4  women  might  he  rc- 
lii^  d;  tluy  must  not  go  with  their  live-stock  beyond  the  canon  de  Juaii 
T.iin\,i,  Kio  del  Oso,  and  S.  Mateo;  whenever  they  commit  any  rohl)ery  or 
ag^ris.-,ion  they  are  to  be  punished  by  force  of  arms,  uidess  they  return  stolen 
lirn|iri'ty  and  snrrentler  the  aggressors;  when  visitir.g  Sta  Fe  they  must  e.x- 
p  it  no  gifts  except  sustenance;  and  tiiey  must  give  up  4,00;)  sheep,  1 JO  cat- 
tli\  :rid  00  horses  which  they  have  stolen.  Anli.  Sta  Fi,  MS.  Pino,  Ej-]to.i., 
-ill  I.  X'l/.,  8.")  0,  narrates  in  general  terms  the  final  efl'orts  and  success,  the 
full  i<(  Clielly,  and  the  treaty  of  KSO,").  It  seems  that  Lieut.  Narlmna  was 
Ht'iit  II])  from  Chill,  to  join  (iutierrez,  Vaca,  and  others.  Iji'Ut.  Vieente 
Lo|i  ■/.  al^^o  defeated  the  foe  at  Chaca,  but  was  suspended  for  .some  intrigue  in 
1W)S.  Aiiiil  ISOO  the  Navajo  chief  coinphiins  that  he  nreivcs  no  gifts  from 
tiie  king,  as  do  other  friendly  tribes;  but  is  inforineil  by  (len.  Salccdo  that 
tiiey  must  di']iend  on  their  own  iiiclustries  for  sustenance,  though  later,  when 
tliey  >1m11  have  .shown  their  good  faith  by  abstaining  from  petty  roblieries, 
cU' ,  tliey  may  obtain  so-ne  gifts.  Airh.  St  i  Fr',  MS.  I  think  that  Prince, 
//'</  ■Sk.,  '2'.V2,  exaggerates  the  magnitude  an<l  constancy  of  Navajo  troubles 
ill  iliis  and  later  periods,  though  they  doubtless  gave  more  trouble  than  other 

tl'lllUS, 


286 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


.  ,■') 


hYi^:l] 


i^  1 


!.M 


expedition  out  into  the  north-eastern  plains.  Tliis  was 
not  a  campaign  against  the  Indians,  but  a  tour  of  i  \- 
ploration,  undertaken  with  a  view  to  concihate  the 
natives  and  to  look  out  for  American  explorers  and 
fiUbusters;  for  the  intention  of  the  United  States  to  ex- 
plore their  newly  acquired  Louisiana  territory  had  ijot  n 
announced,  and  there  were  also  reports  of  Burr's  con- 
spiracy as  likely  to  affect  the  Spanish  frontier.  ^Ul- 
gares  went  down  the  Red  River,  held  a  council  with 
the  Comanches,  crossed  northward  to  the  Arkansas, 
made  a  visit  to  the  Pawnee  nation  on  the  Kansas, 
distributing  medals  and  flags,  and  thence  ])erlia]is 
went  up  the  Arkansas  to  the  mountains,  returning  t<i 
Santa  F6  in  October.  He  did  not  find  any  Amtri- 
cans,  of  whose  doings  in  that  region  I  shall  have  sonic- 
tlung  to  say  presently/ 

Pino,  in  his  report  of  1812,  declares  tho  system  of 
treaties  and  gifts  as  a  feature  of  the  new  Indian  policy 
to  have  been  a  grand  success  in  every  way.  Ho  also 
relates  that  in  1811  Jose  Rafael  Sarracino  made  an 
expedition  to  the  Yuta  country  to  investigate  the 
truth  of  their  reports  respecting  a  Spanish  peojilc 
dwelling  in  the  far  north-west.  In  three  months  he 
reached  a  region  where  the  natives  had  knives  and 
other  implements  of  European  manufacture,  obtainetl, 
as  they  said,  from  a  people  living  beyond  a  great  river, 
which  Sarracino  could  not  or  did  not  cross.'*  In  1818 
-19  the  Xavajos  rencM'ed  their  hostilities.     It  was 

^  Pikr'g  Arrt.  of  Expeil.,  142-.'?,  206;  Prince's  Ilht.  SI:,  231,  and  ctlur 
works.  I  Imve  fouiul  no  infurmatinu  of  this  exited,  except  that  origiuati.i^,' 
from  Pike's  hook.  A  treaty  with  the  Mesoalero  and  (rileno  Ai)aehei  i.s  imtid 
ill  ISIO,  no  ralioiis  heiag  grantetl,  and  their  huutiug-grounda  hcing  cliMi'iy 
designated.   MS.  ot  ",V2  iu  Pinart  col. 

^  J'iii't,  E.tjx>n.,  41-1;  Xot.,  84-8.  P.  notes  that  the  Comanche  cliief  at  this 
time  was  a  sou  of  the  old  chief  Maya,  educated  at  Sta  Fe,  and  a  linii  ir.mA 
of  the  Siian.  He  also  says  the  Americans  had  estal)lishedgiiu  faet()rie>  (.) 
amoug  the  Jumaiias  and  Cahiguas,  and  muskets  and  powder  from  this  simrio 
were  obtained  for  N.  Mex.  (This  is  in  a  note,  which  may  possibly  be  of  laar 
date.)  la  connection  with  Sarracino's  exped.,  respecting  thj  dite  of  vliuh 
Pino  may  be  iu  error,  it  is  well  to  note  that  in  Aug.  1808  an  Ind.  from  t!:o 
Tulares  arrived  at  S.  Fernando,  Cal.,  with  a  thg  that  had  been  sent  tlinHi;'! 
a  conlillera  of  10  tribes  by  a  captain  who  wished  to  know  if  it  were  tni''  tiiat 
there  were  jtadres  and  ijeiitr  de  /■■iznii  west  of  the  sierra.  Jli4.  dii,  ii.  ^•''-  } 
may  notice  also  tliat  in  1801  a  project  for  opening  commuu.  bet.  Cal.  and  N. 
Mex.  by  laiid  was  diiiuussod  and  dismiasod  in  Mex.  /(/.,  S-4. 


NAVAJOS  AND  MOQUIS. 


287 


anil  othiT 
•igiiiatiiii; 

[■.'  ck-,iny 


reported  in  Mexico  in  January  1819,  that  Govcrn<>r 
Mcl^ares  had  in  December  forced  them  to  sue  for 
juace;  but  it  appears  that  tliey  had  to  be  defeated 
twice  more  in  February  and  ^larcb,  and  that  the 
tKaty  was  finally  signed  on  August  "ilst."  A  notable 
trature  of  this  affair  is  the  fact  that  the  Navajos,  being 
haril  pressed,  settled  near  the  Moqui  towns,  and  the 
Miujuis  sent  five  of  their  number  to  ask  aid  from  the 
Spaniards.  This  was  deemed  a  most  fortunate  ocnir- 
1  lice,  opening  the  way  to  the  submit^sion  of  this  nation 
after  an  apostasy  of  130  years.  It  was  resolved  to 
take  advantage  of  the  opportunity,  but  of  the  practical 
rtsult  nothing  is  known,  since  this  is  the  only  menticm 
(if  this  renmant  of  a  valiant  and  independent  people 
that  I  have  been  able  to  find  in  the  records  of  the 
[)ei'iod. 

Under  the  decree  of  the  'junta  central  de  las  Es- 
paiias,'  dated  February  14,  1810,  New  Mexico  was 
entitled  to  a  diputado  in  the  Spanish  C()r'  .'S.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  the  11th  of  August  the  alcaldes  and 
leading  men  of  the  province — tliere  being  no  ayunta- 
mieiitos — assembled  at  Santa  Fe,  Governor  Manrique 
presiding,  to  select  a  delegate.^"     From  the  three  can- 

^Oaceta  tie  Mex.,  x.  (xxxix.-xl.)  18'.),  559-G'2,  iri7-33;  Xoticiato  Ooi.,  Juno 
U.  Got.  '21),  '19.  In  the  2il  exped.  33  were  killol  ami  1-4  ciiiturol,  with 
\\'t'\  shoi'p  aii;l  24  horsea.  The  treaty  is  given  in  IS  articles  l)eini<  sigiieil  liy 
0  Xivajo  eliiefj.  A  native  general  was  to  be  appipiiite.l  a  ul  to  live  as  near 
Jollies  as  possible,  being  held  responsible  for  hij  natio?i;  4youtlis  or  one  eliief 
were  to  be  liehl  as  hostages;  the  N.  were  granted  all  their  old  territory  to 
c:ifi,iii  Largo,  boea  d^l  cafton  de  Cliaoa,  and  Ai;u:i  Az.il;  uu  I  tlioy  bound 
tluiiisclves  to  respect  theriglits  of  the  Moipiis.  Notwithstanding  this  troaty, 
we  are  toll  by  Davis  and  Prince,  HM.  Sk.,  2.'i2,  Eld'riii'/o,  83-i,  tiiat  in  1S20 
a  jiaity  of  Navajos  coming  into  Jenies  to  make  a  treaty  were  foully  niurdtred 
liy  the  inhal).,  under  their  alcalile,  Juan  Ant.  Vaea.  Tiio  ringleaders  were 
a:re.sted,  but  the  proceedhigj  dragged  along  till  '24,  when  they  were  released, 
only  to  be  killed  by  the  Nr.vajos  10  years  later.  I  am  disposed  to  (inestiou 
the  aoeuracy  of  this  stateui-nt. 

'''These  representative  men  wore  Jose  Pino,  capt.  of  militia  and  ex-alcalde 
of  AUnirquerque;  Ant.  Ortiz,  alferez  real;  Diego  Montoya  1st  ale.  of  Sta  Fe; 
.lo<e  (lareia  de  Mora,  retired  lieut.,  representing  StaCruz  de  la  (Jaflada;  Jose 
MiL'uel  Tafoya,  2d  ale.  of  Sta  Fe,  for  29  years  corp.  in  the  co.iipii'iia  x-iterana; 
>'ose  Ant.  Chavez,  1st  ale.  of  Albunpierqne;  Manuel  (larcia,  for  24  years  ale. 
ot  La  Cafiada  and  partido;  Mig.  Ant.  \  aca,  2d  ale.  of  All)urc(ueniue;  C'leto 
-Mura  y  Paoheco,  ale.  of  S.  Ciirlos  de  la  Alameda;  and  Xo-iuis  Ortiz,  ale.  of 
laos. 


f-  it  f' 


!,;j: 


ill. 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULP]. 


didatcs  receiving  the  higliest  number  of  votes  tlie 
delegate  was  chosen  by  lot,  and  the  honor  fell  to  1*l;- 
dro  Bautista  Pino,  an  old  and  influential  resident. 
Provided  with  instructions,  not  only  from  the  junta 
that  elected  him,  but  from  several  prominent  nun, 
Don  Pedro  started  on  his  mission  in  October  1811, 
being,  as  he  believed,  the  first  native-bo 'n  New^Iexi- 
can  to  visit  Spain.  He  had  to  pay  the  expenses  of 
his  journey;  but  the  patriotic  people  contriljutcd 
$9,000  as  a  donativo  to  the  cause  of  Fernando  VII." 
Of  Pino's  labors  in  Spain  wc  have  no  other  record 
than  his  report  of  November  1812  to  the  cortes,  pul)- 
lished  at  Cadiz  the  same  year,  and  37  years  later  at 
Mexico.  This  report  is  by  far  the  best  source  of  in- 
formation respecting  New  Mexico  for  the  peridd 
covered  by  this  chapter,  being  a  very  complete  de- 
scription of  the  province,  with  its  institutions,  condi- 
tion, and  needs.  Of  course,  much  of  its  contents  is 
only  confirmatory  of  what  appears  from  other  original 
sources  in  earlier  chapters,  but  the  rest  is  utilizetl  in 
difi'erent  parts  of  this  chapter.  The  author  was  an 
enthusiastic  admirer  of  his  country  and  its  people, 
praising  in  high  terms  their  purity  of  blood,'"-  tluir 
loyalty  to  Sj'ain.  and  their  bravery  in  defending  tlieir 
h'unes  against  the  savage  tribes.  He  exaggerated — 
and  perhaps  intentionally,  as  the  best  means  of  arous- 
ing the  attention  of  the  o^overnment — the  dan<>"er  of 
agi^ression  from  the  Americans  in  union  with  the  In- 
dian tribes  of  the  plains. ^^     The  military  defence  of  tlie 

"  The  other  two  cindidates  were  Antonio  and  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz.  Pino 
took  witli  him  his  grandson  Juan  de  los  R<3yoa  Vaca  y  Pino,  aged  1  l,Baitnl.i- 
nie  Fernandez  as  clerk,  who  died  on  the  voyage,  and  tlie  retired  sol.lier  S:il- 
vador  Leiva  y  Chavez.  Padre  Fran.  Osio  (Hocio),  for  20  years  ch.iplaiii  at 
Sta  Fe,  furnished  a  I'rospcclo  6  pldii  mlire  diferentes  mlicitiules;  also  v  rittiu 
suggestions  from  Mariano  de  la  Pefia,  Iguaeio  Sanchez  Vergara,  ale.  of  Juiirs, 
Jose  (lutierrez,  Capt.  Bart.  Vaca,  and  Juan  Jose  Silva.  To  raise  tlie  >\>,fM 
Bouie  of  the  citizens  are  said  to  have  'sacrificed  the  liberty  of  tlieir  son.s.' 

'^  He  says  there  were  absolutely  no  negro  cajiti is  in  N.  Mex.,  only  Spnii. 
and  Ind.  blood.  This,  I  think,  is  not  strictly  true,  as  in  earlier  time.-*  tln'ie 
had  been  complaints  of  mixed-breed  colonists  and  a  vicious  mulatto  element  in 
the  population. 

"  Pino  states  that  the  Amer.,  noting  how  N.  Mex  is  neglected  by  Spain, 
have  tried  in  various  ways,  by  oflfera  of  liberal  and  protecting  laws,  aJvau- 


PINO  IN  THE  CORTES. 


289 


rouiitry  was  naturally  held  out  as  the  great  object  to 
lie  lu'pt  in  view,  and  accordingly  Pino  demanded,  not 
(iiilv  a  reorganization  of  the  military  service,  including 
tlif  payment  of  citizens  doing  duty  as  soldiers,  but  the 
t'i)Uii<ling  of  five  new  presidios,  or  rather  the  transfer 
to  the  north  of  frontier  presidios  no  longer  needed  in 
the  Provincias  Internas.  Other  demands  were  for  a 
separate  bishopric,  with  a  college  and  system  of  schools 
to  be  supported  by  the  tithes;  and  for  a  civil  and 
criminal  audiencia  at  Chihuahua,  that  of  (^luadalajara 
Iking  too  distant  for  any  practical  benefit  to  New 
Mexico.^*  Except  that  the  establishment  of  a  bishop- 
ric was  ordered  the  next  year,  no  special  attentirni  was 
{laid  to  the  delegate's  demands.  Don  Pedro  l^autista 
came  home  and  was  reelected  for  1820-1.  The  sum 
of  s<),000  was  sent  to  Mexico  to  pay  his  expenses,  but 
on  reaching  Vera  Cruz  he  could  only  obtain  of  this 
mn\  enough  to  pay  for  his  journey  to  that  poiiit;  and 
as  his  arrival  in  Spain  would  be  late  in  any  event,  he 

ta;.'orms  commerce,  etc.,  to  attract  the  people,  with  a  view  of  joining  N.  Mex. 
til  till  ir  Loiiisiaiiii  purchase;  tliey  have  also  tried  with  niucli  success  to  con 
viiR'L'  the  Intl.  that  the  Span,  are  by  no  means  invincible,  but  that  with  Anier. 
\vt;iii(iii.s,  etc.,  they  may  hope  to  conquer  the  province;  yet  the  people  of  N. 
Me.x.  have  never  yielded  to  the  temptation. 

"  I'iun  (Pedro  BmitiMta),  Ex]iOMicion  mirinta  y  sencilla  de  la  proi'incia  drl  N. 
Ml. I.:  Iifchd  j)or  mi  diputado  en  col•te.^. .  .con  arrcijlo  d  ««■<  inxtruccioneii.  ('jidiz, 
IM'J,  ISvo,  48  p.,  2  1.  Also  republished  with  various  additions  by  Jose  Agas- 
tiii  lie  Ivcuilero,  at  Mox.,  1S4'J,  as  A'o</(V(W  hi-itorictM  >/  exUidintiemt  de  It  antijua 
ymriiii-hi  lUl  yuei'o-Mexieo,  prenenhuins  por  «it  diputado  en  curies  D.  Pedro  Buti- 
tiil'i  Pino  en  ( 'ddiz  el  ai'io  dc  IS  12.  Adiciomidns  por  el  Lie.  1).  A  iilonio  Uarreiro 
III  lS-'".i:  y  uUiiiiainente  anoUidiui  por  el  Lie.  Don  Jo.ie  Aijiistin  de  E'Hiidiro,  pnrn 
hi  ruiiiisiiin  e.'<l(idi.ttica  iniliiarde  In  lieptVdica  Mejcicatvu  Mex.,  1S4!>,  Svo,  98  p., 
2  1.  Tliu  work  of  Barreiro  alluded  to  I  have  not  seen,  but  have  his  oj'wlit 
sciliri'  Xiirro-Me.riro,  of  1832,  in  which  there  is  no  allusion  to  Piao,  though  liis 
Wdik  niiiy  have  been  used  as  a  base.  Juan  Lopez  Cancelada  is  sai  1  to  have 
ijeta  the  writer  of  the  Ejyonicion,  using  information  supplied  by  Pino;  a. id 
it  is  til  bu  notieerl  that  in  the  paragraph  entitled  Itei/alox  ijiie se  haven  li  lo.t  <j'n- 
W'.>'  iNiiticias,  p.  87-8),  the  initial  capitals  of  the  sentences  spell  I'.'s  name. 

TliL'  live  presidios  asked  for  were  to  be  at  El  P.aso,  Rio  de  Pecos,  Socorro, 
T.uis,  and  (;is  a  depot  of  supplies,  etc.)  at  S.  Cristobal.  The  term  of  service 
fur  Settlers  should  bo  reduced.  Tlirougli  Pino  the  people  also  a.skeil  that  the 
lirnviiicu  should  be  divided  into  .S,  each  with  a  gov.  Tliese  positions  should 
he  of  ;f  grades,  in  respect  of  salary  and  rank,  and  each  gov.  should  begin  with 
the  hiwest  grade,  being  promoted  for  good  conduct  and  experience.  The 
salaries  slinuld  be  ;?25,000,  S3o,000,  and  54."),()00,  respectively,  whicli  in  the 
•iKgi't'i-'ite  would  not  be  much  more  than  the  govt  now  costs,  and  besides 
imuh  larger  Stavings  might  be  eflFected  by  suppressing  useless  positions  in 
Mexii.ii,  sucli  as  that  of  viceroy!  Clearly  Don  Pedro  was  a  man  of  some 
cheek. 

Hist,  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    19 


m 


290 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RU1.R. 


r 


1 1  .ijll'iii 


illl!i 


i'  V  ! 


i'     U 


:  ■;;  if 


decided  to  return  lionie,  'no  ol)stantc  sus  descos  (K- 
servir  A  la  patria.'*'' 

All  of  the  old  Louisiana  territory  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, ceded  by  France  to  8i)ain  in  17G2-3  and  ic- 
turned  to  France  in  1800,  was  finally  ceded  to  tliu 
United  States  in  1803.  From  this  date  to  1819  tlic 
question  of  boundary  between  United  States  territdiy 
and  Spanish  possessions  was  an  open  one.  Negotiatidiis 
on  the  subject  belong  proi)erly  to  the  history  of  Texas, 
and  are  treated  in  anotlier  work  of  this  series.*®  Near 
the  coast  the  line  betv.een  Louisiana  and  Texas  liad 
by  long  occupation  been  practically  settled  for  many 
years  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  but  partisan  theorists; 
but  in  the  interior  no  boundary  had  ever  been  fixed  nr 
needed,  and  indeed,  little  was  known  geographically 
of  that  region.  An  equitable  line  would  have  bccii 
one  from  a  point  on  Red  River  above  the  settlements 
extending  north-westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  at 
a  long  distance  from  the  New  Mexican  outposts.  J^y 
way  of  bluster,  the  Americans,  without  a  shadow  of 
right,  sometimes  claimed  all  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
the  Spaniards,  with  but  slightly  better  reascms,  all  to 
the  Missouri;  but  the  real  ideas  of  the  two  nations  did 
not  differ  materially.  The  Americans  thought  that 
Red  River  miffht  rise  in  the  mountains  and  flow  south- 
eastward,  so  as  to  constitute  in  itself  the  proper  boun- 
dary;" the  Spaniards  of  New  Mexico  in  a  sense 
regarded  the  Arkansas,  or  Napestle,  as  the  practical 
limit  of  the  territory  explored  by  them  in  their  Indian 
campaigns ;  and  thus  the  territory  that  might  plausilily 

^'^ Diario  de  CiUtcx  ExtmonUnnrim,  Oct.  21,  1821,  vol.  ii.,  MS.,  10;  /Irqx-, 
Idea  ijemml,  iiO.  In  I'iuo's  letter  to  the  t'drte.'J  explaining  liis  nou-atteinlance, 
he  complains  that  the  decrees  of  that  body  in  resj)onse  to  his  Erponiaoii ,  thdiiirh 
confinneil  by  royal  order  of  May  1),  '13  (probably  on  the  bishopie,  etc.),  lnul 
not  been  carried  into  effect. 

"'SoeZ/w^.  NorthMex.  States,  ii.,  with  references  to  the  original  corrcspdiid- 
ence. 

'^  Pike's  narrative,  to  be  noted  presently,  shows  this  general  idea;  yet  some 
earlier  maps — see,  for  instiince,  that  of  Lf  Page  du  Pratz,  1757,  in  [list.  A'.  IC 
Coast,  i.  601 — represent,  not  only  the  Red  River,  but  tlie  Arkansas,  as  ti-n  far 
south  in  the  interior  to  serve  the  purpose,  having  their  sources  south  oi  .Santa 
Fe. 


UNITED  STATES  BOUNDARY. 


291 


1)(  tlic  subjort  of  {liH|)iit(!  was  of  sliuflit  extent  and  value, 
and  would  tiisajJjK'ur  when  on  exploraticui  Hod  River 
should  bo  found  not  to  have  its  source  in  the  nioun- 
tiiiiis,  but  far  south  t>f  the  lej^itiniate  Spnnish  houn-, 
tlary.  And  indeed,  in  the  final  settlenuMit  of  18 II), 
thi-  Spanish  proposition  was  accepted,  and  the  Arkan- 
sas from  the  njouutains  down  to  longitude  '2'X  became, 
anil  most  equitably,  the  permanent  dividing  line. 

Between  Louisiana  and  New  Mexico  there  had 
be(!n  no  trade  or  habitual  communication  before  1800, 
though  some  slight  efforts  had  been  made  to  open 
siK  h  intercourse.  From  l)()th  directions,  however,  a 
flourishing  trade  with  the  Indians  had  grown  up.  In 
1804  William  Morrison  of  Kaskaskia,  despatching 
the  Creole  trader  Baptiste  Lalande  up  the  IMatte, 
instructed  him  to  carry  his  goods  to  Santa  Fe,  with  a 
view  to  test  the  commercial  prospects  in  that  direction. 
Oluying  his  instructions,  Lalande  succeeded  in  being 
ancsted  by  the  Spaniards  and  carried  to  the  capital. 
The  New  Mexicans  liked  the  g(K)ds,  and  Baptiste  liked 
the  country  so  well  that  he  resolved  to  settle  there, 
and  even  omitted  the  formality  of  accounting  to  ^lor- 
risoii  for  the  consignment. '**  In  1805  James  l*ursley, 
a  Kentuckian  who  left  St  Louis  three  years  before, 
after  many  adventures  among  the  Indians,  was  sent 
by  the  latter  to  negotiate  for  Spanish  trade,  and  after 
succeeding  in  this  mission  he  also  settled  at  Santa  Fe, 
working  as  a  carpenter." 

Zebulon  M.  Pike,  a  lieutenant  of  the  sixtli  United 
States  infantry,  after  an  exploration  of  the  U[>per 
Mississippi  while  Lewis  and  Clarke  were  engaged  in 
their  famous  expedition  to  the  far  west,  was  sent  with 
twenty-two  men  in  1806  to  explore  the  country  of  the 
lied  and   Arkansas  rivers,  and   to  establish  a  good 

'"Pjifce'*  Acct.  of  Exped.,  195,  210.  P.  foiiiid  L.  at  Sta  Fe  in  ro.liioed 
circumstances  in  1807.  Escudero,  in  Pinn,  A'oL,  74,  saysL.  died  inN.  Mex., 
loiiviiig  a  large  family  and  great  wealth. 

'"/'/'/.•(''«  Acct.  Ej-peiL,  api).  iii.  10-17.  Pike  seems  to  l»e  the  source  of  all 
tliat  is  known  of  Pursley  and  Lalande,  l)eing  followed  by  <Jregg,  Prince,  and 
otliLTs  wlio  have  written  on  the  Sta  Fe  trade.  Prince,  however,  has*  a  few 
elaborations  of  petty  items  that  may  possibly  come  from  other  sources. 


r 


292 


LAST  YB^ARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


it< 


understanding  with  ilie  Indians,  especially  with  the 
Conianches.  His  mission  was  in  many  respects  siiiii- 
lar  to  that  of  Melgares  from  the  opposite  directitui, 
though  his  force  was  much  less  in)posing.  His  piv- 
liminary  and  successful  negotiations  with  the  Osagcs, 
Pawnees,  and  other  nations,  from  the  start  in  July  from 
the  Missouri  River  at  Belle  Fontaine,  have  no  special 
connection  with  the  annals  of  New  Mexico.  \n 
October  he  was  on  the  Arkansas,  where,  as  hefoio 
reaching  that  stream,  he  found  frequent  traces  of  the 
Spaniards'  recent  visit.  At  the  end  of  the  njontl; 
Lieutenant  Wilkinson,  with  a  part  of  the  men,  embarlLcd 
in  boats  on  the  river  to  follow  it  down  to  the  Missouri 
junction ;  while  Pike,  with  the  rest  of  the  party,  starttd 
up  the  river  for  the  mountains,  intending,  according  to 
his  instructions,  to  return  by  the  Red  River  to  Natchi- 
toches.-" 

Pike  had  no  serious  troubles  with  the  Iiuiians; 
neither  did  he  accomplish  anything  in  his  mission  of 
conciliating  their  good-will.  Late  in  November  he 
was  at  the  base  of  the  lofty  peak  which  has  since  borne 
his  name.  Then  followed  two  months  of  winter 
wanderings  in  the  snows  and  mountains  and  pprks  nf 
what  is  now  C'olorado,"^  marked  by  the  most  terril)]^' 
sutt'erings  from  cold  and  hunger.  The  only  woiuKr 
is  t/Lat  all  did  not  perish.  Crossing  the  range  in  tlio 
vicinity  of  the  iiioclern  Leadville,  Pike  thought  himself 
on  the  Red  River;  but  after  a  perilous  descent  thoui^h 
the  canon,  found  himself  back  at  his  old  camp  on  tlio 
Arkansas.  Again  he  struggled  on,  over  another  series 
of  langes,  and  at  the  end  of  January  1807  succeeded 
with  part  of  his  companions — the  rest  being  left  beliiiid 
with    frozen    feet — on  reaching    another  large    riv(  r, 


\m 


t  m 


'■"•Tlie  pompany  pfter  the  separation  consisted  of  Capt.  Z.  M.  Piki',  I'r 
John  H.  Robinson,  Sergt.  Wni  K.  Mock,*  Corp.  Jeremiah  Jackson,*  piivMiii 
Henry  Keuuernian,  Jolin  I$rowu,  Jaeol)  Carter,*  Thoa  Dougherty,*  \\  in 
(iordeu,  Theodore  .Mdler,*  Hunli  Menaugli,  Jacob  Mountjoy,  Alex.  UdV, 
John  Sparks,*  I  at.  Smith,*  Freegift  Stoute,  and  Biironey  Vasquez*  :is 
interpreter.  Those  marked  with  a  star  did  not  reach  Sta  Fe  and  Chihuahua 
with  Pike,  as  exphiined  hiter. 

*'  Sec  ilut,  Colorado,  this  series. 


I W.  \  -J 


PIKES  EXPEDITION, 


293 


wliich  must,  he  thouglit,  be  the  Red  at  last.  His  plan 
\v;is  to  descend  the  stream  in  boats  or  rafts  to  Natehi- 
toches;  therefore  he  sought  a  suitable  spot  for  a  for- 
litii'd  camp,  where  the  necessary  }>re[)iirations  might 
ho  nia^le,  and  to  which  the  rest  of  the  party  might  be 
hrought,  as  a  few  of  them  soc»n  were.^'^  I  give  a  cop}'^ 
of  tlie  western  portion  of  Pike's  map,  showing  his 
roiiti'  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

The  litiutenant's  instructions  required  him  to  l)e 
very  cautious  as  he  approached  the  Spanish  frontier.'" 
His  idea  of  the  boundary,  however,  seems  to  have 
\hv\\  pecuhar,  for  he  built  his  fort,  not  on  the  eastern 
or  American  side  of  his  Red  River,  but  five  miles  up 
a  western  branch!  Here  he  raised  the  stars  and 
stripes.  He  desired  to  extend  his  exploration  into 
Spanish  territory,  or  at  least  to  learn  the  geographic 
nlation  of  his  fort  to  Santa  Fe;  and  he  had  a  pretext 
ready,  for  he  had  brought  William  Morrison's  bill 
ai;aiiist  Lalande,  and  with  this  document  I)r  Robinson 
started  alone  on  February  7tli  for  the  city  of  Holy 
Faith.  Ten  days  later  a  Spanish  dragoon  and  an 
Indian  made  their  appearance,  regarded  by  Pike  as 
spies,  who  said  they  had  come  from  Santa  Fe  in  four 
days,  and  that  Robinson  had  arrived  in  safety;  learned 
the  location  of  the  fort,  and  Pike's  intention  to  de- 
scend the  river  to  Natchitoches;  and  departed.  An- 
other ten  days  passed,  and  then  canie  a  force  of  50 
(haijcoons  and  50  militia  urdor  lieutenants  called  in 
tlie  i>arrative  Ijjfnacio  Saltelo  and  Bartolome  Fernan- 
dez.     Mow  Pike  was  informed  that  he  was  not  on 

'"  The  8  names  marked  with  a  Btar  in  note  20  are  those  who  did  not  <.'oine 
t(i  till!  cami)  before  Pike's  departure.  They  were  brought  into  8ta  Fe  a  little 
latii',  l)ut  I  lind  no  definite  record  of  wiiat  l)i'(;aiiie  of  tliem.  P.  hatl  8  men 
with  iuin.     The  map  is  takeu  from  tlie  French  edition. 

•^  'As  your  iuturview  with  tlie  C'oiuanclies  will  probably  load  yoti  to  the 
liciid  l)ranches  of  tiie  Arkansaw  and  Red  rivers,  you  may  liud  yourself  upproxi- 
iiMtoil  to  the  settlements  of  N.  Mex.,  and  there  't  will  be  necessary  you 
kIiouIiI  move  wich  great  circumspection,  to  keep  cK:ar  of  any  hunting  or  reeon- 
iiditiing  parties  from  that  province,  and  to  prevent  ala'-ni  or  offence;  because 
the  all'airs  of  Spain  and  the  U.  S.  appear  to  be  on  t!>e  point  of  amicable 
ailjiistiiietit,  and  moreover  it  is  the  desire  of  the  president  to  cultivate  the 
fric'ridslii])  and  hannonious  intercourse  of  all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and 
lurtioiilarly  our  near  neighbors,  the  Spaniards.'  Plke'a  Acct,  ExpeU.,  108. 
Tliu  lustruc.  were  givea  by  Gen.  Jamca  Wilkiosou. 


mM. 


m 


\    i! 


294 


LAST   YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


Red  River,  l)ut  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  his  camp  beincr 
on  the  Conejos  just  abo\c  the  junetion;  wliereupon 
he  at  once  h»wered  his  Hag,  for  he  could  but  admit — 


Pike's  Expkuition,  180G-7. 


especially  in  the  presence  of  100  soldiers — that  the 
Spaniards  miglit  have  some  legitimate  claim  to  terri- 


PIKE  ON  THE  RIO  GRANDE. 


295 


tory  occupied  by  them  for  over  two  centuries.  The 
Spaniards  were  most  courteous  and  kind,  supplying 
the  lialf-starvcd  and  half-naked  explorers  with  food 
and  blankets;  but  the  officers  presently  admitted,  what 
riko  liad  supposed  from  the  first,  that  the  Americans 
must  go  to  Santa  Fe.  Accordingly,  they  started  on 
the  irth,  part  of  the  Spanish  force  remaining  behind 
to  bring  in  the  eight  explorers  who  had  not  vet  reached 
the  fort.-* 

The  route  from  the  Conejos  was  across  to  the 
Chama  and  down  that  stream  })ast  Ojo  Caliente  and 
San  Juan.  The  people  were  uniformly  kind  and  hos- 
pitable in  their  treatment  of  the  strangers,  though 
their  nondescript  and  ragged  apparel,  consisting  of 
()\t'ralls,  breech-cloths,  and  leather  coats,  without  cov- 
ering for  the  head,  prompted  the  inquiry  if  the  Amer- 
icans were  a  tribe  living  in  houses  or  wearing  hats. 
Baptiste  Lalande  and  another  Frenchman  tried  to 
Main  Pike's  confidence,  but  were  regarded  by  him  as 
spies.  Solomon  Colly,  one  of  the  Nolan  party,  was  liv- 
ing in  New  Mexico,  and  served  as  interpreter.^^  The 
arrival  at  Santa  Fe  was  on  the  3d  of  March,  and  the 
a(l\  enturers  were  questioned  by  Governor  Alencaster, 
wiiose  conduct  was  courteous  and  dignified,  but  who 
said  that  Pike  and  his  men  must  appear  before  Cicu- 
eral   Salcedo  at  ChihuaJiua.     Pike  denied  that    Dr 


'^*  Pike  accuses  the  Spanish  lieut.  of  deceiving  him,  by  claiming  at  first  to 
have  come  from  (lov.  Alencaster  simply  to  aid  the  unfortunate  explorers  and 
to  tsooit  them  via  Sta  F»)  to  the  real  Re<l  River.  Possildy  there  was  soniu 
fdiiiidation  for  the  charge,  but  it  is  also  probable  that  Pike,  full  of  the  proju- 
(hit's  of  his  time  and  race,  regarding  himself  as  the  victim  of  oiitraue  on  ac- 
count of  an  innocent  blunder,  exaggerates  tlie  matter.  The  fact  is,  that 
(iiilers  from  the  com.  gen.  of  i"i?"''>oiaa  luteruas  required  the  gov.,  ami  very 
propurly,  to  arrest  and  Sind  to  (.'hihuahua  any  Amer.  who  miglit  be  found  in 
SlKiii.  territory,  always  avoiding,  if  possiltle,  any  violent  measures.  Pike's 
entry  may  liave  been,  as  he  claims,  an  innocent  error,  yet  the  location  of  his 
fort,  a.s  already  noted,  even  on  the  Red  River  theory,  and  Robinson's  coming 
almiu  to  Sta  Fe  as  to  a  place  not  far  oft'  or  very  ditiicult  to  find,  were  su.spi- 
iin\w  circumstances  strengthened  by  minor  details  of  Pike's  later  conduct. 
Wi'  are  told  that,  while  the  leader  recognized  the  necessity  of  submitting, 
SOUR'  iif  tile  men  were  disappointed  at  not  being  allowed  to  test  the  strength 
of  tiieir  fort  against  the  foe — or  having  a  (/«.s<  with  tlie  Spaniards.  Commu- 
nication w!us  chiefly  in  French,  Pike  knowing  but  few  words  of  Spanish. 

"  See  Hid,  North  Mex.  States  and  Texas  for  Nolan's  adventures  in  Texaa 
au'i  Chih. 


I 


!f! 


■i     V 


296 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


Robinson  was  a  member  of  his  party;  attempted  by  a 
ruse  to  prevent  the  examination  of  his  papers,  deem- 
ing  himself  sadly  'deceived'  when  the  governor 
shrewdly  prevented  the  success  of  his  trick  ;^*'  and 
occasionally  deemed  it  his  duty  as  a  free-born  Ameri- 
can to  ])e  suspicious,  independent,  and  disagreeable  to 
the  verge  of  insolence.  It  was  never  quite  clear  to 
any  of  Anglo-Saxon  blood  that  a  Spanish  official 
might  rightfully  interfere  with  his  personal  freedom 
to  do  as  he  pleased.  Yet  Pike  frankly  admits  the 
kindness  with  which  he  was  treated,  and  says  much  in 
praise  of  the  Spaniards  in  New  Mexico.  As  men,  lie 
and  his  party  were  well  treated;  as  Americans,  they 
must  needs  have  a  grievance.  Though  assured  lie 
was  not  a  prisoner.  Pike  insisted  on  receiving  a  cer- 
tificate that  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  Chihuahua. 

They  left  the  capital  on  March  4th,  after  a  dinner 
given  by  the  governor  in  their  honor,  Alencaster  tak- 
ing Pike  in  his  coach  drawn  by  six  mules  for  three 
miles.  Captain  Antonio  Almansa  commanded  the 
escort,  and  the  route  was  by  way  of  Santo  Domingo 
and  Alburquerque  to  a  point  below  Isleta,"'    whore 

''•Pike  distributeil  the  important  papers  among  his  men,  showinc  his 
trunk  containing  the  rest  to  the  gov.,  who  seemed  satisfied  and  returni'd  the 
trunk.  Tlion  P.  collected  the  papers,  fearing  the  men,  who  were  driiikiii)^ 
pretty  freely,  migiit  lose  them  or  give  them  up.  But  next  morning  tlio  guv. 
called  for  the  trunk  again,  and  Zobulon  was  outwitted  ! 

'■'"The  places  named  liy  P.  below  Albunjuerque  are  Tousac,  S.  Feriiaii^lez, 
Sabinez  (Sabinal),  Jaeales,  and  Sibilleta  (Sevillota,  or  CoboUetii,  ace.  to  I's  iiuc). 
Tliesc  may  be  supposed  to  include  Isleta,  Tome,  and  Bclen,  Sabinal  iieing  tlie 
only  name  m  hich  may  be  approximately  correct.  Sibilleta,  on  the  east  .side 
of  the  river,  is  described  as  a  fine  and  regular  village,  and  such  a  place  is 
mentioned  in  several  Span,  records  as  the  starting-point  of  the  caravans, 
sometimea  garrisoned  by  7  men.  Of  its  founding  I  Imd  uo  record,  nor  is  it 
mentioned  in  statistical  lists  of  '20-1. 

At  Sto  Domingo  rich  paintings  and  images  were  noted  in  the  cliurch;  at 
S.  Feliiie  a  fine  bridge  across  the  river.  Hero  Padre  Rubi  was  found  t»  be  a 
liberal  and  educated  man,  showing  a  valuable  sfcitistical  table.  Saiidui  is 
called  St  Dies.  At  Alburquerque  P.  Ambrosio  Guerra  was  hospitable,  thougli 
sadly  disappointed  that  he  could  not  make  a  Christian  of  Pike.  Here  a  party 
of  beatitiful  girls  contributed  to  the  entertainment,  including  two  of  Kiighnli 
parentage,  who  had  been  rescued  from  Ind.  captivity.  Apparently  at  l>lfta 
(not  named)  Dr  Robinson  was  added  to  the  party,  and  told  the  story  ot  lii« 
adventures.  Tliey  were  welcomed  with  a  danco  at  Tousac  (Tome  ?);  and  at 
S.  Fernandez  met  Melgares,  who  sent  out  an  order  for  the  handsomest  jiirla 
of  the  region  to  l)e  sent  in  for  a  fandango,  '  wliich  portrays  more  clearly  t!:;iu 
a  chapter  of  observations  the  degraded  state  of  the  common  pooplu. 


ii ;- 


THE  a:mericans  in  cuihuahua. 


297 


Lieutenant  Facundo  Melgares,  returning  southward 
with  his  dragoons,  took  charge  of  the  party.  For 
Ahnansa  and  Melgares  Pike  has  nothing  but  words 
of  praise.  Starting  on  March  11th,  they  reached  El 
Paso  on  the  21st  and  ChihuaJiua  on  April  2d.  Here 
Gonoial  Salcedo  treated  them  ujuch  as  Governor 
Aloiicaster  had  done,  but  insisted  on  retaining  Pike's 
papers.  The  Americans  were  finally  sent  home 
through  Coahuila  and  Texas  under  an  escort,  leaving 
Chiliuahua  at  the  end  of  April,  and  reaching  Natchi- 
toches in  July.  Pike's  book  was  published  in  1810; 
he  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general,  and  lost  his  life 
at  the  taking  of  Toronto  in  1813.  His  narrative  was 
interesting,  and  at  the  time  of  its  publication  of  much 
value.  Naturally,  it  adds  but  little  if  anything  to  in- 
formation derived  from  Pino  and  the  archive  records, 
yet  I  shall  have  occasion  to  cite  it  on  several  points.^ 

Moved  by  Pike's  account  of  the  New  Mexican 
country,  and  entertaining  an  idea,  perhaps,  that  Hi- 
dalgo's revolution  had  removed  the  old  restrictions  on 
trade,  Robert  McKnight,  with  a  party  of  nine  or  ten, 
crossed  the  plains  in  1812,  and  reached  Santa  Fe. 
The  result  was  that  their  goods  were  confiscated,  and 
they  were  arrested,  being  held  in  Chihuahua  and 
Durango  as  prisoners  until  1822,  when  they  were  re- 

-'*'  Pile  (Zi'hulon  MonUjomei'y).  An  nrrount  of  erpcditimu  to  the  sourcfx  of  the 
Mi^i-'xippi,  imd  thrmujh  the  wvxtern  jxirts of  Louisinini  to  thi'snurremf  the  Arkiiit- 
i>iiii;  Kiui.%  La  J'liUte,  and  Pierre  Jaun,  rirers:  yerfnrmetl  liij  order  of  the  i/orerii- 
iiiiii/  iif  the  United  Stales,  durinij  the  yearn  ISo'i,  ISdf'i,  anil  IS07.  Ami  a  tour 
tlirniiiih  the  interior  jxirtfi  of  NeiP  Spiht,  irhen  romliirted  throu'/h  thene  prorinerx, 
hij  nn/ir  of  the  captain-ije.'iernt,  in  the  year  IS07.  By  Major  Z.  M.  I'ile.  litii.t- 
traii'd  III/  inapn  and  ch  -.itx.  Phil.,  1810,  8vo,  with  portrait.  Parts  ii.,  iii.,  ctni- 
tiiiii  till!  cxped.  to  N.  Mex.  ami  L'liiii.,  from  p.  107;  also  ilcscriptive  and 
(lin'uiiioatary  appendices  to  parts  ii.,  iii.,  separately  paged.  Also  an  Kngli-ih 
wlitidii,  from  a  copy  of  the  Al.S.,  with  a  few  verltal  corrections  and  notes  iiy 
tlieiilitor,  Thomas  Rees,  under  the  title  I'ike'n  Erploratorii  1'iairl.t,  etr.,  Lon- 
don, ISll,  4to;  and  the  French  translation  of  M.  IJreton,  I'tke,  I'liyaije  <at 
Xiiiirnni  MeMi/ne.  Paris,  1812,  8vo,  2  vol.  See  also  lyaireii'x  Memoir,  '20  \; 
I'riiiir'n  Hint.  Sk:,  24()-(ir);  Pino,  A'j^Jfw.,  14-15;  Jiarreiro,  Ojrada,  .'iO  (I'ike 
lifiii)^  'Paykie'to  the  Span.);  Sta  Fe  ('oni/ue.it,  9;  instructions  in  Aniialnof 
Viuii,..  1808-9,  app.  1789-!H;  Sta  Fe,  X.  Mejr.  lieriew,  July  20,  '8:1;  liiiii/leys 
Ti-iiirU,  228-39;  also  Meline,  Gregg,  and  all  the  well-known  writers  on  N. 
.NU'X.  .subjects.  There  ia  uo  other  source  of  real  iuforiuation  than  Pike's  origi- 
ual  narrative. 


298 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


1 !    €'  >  1 


leased  by  Iturbide's  order.  Efforts  had  been  made  in 
1817  in  their  behalf,  at  the  intercession  of  John  Scott, 
the  Missouri  congressman,  by  Secretary  Adams, 
tiirough  the  Spanish  minister  Onis;  but  tliougli  thu 
latttT  wrote  on  the  subject  both  to  king  and  viceroy 
nothing  could  be  effected.^ 

In  1815  Auguste  P.  Choteau  and  Julius  de  jVImi 
formed  a  partnership,  and  went  witli  a  largo  party  to 
tlie  upjH'r  Arkansas  to  hunt  and  trade  with  the  In- 
dians. They  claim  to  have  confined  their  operations 
to  American  territory,  which  was  perliaps  soniewluit 
elastic  in  their  eyes;  at  any  rate,  we  have  only  tlicir 
version.  Visiting  Taos  and  Santa  Fe  in  1816  they 
were  most  favorably  received  by  Governor  Maincz,  a 
very  polite  old  gentleman,  who  said  there  would  bo 
no  objection  to  their  trapping  and  trading  east  of  the 
mountains  and  north  of  Red  River.  He  even  thouulit 
he  might  get  from  the  general  for  them  a  license  to 
hunt  beaver  on  the  branches  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Re- 
tiring to  tlie  nt)rth  to  await  the  desired  permission, 
they  were  often  visited  by  parties  from  tlie  settlements, 
who  came  to  trade.  But  earlv  in  1817,  after  Gov- 
ernor  Allande's  accession,  there  was  a  decided  change 
of  Spanish  policy.  A  force  of  200  men  under  Lieu- 
tenant Francisco  Salazar,  marched  out  to  search  for 
an  Anjcrican  fort,  said  to  exist  on  the  Rio  de  las 
Animas,  with  cannon  and  20,000  men!  This  fort  was 
n(»t  found,  but  in  June  Sergeant  Mariano  Bernal  \vas 
sent  out  to  arrest  the  Americans,  and  not  only  did  ho 
bring  in  Choteau,  De  Mun,  and  24  men  as  prisoners, 
but  opened  their  caches  on  the  upper  Arkansas,  and 

""^ Sta  F<',  MvMiiije  fromtlie.  •president  of  the  If.  S.,  trammitlinij. .  .iii/orwuti'in 
rcln/ire  to  tin'  nrrcst  (uid  wiprLionineut  q/'  rertiiin  Ainerkdn  citiziiin  at  Sin  I'e. 
Wiusli.,  April  li"),  '18,  8vo,  28  p.;  also  Amer.  St.  P<ip.,  xii.  4.'{o  o'J;  U.  S.  (<'■  n 
Dor.,\[)t\\  (.'oiig.  lat  Suss.,  319,  471;  Id.,  18th  Coug.  2il  Suss.,  Sou.  [hw.  7,  p. 
o;  Aiinal/1  of  Coiiijirnn,  1817-18,  ii.  1954-()G;  O  renij  8  Com.  of  the  I'niirk'%  i.  1".*- 
'20;  anil  otliur  works  on  the  Sta  Fe  trade.  Tho  naiuus  as  givi'ii  by  Scutt 
were  Rolxrt  McKnight,  Benj.  Shrive,  James  Bjiird,  Alfred  Allen,  .Micliul 
M'Donougli,  Will  Mines,  Samuel  Ciiambers,  Peter  Baum,  Thomas  Cook,  ami 
Miers,  an  intorpreter,  witli  perliaps  others.  It  is  said  that  '2  of  them  e.si'iiiii:ii 
in  a  canoe  down  tiio  Canadian  in  21.  Foster,  Lou  Am/,  in  '47,  MS.,  3-4,  siys 
that  iu  '45  MuKuight  was  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Sta  Rita  copper  uiiiies. 


TRADING  PARTIES. 


took  goods  to  the  valu(3  of  $30,380.74^.  At  Santa 
Fe  tlio  prisoners  were  triod  by  court-martial,  ktjpt  for 
4S  liours  in  Jail,  and  then  disniisstd  withont  their 
piupirty.  In  September  they  wens  back  at  St  l^ouis 
a|>piiiliii|:^  to  congn^ss  for  relief  In  18-0 -<!  their 
claiiii  for  .$.")(), 000  ilan)a^es  was  still  beini^  uriufed;  and 
ill  IS;>(J  the  connnittee  of  foreign  relations  reported 
"tliat  tlie  demand  ought  to  be  made  and  jiressed  with 
an  earnestness  })roportionute  to  the  magnitude  of  tlie 
iiijvny  anil  tlie  unreasonable  delay  which  has  arisen  in 
making  satisftiction  for  it."  Ex  parte  testimony  in 
such  ( laims  for  damages  must  of  course  be  taken  with 
(.lue  allowances/*' 

With  the  indei)endenceof  1821-2  the  Santa  Fe  trade 
proper — legitimate  but  for  some  liberties  taken  with 
Mexican  custom-house  regulations,  and  unobstructed 
cxcejtt  by  difficulties  and  dangers  of  the  journey  across 
tl)e  plains — may  be  said  to  have  begun;  and  it  will 
be  a  prominent  topic  of  later  annals.  Captains  (ilenn, 
Becknell,  and  Stej)hen  Cooper  were  the  men  who  in 
1821-2  visited  Sante  Fe  with  small  })arties,  making 
large  piofits  on  the  limited  (quantities  of  goods  they 
succeeded  in  bringing  to  market,  and  laying  the  foun- 
dations of  future  success.  About  these  earliest  trips 
ve  liave  but  little  information,  exce[)t  that  the  traders, 
uncertain  as  to  the  best  route,  endured  terrible  sutt'er- 
ings  fiom  thirst.  Becknell  made  two  tri[)S.  Major 
Cooper  still  lives  in  California,  as  I  write  in  188(5; 
and  from  Joel  P.  Walker,  one  of  his  companions,  I 
liavi'  an  original  narrative  of  their  adventures.^^ 

''\sVri  Fe,  McsK.,  etc.,  as  in  note  29,  a  larger  p.art  of  the  pimplilet  being 
ilcnotiil  to  the  (Jhoteau  claim  than  to  tlie  McKnight  atl'air.  The  tlou. 
iiulmle  a  Iniig  narrative  hy  Jnlius  de  Muii,  at  St  Louis,  Nov.  25,  '17,  and  a 
sworn  statement  of  11  nieiidicrs  of  the  party — French  (Canadians  all  signing 
witli  a  'X'— dated  Sept.  25,  '17.  On  the  claim  in  1.S25-3G,  see  U.  S.  <lort 
Dm-.,  '2-lth  Coil),'.  1st  Sess.,  Sen.  Doe.  nos.  4()0,  424.  Mention  in  Nlle.i^  li<'<J-> 
xiv.  47;  xvi.  272;  xxvii.  312.  There  was  another  claim,  for  the  imprisonmeat 
of  .1.  Kiirro,  but  no  [larticulars  are  given. 

^'  W'tilkn-  (J.  J'.),  iV<i/v(t<;w  o/a  /'ioiieei'  qf  '41,  MS.  For  details  of  their 
ailvcnture.s  with  Ind.  and  sufferings  for  want  of  water,  I  have  no  space. 
Capt.  Joe  Walker,  brother  of  Joel,  with  a  party  of  trappers,  joined  Cooper 
on  tlie  way  and  accompanied  him  to  Taos.  See  also,  on  these  cxped.,  flifij'ji 
('"III.  Pniirien,  i.  20-4;  Enriidero,  in  Pino,  Xi>(.,  75;  Niks'  liej.,  xxiii.  10,  177; 
xxvu.  ;Uj;  xxviii.  21)1);  Prince's  JJist.  Sk.,  271-3. 


ti 


;,!■  H 


nw-  ' 


W-M 


aoo 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


The  general  subject  of  early  exploration,  hunting 
and  trapping,  and  Indian  trade  and  warfare,  in  the 
great  interior,  though  one  that  is  closely  connected 
with  the  history  of  each  of  these  Pacific  States,  can- 
not, of  course,  be  fully  treated  in  any  one  of  my  vol- 
umes. In  each  I  note  those  expeditions  tliat  directly 
concern  its  territory,  and  refer  the  reader  to  the  annals 
of"  other  territories,  as  given  in  different  volumes  of 
this  series.  Some  chapters  on  Colorado  and  the  regions 
farther  north  will  be  found  useful  in  connection  with 
New  Mexican  liistory ;  and  matter  that  is  especially 
interesting  may  be  found  in  my  volumes  on  the  North- 
west Coast.^^ 

During  these  22  years  the  population  of  (jcnfr  dc 
razon  may  be  said  to  have  increased  from  11), 000  to 
30,000  in  New  Mexico  proper,  excluding  the  El  Pa.so 
district ;  while  the  number  of  pueblo  Indians  remained 
practically  unchanged,  between  9,500  and  10,000.  ( )tli- 
cial  reports  establish  these  figures  with  tolerable  accu- 
racy, but  afford  no  satisfactory  basis  for  more  detailed 
classification.^     The  capital  villa  of  Santa  Fe  reached, 

^'' Coi/iifrs  Lost  Trappern,  Cm.,  1859,  is  a  little  work  containing  iimiiy  in- 
tereitiiig  ami  valuable  details  of  the  early  trappers'  experiences;  Imt  i  i  t'.ic 
j)art  concerning  N.  Mex.  there  is  evidently  a  serious  error  in  dates.  Work- 
man and  Spencer  in  1807-9  are  represented  as  having  crossed  from  the  iipiior 
Arkansas,  south  of  Pike  Peak,  to  the  Colorado,  descended  that  river  to  tin; 
ford,  3tarte<l  on  the  Span,  trail  for  Sta  Fe,  met  a  caravan  from  that  town, 
accompanied  it  to  Cal.,  and  returned  with  it  to  Sta  Fe  in  1810,  and  lived 
there  for  15  years,  imtil  the  traders  came  often  from  the  east.  But  no  cara- 
vans crossed  from  N.  Mex.  to  Cal.  i:i  Span,  times,  or  before  '22,  so  that  tlio 
date  must  be  wrong,  and  much  doubt  is  thrown  on  the  general  accuniey  nf 
this  part  of  the  narrative.  The  northern  Sta  Fe  trail  to  Cal.  was  lirst  fol- 
lowed by  WolfL^ill,  in  '31,  and  the  trading  caravans  were  of  later  date. 

""A  report  of  Gov.  Alencaster  in  1805,  given  in  Melinei  2,000  MUi-<.  '21-, 
gives  a  totiil  pop.  of  20,020  Span,  and  8,152  Ind.,  besides  6,209  Span,  at  Kl 
Paso;  and  reports  of  Gov.  Mclgares  in  '19-20  give  Span.  27,214  and  28,4;i(i; 
Ind.  8,(!2G  and  9,923.  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.  Reports  of  the  custodio,  P.  Jo^e 
Pedro  Rubin  de  Ct^lis,  for  '20-1,  not  including  the  large  towns,  gives,  Sp;i}i. 
17,401  and  19,174;  Ind.  7,840  and  9,034.  Id.  These  are  the  only  exact  re- 
ports that  are  reliable.  There  are  general  estimates,  for  the  most  part  inehnl- 
ing  El  Paso  iind  Ind.,  as  follows:  1803,  pop.  40,200,  ace.  to  Humuoldt,  K-^sni 
Pol.,  155,  and  other  works,  followed  by  a  dozen  or  more  writers;  1804,  iJev. 
Chacon,  in  Avh.  Sta  F6,  followed  by  Pino;  28,798  in  1801.  Princi''.^  JH-'t. 
Sk.,  230-1;  39,797.  Soc.  Mfr.  Gvo<i.,  ii.  20.  About  30,000,  half  Ind.  /'//.-. 
34,205  in  1810.  Soc.  Mex.  Geoq.,  vii.  138;  2da  ep.,  i.  291.  40,0(H),  pcrluips 
60,000,  in  1811.  Pirn,  Exyos.,  44-5;  Not.,  14-17.     30,825.  Humboldt. 


GROWTH  OF  POPULATION. 


301 


perl  laps,  a  population  of  6,000  in  its  immediate  vicin- 
itv;  l>ut  on  account  of  the  meagre  records,  frequent 
discrepancies,  and  irregular  grouping  of  the  settlo- 
iiicnts  in  partidos,  local  items  of  population  have 
little  significance.  In  number,  location,  and  in  all 
n  s|»ect8  except  an  increase  of  Spanish  population  at 
certain  points,  the  settlements  remained  as  before,  and 
1  refer  to  the  final  note  of  the  preceding  chapter."* 

Conimercial  methods  continued  as  before.  Pre- 
siiinably,  fairs  were  still  held  at  Taos  for  trade  with 
the  Indians,  though  I  find  no  direct  indication  of  the 
fact  in  this  period;"'  each  autumn  tiie  great  caravan 
(Itpartcd  for  the  south;  at  El  Paso,  to  a  greater  extent 
tliaii  before,  the  company  was  divided,  small  parties 
seeking  ditierent  markets;  and  large  Hocks  of  sjieep 
were  now  driven  from  the  province.  In  1805  the 
viceroy  decreed  that  all  goods  bartered  by  Xew  Mexi- 
cans at  the  annual  fair  in  San  Bartolome  valley  from 
the  lyth  to  the  23d  of  Deceuiber  should  be  free  from 
tlie  payment  of  taxes  or  duties.'"'"     Down  to  about  1 798 


'*  Aoconling  to  the  official  reports  cited  in  note  33,  tlio  Span.  pop.  of  the 
Iculiii!,'  town.s,  most  or  all  inclndiny  oiitlyinjj  rancluis,  in  ISO.")  aad  IS'.'O  was 
:i.s  luUdws:  Sta  Fe,  3,741,  O.O.'W;  La  Caiiada,  2,188,  l.',(>3:!;  Albnniucniue, 
4.'J',M.  •_',."i(>4;  S.Juan  de  los  Cal)alleros,  1,888,  '2,l'2o;  Al.iquiii,  1,'JIH,  i;i82 
(lUt'.Mii'LM):  Belen,  l,r)88,  2,103  (1,75G  in '21);  Taos,  1.337,  l,2r)2;  Sta  Clara, 
IHiT.  I.llli:  Isluta,  378,  2,,324;  Picuries,  17,  1,041.  In  tlieru{)ort  of '21  Si.corro 
i.^  uivuii  with  a  pop.  of  l,r)80.  Tliu  largest  Ind.  puuhloj  in  20-1  were:  Taos, 
7"'l;  S.  Ildffonso,  527;  C'ochiti,  053;  Sta  Ana,  527;  Laguiia,  950;  Acoina,  821); 
Ziifii,  !,,V.)7;  and  Isleta,  513.  ilnndjoldt  for  1803  gives  Sta  Fe  a  pop.  of  3,000, 
Alluinnieniue,  0,000,  Taos,  8,90J;  Pike  in  1S;)7,  with  a  good  doscrip.,  gives 
S:,i  Fc  4,50i)  souls,  and  I'ino  in  181 1  a  pop.  of  5,000.  Pjcoj,  ace.  to  Pino,  was 
ou  its  list  legs,  liaving  but  30  fighting  men  in  '11,  an  1  in  '2J  its  pop.  was  58. 
An  (illii'iid  report  of  the  ayuntamiento  gives  the  pop.  of  El  Paso  in  '22  as 
S.M^4  sduls,  of  which  married  couples  llJl,  single  men  2,207,  single  women 
li, ITo,  widowers  3J5,  widows  417,  farmers  2,072,  artisans  081,  lalmrers 
-li'.l,  teachers  8,  priests  2,  merchants  5,  manuf.  0,  retired  soldiers  (i,  stu- 
ilints  3,  treasury  otiieiuls  2;  total  value  of  property  §2.'14,018.  Arc/i.  Sia 
/' ,  MS.  Pike  describes  Ojo  t'aliento  as  a  tow:i  of  500  iuhab.  and  a  mill;  and 
Ins  m  iition  of  several  unknown  names  in  the  south  has  bee:i  noticed. 

'  .Vpril  24,  180(),  (ren.  Saleeda  orders  the  trade  with  lad.  at  the  settle- 
ment* to  lie  encouraged.  J/W/.  St  i  Fe,  M.S.  Possibly  the  Tao.i  trade  declined, 
I'r  was  r.iore  seattere<l  to  other  points. 

"'  i'ec.  18,  1805,  original  decree  of  the  viceroy  in  bohalf  of  N.  Mex.  trade. 
Di<]xi.<.  I'lfWrw.  i.  131;  Diario  de  Mv.r.,  i.  353.  All  duties  wore  paid  i.i  the 
soiiili,  tliere  being  no  customdiouse  in  N.  Mex.  In  1803  (jov.  Cliacon  made 
a  niiciit  on  the  industries  of  N.  Mex.  .1  irh.  Sin  /V,  MS.  He  notes  the  divis- 
iniin  the  caravans,  and  the  export  of  25,000  sheep  per  year  (Pike  maki'  it 
3O,0OO).    Interior  trade  is  carried  ou  by  12  or  14  merchants,  only  2  or  6  of 


302 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


no  coin  was  known,  but  later  the  salaries  of  officers  and 
soldiers  wore  paid  in  money,  furnishing  a  supply  by 
no  means  adequate  to  provincial  needs.  The  govern- 
ment csta)ico  on  tobacco,  powder,  and  playing-cards, 
especially  the  first,  was  a  great  burden  for  the  ])eoj)l( . 
The  total  value  of  imports,  as  given  by  Pino  from  an 
official  report  of  the  Vera  Cruz  coimdado  in  1804,  was 
$  1 12,000  in  a  year;  while  the  exports,  chiefly  wool, 
wine,  and  peltries,  were  only  $60,000,  leaving  a  bal- 
ance of  trade  of  $52,000  against  New  Mexico.  Kx- 
])orts  might  easily  be  tripled,  as  Pino  thought,  ly 
proper  encouragement,  including  the  opening  of  ports 
on  tlie  Texas  and  Sonora  coasts.^^ 

There  were  no  new  developments  in  agricultural 
industries.  Products  in  New  Mexico  propi  r  were 
wholly  consumed  at  home,  and  irrigation  generally 
protected  the  inhabitants  against  drought,  as  in  1803 
and  1820-2;  and  the  Indians,  as  far  as  possible,  tried 
to  follow  their  old  custom  of  storing  the  products  of 
l>lentiful  harvests,  though  the  improvident  settlers 
were  sometiuies  caught  napping  and  suffered  from 
scarcity.  All  reports  praise  the  agricultural,  and 
especially  the  stock-raising,  advantages  of  the  prov- 
ince, under  proper  encouragement. ^"^     Spanish  artisans 

tliem  using  their  own  capital.  Everybody  trades  in  hia  own  way,  often  a 
very  bad  way.  Pino  describes  the  preparations  and  outfit  of  the  caravans, 
starting  500  strong  from  La  Joya  dc  Sevillcta  in  Nov.;  and  lie  nutcs  that  a 
smaller  force  starting  in  1801)  was  attacked  by  Ind.,  losing  several  kilKd  ami 
.300  horses.  For  Pike's  statement  tliat  two  caravans  left  N.  Mex.,  one  in  tlio 
spring  and  the  other  in  autumn,  I  find  no  foundation;  an  1  the  same  n mark 
may  be  made  of  iiis  assertion  that  30,000  sheep  are  drive. i  each  year  fiiuii  tlie 
province.  Pike  gives  some  current  prices  as  follows:  Hiuir,  5=2  per  \00  His.; 
salt,  !?5  per  unile-load;  sheep,  $1  each;  pork,  25  ct.s  per  lb.;  beeves,  8.")  eaeli; 
wine  del  Paso,  .§15  per  bbl. ;  horses,  §11  each;  mules,  i^.'lO  eaeli;  siiprrtiiie 
cloths,  825  per  yd;  fine  do,  S20;  linen,  §4;  and  other  dry  goods  in  proportion. 
And  Pino:  native  tobacco,  4  realos  per  lb.;  wheat  and  maize,  ^1  per  laiuga; 
cotton,  §3  per  fanega  (!). 

'■>'  Tlio  imports  included  SGl.OOO  of  European  goods,  $7,000  Asiatic,  .'SSI.IMIO 
American,  and — though  N.  Mex.  wa^  a  8tock-rai.«i;ig  country — ?jl0.o()0  ot 
horses  and  mules.  Yet  the  gov.  in  1803  says  that  (iOO  horses  and  mule.s  were 
annually  sent  away. 

^'  Chacon  {Fernando),  Tnforme  del  fiohcrnndor  snhre  Ind  nutrias  del  N.  JIm'., 
1S03,  in  Arch.  Sta  Fe,  MS.,  datoil  Aug.  2Stli.  T>)l):icco  raisetl  for  home  ccm- 
sumption  even  by  the  padres,  and  but  tor  the  estanco  on  cigars,  snufF,  etc..  t!ie 
product  might  bo  vastly  increased.  Books  on  agric.  and  stock-raising  Miiicli 
uceded.     Wool,  sheep,  auda  little  cotton  exported.     No  use  made  ot  timber. 


TRADE  AND   EDUCATION. 


303 


iiicluik'cl  a  few  carpenters  and  blacksmiths,  but  nearly 
all  nuclianical  and  other  work  was  done  by  the  In- 
di.iiis,  who  still  made  pottery  for  home  use,  tanned 
li  iitlur,  from  which  bridles  were  niade,  and  wove  ]nr*j;c 
(jiiiintities  of  coarse  blaid<(^ts.     They  also  made  some 
progress  in  weaving  cotton  textures  of  low  grade  under 
an  instructor  from    ^lexico."*"     (governor  Chacon,  in 
18<);{,  says  that  copper  is  abundant,  and  ajt[>Mrently 
I'uli,  but  no  mines  are  worked,  though  there  is  nnicli 
(ual  of  good  quality.     Pino,  in   1812,  also  notes  the 
iNistence  of  rich  deposits  of  copper,  gold,  and  silver, 
(if  which  no  use  is  made;  but  Pike,  in    1S07,  states 
that  a  copper  mine  west  of  the  river,  in  latitude  34", 
yields  20,000  mule-loads  of  metal  annually,  while  ves- 
sels of  wrought  copper  were  among  the  country's  ex- 
ports.    Bartlett  tells  us  that  the  Santa  liita  mine — 
really  just  below  33° — was  worked   from  1804;  and 
Prince  gives  more  details,  to  the  effect  that  the  mine 
was  discovered  in  1800  bv  Lieutenant-colonel  (\irrisco, 
who  sold  it  in  1804   to  Francisco  jVIanuel  Elguea  of 
Chihuahua,  by  whom  work  was  at  once  begun,  100 
mules  being  constantly   em})loyed    to   transport    the 
metal  to  Mexico  for  use  in  the  mint.*"     I  think  there 
is  room  for  some  doubt  as  to  the  early  working  of  this 
mine,  though  a  beginning  was  probably  made  before 
1822.     Pino  says  that  old   silver  mines  were  found 
closed  up,  with  the  tools  inside,  and   doubtless  the 
prospect-holes   made   by  the   Spaniards   before    1G80 
were  thus  found  occasionally;  but  there  is  little  or 

Pino  tflls  us  that  maize  yields  50  to  1 00  fold.  Tithes  "•mount  to  about  slO.OOO, 
ami  are  distrilmted  sis  foUows,  giving  an  idea  of  the  country's  produots: 
maize  .'{.0(10  taiiegas,  wheat  2,000  fan.,  vegetahles  1,0<X)  fan.,  wnol  1 ,0(H)  arrobas, 
cotton  40  arr.,  wine  400  arr.,  sheep  5,000,  ca'ves  2(R),  goats  .')<K).  As  we  have 
SL'oii,  there  are  some  sliglit  indications  that  each  puehh),  in  earlier  times,  had 
4  s(i.  leagues  of  land  assigned;  but  I'ino  states  that  in  1811  a  pueblo  ha.s  but 
1  league,  and  for  this  should  properly  have  .")()()  liul.  As  few  have  over  ',U)0, 
there  is  nuich  land  not  used,  on  which  Span,  shoul  1  be  allowed  to  settle.  See 
mention  of  agric.  topics  in  Xoiti'.  A  )ni.  Voi/.,  xxvi.  400;  Oonlon's  IliM.  and  Oanj. 
Midi.,  8."i-6;  A'ilcs'  Heij.,  xxiii.  16. 

-'■'/'(•//'.,  E.rpos.,  13;  /,;.,  Kof.,  10-20;  Pa-e's  Kjplor.  Tmr.,  335. 

*''  IhiHlcU'x  I'l-m.  X(xn:,  i.  227-9;  /'riiin's  IIUI.  Sk.,  241;  St  i  Fe,  ,V.  Mf.r. 
Rrriiir,  .luly  29,  '83.  In  1804  a  Comanche  reported  a  gold  mine  in  a  ccrro  15 
(1.  from  Pecos,  and  was  ordered  to  bring  in  some  of  the  ore.  Arc/i.  Stn  Fe,  MS. 
C'eul  nieut.  iu  Soc.  Mex.  6eoy.,  ii.  20,  iu  1805. 


m 


804 


L.VST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH   UULE. 


notliin<^  to  show  tliat  any  practical  mining  was  over 
doiu;  in  New  Mexico  under  Spanisli  rule.  Ston«!  was 
not  used  tor  building,  but  oidy  adobes;  yet  a  stini- 
trans[)ar(!nt  i/'w,  "r  gy|/suin,  was  quarried  near  Santa 
Fe  and  used  for  window-panes.  Pike  calls  it  a  Hrx- 
ible  talc/'  l*ino  tells  us  that  roads  in  the  province 
were  gocxl,  but  he  did  not  allude  to  artificial  inii)r()\ t- 
ments. 

There  were  no  colleges  or  public  schools,  and  no 
professional  man — except  of  the  military  profession 
or  ]>riest  had  been  produced  in  New  Mexico.  Tluro 
were  a  few  j)rivate  teachers  in  the  larger  towns,  and 
at  Kl  Paso  from  180(5-7  a  school  seenis  to  have  ixi  n 
maintained,*'  The  only  medical  man  in  the  countiy 
was  the  presidial  surgeon  at  Santa  Fe.  Of  social 
manners  and  customs  we  have  nothing  })ertaining  t  s- 
|)ecially  to  this  period,  except  the  somewhat  superli<lal 
observations  of  Pike.  He  represents  the  New  Mexi- 
cans, however,  as  brave,  industrious,  and  above  all 
hos})itable,  but  somewhat  loose  in  their  ideas  of  innral- 
ity,  implying  that  on  this  }»oint  he  could  sa}^  much 
more  than  would  be  in  good  taste,  cc  isideiing  the 
kindness  with  wliich  he  had  been  treated.  In  most 
social  respects  this  province  closely  resembled  Cah- 
fornia,  where  the  condition  of  affairs  is  well  known  to 
readers  of  other  vtdumes  in  this  series. 

The  government  and  administration  of  justice  v>'ere 
still  essentially  military,  as  they  had  always  been,  the 
governor  being  also  military  chief.  There  were  no 
ayuntamientos  or  other  nmnicipal  bodies,  no  coints, 
no  taxes,  no  treasuries  or  municipal  funds.  Each  of 
the  eiirht  alcaldes  attended  to  all  local  matters  in  liis 
own  alcaldia,  being  responsible  to  the  governor,  from 
whose  decision  the  only  appeal  was  to  the  audiencia 
of  Guadalajara.  An  audiencia  at  Chihuahua  was 
deemed  an  urgent  necessity.  The  governor,  with  a 
salary  of  $4,000,  had  no  legal  adviser  or  notary,  hut 

♦'  The  yeso  ia  mentioned  by  Chacon  and  Pino. 

^Tive  hundred  and  eighty-four  children  in  attendance  in  1806;  400  iu 
1S07.  Arch.  Sta  Fi,  MS.     Pino  says  there  were  no  beggars  or  vagrants, 


EDUCATION  AND  (iOVKUNMENT. 


30S 


was  aided  l)y  two  lieutenants  and  two  alfereccs.  The 
alialdcs  wtTo  vecinos,  who  «;ot  no  )»ay.  A  Hc^utenant 
(if  tlic  yjoven.or  in  his  niilitary  capacity  ruled  at  El 
J>.is()  for  a  Hidary  of  $'2,0()0." 

Till'  rcj^'ulur  military  force  supported  by  the  royal 
ti't  a>ury  was  lUl  nuii,  iorniinfif  the  ]>residial  or  veteran 
(Kiiipaiiy  of  Santa  Fe."  J^ut  Pino  stat«  s  that  an  av- 
t'la^c  force  of  1,500  men  had  been  recpiiretl  to  defend 
tilt  province,  wiiich  the  settlers  had  furnisiicd  without 
itav.  and  even  armed  and  e«jui[)j>ed  at  tlieir  own  cost, 
thiis  suvini,^  the  kin«(  84:{, 01)0,000  in  the  past  UH 
\(ars/'  There  was  i)roi)ably  a  dejL^ree  of  exa^j^geration 
ill  this,  but  the  deputy  complained,  with  reason,  that 
till:  system  was  an  intolerable  burden,  urgini^  that 
X(  w  Mexico  should  bi;  p.'t  in  this  respect  on  the  same 
basis  as  other  })rovinces;  that  the  militia  should  be 
]»roii»  il\  organized,  paid,  and  armed;  and  that  five  }>re- 
.>i(li()s  should  be  establislu^d  or  transferred  from  the 
south.  In  January  181*3  Pino  uru-ed  this  part  of  his 
sclitine  anew  in  the  cortes;  it  was  referred  to  the 
rnnns.'nn  (iltni  mariiia ;  and  in  May  some  kind  of  an 
(ii'Icr  lial  been  issued  by  the  r(\iL;[ency  to  the  viceroy, 
]ii()l)aljly  one  to  investij^ate  and  report/''  A  year  later 
l)(iii  Simon  Ellas,  bein<^  called  upon  for  his  o|)inion,  re- 
]i()i'ti.'(l  ajj;ainst  the  transfer  of  the  southern  presidios 
to  \('\v  Alexico,  but  favored  the  establisliment  of 
two  new  ones  on  the  Rio  Grande  between  Sevilleta 
and  El  Paso/'     So  nothin*^  was  done.     At  this  time 

"  n.ivis,  El  Onnijo,  83,  notes  the  execution  of  a  soldier  in  '15  for  a  petty 
tliift  ';in  Ml  evidence  of  tlie  iron  rule  that  iirevailcd  in  those  days.'  By  tlie 
fipiistitutioii  a  [jrov.  of  less  than  00,000  pop.  was  to  be  joined  to  tlio  adjoining 
I'liiv.  I(ir  the  election  of  a  diputado.  Sto  Domingo  was  an  exception,  and 
I'iiio  argued  that  N.  Mex.  slioidd  be  another. 

"  I'istrib.  as  follows,  ace.  to  Pino:  39  in  the  real  de  cahallada,  or  movable 
ilitailimciit,  12  on  guard  at  the  capital,  7  at  Sevilleta  on  the  southern  frontier, 
;iiiil  tlie  rest  scattered  at  various  points  with  the  militia.  The  pay  of  a  sol- 
dier uaa  1*240.  Pike.  Explor.  Tniv.,  344,  talks  of  a  force  of  1,000  dragoons  at 
Sta  Fe. 

"  I'hin,  Ervos.,  14-20;  Id.,  Xol.,  41  4.  In  1808,  3  companies  of  militia  were 
nrgaiiiz.il  under  captains  Ijoreuzo  (iutierrez,  Jo.sc'  Fran.  Pino,  and  Bartolonie 
Vuia,  til  men  in  each  com^i. ;  but  down  to  1812  they  had  received  no  pay. 

"■  hMi-ii)  ,1,'  (^(irten,  1813,  xvii.  50;  xix.  307. 

*"  Miiy  20,  '14,  report  of  Eliaa,  in  Piwut.  />  >-•.  Hist.  ChU,.,  MS.,  15-24.    Cost 
of  SU  Fe  coiiip.,  127  men,  in  '14,  S3(i,(i44.  MS.  of  Pimtrt  Col. 
Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex  .    20 


r\    :l 


I 


306 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


the  presidio  of  Carrizal,  formerly  at  El  Paso,  was  no 
lonjjfer  considered  as  beloimiiii;  to  New  Mexico. 

We  have  seen  that  the  nuui'oer  of  christianized 
pueblo  Indians  neither  increased  nor  diminished  jxr- 
ceptibly  in  these  22  years;  nor  were  there  any  clian;j,(s 
in  tlie  svstem  of  mission  manacjemont.  There  were 
from  19  to  22  Franciscan  friars  in  charge  of  the  mis- 
sions; but  they  lived  chiefly  at  the  places  havinLT  a 
large  Spanish  population.  Pino  states  that  in  1.^1! 
in  19  purely  Indian  pueblos  there  were  but  five  mis- 
sionaries. There  was  one  secular  priest  at  Santa  F6, 
and  there,  as  at  Alburquerque  and  Santa  Cruz,  the 
friars  were  supported  by  fees;  the  rest  by  their  siiiodos 
of  $330  from  the  royal  treasury."*^  On  one  phase  of  tlio 
earlier  controversy — complaints  of  the  patUvs  aiifainst 
the  governor  and  alcaldes  for  ill-treating  the  Indians — 
I  find  nothing  new,  though  there  is  little  reason  to 
suppose  that  any  practical  reform  had  been  efl'octrd. 
Lieutenant  Pike  found  the  natives  virtually  slaves,  and 
cruelly  treated  by  the  Spanish  officers.  On  the  otlur 
hand,  the  friars'  shortcomings  were  still  a  current  topic 
of  d'spute.  In  consequence  of  a  petition  from  the 
natives,  the  exact  purport  of  which  is  unknown  to  mt\ 
Protector-general  Andrade  at  Guadalajara  in  lsli> 
appointed  Felipe  Sandoval  'protector  partidario"  (»f 
the  New  Mexican  Indians.  Sandoval  in  his  repnit 
stated  that  the  padres  were  content  with  sim[)ly  f^ax  iiiu' 
mass,  and  the  neophytes  were  in  reality  deprived  of 
spiritual  instruction.  This  brought  out  a  reprimand 
from  the  bishop  of  Durango;  and  the  vice-custi  (Ho, 
Padre  Sebastian  Alvarez,  called  upon  the  friars  for  a 
defence  in  1818.  They  indignantly  denied  the  tiuth 
of  the  charg'js,  declaring  that  the  'protector'  was  not 


*"  Piiin,  Xot.,  15-10,  SS;  E.rpoK.,  7-8.  He  notes  that  an  Ind.  woman  will 
not  luNir  n'ore  tluiii  4  cliiUlren,  taking  provfutivo  drinks.  In  '•_'0-l,  tlnio 
were  10-'2I  pailres,  with  11  sinodos,  auiouuting  to  8S, '2811  or  .*.'{, ODD.  '/,,/.•.«, 
fii/oniit',  Ms.  I  niiike  no  attempt  to  rcconl  the  names  of  padres  servoi::  ■lur- 
ing tliis  and  later  periods,  tliougli  many  of  them  iiiiglit  probably  bo  obtaiiU'l 
from  old  uiiasioii  registerd  ojid  >    'ler  records  sail  e.xistiug. 


MISSION   AFFAIRS. 


807 


only  influenced  by  evil  motives  but  was  a  tliit  f.*"  No 
bisliup  visited  the  province  after  17()0,  and  thoret'ore 
there  were  no  confirmations.  Delej^ate  Pino,  a  New 
Mixican  50  years  of  age,  bad  never  seen  a  bisbop 
until  be  came  to  Spain  in  1812.  He  urijently  de- 
manded the  erection  of  his  province  into  a  separate 
hisliopric,  and  the  carrying-out  of  the  royal  order  and 
papal  bull  of  1777-9  in  favor  of  a  college.  His  idea 
was  that  the  tithes,  yielding  $'J- 10,000,  as  disadvan- 
ta^eouely  rented,  were  an'.jiie  to  pay  the  episcopal 
salary  and  all  othor  necessary  expenses;  besides,  the 
sinodos  of  six  miss-,ions  might  justly  l)e  added,  since  the 
fits  at  Helen,  Isleta,  Abiquiu,  Santa  Clara,  San  Juan, 
and  Taos  would  suffice  for  tue  friars'  support.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  January  2(5,  1813,  the  erection  of  a 
hisliopric  and  establisl.ment  of  the  college  were  de- 
creed by  the  cortes;  and  s(^me  supplementary  instruc- 
tions were  issued  in  May;  but  practically  nothing  was 
done  under  Spanish  rule. 


50 


It  is  to  be  regretted  that  nothing  is  know'n  of  polit- 
ical events  and  sentiments  in  New  Mexico  during  the 
war  of  independence  in  lHll-21.  There  is  no  indica- 
tion that  the  great  national  struggle  sent  even  a  ri[)pIo 
of  I'xcitement  to  the  northern  interior;  and  we  may 
rtasonaldy  co!iclude  that  oihcials  and  ])i'ople  here,  as 
in  California,  were  content  to  await  the  issue,  in  which 

*'Apl>(iiiitiiieiit  of  Sandoval  Aug.  20,  ISUt.  in  Arrh.  S/n  /■'»,  MS.  Dfyclop- 
iiii'iit.s  lit  1818.  X.  Ml  J-.,  I)(j'i  iixii.i  lie  MiiiiiiivriM,  ;  i  lil.  On  M.in'li  'Jt'),  '18,  tlii> 
giiv.  iiiul  l.i.<lio])  wore  iiski'd  hy  tiic  amliencia  to  sie  tiiat  tlio  Ind.  of  .Knuvs 
^llllul.l  rocc'ivL'  iiroj'or  Christian  instruction  in  Sjianisli.  /(/.  Tlio  friars  wiio 
sigiii'il  the  hifinMiM  wvw,  Mariano  l'i'f\on,  I^i^'uiia;  .lose  IV'ilro  Kuhi,  Hi'Ii'u; 
.hist'  Ign.  Sant'lit'z,  Isleta;  Miego  Martini.'z  do  Arullano,  Sandia;  Ocnininio 
liic-o,  S.  I'Vlijiu.  In  180,")  I'adro  I'r.icla  aska  thu  j^nv.  fur  relief  for  Ziifii, 
wl'.ie  till!  position  of  the  jiadre  in  time  of  pea^'e  \va  i  intoleral»lo,  and  in  war 
'Host  iieriloiis.  Tlie  Zunis  have  no  iuelmation  to  < 'hristianity,  and  only  a  fi'W 
jiiy  .uiy  attention  to  its  rite.s.  They  wt're  friL/nlly  to  the  hostile  N  ivajo.s, 
«  lio.  (Ill  theii  visits  to  Zuui,  vere  always  furnished  wouieii  with  wimni  to  sleep; 
ainl  similar  iirivilegea  were  otl'ered  to  Lieut.  Narhona  and  his  men.  Airli.  Sta 
Fi,  MS, 

■"^'I'iim,  Xot.,  19,  '2'2,  :n  S,  {H)-'2;  /./.,  /■:.I^XM.,  7  8,  '2:>  l-.  hmrh  ill  Ciiftrs, 
IM'-',  xvi.  |f.(t;  I8i:{,  X.\.  Ul-l';  r, „■(,:<,  Cnl.  ih'  J>irn/i,-,  iii.  'JOO;  A  rriWit/n, 
/i'm''i;i  ,  1S30,  ]t.  1)5  (5.  In  liis  Ai/iriniii-'f  to  Pino,  ji.  ;U  of  \nfirl,i.i,  Harreiro 
s|M  aks  of  a  decree  of  Jan.  '2i\,  '18,  in  favor  of  the  hi.shopric  and  colegio.  Some- 
tiiiiiL;  wa.^  also  attempted  lu  ''J3. 


aos 


LAST  YEARS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


;i  i 


s  1^ 


jifi     i' 


they  took  but  slight  interest,  and  of  which  in  its  de- 
tails they  were  to  a  great  extent  kept  in  ignorance. 
In  New  Mexico,  the  element  of  private  correspond- 
ence, so  important  an  aid  in  tracing  the  annals  of 
this  period  in  California,  is  entirely  lacking  in  the 
records  within  mv  reach.  We  have  seen  that  in  1822 
Governor  Melgares  was  succeeded  by  Chavez,  and 
also  that  Vizcarra  ruled  for  a  time  in  the  same  year. 
Besides  this  brief  record,  we  have  one  important  doc- 
ument of  1821,  which  shows  how  news  of  Iturbide's 
accession  was  received,  and  which  may  indicate  that 
New  Mexicans  were  not  behind  Californians  in  the  ver- 
satility displayed  in  accepting  the  successive  changes 
of  government,  with  prodigious  and  suddenly  acquired 
enthusiasm  for  each. 

It  was  on  September  11th  that  the  'dulce  voz  de 
libertad'  was  first  heard,  and  lovers  of  the  country  and 
religion  swore  to  the  independence  at  Santa  Fe;  and  on 
December  2Gth — |dia  glorioso!  jDia  de  admiracion, 
y  dia  tan  eternal  para  los  Nuevos  Mexicos,  que  de  pa- 
dres a  liijos  se  ira  trasmitiendo  hasta  la  mas  reniota 
posteridad ! — came  news  of  Iturbide's  entry  into  Mex- 
ico. Dozens  of  citizens  received  communications  in 
writing  and  print  by  the  mail  of  that  day,  which  they 
road  aloud  to  the  crowd  at  the  post-office,  the  gov- 
ernor reading  a  patriotic  address  from  the  city  of 
Topic,  with  a  poetic  elTusion  of  that  'liberalisiino 
(iuropeo'  Don  Pedro  Negrete,  on  listening  to  which 
all,  from  the  '+ierno  parvulito'  to  the  'treniulo  an- 
ciano,'  were  beside  themselves  with  joy,  and  filled  the 
air  with  vivas,  as  Melgares  shouted,  "  New  Mexicans, 
this  is  tlic  occasion  for  showing  the  heroic  patriotism 
that  inflames  you;  let  your  sentiments  of  liberty  and 
gratitude  be  published  abroad,  and  let  us  show  ty- 
rants that  although  we  live  at  the  very  extremity  of 
North  America  we  love  the  holy  religion  of  our 
fathers;  that  we  cherish  and  protect  the  desind 
union  between  Spaniards  of  both  hemispheres;  and 
that,  with  our  last  drop  of  blood,  we  will  sustain  the 


iii:'r 


Ti'URBIDE  AND  THE  EMPIRE. 


309 


sacred  indepenr'ence  of  the  Mexican  empire!"  The 
6th  of  January,  1822,  was  set  apart  for  a  formal  cele- 
bration, which  should,  if  possible,  excel  that  of  Topic, 
At  dawn  the  salutes  of  artillery  and  the  marching;  of 
processions  began;  and  with  dawn  of  the  next  day, 
ended  the  grand  baile  at  the  palacio.  Never  did 
Saiiia  Fe  behold  such  a  splendid  displa)^.  The  inde- 
poidientisimo  postmaster,  Juan  Bautista  Vigil,  ex- 
celled himself  in  painting  decorations;  the  excesivo 
i)}ilependie'>^*e  alcalde,  Pedro  Armendaris,  led  a  tri- 
im\\A\Sii\t  paseo ;  and  a  grand  loa  de  las  tres  garantias 
was  performed,  by  Alferez  Santiago  Abreu  represent- 
iiiii;  independence.  Curate  and  Vicar  Juan  Tomas 
Terrazas  religion,  and  Chaplain  Francisco  Osio  the 
union.  All  through  the  day  and  night  the  villa  was 
jiainted  red  with  independence  or  death,  and  Gov- 
ernor Melgares  wrote  a  flaming  account  of  the  whole 
affair  for  the  Gaceta  Imperial.^^  Doubtless  Don  Fa- 
cundo,  realizing  the  side  on  which  his  bread  was  but- 
tered, saw  to  it  that  nothing  was  lost  in  telling  the 
story;  and  presumably  the  fall  of  Iturbide  a  little 
later  was  celebrated  with  equal  enthusiasm.  There 
was  nothing  mean  or  one-sided  in  New  Mexican 
patriotism. 

•'"'  Mtlijnrts  ( Facundo),  Demostraciones qiiepara  mhminzar  la  Indejiendevrin  del 
Imyeno  hlzo  Ui  ciwitul  de  SUi  Fe,  1S22.  In  Gaceta  Inij).,  March  23,  '26,  "2'2,  ii. 
85-"JI{.  Proclamation  of  the  plan  de  Iguala  in  N.  Mex.,  1821,  nientioneil  in 
Alamnn,  Ifint.  Mej.,  v.  237-9,  from  the  same  source.  It  is  noticualilc  that  in 
the  celebration  the  gov,  is  called  jej'e  politico,  and  an  ayuntainieiito  is  men- 
tioned. Sept.  10,  *22,  N.  Mex.  was  made  one  of  the  5  Proviiicias  luternas 
Hiiiler  a  coin.  gen.  at  Chih.,  corres.  to  the  earlier  intendencia;  that  is,  there 
wa.s  practically  no  change  in  N.  Mex.  Mex.,  Mem.  (juerra,  1S23,  p.  25. 


P     ' ' 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


w 


A    MEXICAN    TERRITORY. 

1823-1845. 

SirccESSioN  OF  Ruler;'.— Tkrkitory  and  Department — Civil  and  Mii.it  u;v 

(ioVEKNJlENT — CHRONOLOGY — InUIAN  AfFAIRS — REVOLUTION  OF  IS'M  S 
— rKKK/,    (JONZALKZ,     AND    Ak.MIJO — TeXAN    SaNTA    Fe    EXPEDITION    (iK 

1841  — 1/i.KEAi'  OF  THE  Invaders— Texan  Raids  for  Plunder  in  1S4:!— 
McDaniel,  Warfieli),  and  Snively — The  Filibusters  Foiled — Tup. 
Santa  1'e  Trade— Com.mekce  of  the  Prairie.s — Map— Events  ami 
St.vtl>*tic.s  —  Storks  and  (Jreoo  —  P.vttie's  Exploit.s  —  Califok.ma 
Caravans  Industrial  Condition — Mines  and  Missions — Schools— 
Newspaper — Population. 


f     'ii 


The  ruler  at  Santa  Fe  during  the  Mexican  repuMi- 
can  rojj^imo  of  1823— iG  was  known  as  jefe  politico 
until  18:57,  and  later  bore  the  title  of  gobernudor, 
The  list,  as  made  up  from  those  of  Prince,  Mcliiio, 
Ritch,  and  the  United  States  Lind-t>ffiee  reports,  with 
slight  corrections  from  original  sources,  is  given  in  a 
note.^  As  a  rule,  nothing  is  definitely  known  respect- 
iniX  the  acts  of  the.se  officials  or  the  circumstances  of 
their  accession  to  power. 

Until  lS'2-i  Xew  ^Mexico  was  a  province,  one  of  the 
Provincias  Internus,  until,  by  the  acta  constitutiva  of 
January  31st,  it  was  joined  to  the  provinces  of  Chi- 

1  List  of  governors  of  N.  Mex.,  18i!.'i-4G:  Antonio  Vizcarra  to  Juno  IS'JIt; 
Francisco  .Tavier  Cliavi'z,  Juno  and  July,  acting;  Bartolonie  Vaca,  IS'J.')  to 
Sept.  182");  Antonio  N:ul)ona,  Sept.  1825  to  May  1827;  .Manuel  Ariu'jd, 
1827-8;  Antonio  Vizcarra,  acting  in  1828;  Josii  Antonio  Cliavez,  182S  'M; 
Santiago  Abreu,  18:!l  2,  or  iicrhaps  to  18;>;J;  Francisco  Sarracino,  18.'?IJ  to  May 
1835,  tiiough  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz  seeina  to  lie  named  in  the  archives  in  Oct. 
1834;  Mariano  Chavez,  acting,  May  to  July  1835;  Albino  Perez,  183,V7; 
Pedro  MufidZ,  acting,  1837-8;  Jo.se  (ronzalez,  jireteudant  or  rovolutiuiiary 
gov.,  1837-8;  Manuel  Ariiiijo,  Jan.  1838  to  184():  Antonio  Sandoval,  acting', 
18-41;  Mariano  Martinez  do  Lejanza,  acting,  1844-5;  Jo.stS  Chavez,  ai'ting, 
Sept.  to  Dec.  1845;  and  Juan  Bautista  Vigil  y  Alarid,  acting,  in  Aug.  lt>40. 

(310) 


REPUBUCAX  GOVERNMENT. 


311 


huahua  and  Durango,  to  form  the  Estado  Interno  del 
Xorte.  Durango,  however,  protesting  against  this 
arrangement,  because  the  capital  was  fixed  at  Chihua- 
liua.  the  two  southern  provinces  were  made  states,  and 
from  July  6th  New  Mexico  became  a  territory  of  the 
re[iul)lie.  At  tlie  same  time  the  El  Paso  district  was 
joined  to  Chiliuahua,  but  no  eastern  or  western 
bdiiiiils  were  assigned  to  New  Mexico,  it  being  under- 
stood that  the  territory  extended  in  those  directions 
far  out  beyond  the  settlements,  and  in  the  north  to 
the  Arkansas,  the  Hmit  of  Mexican  possessions  since 
1819,  Under  the  new  constitution  of  December  1836 
the  territory  became  a  department,  and  was  so  called 
to  the  end  of  Mexican  rule.^ 

Under  the  new  forms  of  the  republican  regime 
there  was  practically  no  change  in  the  government,  all 
I  ranches  being  controlled  somewhat  arbitrarily  by  tlie 
governor.  Tliere  was  a  kind  of  legislature,  or  execu- 
tive council,  of  four  or  six  members,  known  as  the 
diputacion  provincial,  or  territorial,  from  1824,  junta 
cle|iartamental  from  1837,  and  sometimes  asamblea  in 
1S44--5;  but  this  body  is  stated  by  Barreiro  and 
others  to  luive  been  a  nullity,  and  very  little  is  known 
of  its  aets,^  Instead  of  the  alcaldes  niayores  of 
Spanish  times,  there  were  ayuntamientos  at  a  few  of 
the  1'irger  towns,  with  ordinary  alcaldes  at  the  smaller 
settl  nnents.*     In  1844,  by  a  decree  of  the  asseinl>ly, 

^July  19,  1823,  decree  alluding  to  N.  Mex.  as  one  of  the  Provineias  Int. 
lie  Occiik'iite,  and  providing  that  tiio  civil  and  military  coininand  be  supa- 
rati'd.  Mix.,  Col.  Ord.  y  Decret'M,  ii.  147-8.  Acta  const,  of  Jan.  1824.  Mcr., 
Col.  (iiH-it'd.,  i.  3.  Decree  of  Fob.  4,  1824,  N.  Mcx.  to  send  one  diputado  to 
t'.io  diputacion  provincial  of  C'liih.  Jle.r.,  Col.  Onl.  y  D<r.,  iii.  25.  July  0th, 
'  I.a  prov.  de  N.  Mex.  queda  de  territorio  do  la  federacion. '  fd.,  55.  July 
'27tii,  hounds  of  Chih.,  including  EI  Paso.  Id.,  59.  Protest  of  Durango 
ag:iiiist  estado  del  norte,  with  capital  at  Ciuh.  Piiiart,  Doc.  J/iit.  Chih.,  M.S., 
ii.  1.  Law  of  Doc.  3l),  183ti,  'N.  Mex.  sorri  departainento. '  Arrillivjn,  Rirn^., 
iSliC),  p.  379.  .Jan.  18,  1845,  N.  .Mex.  declared  one  of  the  departanicntos 
friiitt'rizo.s,  as  per  art.  134,  pt  17,  of  the  constitution.  Mex.,  Ley:">  (Pulndo), 
l>44-(),  p.  81. 

^Birreiro,  Ojenda,  27-8.  In  1831  the  niemhors  are  named,  Ant.  J.  Mar- 
tiiitz  htiug  the  first.  Arch,  Sta  Fi,  MS.  In  1844  Jesus  Maria  (iallcg(n  wa.s 
pre.s.  and  J.  B.  Vigil  sec.  Alwrt'n  liept,  479.  In  1845  the  asamblea  had  lour 
iiKiidiurs,  and  one  suplente  not  named.  .S'.  Miguel,  Rev.  Mex  ,  60. 

'In  1827-32,  ace.  to  Barreiro,  Ojeruin,  42,  and  a  talile  by  Narlwna,  in  Pino, 
Sot.,  27-30,  only  Sta  Fe,  Caflada,  and  Taoj  had  ayuuta.uientos.     The  parti- 


's   ! 


i     hi 


312 


A  MEXICAN  TERRITORY. 


'.m 


published  in  a  bando  by  the  governor,  the  department 
was  divided  into  three  districts  and  seven  partidos; 
and  presumably  prefecturas  were  organized,  since  one 
or  two  prefects  are  incidentally  named.  Of  Now 
Mexican  representatives  in  congress,  I  have  found  no 
record.^ 


I  i 


if  '  ,is^ 


f  I 


3    l| 


m 


doa  were  Sta  Fe,  including  S.  Miguel  del  Vado,  Cochitl,  Jemes,  Sandfa,  and 
Alanietla  iiiuler  alcaldes,  and  also  Tesuque,  Pecos,  Sto  Domingo,  C'ia,  Sta 
Ana,  and  S.  Felipe;  Alburquerque,  including  Isluta,  Tome.  Belen,  Soforio, 
and  Laguna  as  alcaldfas,  and  also  Sabinal,  Acoma,  and  ZuAi;  and  Cafiadt,  in- 
cluding S.  Juan,  Taos,  and  Abiquid  under  alcaldes,  with  Sta  Clara,  .S.  lldu- 
fonso,  Pujuaquc,  Nambe,  and  Picurles.  The  division  into  districts  und 
partidos  on  Juno  17,  1844,  was  as  follows:  Central  district,  cabecera  Sta  Fe, 
which  is  also  capital  of  the  department,  with  three  partidos:  Ist,  Sta  Fe,  in- 
cluding S.  Ildefonso,  Pujuaque,  Nambe,  Cuyamanque,  Tesuque,  R.io Tesuque, 
Cienega,  Cicueguilla,  Agua  Fria,  Galisteo,  Real  del  Oro,  and  Tuerto;  2il, 
Algodoncs,  including  Rayada,  Cochitl,  Peiia  Blanca,  Chilili,  Sto  I)omiui.'o, 
Cubero,  S.  PY'lipe,  Jemes,  Cia,  Sta  Ana,  and  Angostura;  3d,  S.  Miguel  dil 
Vado,  iucluding  Pecos,  Gusano,  Rio  de  la  Vaca,  Iklula,  Estramosa,  8.  Jcise, 
Pueblo,  Puertecito,  Cuesto,  Cerrito,  Anton  Chico,  'iecolote,  Las  Vegas,  and 
Cepillo.  Northern  district,  cabecera  Los  Luceros,  with  two  partidos:  Ist, 
Rio  Arriba,  capital  Luceros,  including  Sta  Cruz  de  la  Canada,  Chiniavo, 
Truchius,  Sta  Clara,  Vegas,  Chama,  Cucliillo,  Abiquiii,  Rito,  Colorado,  Ojij 
Calicnte,  Rancliitos,  Chamita,  S.  Juan,  Rio  Arriba,  Joya,  and  Enibudo; 
2d,  Taos,  capital  Don  Fernandez  (S.  Fernando  de  Taos  ?),  including  S. 
Francisco,  Arroyo  Hondo,  Arroyo  Seco,  Desmontea  (Dos  Montes?),  Cicnu- 
guilla,  Picurfcs,  Sta  Barbara,  Zanipas,  Chemisal,  Llano  Peilasco,  Muni, 
Huerfano,  and  Cimarron.  South-eastern  district,  cabecera  Valencia,  with 
two  partidos:  1st,  Valencia,  includiug  S.  Fernando,  Tome,  Socorro,  Liinitar, 
Polvaduras,  Sabinal,  Elatncs,  Casa  Colorado,  CiboUeta  (Sevilleta),  Sabind, 
Parida,  Luis  Lopez,  Belen,  Lunas,  Lentes,  Zufli,  Acoma,  and  Rito;  I'd, 
Bernalillo,  incliKling  Isleta,  Padilla,  Pajarito,  Atrisco,  Placeres,  AlbuniiiiT- 
(jue,  Alameda,  Corrales,  and  Sandia.  Doc.  from  the  Arch.  Sta  Fe,  translated 
in  Almri's  liept.,  477-9.  Abert  and  Prince  choose  to  call  the  partidos  '  cnun- 
ties. ' 

'^  Except  of  Jose  A.  Cliavez,  in  1827-8,  described  in  tne  Semhlamas  de  Dijm- 
htiloH  as  '  consigned '  to  P'rancisco  Tagle. 

Gregg,  Com.  Prairies,  i.  222,  2H;}-8,  and  Davis,  El  Gringo,  105-7,  give  an 
account  of  the  administration  of  justice  by  the  alcaldes,  or  through  tlio  arlii- 
tratioii  of  homhres  Ixieiton,  appeals  to  the  governor,  penalties  of  tine  and  im- 
prisonment, not  very  impartially  awarded,  absence  of  all  the  legal  forms  of 
court  routine,  exemptions  under  the  military  and  ecclesiastical  fueros,  tlie 
inq)ossibilitj'  of  obtaming  justice,  and  the  consequent  prevalence  of  thefts  and 
other  putty  ofl'encea.  In  these  matters  N.  Mexico  was  like  all  the  distant  Mexi- 
can territories,  and  much  light  will  be  thrown  on  them  by  a  perusal  of  tlie  an- 
nals of  California,  where  the  records  are  n\ore  coniplete.  In  Me,r.,  Mini. 
JuHtiria,  ]  82(),  p.  0,  it  is  said  there  was  no  juoz  de  letras  nor  lawyer  iu  N.  Mex . , 
and  litigation  had  to  be  carried  on  at  enormous  cost  iu  Durango,  Zacatceas,  etc. 
In  III.,  1828,  no.  2,  p.  14,  there  is  said  to  be  a  juzgado  de  distrito  at  Sta  Vi; 
also  that  the  circuit  court  of  Parral  has  jurisdiction  iu  N.  Mex.  In  lil., 
1831,  p.  7.  18,  §3,000  has  been  assigned  for  a  lawyer  to  serve  as  juezde  ictra.s. 
Yet  in  1832  Ikirreiro,  Ojeada,  38-9,  who  has  served  two  years  as  asesoi-,  or 
legal  adviser,  complains  that  '  jamas  se  castigan  los  delitos,  porque  no  liay  en 
lo  absoluto  quieii  sepa  foruiar  una  sumaria,  evacuar  una  defensa,  ni  llevar  la 
voz  fiscal;'  tliat  few  are  able  to  carry  their  cases  to  Mex.;  and  that  he  de- 
spairs of  being  able  to  iutruduco  order  iuto  the  admiuiatratiou  of  justice  iu 


■i    iJ 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


313 


Down  to  1839  the  territory  was  under  the  military 
rule  of  a  commandant,  called  militar,  principal,  or  de 
annas,  who  was  subordinate  to  the  comandante  <^en- 
cral  of  Chihuahua.  At  times  the  civil  and  military 
odiiiinands  were  held  by  the  same  and  at  others  by 
ditlereiit  men.  In  1824  the  presidial  company  at 
Santa  Fc  had  119  men,  including  officers,  at  a  total 
cost  of  $35,488.  A  Mexican  law  of  182G  provided 
for  three  permanent  cavalry  companies  of  100  rank 
and  file,  each  at  a  cost  of  $87,882;  and  for  two  com- 
panies of  active  militia,  each  of  100  men.  Barreiro, 
however,  writing  in  1832,  states  that  the  territory 
liad  still  only  its  one  company,  urging  an  increase  of 
force  and  a  transfer  of  the  presidio  to  Valverde.  In 
18;3o,  on  the  coming  of  Governor  Perez,  who  was  also 
comandante  principal,  some  slight  effort  seenis  to  have 
boon  made  to  reorganize  the  forces,  without  definite 
results.  In  1839  New  Mexico  was  separated  from 
Chdiuahua,  and  made  a  comandancia.  Governor  Ar- 
mijo  having  later  the  title  of  comandante  general. 
From  this  time,  also,  in  Mexican  reports  the  existence 
of  the  three  companies  is  iioted,  though  with  cmly 
men  enouffh  for  one.  The  truth  seems  to  be  that 
here,  as  in  California  during  the  larger  part  of  Mexi- 
can rule,  the  military  organization  hardly  existed  ex- 
cept on  paper.^ 

N.  Mox.  He  urgca  the  '  reestablishment '  of  a  juzgado  de  letras.  In  the 
ustiiiwites  of  1838,  Me.r.,  Mem.  Hac,  2il  pt,  the  ministroa  anil  fiscales  are  to 
reitive  .<4,000  eacli.  Prince,  229,  names  Ex-tov.  Abreu  as  chief  justice  down 
til  KSH7.  All  is  very  confusing,  and  it  is  hard  to  determine  whetliur  the  ter- 
ritory over  had  any  courts  except  those  of  the  ordinary  alcaldes. 

''l'i)inj)any  report  of  Dec.  1824,  showing  that  the  captain  was  jefe  politico, 
with  .'St.OOO  pay.  MS.  of  the  Pimirt  Vol.  Law  of  March  21,  182(i,  establish- 
iiij,'  presidial  and  militia csmpanies.  AnilUvjn,  liccop.,  Jan-June  183(1,  p.  193- 
201;  /i'«'.s;/o  and  V(il<le/i,  Mem.  Extad.,  2G.  In  1824  Juan  Jose  Aroelia  was 
cdiii.  <le  armas.  Arch.  S(a  Fe,  MS.,  1832;  Barreiro,  Ojewla,  30(5,  on  military 
matters.  He  urges  the  necessity  of  au  increiised  force  to  hold  tlie  Americans 
as  Will  as  the  Indians  in  check,  separation  from  the  Chihuahua  comandancia, 
and  especially  a  transfer  of  the  presidio  to  Valverde,  it  btang  of  no  use  at 
Sta  Fe.  He  advises  selling  the  old  wall  of  the  capital  for  buihlini;  material; 
also  tlie  establishing  of  a  military  school,  and  organiziition  of  tlie  militia.  On 
Au>;.  1,  1834,  Bias  Hinojos  was  capt.  of  the  company  and  comandante  prin- 
cipal of  N.  Mex.,  signing  a  proclamation  in  favor  of  Sta  Anna,  whicli  is  also 
signed  by  sergeants  an<r  corporals  of  Sta  Fe,  Taos,  and  S.  Mignel  del  Vado, 
iudiuatiug  either  a  distributiou  of  the  company  at  3  points  or  an  attempt  to 


r- 


i    V 


'A  ' 


!    l! 


314 


A  MEXICAN  TERRITORY. 


Of  events  in  their  order  from  year  to  year,  tlicre 
are  but  few  which  require  more  extended  notice  tliaii 
is  given  in  the  appended  summary,  or  chronologic  hst.' 

partially  organize  the  three  companies.  El  Tiempo,  Sept.  28,  18.14.  flov. 
Perez,  in  1885,  brought  money  and  arms.  Doc.  HM.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  KiG;  Ani- 
litijn,  liero}!.,  1835,  p.  23-4.  Support  of  powder  manufactory  in  N.  Mex.  /</., 
Jan. -June  183(5,  p.  404-5.  Law  of  April  22,  1839,  establishing  a  coniiin- 
duncia  gen.  /(/.,  1839,  p.  104-5;  Vnllejo,  Doc.  HUt.  Mex.,  i.  179;  Mvx.,  ('nl. 
Lei/es  y  l)ec.,  1839,  p.  129.  A  presidial  comp.  at  Vado  in  1841.  Arch,  .-ita 
Ft',  MS.  Some  vague  records  of  the  regular  and  militia  companies  IMH-.^, 
iu  Mi-a-.,  Mem.  Oiierra,  1844,  docs.  3,  22-3;  Id.,  1845,  docs.  1,  4,  (i,  8:  /./., 
1840,  due.  11,  15-10.  In  1845  Col  Rafael  Archuleta  is  named  as  couiandaiitu 
niilitar.  S.  Miijud,  Jiep.  Mex.,  85. 

'  1823.  Vizcarra,  Chavez,  and  Vaca,  gov.  Treaty  of  peace  with  the 
Navajos. 

1824.  Vaca,  gov.  N.  Mexico  a  province  of  the  Estado  del  Norte,  and  a 
territory  from  July.  Beginning  of  the  regular  Sta  F(5  trade  and  first  use  of 
wagons.     U.  S.  overtures  to  N.  Mexico,  according  to  Ritch.     Patties  visit. 

1825.  Vaca  and  Narbona,  gov.  Survey  of  a  U.  S.  road  for  the  Sta  V6 
trade  l)t;gun.     Navajos  again  troublesome. 

182().  Narbona,  gov.     Mexican  decree  for  increase  of  military  force. 

1827.  Narbona  and  Armijo,  gov. 

1828.  Armijo,  Vizcarra,  and  Chavez,  gov.  Under  the  Mex.  law  expelling 
Spaiiianls,  according  to  Prince,  all  the  friars  were  forced  to  depart,  excpt 
two,  AlI)ino  and  Castro,  who,  l)y  reason  of  their  extreme  age,  and  by  tlic 
payment  of  $5(K)  each,  were  permitted  to  remain.  In  Allei'  He/j.,  xxxvii.  2.S0, 
it  is  reconled  that  many  of  the  ex[)elled  Spaniards  came  to  the  U.  S.  witli 
tlie  Stii  Fe  caravans  of  1828-9.     Discov-  jy  of  the  'old'  gold  placers. 

1821).  Chavez,  gov.  Proposition  of  Joim  D.  Bradburn  to  navij;atft  tliu  Rio 
f}r;unlu  and  cohmizu  N.  Mex.  declined  by  Mex.  govt.  Jiu-^titiiuinte,  Vaz  dv  la 
PiUrid,  i.  no.  7,  p.  9-10.     Bent's  fort  on  the  Arkansas  built. 

1830.  Cliavuz,  gov.  New  decree  for  the  establishment  of  a  bishopric,  but 
notiiing  done.  Communication  with  California  opened  by  Vaca  and  Ewing 
Young. 

18;{1.  Chavez  and  Abreu,  gov.     Wolfskill,  Jackson,  and  Young  visit  Cal. 

1832.  Abreu,  gov.  Publication  of  the  Ojewla  sohre  Niivvo-Mexico.  i^w 
dn  Hwi  iilt'ii.  de  .ik.s  prodiiccioiiei  niiturale%  i/  de  iilijnnnn  otnvi  conns  que  sv  rmi- 
sidcntn  o)H>r(iiiiiiti  ymra  iiivjomr  .sii  cititdo,  e  ir  profporcionaiulo  suj'uturd  felichlinl. 
Foniiiida  par  el  Lie,  Antonio  Bnrreiro,  u-scsor  de  dicho  terntnno.  A  pelicinn  ild 
CKCiiio.  sf'iin'-  m'niMro  (/uej'iii  deju-tliciii  Don  Jone  /ijnacio  E-fpinoHii.  Y  dedicid i 
al  eiicmo.  neilor  vice-prenidente  de  Ion  Entadoa  Uniilos  Me.ricanon  Don  Amvitmio 
Bi(.fUiiiiiinte.  Puebla,  1832,  8vo,  42  p.,  2  1.,  10  p.  This  somewhat  merito- 
rious littki  work  was  also  embodieil  in  a  later  edition  of  Pino's  Notkkis  Hii- 
tdricii.i.     Fr.  Juan  Felipe  Ortiz,  vicar-general  of  N.  Mexico. 

1833.  Sarracino,  gov.  Visit  of  the  bisliop  of  Durango,  whose  reception  is 
described  by  Prince  as  very  enthusiastic. 

1834.  Sarracino  and  Ortiz,  gov.  Grand  demonstration  of  civil  ami  uiili- 
tary  authorities  on  Aug.  Ist  in  favor  of  Santa  Anna  and  the  pronuncianiieuto 
of  Cuernavaca.  El  Tiempo,  Sept.  28,  1834. 

1835.  Serracino,  Cliavez,  and  Perez,  gov.  First  newspaper  of  N.  Mi>xit'n, 
El  CrepuKculo,  published  at  Taos  by  Padre  Martinez  for  four  weeks.  Found- 
ing of  l.as  Vegas.     Mora  grant.     War  with  the  Navajos. 

1830.  Perez,  gov.  Under  the  new  central  system  N.  Mexico  was  to  be  a 
department,  and  the  ruler  a  governor  instead  of  political  chief. 

1837.  Perez,  (ionzalez,  and  MuAoz,  gov.  Revolution,  as  narrated  else- 
where in  this  chapter.  Fatal  typhoid  epidemic,  which,  with  the  follnwiiig 
small-pox,  according  to  <iregg,  carried  otf  one  tenth  of  the  iuhabitauts  in 
1840.     Custom-house  opened  at  Taos. 


if!  \   f 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


315 


Troubles  with  the  Indians  wero  not  vory  serious  or 
t'iv(iuent,  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  soaiity  and 
iii(l(  iinite  records,  the  most  startling  occurrences  in 
this  connection  resting  on  authority  that  is  somewhat 
doubtful.  The  system  of  treaties  and  bribes  was  still 
ill  vogue,  and,  as  a  rule,  the  tribes  found  it  to  their 
interest  to  be  nominoily  at  peace.  Still,  the  Navajos 
uuulo  trouble  occasionally,  aiid  one  band  or  anotlur  of 
the  Apaches  was  generally  on  the  war-path.  There 
arc  but  few  items  of  interest  or  value  in  the  record  of 
Iiidian  affairs  for  this  period,  though  it  is  probal  le 
that  local  and  personal  details,  if  known,  would  fur- 
nisli  material  for  many  an  episode  of  adventure.** 

IS.SS.  Arinijo,  gov.  to  1844.  Trouble  between  tlie  American.s  ami  gov.  in 
ISSS  !)  (in  account  of  the  murder  of  a  man  naiiieil  Daley.  Kem/all'i<  Aur.,  i. 

ISIIO.  N.  Mexico  made  a  separate  comandancia  general.  Discovery  of  the 
'  iii'W  '  gold  placera. 

is  10.  Foreigners  in  trouble  on  account  of  the  'accidental'  miuvlcr  of  a 
Mexican.   KfiulnU,  i.  353. 

LSH.  Siindovai,  acting  gov.  Texan  8anta  Fe  invasion  of  J  841 -'2,  a.s  elise- 
wlii'iu  tecor<led. 

I  s4'_>.  Sottlement  of  La  Junta.     Ti-eaty  with  Moscalero  Apaclies. 

1 843  -5.  Continued  troubles  with  the  Texans. 

1844.  Martinez,  acting  gov.  Destructive  lire  at  Sta  Fe.  Ihj'cnxor  dn  In 
Iiiti  irn/itl  Xnrioiial,  Sept.  25th. 

1845.  Chavez  and  Armijo,  gov.  Pronunciainiento  of  the  gov.  in  favor  of 
tSaiita  .Viina.  Aniljo  del  PuMo,  Aug.  l!)th,  y.  !)!). 

1  S4i).  Armijo  and  Vigil,  gov.     Occupation  of  N.  Mexico  by  the  U.  S. 

■■  KS;2.3.  Indians  constantly  making  raids.  Mex.,  Mem.  llii,  lS"2.'i,  p.  57. 
Treaty  made  by  Gov.  Vizcarra  in  Feb.  with  Navajos,  who  restore' I  captives, 
but  claimed  to  be  dying  of  hunger  and  unable  to  pay  for  past  robburies.  They 
Were  given  4  months  to  decide  about  conversion  and  settlement.  Arch.  St:i 
/■V,  M.S.  More  threatened  dangers  in  Aug.  1825,  but  averte<l  by  the  gov- 
eriKir's  activity.  Mex.,  Mem.  RcL,  182(5,  p.  10.  Steck,  in  /ml.  Af.  Ilc]  t,  1.-G3, 
J).  1  I'.) -10,  and  Thiimmel,  Mexiko,  349-50,  tell  us  that  with  the  in:U]ieiid('nco 
tlk'  .Mexicans  became  cruel  and  faithless,  and  the  Ind.  conseiiiK'a^ly  hostile 
after  a  long  peace.  Once  a  party  of  Navajos  inviteil  to  Cocliiti  to  make  jieace 
Were  massacred.  Bartlett,  Peru.  Xarr.,  i.  174,  says  that  in  an  a  npliitheatre 
ill  the  Waco  mts  150  Apaches  were  surprised  and  ]nit  to  death.  Nidever, 
Lifi'  and  Advert.,  MS.,  33,  who  was  in  N.  Mex.  in  1830,  says  the  Arapahoes 
maile  frequent  raiils  a  ad  never  spared  a  Mexican.  By  Cooke,  Coin/.  X.  Mex. 
(111(1  Cdl.,  48,  we  are  told  that  Span,  protection  of  the  Navajos  having  ceased 
aliiiut  1832,  they  later  suflfered  much  from  attacks  of  other  tribe.s.  Pattie, 
Pc.rs.  Xdn:,  passim,  has  nmch  to  say  of  Ind.  hostilities  against  the  Mexicans 
(luring  his  residence  and  wanderings  of  several  years  in  N.  Mex.  1832. 
Jieanllas  peaceful  since  they  were  driven  by  Comanchcs  from  their  old  strong- 
hiilils.  E.srudero,  Xot.  Cliih.,  227.  Comanches  allies  of  the  Mexicans  in  1833. 
/'/.,  229~,30.  Lipanes  hmg  friendly,  but  bitter  foes  of  the  Comanches.  /(/., 
22().  1835.  Comanches  faithful;  Apaches  committing  murders  in  tlu;  Socorro 
region.  Arch.  Sta  Fe,  MS.  Gregg,  Com.  Pniine.s,  i.  288-9,  and  Thummel, 
J/('j.,  350-1,  narrate  that  late  in  1835,  in  a  campaign  against  the  Navajos,  the 


316 


A  MEXICAN  TERRITORY. 


f! 


I  i 


'\^' 


1   '!f 


In  1837-8  New  Mexico  had  its  revolutionary  m  no 
ment,  correspondin*^  in  many  resp(!cts  with  Alvaradu's 
revolt  of  183G-7  in  California.  It  was  nomiiKillv, 
and  to  a  slight  extent  really,  a  risinj^  against  ceiitial- 
isni  and  the  new  constitution  of  Mexico;  that  is, 
direct  taxation — unknown  in  the  territory  under  the 
jefes  politicos,  but  introduced  in  the  departnii'iit  hy 
the  governor — caused  much  popular  discontent,  atl'nid- 
ing  at  least  a  pretext  for  revolt,  Several  other  mo- 
tives, however,  were  in  the  aggregate  more  jjotciit, 
though  in  the  absence  of  original  contemporary  evi- 
dence it  is  not  possible  to  ascertain  their  relative 
importance.  Thus,  there  is  said  to  have  existed  a 
prejudice  against  Governor  Perez,  an  excellent  man, 
because  he  was  a  stranger  sent  from  Mexico,  and  not 
a  native  or  old  resident  like  most  rulers  of  earlier 
years.  Some  of  his  special  acts  besides  the  imposition 
of  taxes  created  discontent.*  Manuel  Artnijo,  for- 
merly governor,  moved  chiefly  by  ambition,  but  also 
by  dissatisfaction  at  having  been  removed  from  liis 
place  as  custom-house  officer,  is  accused  by  Gregg  and 
Kendall  of  having  secretlv  fomented  the  revolt,  which 
he  hoped  to  control,  and  which  by  a  counter-pronun- 
ciamiento  he  finally  turned  to  his  own  advantage.'" 

Mexicans  were  ambushed  and  defeated,  Capt.  Hinojoa  being  one  of  the  killcil. 
It  was  one  of  H.'s  sergeants  who  opened  a  keg  of  powder  witli  a  rcil  lidt 
poker.  Roberts,  With  the  Invader,  40-1,  notes  Starvation  Peak,  betwei'u  Lis 
Vegas  and  Sta  Fe,  as  a  spot  where  the  Mexicans  in  1837,  being  invited  to  a 
council  without  arms,  were  treacherously  attacked,  and  the  survivors  sturvnl 
to  death.  In  1839  an  Apache  chief  came  to  EI  Paso  to  demand  the  releasf  <if 
his  wife  and  otlier  captives,  which  was  promised;  but  the  gov.  sumnioii(.il 
troops,  who  killed  the  chief  and  20  of  his  men,  but  not  before  the  chief  had 
slain  the  gov.  (?my(/,  i.  297-8.  1840-1.  Navajos  still  hostile;  two  exped.  suut 
out  by  the  com.  gen.  Me.c,  Mem.  Gnerra,  1S41,  p.  3ti.  1842.  Com.  (leu. 
Armijo  reports  the  Mcscalero  Apaches  as  desiring  to  make  a  treaty,  on  coikU- 
tion  of  receiving  §5,000  a  year  and  monthly  rations.  A.  approves  the  terms. 
Pinart,  Doc.  Hist.  Chih.,  MS.,  ii.  32;    Voto  de  Soitora,  April  15,  1842. 

'According  to  Davis  and  Prince  the  revenue  olHcials  were  arrested  for 
peculation  in  183G,  and  brought  to  trial  before  the  district  court.  Twd  nf 
the  judges,  Abreu  and  Nafero,  were  accused  as  accomplices,  and  not  allnw  ed 
to  sit,  but  the  other  judge,  Juan  Estevau  Pino,  found  tlie  accused  guilty, 
whereupon  Gov.  Perez  took  the  case  out  of  court  and  restored  tlie  a<liuiiiis- 
trador  do  rentas  to  his  place,  which  had  been  temporarily  filled  by  Manuel 
Armijo. 

'^  .Juan  EsffSvan  Pino  and  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz  were  his  leading  associates  in 
the  plot,  as  Davis  says.  Gregg  claims  to  have  heard  Armijo's  own  brotlier 
intimate  that  A.  hoped  to  be  made  gov.  by  the  rebels. 


THE  IIFA'OLUTION  OF   1837-8. 


817 


Ai^ain,  it  was  believed  by  the  Mexicans,  and  not 
altogether  without  reason,  as  I  suspect,  that  the  re- 
v.ilt  was  'another  Texan  aftair,'  insti<jjated  more  or 
less  (liivctly  by  tlic  Americans,  with  a  view  of  foment- 
Iiil;.  liy  revolutionary  troubles,  the  discontent  already 
believed  to  be  prevalent  amon^  New  Mexicans." 

On  the  Ist  of  Auy;ust  a  mob  released  an  alcalde  of 
a  nt»itliern  town,  who  had  been  imprisoned  on  some 
iiii[iii[iular  charge,'-  this  serving  as  a  beginning  of  the 
iiisiii lection;  and  a  great  crowd,  largely  composed  of 
jmclilo  Indians,  soon  assembled  at  La  Canada,  where, 
oil  the  ;3d,  the  rebel  'plan'  was  issued,  the  oidy  tangi- 
ble part  of  which  was  'not  to  admit  the  de[)artmental 
jilaii,'  and  'not  to  admit  any  tax,'  three  out  of  five 
articK's  being  devoted  to  i)latitudes  on  (jod,  country, 
and  liberty,  including,  as  a  matter  of  course,  tiie  resolve 
to 'spill  every  drop  of  blood'  in  the  sacred  cause.''* 
(lovniior  Perez,  with  all  the  force  he  could  raise, 
altout  li30  militia,  including  the  friendly  warriors  of 
San  Juan  and  Santo  Domingo — the  whereabouts  of 
till'  pre.sidial  company  not  a})pearing — marched  north- 
wan  I  and  met  the  foe  at  the  mesa  of  San  Ildefonso; 
but  most  of  his  men  passed  over  to  the  rebels,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  tiee  with  about  25  com[)anions,  retuni- 
iiiL:'  first  to  Santa  Fe,  but  soon  abandoning  the  cai)ital. 
Within  a  few  days,  and  at  different  points,  the  party 

"Kiistamaute  says;  'La  causa  de  la  revolucion  la  halna  da  Id  la  oiitrada 
ilo  una  [inividii  do  carros  dul  Xortu-Ainerioa  c^uu  trajorou  muclia<  iiiorcade- 
riiii,  cuyii-i  di'i'oc'lioj  no  tuiiTiaii  p  itjar  Im  aii,di)-aiiiyricaiio.s,  y  trataiido  de 
estiviluiilos  a  la  exliil>icii>.i  i;l  gohernador,  lo  .sincitaroii  el  ulzaiiiieuio. '  This 
w,i<  ]ir(ili,ilily  not  true  (if  tlio  trailers,  tlreg'^f  tA\i  in  tliat  they  even  fiiriiislu.'d 
111 'Ills  t'.ir  ijiielliiig  the  revolt.  Hj  also  says:  '  S  i:i)e  tune  Iteioro  tliese  tragic 
L'VL'.its  tcMik  iilaco,  it  was  prophesied  a:aoug  them  [the  puehlo  ludi.iusj  tliat  a 
new  r:ice  was  al)0'it  to  appear  from  the  east,  to  redeem  them  from  the  Spanish 
viiko.  1  lieard  this  spokjii  of  several  months  before  t!ie  suhjeut  of  the  insur- 
rectiuu  lia  1  been  seriously  agitated.  It  is  probable  that  tlio  pueblos  liuilt 
tlitir  iidiif  s  upon  the  Americans,  as  they  seeme  I  as  yet  to  liave  no  kuowh'dgj 
lit  the  Tixaiis.'  He  also  says  the  rebels  proposed  seudiiig  to  Texas  for  jiro- 
t  itiiiii,  thougli  tliere  liad  been  no  previous  uiiderst:in  ling.  Wiiile  tliere  is  no 
iliiiuiueiitary  proof,  it  is  wellnigh  impossible,  considering  tlie  date  and  cir- 
cumstances, to  believe  that  the  Te.xans  had  no  iutiueuce  directly  or  indi  jctly 
iii  tlio  atifair. 

'-The  alcalde  was  arrested  at  the  governor's  orders  by  Ramon  Abreu,  who 
IS  calie  I  prefect. 

'■•Davis  gives  a  translation  from  an  original  M:s.  copy  in  his  possession. 


! 


i' 


31S 


A  MEXICAN  TEURITORY. 


$^'h 


!       I 


Itroakinj:^  up  for  Helf-j)ros('rvati()n,  the  t^ovornor  and  a 
(lozfii  or  inoro  of  his  aHsociates  wcro  killed,  the  In  ad 
of  IVrez  bfing  carried  as  a  trojdiy  to  the  iiisurut  iit 
head(iuarters,  and  the  bodies  of  Santiago  Abruu  tind 
otheis  Ikmiij;  barbarously  mutilated.'* 

It  was  on  August  Dth  or  10th  that  the  rebtds  todk 
possession  of  Santa  Fe,  where  they  conunitted  ii<t  v\. 
eesses  bi-yond  contisruting  the  property  of  the  victims; 
and  having  elected  as  governor  Jose  (ionzahz,  a 
pueblo  Indian  of  Taos,  they  for  the  most  part  dis. 
banded,  (jronzalez  suunnoned  an  assenil)iy  of  aJcahKs 
and  inriueutial  citizens  from  the  north,  which  body  on 
the  27th  confirmed  all  that  had  been  done.''  Xow 
Manuel  Armijo,  formerly  jefe  politico  and  customs 
officer,  either  as  a  part  of  his  original  [dot,  or  perhaps 
disappointed  because  (Jonzalez  was  preferred  to  liim- 
stdf  as  rebel  governor,  or  possibly  moved  b}'  patriotic 
devotion  to  the  legitimate  government — for  the  exact 
truth  eludes  all  search — '  pronounced  '  at  Tome,  the 
8th  of  Se|)tember,  raised  a  force  with  the  aid  of  ( "urate 
^[adariaga,  and  marched  to  the  capital  to  'sutloratr 
the  rel)elli(m.'  Gonzidez  retired  up  tiie  rivei-,  and 
Armijo  luul  little  ditticultv  in  makinL!;  himself  recou- 
nized  as  acting  governor  and  commandant-geiuial. 
Possibly,  also,  he  marched  north  and  induced  tlio 
rebels  to  submit  to  his  authority  and  give  up  tin' 
leaders  of  the  movement."*     At  any  rate,  he  rejiortid 

"Those  named  as  killed,  all  on  or  before  Aug.  iUli,  were  Col  AlUiim  IVnz, 
gov.;  Santiago  Abreil,  eliief  justice  and  ex-gov.;  .Jesus  Maria  Alaril,  sic. 
state;  Ramon  Al)reu,  prefect  of  Uio  Arriba;  lieut.  .Mi>;iiel  .Serua,  .lci,ii|um 
Hurtado,  and  Madrigal;  Sergt.  Diego  Sai.s,  or  Saenz;  Mareelino  Abreu,  l.ortto 
Romero,  I'^suoto,  and  Ortega. 

'•"Ritoli  tells  us  that  'aeeonling  to  tlie  original  M.S.  of  the  proeeedinL's.  a 
committee  was  appointetl  to  prepare  an  address,  and  to  i)roceed  in  ])>rsoii  tn 
present  the  same  to  the  supreme  govt.  In  the  njeaii  time,  as  resolvr.l,  all 
were  to  yield  ohedienee  to  (iov.  (lon/.alez  until  suiih  time  as  the  com.  ((Hilii 
re[)ort. "     Armijo  was  a  member  of  tliis  eommittee. 

'"So  says  Bustaihantc,  who  seems  to  follow  Ariuijo's  reports,  as  pid>Iisln'il 
in  the  J)i(trio  del  Goliierno.  Tlius  A.  claimed  to  liave  preven^ed  tlie  '  perdida 
total  '  of  the  country,  since  the  rebels  had  resolved  to  join  the  .savage  tnl'cs 
against  the  province.  Most  writers  inii>ly  tliat  he  was  recognizeil  only  at 
Sta  Fe,  the  rebels  keeping  up  tlieir  organization  in  tlie  north.  Davi-,  lu'W- 
ever,  says  the  rebels  were  'kept  in  a  state  of  comparative  peace  by  \\\>'  au- 
thorities, under  the  pretext  of  desiring  to  treat  with  tliem  '  until  the  tiiinjij 
arrived;  aud  Miller  tells  us  that  A.  marched  ou  Sept.  13th  against  Guii/aliz 


,,l  .  i: 


THK  TKXAN  SANTA  FE  EXPEDHIOV. 


319 


his  ])atriot'K'  acliiovoineiit  to  tho  Mexican  «^()vi'rnm(>Mt, 
and  asked  for  roeiifonviiU'iits.  Tliose,  to  tlio  luimlRr 
(if  :!()0  or  more,  of  tlio  Kscuadroii  do  Vom  ('niz  and 
IIP  sidial  troops  of  Cliihuahna,  under  Colonel  .Justini- 
iiiii.  airived  before  the  end  (»f  the  year.  The  I'l'hels 
liail  aiL^ain  assembled  at  or  near  I^a  Canada,  and  were 
(It  I'cated  in  battle  on  January  *27,  IHMS.  (ionzalez 
ami  several  of  his  assoeiates  were  eaj)tured  and  shot. 
Aiiiiijo.  in  reeoij^nition  of  his  services,  was  ;j^iven  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  cotiHi'ined  for  eioht  yeais  in  jiis 
assumed  positions  of  governor  and  couiandante  gen- 
eral.'^ 

TJt>sides  the  revolution  of  1S.'?7,  the  onlv  notable 
event  of  New  ^[exiean  history  in  this  period,  thouLrh 
uiic  that  in  most  of  its  piiases  belongs  proi)orly  to  the 
annals  of  another  territory,^"  was  the  capture  of  the 
Ttxan  Santa  Fc  expedition  of  1841.  Hitherto  there 
had  been  little  or  no  direct  intercourse  betwi'en  the 
Xt'W  Mexi'^ans  and  their  neighbors  of  the  adjoining 

nud  his  lii'lit. -fjov.,  Antonio  Domingo  Lopez,  at  PujufKilU',  iniliiciny  tliuni 
thiciiijli  tlie  intluence  of  a  priust  to  nugntiatu  for  peace,  luit  linally  iiisi.sting 
111  :iu  \iiieonilitional  surremler.      But  MiUtr  spcakst  of  no  later  ti-oiililcs. 

'  linstaiuante  gives  most  iiartioulars  of  the  battlt^  or  ratlier  of  tlie  two 
liiinlcs,  tlie  first  at  the  Pujiiaijue  pass,  and  the  otlier  nearer  (.'anaihi.  Tlio 
ti'iHips  niuiiliered  ")8'J,  Justiuiani  giving  tlic  chief  coiiinianil  to  Ariiiijo.  Ftiur 
ih;i-iiiiiis  were  killeil  and  others  wouii(h!il  in  an  ainliusli.  The  rehels  were 
<ivii'  \.'MM,  anil  lost  20  killed,  nianj'  wounded,  and  S  prisoners.  Antonio  Vigil, 
tliiir  iiiihinander,  was  killeil  in  the  1st  tigiit.  ]>avi8  says  that  (louzalez,  the 
hrotheis  Desiderio  and  Antonio  A.  Montoya,  and  Alealle  Ksiiuilpel  were  shot 
hy  seiiteneo  of  a  eourt-niartial  at  Sta  Fe.  Otliers  inii>ly  that  there  v,as  no 
i.iniial  trial.  Gregg  and  others  accuse  Arniijo  of  cowardice  in  tlie  liijht,  at- 
trihiiting  the  victory  to  (.'apt.  Mufioz,  of  the  Vera  Cru/  trooiis.  .Miller  nien- 
tiipiis  no  light;  hut  says  (!oii/alez,  with  Loj)ez,  his  second  in  conimand.  was 
li;iiii;ed  at  Sta  Cruz  on  Jan.  '-'.^tli.  Prince  tells  us  that  the  .Montoyas,  Ivstjiii- 
liel.  and  t ien.  'Chopon'were  shot  near  the  garita  in  Sui  Fc;  Juan  Antonio 
Vinil  'executed '  near  Cuyaniannue;  and  tlonzalcz  killed  by  the  ininiediatc 
Cdiiiniaiid  of  Arniijo. 

iiustaniante,  ilnlnnete,  Mc.i'.,  i.  .33-(),  gives  a  narrative  in  1S42,  founded 
iiHiiiily  on  Arniijo's  report  puMished  in  the  hinrio  i/t  I  (I'li'iii'i-im,  Nnv.  ;!i),  IS.'IT. 
(ire:;g,  Cdin.  of  the  Frairits,  i.,  writing  in  lSl4,  was  at  Sta  Fe  during  the  re- 
volt. K(Midall,  A'<j/v.  Tej-an  Santa  Fe  Kijml.,  i.  .StS-."il,  also  of  1S44,  includes 
au  account  of  the  revolt  in  a  very  ahusive  hiog.  sketch  of  Arniijo.  JJavis, 
AV  ii'i-iiKjo,  8()-9'2,  iis  we  liave  seen,  claims  to  have  had  a  cojiy  of  the  rdiel  plan, 
and  liis  account  is  aa  complete  as  any.  Kiti'h,  Az/lnn,  'J4S,  also  alludes  to  a 
-MS.  ri:i'ord  of  the  asseiiihly  at  Sta  F;''.  Liiter  narratives  are  those  nf  .Miller, 
7/;./.  Ski'd-li  ,)/■  S/a  Fe,  -2'2-4,  and  Prince,  J/M.  .Sk■l:tc^ht.^,  'JSJ-'J.  There  is  a 
uetalilc  ahsenee  of  original  documentary  evidi'iiee, 

'•  iice  JJidt.  Xort/i  Mcx.  St.  unU  'I'cxcui,  vol.  ii. 


I  .  1 


m 


K   t 


320 


A  MEXICAN  TERRITORY. 


but  distant  Texas;  yet  the  comparative  success  of  tlio 
eastern  rebels  was  not  unknown  to  the  less  fortunate 
Rf^itators  of  the  west.  Texan  influences,  probably  nut 
inactive  in  the  troubles  of  1837-8,  had  certainly  bixii 
potent  in  fomenting  later  discontent.  Santa  F6 
traders  from  the  United  States  seem  as  a  class  to  have 
feared  a  revolution,  which  might  for  a  time  imperil 
their  connnercial  interests ;  but  among  them,  especially 
those  who  had  become  residents,  there  was  an  elenunt 
fully  in  sympathy  with  the  filibusters.  These  sympa- 
thizers reported  that  the  New  Mexicans  awaited  only 
an  opportunity  to  rise  and  declare  their  independence, 
and  that  even  the  authorities  were  not  disposed  ti) 
offer  nmch  resistance.'^ 

Besides  crediting  these  exaggerated  reports,  the 
Texans  had  a  theory,  without  foundation  in  fact  cr 
justice,  that  their  territory  extended  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
and  that  it  was  therefore  their  duty  to  release  fn.ni 
tyranny  all  inhabitants:  of  that  territory,  including,  of 
course,  the  New  Mexicans  living  east  of  the  river. 
They  had,  moreover,  a  strong  desire  to  divert  througli 
Texan  channels  the  Santa  ¥6  trade  that  had  proved 
so  lucrative  to  merchants  of  the  United  States.  Under 
tliese  circumstances,  in  the  spring  of  1841  Presid>'nt 
Lamar  fitted  out  an  expedition  of  about  300  mer,,  in 
six  companies,  under  the  connnand  of  Hugh  McJjeod 
as  brevet  brigadier-general.  Three  commissi(  ners 
were  sent  to  establish  Texan  authority  in  the  wt'st, 
»sell  provided  witli  proclamations  explaining  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  proffered  freedom;  and  a  numher  of 
traders  and  travellers  joined  the  expedition  in  ([Uest 
of  gain  or  adventure,  some  of  tliem  possibly  ni»t  t'ully 
understanding  its  real  purpose.""^'^     It  was  not  proposed 

''•*  111  uXilf'-'i'  Ri'j.,  Ixi.  (]l,  100,  IS  a  letter  from  Sta  Fu,  whi<;li  rcprusi'iit-  all 
the  jmelilo  Indians  and  Anieriuans,  with  two  thirds  of  tin;  Moxioaii.i,  a.''  anxious 
for  till!  Texans  to  come.  The  gov.  tolls  the  writer  that  he  iieither  (;;in  nor 
M'ill  resist.  That  such  reports  were  tirculated  aiul  believed  in  Texas  aiu'  tho 
U.  S.  is  shown  by  the  general  tenor  oi'  all  records  of  the  period. 

■'"The  conimissiouers  wero  Win  (J.  Cooke,  Jose  Antonio  Navarro,  and 
Richard  F.  lirenliam.  The  captains  were  ^Vin  P.  Lewis,  J.  S,  Sutton,  W.  I'. 
Houghton,  Katclitf  Hudson,  Matthew  Caldwell,  and  J.  H.  Strain.  The  pui- 
port,  of  the  proclamation,  according  to  Kendall,  was  '  that  the  exped.  was  sent 


INVASION  BY   TEXANS. 


321 


lit 


■St 

Iv 

■a 

all 

Ills 

thu 

ui.l 
1 1, 
ur- 

rllt 


('x;utly — at  least,  sueli  was  tlio  explanation  oflered 
later — to  undortaku  with  ;300  men  the  coiKjuest  of 
Xi  w  >rexico  against  the  will  of  the  inhahitants;  l)nt 
it'  ill''  people  were  found  not  i'avoring  or  ready  for  re- 
\(»h  the  exj)edition  would  be  co'.itent  with  trad*',  and 
would  retire  to  await  a  more  favoruhle  opportunity. 
This,  however,  has  no  real  bearing  on  tlie  chara(  ••  of 
tlir  party.  They  were  simply  armed  invaders,  who 
iiii'^ht  expect  to  l)e  attacked,  and  if  defeated,  to  be 
tii'ated  by  the  ^Fexicans  as  rebels,  or  at  best-  since 
Texan  belligerency  and  independence  had  been  recog- 
nized by  several  nations — as  prisonta-s  of  war.  «  hey 
Irt'i  Austin  in  June, and  in  September,  aft<;i  a  tedious 
iiiaich  bv  the  worst  routes  over  an  unknown  countrv, 
they  arrived  ragged,  worn  out,  and  half  starved  on 
the  Xi'w  ]\Iexican  frontier. 

Meanwhile,  the  Mexican  authorities  fad  long  ex- 
;ii,'(ted  an  invasion  from  Texas,  and  special  warnings, 
with  jironiise  of  reenforcements,  had  recently  tx'i'ii  re- 
inived  from  the  national  capital.  While  there  was  no 
lark  of  disaffection  in  certain  quarters,  the  masses  of 
the  ju'ople  were  far  from  ready  t<»  acce[)t  the  so-called 
tVee(h)m  ottered  by  filibusters,  and  the  rulers  still  fur- 
ther from  any  intention  to  ])ermit  a  change  of  govern- 
iiieiit.  Every  possible  etlbrt,  on  the  contrary,  was 
made  to  prepare  for  defence,  and  to  foment  tlie  current 
]i()|iidar  idea  of  the  Texans  as  valiant  but  reckless  di's- 
[leradoes,  from  whom  might  b  '  expected,  not  libei'ty, 
hut  [lillagc,  murder,  and  outrage.  .Vll  foreigners  were 
i|iise!y  watched,  and  se\  cral  wcu'c  arrested  on  suspi- 
'idii    )f  complicity  in  schemes  of  invasion.'"'^     Satisfied 

iiir  tlif  \.  iipii.so.  of  trailing,  iiiul  tlmt  if  tlio  iiiluiliitimts  wvw  nut  disiHistd  to 
i'lin  |iu,u'L'iilly  tlio  Texan  staiidartl,  tlu;  i  xiicl.  ^^a.^  tu  I'ufiri'  inuiu'iliati'ly  (|). 
Tli's  ■  pi'dci  wero  jiiic.tud  in  'kiIIi  Siiaiiish  ami  Kuj^lisli,  ami  nut  a  ilniiiit  tx- 
nt.'ii  tliat  til"  liliL'ial  lui'ins  (lU'crcd  would  \>c  at  oiicu  at-cidid  toliy  a  |>(i|iiila- 
tiuM  ilNJML;  \vi  hin  tlit;  limits  of  Ti'xas,  and  wiio  had  Ion;,'  liui  ii  gioaniii;,'  undi  r 
I  iiiisiiilc  tJR'     lost  tyi-annical.'  N'irr.,  'IIO.      Sl'i,' al.M)  .Slio-T. 

"'  AcL'ordiii  ;  to  an  aci'oiint  followed  liy  Hu.-taiiiaiite,  '  I'lii  Julio  di,'  l^:i',t  lo.s 
istr.iMi^i'ros  lU  Xortu  en  Sta  VC\  ko  jirctrsto  di'  jirdir  jii^tuia  atciitaron  dcs- 
'  tr.idaiimnto  •  itra  ol  goliieriio,  do  i|uirn  ixij^iaii  jior  la  fiui/a  di;  las  annas 
i|ii!'  SI-  fusilari  i  jior  el  inisnio  j,'ol)ei'n  idor,  (J  se  lis  entretjascu  umis  iros  (jiio 
'11    l^;f7    mat.'i    in    a    un    cstranjicro.    Itcixentatiaii   estc    ati'iitado   ( iiiilliriuo 


I'l-idiMi  y  Santia'.'ci  QmT(|ii-;  f.l 


aiiH'. 


IIlsT.  Ar.iz.  ANO  N.  Mi;x.    Jl 


Kiikci'J  cjii'j  eoiiiandalta  una  gavilla  de 


in     ■  ! 


'    1 


32'i 


A    MKXICAN   TKUKITORV. 


that  danger  Mas  near,  GoveniDr  Armijo  sent  soutli- 
wartl  an  appeal  for  aid,  ordered  a  elose  watcli  of  foi 
eigners,  wlio  were   forbidden   to   leave  their  plates  <.t' 
residence,  and  sent  C'a})tain  Di'unaso  Salazar  to  recon- 
noitre the  eastern  frontier.     On  Septoniher  4tli  Sala- 
zar sent  in  as  captives  three  men,  who  were  reLjai'dtd 
as  spies  from  the  invading,'  army.     They  wore  forbid- 
den to  leave  the  ca[)ital,  ])ut  escaped  a  week  later,  and 
on   being  recaptured,   were  put   to  death. "'^     On  the 
15th  a  Mexican  named  Cilrlos  and  an   Italian,  HiIl; 
noli,  who  had  been  with  the  Texans  in  August,  wcif 
found,  and  induced  to  tell  what  they  knew  of  the  in\;i 
sion.      Meanwhile,  I'very  eflbrt  had  been  mad(^  for  ef- 
fective  defence;    the   rurales,    or    militia,    called  intn 
service  and   sent    to  the   frontier  und<-r  Jjieutcnant 
colonel    Juan    Andres    Archuleta;     Prefect    Ant<»iii.i 
Sandoval  sunnnoned  to  the  capital  to  act  asgovenKn. 
while  Armijo  set  out  on  the  HIth  with  the  i)r(si(lir,l 
troo])S.     On  the  same  day  tive  men,  sent  on  in  advaiicr 
of  the   foremost  division  of   Texans,   wei'e  captuiid. 
disarmed,  and  put  in  jail  at  San  Miguel  del  Vado.' 
Next  day  Colonel   (^ooke  and  Captain   Sutton,  with 
1)4    Texans,   surrendered   to   Armijo   and   Salazar  at 
Anton   (^hico.       The  governor  establisluul  his  Inad- 
quarters  at  Las  Vegas,  distributed  among  the  captor> 

iiidios  siiliuaiids;  iii;ii<  su  rcsistio  a  vA\i>  cl  goljeriiiulor.  I.)('.s;li'  a((Uull,i  ('pin'  i 
liiista  ultimo  ilo  agosto  tie  1841  sc  sust'itaroii  (•(iiisiiiracioiu's  ])nr  ililii'('iit<» 
puiitiis  ilul  (lo])art:iiu('iiti>  contra  el  gohieriio,  y  »i  eii  todas  no  Iiaii  siilo  los  (.■> 
traiigi'i'os  los  jiriiuMiiali'M  niotores,  a  lo  luenos  hau  tcnido  iiartc  ha  ili^  a>,'ostii 
la  tlirigia  I'l  Aiiiurioano  .Tnliaii  Wurkeman,  d  (juicii  los  Tfjanos  toiiiati  aiioilc- 
rado  I'll  rstu  ilui)artaini;iito,  con  el  solo  olijeto  do  que  t'orniara  la  rcvoluiion. 
para  lo  <jiiu  vino  dcsde  Taos  a  Sta  Fe,  aconipanados  do  otro8  paisaiwjs  suyn^ 
<leoididos  a  asesinar  al  gobcrnador  Armijo.'  <<rcgg  also  mentions  the  act  <il 
the  Americans,  though  lu.t  admitting  that  it  ha<l  any  political  aspi'ct.  Ken- 
dall notes  tlic  arrest  of  Thomas  Kowland.  Suspicions  against  Workuiaii  ami 
.John  Rowland  in  this  connection  had  something  to  do  with  tiicir  migration  te 
<'al.  in  IS41.  Kirker,  named  above,  died  in  Cal.  about  l.S,");{,  Dryden  w;is  a 
prisoner  in  Chill,  in  liS41-'J.  B.  I>.  Wilson,  O/i.-k  rnifion^,  MS.,  who  had  lived 
in  N.  Mcx.  since  KS.SH,  tells  us  tli.at  not  only  Rowland  and  AVorkmaii,  Imt 
about  'JO  iiiori',  including  himself,  joined  the  t'.il.  Jiarty  because,  on  aecoinii 
of  Texan  complications,  they  did  not  deem  it  safe  to  remain. 

'--Tiicy  \\  ere  llowland,  Baker,  and  Roseiiburg.  The  lattci' was  killcl  in 
ri'sistilig  recajiture,  and  tlie  otliers  were  exet'Uteil  later.  This  is  called  iriiir- 
der  by  Kendall,  but  the  ;ict  si'enis  to  have  been  justifiable. 

■■'These  wer(!  (',i]it.  Lewis,  \'an  Ness,  Howard,  Fit/gerald,  and   Keiididl, 
The  Spanisli  account  makes  the  iniinlier  li. 


I  ;i  . 


KATK   OF   TIIK    TKXANS. 


■•f.'lj 


tlic  ])roperty  taken  from  i\\c.  Tcxans,  inadi-  a  l)ontiro 
in  the  plaza  of  Jjaiiiar's  |)roclainations,  sunt  otf  Cooke 
and  liis  fellow-prisoners  under  a  guard  o{'  200  men  for 
Mixieo,  and  sent  out  explorers  to  iind  the  rest  of  tJie 
invaders.  These,  under  McLeod,  about  200  in  num- 
li(  r.  finally  surrendered  to  Archuleta,  at  a  ])lace  called 
Lacuna  Colorada,  on  the  oth  of  Octohcr;  on  the  IGth 
Aniiijo  was  given  a  pul)lie  and  most  enthusiastic  re- 
(1  ption  at  the  capital,  and  next  day  the  last  of  the 
prisoners  left  San  Miguel  on  their  tedious  march  to 
Mexico,  where  tluy  arrived  in  several  divisions  at  the 
lie'_.inning  of  1S42.  A  few  were  released  in  Aj)ril,  or 
till lier,  at  the  inteivession  of  foreign  ministers,  on  the 
pit  a  that  they  were  not  Texans,  and  had  joined  the 
(  xpedition  without  knowing  its  real  ohjects.  The  rest, 
alter  confinement  at  different  Mexican  prisons,  some 
ef  them  being  compelled  to  work  in  chains  on  the 
mads,  were  finally  I'eleased  by  .l*resi(.lent  Santa  Anna 
nn  '  '  'aint's  day,  the  l;]t!i  of  Juiu'.  The  only  excep- 
tiei  w.i  in  the  case  of  Xavarro,  who  was  at  one  time 
t(indem?UMl  to  death,  but  finally  escaped  and  returned 

te 


m  .11 

exas. 


''riic'  l)cst  narrative  of  those  events,  from  a  Mexican  staiul-iioint,  is  that 
u  HustaiiHiuti',  (liihitKti'  Mciicitiii),  ii.  t21()-'J.">,  entitled  '  ivsjx'ilieion  di!  Ids  Tr- 
illins rendiili.  a  las  fuerzas  del  Oeiieral  Ihni  Maniul  Arniijo  en  .">  d(^  Octuhre 
le  JNll."  (ir  'una  nienioria  i|ite  se  me  ha  n'nntido  ile  Santa  Fe  de  Nuevo- 
VI. .v I..  I ,  ,,,,.,  iw.  ....i.i...i..  I,.  v,:,riiio,.f,.  '     Ti...  <i',Mf.,i.  ..1..^'.,.,  1^;^  i.'i>M.'iti<'.. 


|.   ■  j«   n'v.i' 


1 

|RhI{>  il 
Mk  E  < 

lis    B     ' 

11  -1 

K '  J 

nM   M     ' 

«m\ 

Wimi 

:t 


!'■  !i*{ 


324 


A   MEXICAN   TEKKIT(3RY, 


h  -it. 


There  can  be  no  doubt  tliat  (jroveriior  Ariuijo  was 
fully  justified  in  seizin^'  the  Texan  invaders,  disarniin,;- 
them,  confiscatiiiL'"  tlieir  property,  and  sendiny' tliem  h> 
Mexico  as  ]»risoners  of  Avar.  He  and  his  otticeis  aiv 
accused,  liowevcr,  of  having  induced  their  victims  to 
surrender  by  false  assurances  of  friendshij)  and  false 
promises  of  welcome  as  traders,  the  givino--up  of  tin  ir 

vols;  al«()  luter  editions.  The  author  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Niw 
Orleans  Pinii/iiin',  in  (jnest  of  adventure  and  material  for  a  hook,  lioth  uf 
wliieli  he  found.  He  was  one  of  those  v.ho  tlainie<l  to  liave  joined  the  (Xiii.H- 
tion  in  ignorance  of  its  lilihusteriny  jiurpose,  and  after  niueh  eorresjioiuhiii'e 
he  was  lilierated  at  the  request  of  U.  S.  ri'iiresentatives.  His  narrative  is  a 
most  fascinating  one,  and  is  full  of  valuahle  information  resjiectin;!;  the  einiii- 
tries  tlirough  which  he  passed.  No  effort  is  made  to  conceal  his  inteiisiiy 
hitter  hatred  of  the  New  Mexicans,  though  lie  speaks  well  of  the  women  aii^l 
of  a  few  men  wlio  were  kind  to  the  Texans  in  their  misfortunes,  (niv. 
Annijo  ia  descrihe<l  not  "nly  as  a  tyrant,  hut  as  an  inhuiiuDi  and  l>lo(Mitliir>ty 
wretch,  an  imprineipioa  liliertiiie,  and  a  hoastful  coward,  whose  fort\iMe  wiis 
founded  on  early  success  as  a  sheep-thief,  and  whose  only  good  quality  w.is  a 
fine  jiersonal  a]ipearance.  Captain  Salazar  and  other  oliieers  are  disciihcd  as 
worthy  followers  of  sudi  a  chief.  The  author'.s  views  of  Armijo  are  supported 
to  a  cnusidcrahle  extent  ])y  (Iregg  anil  other  Anu'ricans  wlio  knew  the  ■j.i>\- 
ernor,  ami  they  liave  heen  adopted  more  or  less  fully  by  later  writers.  Ken- 
dall narrates  minutely  the  capture  and  treatment  of  his  own  little  party,  aiiil 
he  gives  particular  attention  to  ('a))t.  Lewis,  whohad  lived  in  Spanisli-.Vnirri- 
can  provinces,  knew  the  language,  an<l  was  implicitly  trustt'd  Iiy  the  'I'cx.uis. 
Lewis  is  accused  of  having  hetrayed  his  comrades,  revealed  all  their  piuii>, 
and  induced  Cooke  and  McLeod  to  surrender,  hy  false  assnnmees  of  kind 
treatment  and  false  re[)resentations  of  tiie  enemy's  force.  Of  ccmrse,  tile  suli- 
jeet  of  Lewis'  treachery  and  tliat  of  Ki'ndall's  wronys,  real  or  pretended,  n 
an  innocent  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  have  very  little  importance  as  part  of  tiie 
annals  of  N.  Mex. 

Franklin  Condis,  another  of  the  prisoners,  Avrote  a  Xnrrnliiv,  whicli  wis 
published  in  the  newspapers,  and  n\ay  he  consulted  with  other  matter,  iiiehul- 
ing  a  list  of  the  nu  inliers  of  the  ex[iedition  in  .Ur.rlro  in  JS.'/.',  p.  "JIW.'iO.  An 
account  of  some  parts  of  the  affair  liy  Lieut.  Luhhoek  is  (pioteil  hy  Keini  dl 
and  others.  Thomas  Falconer,  an  Englishman,  who  was  set  at  lilierty  iiiiine- 
diately  on  reaching  Mexico,  wrote  A'oi'cx  of  a  jDiinici/  throwik  7'''.'''M  ainl  .N'"' 
.)f('.vico  ill  tin'  ifidr'-i  IS/fl  (iiiil  IS.'/.',  pnldished  in  the  LdihI.  Hi'mj.  Sor.,  Jour., 
xiii.  19i)-'J'J(i.  His  notes  are  chicdy  devoted  tn  a  description  of  tlie  couiitiy. 
He  claims  to  have  joined  the  expeilition  without  any  knowle<lge  fpf  its  r<  il 
character.  Of  McLeod's  capture  he  says:  'A  surrender  was  agreed  u|ion,  and 
the  terms,  securing  to  the  party  tlie  treatment  of  ])i'isoners  of  war.  were 
signed  hy  the  oilieers  on  hoth  sides;'  hut  lie  contirnis  Kendall's  statement 
tliat  on  the  march  several  men  were  shot  and  their  ears  cut  oft'.  Li  /'.  S. 
(iiirt  Doc,  'JTtli  Cong.  'Jd  sess..  Sen.  Ex.  l>oc.  ;V_'."),  H.  Ex.  Doc.  -liii.  is 
found  the  l)ulky  uorrespondence  lietween  the  .Mex.  and  L'.  S.  representati\  e-, 
as  ahove  referred  to  in  Spanish.  See  also  same  ses.-,.  J/oiiia  Jour,,  IS.'i,  '2'M. 
14S0;  and  Coii;/.  (.'lohf,  181!  '_',  ]).  i;?l,  i»77-S.  Waddy  Tliompsoii,  V.  S.  min- 
ister in  Mex.,  in  Jiis  lt<roll<'i-tioii.<.  "i,  50,  !)•_'  I!,  loo  (i,  nieiitiniis  this  atiair,  iind 
states,  wiiat  indeed  is  prai'tieally  ailmitted  hy  all,  tliat  tlie  jirisoiicis  weie 
well  enough  treated  in  Mexico.  Cregir,  Com.  I'niirhy,  i.  'I'll  '.\1,  I'elates  soirn' 
instances  of  outrages  on  Amer.  I'esideiits  in  1S4L  See  also  many  articles  .imi 
Items  in  Xilcx'  lint.,  Ixi.-ii.,  as  per  imh'x;  Pi-itur'.i  Hist.  Sic.,  •_>."{()-il;  l)iinr.<' 
LcHir.t,  'J3S-41;  Wil.'jon.i  A  iiirr.  Hist.,  ()(i.")-7;  Youiiijs  Jlist,  Mcj:.,  12S0-0,  Jiid 
most  works  relating  to  the  annals  of  Texas. 


ALLKGEl)  OUTKAOKS    I'.Y   MKXK  AXs. 


325 


arms  Ix'ing  represented  as  a  mere  formality  imposed  on 
all  \  isitors  to  Santa  ¥6.  Their  arms  once  secured,  it 
i>  said  the  hves  of  one  partv  wen;  saved  oidv  l»v  the 
intervention  and  protest  of  (^regorio  A'i^'il,  and  of 
another  by  a  majority  of  one  in  a  vote  on  the  propo- 
sition to  slioot  tliem.  And  after  tiieir  surrendei-,  par- 
ticularly on  the  march  to  VA  ]*aso,  it  is  clainu'd  they 
were  starved  and  otherwise  iidiumaidv  midtreate<|, 
>niiic  five  or  six  of  their  numher,  because  of  their  ill- 
in  -s  and  inability  to  keej)  u[),  having'  btM'ii  deliboi'- 
atcly  shot  down,  and  their  I'ai's  cut  off,  to  be  carried  to 
( 'liihuahua  as])roof  that  they  had  not  escaped.  Theiv 
i>,  of  course,  nothin;j'  to  be  said  in  justification  of  such 
aits,  if  the  charju'es  are  true.  ]\[y  knowled^'e  of  Ai- 
iiiijo  does  not  lead  me  to  say  in  his  defence  nuicli  nioic 
than  that  he  was  certainly  not  so  bad  a  man  ns  lie  is 
itprt^sented;  nor  am  I  prepared  to  say  that  Salazai' 
was  not  a  brute,  or  that  some  barbai'oiis  acts  niay  not 
lia\('  been  connnitted  by  irresponsible  and  unmanane- 
alile  suliordinates.  The  Mexicans  claim  to  have 
offered  but  life  as  a  condition  of  surrender,  and  to 
have  treated  their  captives  with  all  the  courtesy  due 
to  prisoners  of  war.  It  is  well  to  consider  the  ex 
]iartc  nature  of  the  evidence  aii;ainst  them,  and  the 
-  vidcnt  bias,  amounting  to  hatred,  of  Kendall  an<l 
othtr  witnesst's,  leading  to  many  obvious  exaggera- 
tions. The  Texans,  if  technically  but  soldiers  of  a 
111  lligorent  nation,  were  in  Mexican  eyes  rebel  des- 
[nia<loes,  entering  a  peaceful  [)rovince  mider  false  pre- 
ti  lues,  to  stir  up  bloody  strife.  Let  it  be  remembered 
that  the  capture  and  transportation  of  ;)<i()  Texan  lili- 
hii>ters  by  the  nuserably  organizecl  soldieiy  of  X<\v 
.Mexico  was  no  slight  undertaking-,  and  small  wonder  if 
in  such  a  struggle  some  of  the  kid-gloxc  niceties  of  i-egu- 
!ai'  warfare  wei'e  not  observed  :  moreo\-er,  the  march  to 
a!  xico  was  necessarily  attended  with  much  hardship 
and  suffering,  and  some  doulit  is  thrown  on  the  chai'ges 
of  niuriK'r  l)\-  the  stAtenn-nt  iA'  J^owhatan  J'^llisto  Wrb- 
stor,  that  <->ne,  iu>olviug  the  shooling  of  three  pris- 


I  li 


•MG 


A    .MKXICAX    TKUIUTORY. 


; 


oueivs,  was  a  'fabrication  '  translbrrcd  from  a  iiortlicrn 
iiowspapor  to  the  cdluiiiiis  of  tlio  Si;/lo  Dicz  y  Xncre. 
Again,  if  t]io  jironiisos  alleged  to  have  been  hiokeii 
were  given  in  good  faith  to  the  I'exans  as  peacet'iil 
traders,  Ariniio  ^\■as  i'ullv  justified  in  hre'akinu'  tlicm 
on  learning',  tlirough  liewis'  ti'eaeheiy  and  Lamar's 
j)i"oelauiati(jn,  how  he  had  been  deceived;  if,  on  iJir 
«-<;ntrary,  th(;  Mexicans,  knowing  the  real  chai'ad.r 
<)f  the  exj)edition,  made  the  promises,  intending  to 
break  them,  as  a  dexicc  to  get  possession  of  the  «'iit  - 
my's  woa})ons,  the  trick  was  at  the  least  not  luoic  di>- 
lionorablo  thaji  that  attemjited  by  ^FcLeod  and  ( '(;<)k( . 
The  Texan  adventurers  were,  at  be  u,  engagi'd  in  a 
risky  invasion  of  an  enemy's  territory;  fortune  wa^ 
against  them,  and  disaster  resulted,  for  which  tliry 
deserve  but  little  sympathy.  Armijo  and  his  nicu, 
i^i  the  contraiy,  laid  the  most  wonderful  good  luck  in 
defending  their  country,  and  merit  but  little  of  ti;- 
ol)loquy  that  has  been  lieaped  upon  them.'"' 

Naturally,  the  Texans  were  grievously  disappointed 
at  the  utter  failure  of  their  grand  filibtistering  expi'di- 
tion,  and  loud  in  their  threats  of  vengeance  for  what 
they  chose  to  r-  gard  as  the  treachery  and  barbarity  nf 
the  New  ]\Iexicans.  Active  preparations  began  ;is 
soon  as  the  captives  of  1 841  had  returned.  The  retali 
atory  enterprise,  as  talked  aljout  in  advance  through 
the  ])ress  and  otherwise,  had  a  wide  scope.  Not  only 
was  New  Mexico  to  be  invaded  and  brought  und'  r 
Texan  sway,  but  prol)ably  the  banner  of  fi'cedoni 
would  be  uid'ui'led  in  C'hiliualiua.  and  all  of  Nortluiii 
Mexico  revolutionized;  and  at  the  very  least,  Armijo 
and  Salazar,  with  the  traitor  Lewis,  were  to  be  taken, 
dead  or  alive.      For  these   ])ur[)oses  a  foi'c(^  of  ."iOn  oi- 

-■'Thero  i.s  a  n(>*  nlo  siiniluiity  iu  sovoriil  ruspei'ts  hctwooii  the  nilo  <  i  Ar- 
mijo ill  \.  Mux.  iin.l  tluit  of  Alvui-iulo  in  ( ':il.— suo  J/l-^f.  ('"(.,  iii.,  iv.  th.' 
revolts  Hgaiiist  'joiitfalisiii  iu  lS:{()-8.  uml  the  following  troubles  witli  Nu'- 
finiiiifs  ill  ISU,  as  rcpro.sontcd  by  tlio  'rcxiiu  i  xprditioii  ami  the  (Irahiuii 
affair.  Kotli  nilurs  wiTf  grossly  almsoil  l>y  forcii;ii  critii's,  Kcu'lall  s  lavin.i^s 
iic-'ariiio  a  markfil  restniihlauet!  to  those  of  Farnliani.  (Miargcs  against  AH  i- 
railo  were  for  the  most  part  false;  of  Ariuijo  and  hi-i  acts  much  less  is  ki:'"^:i. 


TEXAN    1;A1I)S   of    KS4:{. 


;i-j7 


SOO  Jiieii,  uiulur  (*(il(»iul  .facol)  Siiivclv,  was  t<»  !)»• 
raised,  the  only  difliculty  l>oiiijj!'  to  kct-p  tlio  iiuiuhti- 
ildW  II,  sucli  was  tlir  popular  eiitliusiasin  at  home  aii<l 
across  the  line  in  the  I'nited  States.  The  pntjert 
was  made  known  hy  trad(!i's  at  Santa  Fe — American 
spies,  the  Texans  called  them— and  eonsideiahk-  alarm 
was  iclt  in  ^lexico,  es[)ccially  heeaiise  of  the  hcliof  that 
tlir  movement  was  to  be  in  reality  under  the  auspic(.'s 
ot'  tlie  northern  re[)ublic.  Accord iniL>ly,  a  lai;ne  force 
was  sent  north  from  Chihuahua,  under  (Jeiieral  Jose 
\\.  .XFonterde,  to  sup))ort  Armijo,  who,  as  the  result 
[itoved,  had  little  need  of  reenforcements. 

Tliis  o-rand  scheme  of  vengeance,  invasion,  and  revo- 
lution reduced  itself  in  the  execution  to  a  raid  foi' 
|iluiider  on  the  Santa  Fe  caravans;  for  this  trade,  of 
which  much  more  is  said  in  this  chaptei',  was  now  to 
a  ((iiisideraltle  extent  in  the  hands  of  Mexicans.  First. 
.loli'i  McDaniel,  a  Texan  caj)tain,  or  calling  himself 
so.  enlisted  in  ^Missouri  fifteen  vajrahonds,  and  witli 
tliem  in  April  184:3  attacked  ai»d  plundered  the  cara- 
van of  Jose  Antonio  Chavez  on  the  Little  Arkansas, 
ill  United  States  territory.  Seven  of  the  numl»er, 
with  their  share  of  the  bootv,  at  once  started  back  foi- 
the  Missouri  settlements;  and  the  other  eiyht  did 
likewise^,  aftt-r  nmrderinj^'  Chavez  for  the  gold  al»out 
Ills  person.  This  outrage  was  a  little  more  than  e\  en 
tlie  Ti'xan  sympathy  or  aiiti-^Fexicau  [)rejudice  of  the 
sHiitli-westeiii  frontier  could  justify ;  ten  of  tiie  jiarty 
Wile  captured  and  c-ondenmed  to  death  or  iiiijtrisou- 
iiMiit,  according  as  their  ci-ime  was  murder  or  simply 
r'ibl)er\'.  About  the  same  time,  ( 'olonel  Wartiebi, 
\\\\\\  a  similar  party  of  twenty-foui'  adveiiluri'rs,  at- 
triiipted  a  raid  on  the  little  Xew  Mexican  settleniiMit 
III'  Mora.  Hy  a  surprisi'  lie  killed  li\-e  .\rexicans  of  a 
paity  of  hunters,  and  took  a  few  horses,  wliich  lie  jno- 
ciitly  lost,  with  Jill  his  own.  when  the  lot  turned  on 
liiiii.  and  he  was  foi'ced  to  i-etreat  on  foot.  Warfiehl, 
willi  a  t'ew  of  the  fugiti\'es.  succeeded  in  Joininn' 
^iiively;    another   [larty   disbanded   and    found    their 


"  tfi 


il 


*    '0- 


If 


3-2S 


A  MKXICAX  TERHITOUV. 


Avay  iiortliward;   while  still  another  of  five  iiicu  \\a^s 
captured  and  apparently  taken  to  Santa  Fe. 

Afeanwliile,  ('olonel  Snively,  with  his  L^rand  armv 
of"  Dot  (SOO  or  oOO,  hut  ahout  ISO  men,  reached  tin; 
Arkansas  late  in  ^Fav,  to  lie  in  wait  for  the  tradiis 
The  caravan  of  the  year,  coni[)osed  of  hoth  ^Mexicans 
and  Americans,  hound  to  Santa  Fe  from  Indcjun- 
di-nce,  was  aj)proachinjjf,  escorted  l)y  two  i'om[)ani(s  (if 
Ignited  States  dragoons  under  Captain  Cook;  and 
(iover-nor  /Vrmijo.  witl)  500  men  or  more,  marclicd 
out  of  liis  caj)itid  on  ^VFay  1st  to  meet  the  caravan  at 
tlic  Arkansas.  ( )n  June  1 9th  the  Tcxans  succeeded  in 
cuttiiiL;'  off  an  advance  party  of  Armijo's  force,  ahuut 
100  militiamen  and  Indians  under  A'^entura  jjohatn, 
killing"  some  twenty,  and  making  prisoners  of  tlu'  ic.^t. 
(;\cept  one  or  two  who  escaped  to  the  govei-nniV 
camp.'""  Ten  days  later,  as  the  force  was  deemed  ion 
small  to  attack  Armijo,  and  as  it  was  thouglit  tin 
caravan  might  hove  turned  back  through  fear,  almiit 
HO  of  the  Texans  started  homeward  ;  hut  (  a])taiii  ( 'ool^ 
soon  came  uj),  and  forced  one  detachment  of  tlie  rc^t, 
greatly  to  their  disgust,  to  give  U[)  their  arms,  chiini- 
ing  that  they  were  on  United  States  soil.  Ahout  r)ii 
now  started  for  Missouri,  while  the  remainder-  ])ait 
of  whom,  und(T  Captain  C-handler,  had  been  ahseiitat 
the  disarming,  and  another  part  arc  said  to  liii\e  de- 
ceived Cook  l)y  giving  up  oidy  captured  Alexican 
weapons,  concealing  their  own  rifles — could  not  agree 
on  any  course^  of  action  until  the  caravan  had  dv^sid 
the  river  and  gone  on  their  way  unmolested.  Then 
the  renowned  'Texijui  Invincihles'  went  home,  losing 
some  men  in  fights  with  the  Indians  on  the  way. 

In    July  and  August  the  ]\Iexican  minister  emu 
plained  to  Waddy  Thomjison  that  the  ITnited  State> 
goN'crmnent  was  responsible  for  thi'  so-called  Texan 

^''IJiistiniiiuiti'.s  statement  that  Snively  'a  tndos  los  pasd  a  euchiUiis  doH 
plies  <le  reiidiilii.s  l;is  annas'  is  iirobalily  nnfiminleil.  Some  other  aiitlioriti's 
say  tliat  tho  prisoners  were  releaseil.  'I'lio  Texans  and  Americans  state  tliiit 
Armijo,  on  learning  of  the  disaster,  retreated  in  great  haste,  ivitlioiit  w  aitiii.' 
for  the  earavau. 


THK  SANTA   VK  TRADE. 


.^•_".) 


invasion  ;  hut  tho  rt'i)ly  deiiitMl  .such  rcspousiljihty,  rvcii 
if'  ihciv  liad  boon  any  ijivasiDii,  wliifli  \vas  (U'chirod 
(Idulitfuh  ^Eeauwhih',  (jrenrral  ^^(>Iltl'r(l(.'  uiarclicd 
iioithwanl  to  New  Mexico  with  some  7(J()  uicii ;  and 
he  and  Arniiio  flattered  tlieinselves  tliat  thi-v  liad 
>a\cd  tlieii'  country,  (iood  luck  and  a  hioad  desert 
tVuiiticr  had  done  more  to  defeat  Texan  schemes  than 
till  /ah]  of  Mexican  patriots.'-' 

W'l'  have  noted  the  adventurous  hen'inninj^s  Ix^fore 
1  >■_'■_'  of  the  trade  hetwi'eii  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri 
|Ji\(i'.  Witli  the  end  of  Spanish  rule  ceased  all  ojtpo- 
sitieii  to  tlie  traffic  on  the  part  of  Mexican  authorities, 
and  a  jirofitahle  market  was  assured  lor  n'oods  fVum 
ilic  I'nited  States.  The  eastern  I'ende/vous  was 
Fiaiiklin,  Missoui'i,  down  to  18:!!,  and  later  Indepen- 
(Inice.  From  this  }>oint  in  May  of  each  year  set  out 
till  trains,  or  caravans,  of  |)ack-aninials  in  182;),  hut 
snlist'(|uently  (/f  wagons,  drawn  at  first  hy  horses  and 
mules,  but  later  by  mules  or  oxen,  four  ])airs  usually 
til  each  waL;on,  but  sometimes  live  or  six  pairs,  with 

■'  III  tin;  Ari'h.  Stii  /•'( ,  MS.,  i.s  Aniiiio's  Liln-odi'  ( >rili'n<'-s,  .show in:;  .soiiictliiiiL; 
lit  his  (i[)i'r;iti()iis  t'rmii  May  1st  to  .liilv  1st,  iiicluiling  the  c;i[iturc  oi  .")  Tf.xuiis 
<iii  .luiiu  (ith  or  7th.  .V/7'V  J!,,,.,  l.xiv.  lit,"),  L'Ut,  'JSO.  '_".»),  WIW,  Hi'T,  .'i.Vl,  ami 
i.s|MLi:illy  tJ.'U  "),  401),  I'outuin.s  a  largo  aiiioiiiit  of  iritoriuatiou  on  cK'tails  of  thr 
allair.  ]{ustamaiitt',  Ajniii/c'i  IH4.  Soiila  A  nnn,  'JOti  '.>,  tells  lis  of  tho  '  nmva 
iiivasidu  (lu  Niu;vo-Mi!.\ic()  por  h(.s  Anglo- Anicrioainis.'  '1  ho  diplomatic  cor- 
rci]Mii(lL'nce  in  Mo.x.  is  given  in  Mcr.,  Mem.  Itii,  1S44,  doc.  Ixiii.-ix.,  and  the 
iillair  is  also  noteil  in  l<l.,  Mini.  (Iin-rni,  1S44,  p.  W,  S,  wlu-ru  wo  are  told  that 
(111  .lillie  17,  IStli,  the  Mex.  govt  had  lieeii  oMiged  to  decree  (K'aUi  to  all 
liirciLiiiers  entering  the  country  as  liandits,  or  lighting  under  a  (lag  not  reeog- 
iM/id  hy  Mox.  'J'he  Viilo  ilr  ."so/ze/K  (if  Sept.  14,  ]JS4;<,  contains  a  rt'port  oi 
.Vniiijii,  forwarded  hy  .Moiiterdo  Aug.  i)tli,  on  the  siuces^fiil  cll'cct  ot  de- 
li u-ivc  measures.  M.  was  ahout  to  return,  lea\ing  ISO!)  iiieii  under  Lieut. -cnl 
\i>iurieio  I'iiarte.  (ireng,  ('nm.  I'rii'irii.-<,  ii.  ]()(>-77,  givi's  auexeellent  account 
lit  t'iie  ex|iedition,  and  though  hi.s  sympathies  arc  not  wholly  against  tin 
livaiis  ho  shows  that  they  acted  very  unwisely,  even  from  their  own  point  ot 
view,  in  killing  Chavoz,  whoso  family  \vas  not  friendly  to  Arniijo,  and  wlio.-<e 
lintlicr  and  sisler-indaw  diil  much  in  IMI  to  aid  the  Texan  jirismiers;  in 
lil.iiiiiing  to  attack  a  eaiavaii  which  contained  many  Americans,  who  could  not 
lnHiorahly  desert  their  Alex,  friends;  in  attacking  Mora,  whose  iiihahilaiit^ 
iiad  always  lieeii  friendly  to  foreiuners;  and  in  laitchcring  tho  puehlo  Indians 
lit  .Viiiiiio's  vanguard,  who  had  always  hecii  hitter  against  tho  governor,  and 
ulin  Were  now  incensed  heyond  jiieasure  at  Taos,  forcing  several  naturalized 
tiii'rigiiers  to  tlce  for  their  lives.   S'-nir.i  in  //n'  /,'id-i/  .l//\,  •JU-7tl,  al-rn  co:itaiii> 

■I  4 huu"ative;and  liniilk'x  Wistrrn  U'ili/--,  (iO-SO,  a  faiitastic  one,  iiuriiortiiiL; 

t'l  III'  hy  one  ot    Warticld's  mon,  and  evidently  fouude  I  im  f  ut  in   the  earlier 
liarts. 


flf 


■'m'i 


I    ; 


.'!!'  '' 


:     i 


3:)(i 


A    .MKXICAN    IKKltrrOKV 


a  load  of  r),OU()  pounds.  Cotton  j^'oods  wviv  tlic  stu|il.' 
aiticli'  of  ti-afHc,  but  there  was  also  can-icd  a  mix.  1- 
laut'ous  assortment  (tf  d»y  «;oo(ls  and  liartlware.  Tin 
route  <»f"  over  8()U  miles  lay  in  an  almost  direct  liur 
west-south-west  to  San  Miguel  del  N^ido,  and  tlinic, 
north-west  to  Santa  Fe;  hut  this  I'oute,  with  sitnir  of 
tln^    most  common  variations,  is   l)est  shown   \>v  tin 


ma|). 


Muh 


A't] 


way  (»l  the  |oui'ney  was  tlio  ci'ossmi;'  ol  tli 


th 


Aikansas,  the  houmlary  between  I'nited  States  aiid 
Mexican  territory;  Jind  the  route  corresponds  maiK. 
in  a  oencral  way,  with  that  of  tlie  Atchison,  'ro|i(k:i, 


aiK 


I  Santa    Fe  railroad  of  later    tin 


les. 


Th 


aiTnal 


was  u'enerallv  in  .Itdv,  and  the  rt>turn  depaituiv  in 
August.  Tlie  selliiii;'  })ri<H;  of  <4'oods  was  on  an  asrr- 
iv^o  about  (l(jubl(!  the  cost,  and  at  this  rate  was,  \\)v  a 
time,  sufHciently  low  to  control  the  market  as  against 
foreiufu  ijoods  imijorted  bv  way  of  Vera  ( 'ru/  (tr  (hi- 
huahua;  and  indeed,  a  Lirge  ])r'oportion  of  the  M  issouii 
goods  were  sent  from  Santa  Fe  to  tlie  south  bv  tin 
r(><»;ular  autumn  caravans. 


J)ut 


ies,  after  an   'umli'i 


standino-'  with  custom-house  officers — for  verv  sli"lit 
attention  was  paid  to  the  national  aranrrl  de  (Icnclids 
— were  from  25  to  50  per  cent  of  cost,  and  the  trad- 
ers' net  profit  was  as  a  rule  from  20  to   40  pel'  ceiit, 

though  some  cargoes  were  sold  at  a  loss.      The  g I> 

were  ])aid  for  mainly  in  gold  and  silver  coin,  thoui^li 
a  considerable  quantity  of  furs  and  blankets  was  takin, 


a  I 


id   the   wagons  were   sometimes   partly   laden  witli 


woo 


1,  tl 


lere   Ijcmo"  no 


dutv 


on  expo 


)rted 


pro(hiet^ 


I 


'llio  tax  on  oxiinrts  was  rt'iiiittod  in  favor  <>(  \.  Mox.  l>y  a  ilecrci'  of  Ji 


i!l,  lS--':{,  for?  yoais; 


<l  th 


iriviU'j'L'  was  renew 


ed  in  1S:«).   Is:i8,  ai 


.1  rrill. 


I'.l'i, 


Himp.,  KS-J!t-:{().  p.  KM);   ISHO,  ]>.  l.Hl;    IS.SS,  \).  J4:{;   IS4.")-(),  \k'X^  li; 


ilso  (itlief  eoUeetions  (if  laws.     The  ruecipts  of  tlio  N.  Mex.  custoin- 


iciioi 


ted   to  tlio   Mix.  <'ovt, 


as  t( 


illows,  accofdint:  to  /'rk/o,  L'lii!"-.  "JM, 


•A   -th 


lo  sums  m  pai'eiitheses  oeiiig  Iroin  the  j;ovt 


iiii'nionns 


dille 


soinewhaf;    IS'J."),  S  months,  .S-'.O"!:!  {Vl  mo.,  sa,.")'.!."));  lS-_'(),    10  mo.,  .<|ii,:;'.il : 
lv_'()  7,  SS,(i(»7;   INI-'T  S,  .S'),!):iS;   IV.'N  II,  .S-_>7,()()«  (.s-_>7.!t()7);   lS-_".t  :<(»,  ■•<  1  •.',(.'.•  I : 

is;;o  1,  .•<io..")Si  (.s.'iKssi.');  is;n  •_',  .•<;u,;;i4:  i.s.-w  4,  .■:?•-''.), •-'!i7;  is:iti  7,  s-ji.-jiii; 

;  mentions  a  custniii, 


IS41,  (Sj.i'.t,-));  lS4-_',  (S'-'7,".ll.'l);  |.S4;{,  (.•'SI,4(H»).  (; 
said  to  prevail,  of  dividin;^  tin;  le;;al  duties  into  tluee  cijiial  parts,  one  for  tin; 
otlieers,  one  for  the  trader,  and  one  for  the  govt.  He  also  says  tli.it  of  tliu 
.•^.MKOJl)  to  .'>S(»,()0(t  annually  eolh^'ted,  nearly  half  has  lieeu  emhe/./lcd.  It 
was   l>elieviMl   at   first   that  the   N.    Mex.    authorities   were  ooUuetinj,'   ni 


nu 


tre  th.in  tin'  Mt'X.  l.iw  jiermitted;  hut 


it  the  ease.     There  u:i-i 


a  prohiliitory  duty  of  f^\  per  pound  on  toliaeco, 


IIOTTK   (II'    IIIK   SANTA    KK   (  AKAV AN." 


.TU 


( 

1 

; 

'  i 

IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


t 
^ 


// 


^/ 


A 


f/j 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IIM    11112,5 


iiM 

'HO 


m 

M 

i.8 


1.4 


1.6 


P 


/2 


^ 


^ 


^-^ 


/}. 


rf 


si 


>/ 


A 


7 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


f/j 


>> 


i 


33'J 


A   MEXICAN  TEKUITORY. 


iiijiko  no  attempt  liero  to  picture  tlic  pleasures  and 
perils  connected  with  this  'connnerce  of  the  ])iuirio!s/ 
or  to  present  details  of  coninieroial  methods,  rcfrninn 
the  readiT  for  such  matter,  to  the  standard  and  often- 
cited  work  of  (jrrei^;^,  from  which,  however,  Ixfniv 
proceedini^  to  notice  the  Santa  Fe  tvudr  in  some  (tt 
its  chronologic  aspects,  I  append  a  tahle  showint^  the 
Ij^rowth  of  the  trade  from  year  to  year.""     It  sliouU 

-'"Talde  showing  aiiproximato  amounts  of  nii'rrliandisc,  miniver  of  waiioiis. 
liirfil  niiMi,  proprietors,  antl  tho  amount  of  goods  sent  south,  cliitllv  v, 
i'hilnialiua. 


Your. 


iS'22. 

18-23.. 

18-J4.. 

18'J.")  . 
18-.'(1.. 
18'_'7.. 
18-_\S., 
18'J<.»., 

I8;w). 
I8:u . 
18;« 
I8:w. 

1834. 
1835. 
183U. 
1837. 
1838. 
183!». 
18K). 
1841. 
KS4'_'. 
1843. 


1                    1 

1        Mii.sp.        1 

\VH|,'ons. 

Mfu. 

'^llllJl■r^. 

00 

THrliil,. 

$!ir.,ooo 

70 

l'.»,(XK) 

50 

30 

3.),  (KM) 

'2ti 

100 

80 

.•?.'{,0(H) 

(),"),(K)0 

37 

130 

!H) 

.'i.lMKI 

!W,(K)() 

(M) 

100 

7i) 

T.IKKI 

8.-),  000 

.)<> 

!H) 

50 

.S,(Hlll 

150,000 

1(K> 

•2(M) 

80 

'JO.IKHI 

('.0,000 

30 

50 

•20 

."i,(HHI 

1 '20,000 

70 

140 

00 

•ja.lNK) 

•250,000 

l.-W 

3-20 

80 

MI.IKNI 

140,000 

70 

150 

40 

50.(XI(I 

180,000 

105 

185 

00 

Ml.dlHI 

150,IH)0 

(-■ 

lUO 

50 

TO.IHN) 

140,000 

140 

40 

70,(11111 

130,000 

, 

i:» 

35 

lid.lKlll 

150,(KK) 

80 

KK) 

35 

MI.IHOI 

'.H),000 

50 

100 

•20 

4II.IMNI 

1250,000 

130 

•250 

40 

IIIII.IHHI 

50,000 

30 

(iO 

i) 

ID.INMI 

150,000 

(50 

100 

12 

Sd.lKMI 

1()0,000 

70 

1'20 

15 

'.(ll.dOO 

450,(N)0 

•230 

350 

30 

1    :!ii(MMii> 

In   Fiini/i'im'n  Mi:i:,  33,  is  givt-n  the  estimato  of  Itavid  Waldo.  3(1  ycar.s  in 

till"  trado.  of  tlii^  liusiiiiss  of  iS40,  as  follows:  oost  of  };oods,  !:<'.  137,5110;  rust  i.l 

outlit,   insurance,  wagos,  t'ti'.,  .'5414.750;    [irolit,  .IviCJOjOOO.     Tlu'ie  wnv  ;t7'i 

wagons,  l,7<K>  mules,  2,(M(()  oxen,  and  .")(K)  mini. 

Ciiiiuiii  Iff  of  tliv  J'miruM;  tir  //ii'  jonrnul  tij'  a  iimiltt  Fe  trmlir,  ilnriifj  liihi 

(•x^iitlititiiiM  orross  tin'  ijimt  ins/fni  Jirniriii,  iiinl  a  rrsii/mrt'.  oj'  t.'drii/  liim:  >i"iK 

hi  Siirllii  ril  Jli.ilri).      lUiistriilnl  irilli    iiiiijis  iiml  fii'imriii'is.      liij  ,ln.-i,il(  ^'/v;/7. 

N.  v..  1S44.     12mo,  2  vol.    J  liavo  also  tlio4tli  edition  of' I*liil.,"lS,".(l;  aii.lllwl 

of    J'liil.,  1857,  under  the  title,  Vivhcs  ninl  Jinii/int-i  in  tin'    W'l.^lirn  I'r'ih-i 
1  • I..  1.:  .    i:...t  i.  ■ ;.i.  ii c    1...M1         11:     1.    ;  .  ii 


01  I  ini.,  IO.IJ,  iiiioer  ine  iiiie,  niiinx  niiii  i iiriiiiiim  in  inc  iii.iiiiii  1  i'i'i"~. 
iiregg  made  his  lirst  trip  witli  the  earavan  of  1831.  His  work  is  tlu' pi'iin'i- 
pal  source  of  all  that  has  lieen  or  ean  lie  writti'U  ahout  the  Sta  Fe  inul-  diiwii 
to  1843;  and  it  also  contains  an  ext'ellent  description  of  the  e''intr,\,  pcii|ilc'. 
and  customs  of  the  northern  states  of  Mexico,  with  many  hisioiic  items  11' 
value.  After  (iregg"s  work  I  have  found  the  extracts  and  coiiis|ioM.ltMre  in 
AV/ct"  /?»7/(V<'C,  from  year  to  year,  the  most  tiseful  source  of  infoiiii;ili"ii.  I 
may  also  refer  to  J'rinn'.i  J  list.  Sl\,  '1M\  84;  ltltr||'.^  A-Jlmi,  '2ir.  M«;i'i- 
Mri:  Azfn;  ii.  304;  Hm-jx  r.i  .l/.(;/..  .hdy  1S80,  p.  1S7-00;  Xkiii:  Ann.  I'"'/.. 
xciii.  308-13;  E^rinlvn),  in  l'iii'\  .Vulifiis,  75  0;   Hiirniiv,  Ojidihi,  '24  "1;  /?■'»• 


cOMMEUCK  OF    J'HK  I'UAIKIKS. 


pleasures  and 
r  the  prairit'.s' 
lods,  ivfcrriiio- 
'Ud  and  oftcii^ 
\Vv\oi;  lM,f,„v 
I«J  ill  soim.'  of 
B  sliowiiiu-  til,. 

It  should 

IUlll|]l«T(pf  W,11.'(>1|S, 
t    Sdlltll,     ,|||,.||v    t,', 


"luUtT>. 

TnCllil,. 

(JO 

30 

SO 

.•?.'i,(HtO 

!K) 

ri.(NMi 

To 

7,(HNI 

no 

.S.(H)(I 

so 

'JO.IKNI 

I'O 

."i,(NH( 

Co 

'.'ll,(ltj() 

so 

.SO.IHK) 

40 

."ll.tlOll 

<)0 

MI.IIIMI 

no 

TiMHK) 

40 

70.01(11 

:!^ 

*i0,(NH) 

.{,> 

S(M)UI) 

•JO 

40.IKNI 

40 

l(UI.(NH) 

") 

lIMNX) 

IJ 

.SII.()(KI 

\:> 

'III.IKMI 

:to 

.'illll.(KII) 

aid,.,  ;< 

>  yi'ars  in 

■•l^O.'tT,.""! 

Ml;  cpst^l' 

Thfie 

Ml i'u  H7."i 

»'/'  /•,  (// 

(/•/■//;/  lijhl 

i."irlii 

llilli:  lllilfit 

li,l  Jns 

ink  lirc'lij. 

..'l.s:.o 

iiii'l  lliat 

WliIiih 

/',■.-/,■;. .. 

rk  is  t 

11'  )iriiiiM- 

:i  F.;  ti 

ail''  ilowii 

i"  'iiiti\ 

,  l>i'o|.ic. 

iiistiirii 

items  m' 

(i'ns|p(i 

i.lc'iii-o  ill 

iiifiii'ir 

atioii.     1 

".    '.'47 

Miiiitr  ■< 

'diii:  A 

III.   1  '»*/.. 

'ul<,  •1\ 

■>:  /;■(»- 

;ils()  1»t'  noted  that  before  many  years  had  passed 
Santa  Fe  nierohants  of  Spaiiisli  race  fitted  out  regular 
ciiniviins  and  eontroHed  a  large  portion  of  the  trade. 
Fi(  i'jht  was  carried  hy  paek-aniinals  till  1H24, 
Avlien  wagons  were  introduced  as  an  experiment,  and 
iiiaklni;"  the  trip  without  ditticulty  were  used  exclu- 
>i\(  ly  after  1825.  These  first  waj^ons  seem  to  have 
taki'ii  the  Ta(*s  route.™  ]^y  the  success  of  this  experi- 
iiKiit  was  attracted  the  attention  of  wealthier  men 
than  any  that  had  })reviously  engaged  in  the  tradi-; 
and  these  men  lost  no  time  in  bringing  the  matter 
hrfore  tlie  government.  ^lemorials  were  sent  to  con- 
orcss  l)y  the  peo[)le  and  authorities  of  Missouri,  «.le- 
iiiaiiding  ])rotection  for  the  new  industry,  by  treaties 
witli  Indian  tribes,  the  marking-out  of  a  road,  estab- 
lisliing  of  a  fort  on  the  Arkansas,  and  the  api)ointment 
of  agents  at  Santa  Fe  and  Chihualiua  to  prevent 
extortion  in  the  collection  of  duties.  Senator  ]^enton 
took  u[i  the  project  with  his  customary  zeal,  and  laid 
hcforo  the  senate  the  statement  of  Augustus  Stori's 
on  the  history  and  jtrospects  of  the  prairie  commerce. 
Finally,  in  January  1825,  a  bill  was  passed,  authorizing 
tlie  marking-out  of  a  road,  and  ap[tropriating  .$.'50,000 
for  this  [)urpose  and  that  of  obtaining  the  Indians' 
consent  to  the  road  and  its  unmolested  use."^     The 

<-r«jY.sS.  Mix.  Minrrl,  MS.,  12,  I.S-IT;   /^llllf'■^  Mirr/i.  Mnij.,  xi.  47."),  ."tOI    17; 
Miiniiii'i;   yni/iiiji'iirii  A'ouirtni.i;  ii.  'J!>-t>4.     See  also  rofureiicus  of  tho  following 

llCltL'S. 

'^  Stnrrn' Saiitti  Fc  Trnili' in  JSJ.'f  He  giv.'.s  the  route  as  from  Ft  Osage 
\v.  s.  w.  to  tile  ArkaiiHUH;  iin  the  Ark.  n.  of  \v.  *J40  miles;  s.  to  tho  Cimarron; 
>i|p  till'  ('.  W.  100  mile.s;  amis.  w.  to  Taos.  Oregg,  i.  ■_'4-.">,  iniiilies  that  the 
wagons  reached  Sta  Fe,  and  liis  inap  hIiows  no  route  to  Taos.  Storra  ae- 
iiiiii[iaMied  the  caravan,  and  his  narrative,  or  »tat»iinent,  drawn  out  in  govt 
iiivcstigiitions,  wa.s  puhlished  in  A'/Vcs'  Idij.,  xxvii.  .'mJ-lO,  as  also  in  govt  doc, 
asi'ited  in  the  next  note.  Itwas  the  liest  aeeount  extant  liefore  that  of  Oregg, 
wild  eiiiisiiltcd  it,  andwhohatl  also  a  iliary  of  Marmaduke,  later  lieiit.-gov.  of 
Mil.  The  year's  caravan  consisted  of  SI  men,  I. "lO  horses  and  nudes,  and  'JiJ 
\vaL;oiis,  making  the  round  trip  in  4  months  ami  10  days.  Storrs,  however, 
speaks  of  4  jiarties  starting  in  Keli.,  May,  Aui:.,  and  Nov.;  and  gives  t!;u 
piuiluet  of  the  year's  traile  as  ?<IS0,000  in  g(jld  and  .silvi'r,  liesidos  i^jlO.OOO  iit 
lurs. 

"Tlu'  hill  was  approved  on  March  Ud.  The  only  olijectiou  urged  in  coa- 
Hre.ss  WIS  to  the  survey  of  a  roail  in  Mex.  territory.  /'.  S.  (Itivt  Jhx\,  iMli 
em  11,'. 'J  I  sess.,  Sen.  Poc.  7,  p.  1  14;  Sen.  .Four.,  same  sess.;  ('(»ii/.  /h'^n/r.-i, 
lsi'4  ."),!..  100  10,  'M'2-H,  :».">(■.  C.l;  Aini«i<  i'f' dw,,.,  \^-l\,  p.  •i70:M;  linitnn'.i 
IM.,/,.<,  viii.  lot!,  ll'O  :W;  \il's  h'.,,.,  xwi.  I'.kI  4;  xxvii.  :.'J0- 1,  301,  Sll'  17, 

;u,s,  :i.-.i. 


»Ht: 


1 1 

I 


'••I'UMMIIA'I 


3S4 


A  MKXICAX  TERRITORY. 


im", 


ml 


New  Mexicans  were  i)ot  less  eai^er  than  the  Anicricaiis 
for  the  protection  and  development  of  trade;  and  in 
June  1825  Manut.  Simon  Escudero  of  Chihuhua  \vas 
commissioned  by  Governor  Vaca  to  visit  St  Louis 
and  Washington,'^  The  same  year  a  treaty  was  made 
with  the  Osages  by  the  payment  of  a  small  sum;  and 
the  survey  of  the  road  was  begun,  to  be  conjplctod- 
that  is  the  route  partially  marked  by  a  series  of 
mounds — from  Fort  Osage  to  Taos  two  years  later;' 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  the  traders  vwv 
made  use  of  the  road  as  surveyed,  preferring  to  follow 
the  earlier  trail,  with  such  modifications  as  the  condi- 
tion of  ijrass  and  water  sugijested. 

Meanwhile,  the  trade  grew  in  proportions,  and  tlic 
caravans  made  their  yearly  trips "'*  without  notahlo  ad- 
ventures, except  that  the  Indians — probably  not  with- 
out fault  on  the  part  of  the  traders — became  incrcas- 

^'' Exrudero,  in  Pino,  Xot.,  70-7.  Not  inuuh  is  defmitely  statcil  as  to  tlic 
natuiu  uiiil  ivsults  of  tliis  iiiiH.sion,  Imt  tlie  assuniiioesi  from  I'.  S.  aiitlidiitu'.s 
ami  Mi'x.  ininistL-r  wero  encouragiiij,'.  E.  arrived  at  St  Louis  in  Oct.  Silrs 
/>'<■;/.,  xxix.  85.  In  1824  tliu  gov.  of  N.  Mex.  wnn  «ai(l  to  have  aniKiuiKid  liis 
iiitcntioii  of  iiiurcliiiijf  witli  J, 500  men  to  C'ouneil  BluiTsi  to  secure  tradi',  inicify 
Inil.,  etc.  /(/.,  xxvi.  'i.Vi. 

^^Tlie  U.  S.  coiinnisMioners  were  Benj.  Reeve.s,  (Jeo.  ('.  SiUley,  and  'I'lionias 
Matlier;  and  the  surveyor  J.  ('.  lirown.  This  road  struck  tlie  Arkansas  nwir 
Phiin  Butte.s,  and  followed  it  up  to  Ciioteau  Island;  thence  s.  to  tlic  (.'iiiiar- 
ron;  up  the  C.  87  miles;  thence  to  Ralil>it-Ear  Creek,  and  contiiiiiinj.' went- 
Ward  entered  the  mts  near  tlie  source  of  Ocatu  Uiver,  terminating  at  Taos. 
Wtirrcii's  Mimoir,  2()-7.  <'re^g  and  I'rince,  liowever,  state  that  the  rnail 
■was  never  marked  hy  mounds  beyond  the  Arkansas,  and  only  in  [lart  to  that 
river. 

^'In  1 8'_'5  a  party  left  Sta  Fe  in  June,  and  arriveil  at  Franklin  in  Am;.,  witii 
rjOO  mules  anil  hor.ses,  being  attacked  by  the  Osage  Ind.  A  caravan  also  left 
Franklin  in  May  with  81  men,  'JOO  horses,  and  ^'$0,000  in  goods;  much  siillcr- 
ing.  Tiicre  were  already  complaints  tliat,  the  trade  was  ovcnlonc.  SHi-^' 
Iti-ij.,  xxix.  54,  100.  2*53.    Another,  of  105  men,  ;U  wagons,  240  mules.    Moiny 

scarce,  but  I'iniles  and  horses  to  be  had  for  §10-20  to  ^20-;{0  ca.sli,  fur  t; 1>  at 

100  per  cent  profit.  /</.,  xxviii.  Wfd.  In  1825-G,  Dr  Willard  went  with  .nar- 
avan  from  St  Charles  to  Sta  Fe,  ami  thence  to  Chih.;  and  his  lidnwl  'I'nule 
irifh  Mexico  was  published  in  \iiXi,  as  an'  appendix  to  Patfif'/i  Xiirr.,  ^I't't-'MIO, 
luiing  mostly  occupied  with  descriptive  matter.  In  1827-43,  Collins,  lator 
HUpt  Ind.  att'airs  in  N.  Mex.,  maile  several  trips,  /ml.  Aff.  licpt  Joint  Com., 
IS(i7,  p.  3H0.  Brief  account  of  caravan  of  J827,  in  Nil'ejt'  lii-ij.,  xxxii.  'J!»'.'. 
There  were  53  wagons,  the  largest  number  yet.  The  return  cargo  in  1 M".'  was 
.«240,0()l).  hi.,  xxxvii.  230,  274.  In  1821),  Uapt.  Austin  was  to  go  u|.  tiic  liio 
<  irande  with  a  steamer  and  schooner,  to  open  a  new  route  for  traile.  /'/.,  xxxvi. 
424.  In  a  later  memorial  of  the  Mo.  assembly— r'.  S.  (/or.  Doi\,  2t)th  eoiij:. 
1st  seas.,  Sen.  Doc.  472,  p.  8— it  was  stated  that  1828,  when  200  wagons  car- 
ried ^")(K),Ol)0  worth  of  goods,  was  the  year  of  greatest  prosperity,  foUowcl  iiy 
a  rapid  decline;  hut  this  does  not  seem  to  agree  with  (iregg's  tiguros.  Ace. 
to  Ritch,  Bent's  fort  on  the  Arkansas  was  established  in  182U. 


•  tikiuiiU'i 


n.jNERNMENT   ESC( )UTS. 


335 


iii(fl\  liostilo,  being  ever  on  the  watch  for  small  detached 
i)arti(  s  iiiij)erfectly  armed  or  not  sufficiently  vi«j;ilant. 
Tliu>  a  piii'ty  i>i  182G  lost  500  horses  and  nmles,  and 
(.lie  of  IS'J8  over  1,000  animals,  havirg,  beside;;,  three 
111(11  f>li«>t.  This  caused  a  renewal  of  demands  for  gov- 
(iniiK  ntal  protection;  and  the  connnittee  on  military 
artiiirs  liaving  reported  to  congress  in  favor  of  a  mov- 
alilc  escort  rather  than  a  fixed  garrison,  Major  Rile}- 
was  ordered  to  escort  the  caravan  of  1829  to  and  from 
the  Aikansas,  with  four  companies  of  the  Gth  infantry 
fidin  I'ort  Leavenworth.  Soon  after  the  traders  h^ft 
the  troops  at  the  Arkansas,  they  were  attacked  by  the 
liidiaiis,  losing  one  man;  whereupon,  Riley  came  uj) 
and  ^Uiiided  the  caravan  for  a  short  distance  into  Mex- 
ican tcnitory.  The  troops  waited  at  Choteau's  island 
till  Octohor,  and  the  returning  caravan  was  escorted 
tip  this  point  by  a  Mexican  force  under  ( \)lonel  Vizcarra. 
Tliiiiitih  tliere  was  some  further  discussion  of  the  mat- 
t  r  ill  congress,  the  escort  was  not  contiimed.^^ 

Ill  18:50  oxen  were  first  used  by  the  traders,  the 
I  \pciiiiioiit  having  been  successfully  tried  the  yi-ar 
ii(iiiiv  hy  Riley's  supply  train.  1831  was  the  year  of 
(irc;^g's  first  trip,  and  of  Jedediah  Smith's  death.'" 
Tilt  re  were  also  hostilities  on  the  Canadian  in  1  S;52-8, 
St  veial  men  being  killed;  but  in  1834  an  escort  of  GO 
<lia^(»ttiis  under  ('aptain  Wharton  was  again  furnished. 
Tlie  revolt  of  1837  did  some  injury  to  the  American 
traders,  since?  the  property  of  their  richest  customers 
was  confiscated;  but  they  had  no  success  in  obtaining 

Kept  of  colli;,  committee,  inAnifi:  S/.  I'<ip.,  Mil.  AfF.,  iii.  615.  Hilii/'.'i 
Ui]i<,ri  ot  Nov.  -2:1,  ISi>«),  ill  /(/.,  iv.  '277-80.  See  also  NHv/  /{i;/..  xxxvi.  IfS'i, 
mil  •-•tH);  xxxvii.  2:H),  1»74,  291,  40.-),  410;  xxxviii.  57,  101.  There  was  sniiiu 
iima\(ii-alil(!  ei'itic'isin  of  the  action  of  govt  in  fiiruialiiiig  4  coiiiji.  of  troops  to 
IHntiit  ,1  traile  <if  .*!200,000,  as  favoring  commerce  over  other  imlustries.  In 
ls:!ll  tli'rc  was  an  investigation,  and  a  bill  was  jjaased  to  3il  reatling  providing 
III  riiiiip.  lor  this  service.  In  1827  there  had  been  an  effort  to  induce  Mexico 
tn  ji.iy  tur  roltherics  l»y  Ind.  in  Mex.  territory.  /»/.,  xxxii.  70. 

"  Si  ,.  //lit.  Cil.,  iii.,  for  Smitii's  Cal.  ailveutures.  He  joined  the  caravan 
"'  wliiili  Smith,  Snhlette,  and  .lackaon  w^ere  chief  owners.  He  ami  a  clerk 
Mill'  ^||llt  hy  the  Coinanches,  wiiilo  separated  from  the  main  party  in  search 
'■;  watt  1-.  .1.  ,1.  Warner,  still  living  in  Cal.,  ISSfl,  was  a  member  of  the  same 
laravaii.  Ilrmin.,  MS.,  5-1 1.  Chas  Ik-nt  is  nameil  as  capt  of  a  caravan  of  O.'t 
«  iKnii-^  ill  '.'W,  escorted  by  a  coiiip.  of  rangers;  and  Kerr  as  capt  ia  '34,  with 
S-'I);i,(i;h}  in  specie.  MU-/  /,'<-j.,  xliv.  374;  xlxii.  147. 


'fl'HWl(li<|l\  I 


liM 


A   MEXICAN   TKKKITOUY. 


'   T 


indemnity  from  Mexico.  In  1837,  liowever,  tlic  fron- 
tier custom-liouse  of  Taos  was  o|)ene(l  to  foreimi  tnidr,''" 
From  I808  the  Missouri  traders,  tliroii<;h  tlitji- iissnu. 
l)ly,  ^(»vernor,  chambers  of  commerci-,  and  stnutdi, 
made  earnest  efforts  to  secure  from  congress  a  custom- 
house on  the  Missouri  Kiver,  with  privilej^i^  cif  diaw- 
hack  and  debenture  for  foreign  goods,  clainiiiig  that 
the  tradi!  had  constantly  diminished  since  18'JS,  aiid 
could  in  no  other  way  be  restored.  A  bill  in  tli-ii 
favor  was  tabled  in  1842,  but  in  1845  another  was 
finally  i)asscd/^  In  1839  an  attempt  was  made  l)y 
^[cxicans,  with  the  aid  of  H.  Connelly,  an  Aimiicui 
merchant,  to  divert  the  course  of  trade  from  Santa  Fe 
to  Chihuaiiua  direct.  A  caravan  of  100  men  iiiadi' 
the  trip  through  Texas,  and  returned  to  Chiliualma 
in  1840  without  any  serious  casualty  ;  but  the  atteiii|it 
was  not  re[»eated."''  For  a  short  time  in  these  years 
(Governor  Armijo  tried  the  experiment  of  cojleetiny 
as  dutii'S  .$500  on  each  wagon-load  of  goods;  hut 
till!  size  of  the  wagons  that  l)ei;au  to  be  used  soon 
prom[»ted  a  return  to  ad  valorem  duties. 

We  have  seen  that  the  Texan  attempt  of  1S41   h> 
wrest  the  Santa  Fe  trade  from  the  United  Stat(  s  was 
not  successful  •/"  and  the  troubk'S  experienced  hy  tlif 
caravans  of  1843  at  the  hands  of  Texan  robbers  liav. 
also  been  recorded.     Notwithstanding  these  outrages, 

^'Dccreu  of  Full.  17,  l.s:{7.  I'rieto,  KeuUin,  '204;  Arnlliti/<i,  Himj).,  Is:;s.  i^. 
IST. 

^"A  tnemorial  of  '38  says  that  only  7  wagons  started  iii  "M,  and  tin'  tniilf 
was  surely  ruined  I ty  competition  with  goods  introduced  witii  ilrawli.iL-k  jniv- 
ik'gi's  via  Matanioros  and  Vera  Cniz  from  L'.  S.  ports.  U.  S.  (loH  Ih".,  "Jiitii 
(ling.  1st  sess.,  i>ii\\.  Doc.  472.  See  also  /</..  H.  Kx.  Doc,  1!)1;  /'/.,  H.  -f""!  . 
•J7tii  coiig.  '2d  sesH.,  p.  877,  1478;  Id.,  '28th  cong.  '2(1  sess.,  H.  Jchr.,  \<\<. 
•MW,  4:{'2,  57();  (W/.  aioh',  ]841-'2,  Index.  'Cliiii.;^  A/.,  1844-"),  p.  xi.;  /)'-/- 
/()//'s  Dcliiifr.i,  xiii.  7.T2;  iV/Yc.s' /.V;/.,  Ixiii.  15;  Ixviii.  11!».  Mention  of  ciravins 
of  ':{<•  and  '41  in  /</.,  Ivii.  i:W,  Ixi.  '2()'.>,  including  a  letter  from  one  of  iIm-  •  d. 
emigrants,  periiaps  Toomes  or  <Jiven. 

^i* f //y ;/;/'.•<  tW.  Proiirx,  ii.  Ki.'i  4;  yil(M  1},;,.,  Ivi.  '2<il,  4(»:{;  Ivii.  -Jlii.  A 
caravan  umler  I'ickett  and  (Ireyg  is  also  named  as  leaving  Van  Uiiri'ii,  Arl;., 
in  .May  for  Chih.,  M-ith  an  escort  of  40  U.  S.  dragoons. 

*"  See  j».  .'il'J  et  seq.  of  this  volume.  The  return  of  the  caravan  of  'I  I  in  Sc|it. 
i  <  noted  in  Xili'n'  Kc;/.,  Ixi.  100.  A  party  of  Mexicans  came  witii  it,  l>nii,i;iiig 
880,0(K)  to  jmrchase  goods.  The  caravan  of  '4'2,  Mex.  and  .\iner.,  stiiit^  d  m 
-Nlay  with  li-2  wagons,  800  mules,  and  81">0,000  in  goods.  The  expitidiniiv 
of  8.">,0()()  Iiy  tile  Mex.  for  wagons  and  hitrness  at  Pittsburg  gave  the  lup-.i'i 
of  tiuit  town  a  chance  to  puff  its  prospects.   Jd.,  Ixii.  1!>,  l'.»-'. 


MiUlUUIlft>l 


PATTIES  ADVENTURES. 


337 


tlio  y,\ar's  business  was  very  large  and  profitable;** 
vet  President  Santa  Ainia,  by  a  decree  of  August  7, 
lH4.i,  dosing  the  frontier  custom-house  of  Taos,  put 
ail  (ikI  to  the  Santa  Fe  trade,  much  to  the  disgust  of 
New  Mexicans  as  well  as  Missourians.  "Should  the 
ohiidxious  decree  be  repealed,  the  trade  will  doubtless 
k"  jirosocuted  with  renewed  vigor  and  enterprise," 
wiitcs  Gregg;  and  it  was  repealed  almost  before  it 
liad  gone  into  effect,  on  March  31,  1844,  so  that  the 
triulc  of  1844-G  was  as  large  as  ever,  though  selling 
juices,  and  therefore  profits,  had  been  constantly  di- 
iiiiiiisliing  for  fifteen  years.*" 

Besides  the  regular  traders  of  the  caravans,  there 
were  others,  who  resided  permanently  or  for  years  in 
N\w  Mexico;  also  many  fur-trading  trappers  and 
miscellaneous  adventurers,  whose  experiences  would 
fill  a  most  fascinating  volume,  as,  indeed,  in  one  case 
— that  of  James  O.  Pattie — they  have  done.  Pattie 
and  his  father,  with  others  whose  aim  was  Indian 
trade  and  trapping,  came  to  Taos  and  Santa  Fe  with 
a  caravan  of  1824,  and  for  four  years  engaged  in  a 
series  of  the  most  remarkable  rovings  within  and  be- 
yond the  limits  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Fre- 
(jiieiit  encounters  with  hostile  Indians  and  beais 
diversify  the  story  of  long  journeys  and  the  many 
jierils  of  a  hunter's  life;  while  the  claimed  rescue  of 
Jacoba,  daughter  of  an  ex-governor,  from  the  savages, 
adds  a  slender  thread  of  romance.  Finally,  in  1828, 
the  Patties  arrived  in  California,  the  elder  to  die,  the 
younger  to  continue  his  exploits,  as  fully  recorded  in 
another  work  of  this  series.     Probably  in  the  east,  as 

"Many  items  in  NiUs'  Beg.,  Ixiv.-v.  It  appears  that  after  the  Texan 
trouhlua  of  May-June,  another  caravan  of  175  wagons  left  Independence  in 
August,  still  escorted  by  Capt.  Cook.  There  wa.s  some  complaint  again.'^t 
this  use  of  troops.  If.  S.  Oovt  Doc.,  28th  cong.  1st  seas.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2, 
p.  (i.'l. 

*-Prleto,  JientdA,  204j  Oreaifs'  Com.,  ii.  177;  Mle.i'  Re,].,  Ixv.  ICfi;  Ixvi. 
281,  :{,V.>;  Ixvii.  13.3,  385;  Ixviii.  31,  148;  Ixix.  416.  The  custom-house 
hail  beun  only  nominally  at  Taos,  goods  being  really  entered  at  Sta  Fe.  The 
l)U.sin(!ss  of  '44  was  estimated  at  ^750,000,  l)ut  this  year  and  the  next  there 
Wiis  some  loss  of  animals,  and  traders  were  also  perplexed  by  rumors  of  im- 
pemting  war.  A  caravan  left  Chili.,  iu  Dec.  '45,  being  at  Sta  Fe  in  Jan.,  and 
at  lu'lopendence  in  Feb.  '46. 

Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    22 


^KUUttftit  \ 


338 


A  MEXICAN  TERRITORY. 


''X^ 


m 


certainly  in  the  west,  there  is  much  of  exaprnroralion, 
not  to  say  falsehood,  in  the  story  of  personal  ad 
venture;  but  there  is  sufficient  groundwork  of  tact 
to  make  the  story  valuable  as  well  as  fascinatiiiif.*' 
Benjamin  D.  Wilson  was  another  of  the  pioneers  who 
liad  a  varied  career  as  trader  and  trapper  in  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  and  Sonora,  before  coming  to  settle  in 
California.** 

Communication  with  California  began  in  18:50, 
when  Josd  Antonio  Vaca  visited  that  country  with  a 
small  party  of  his  countrymen,  and  Ewing  Yoinii,', 
with  a  company  of  foreign  trappers,  possibly  including 
Kit  Carson,  made  a  fur-hunting  tour  in  the  wostorn 
valleys.*^  In  1831-2  three  trapping  and  trading 
parties  made  the  journey  under  Wolfskill,  Jackson, 
and  Young,  the  first-named  opening  the  long-followed 
trail  from  Taos  north  of  the  Colorado  River.  From 
this  time  the  route  was  travelled  every  year,  often  by 
parties  of  only  a  few  individuals.  Trade  between  the 
two  territories  consisted  (jf  the  exchange  of  New  ^lex- 
ican  blankets  for  Californian  mules  and  horses ;  and  it 

•'  T/ie  Personal  Narrative  of  JameJi  O.  Pattie,  of  Kentuchj,  diiriihi  mi  is- 
pe'litionfroin  St  Lotiin  throinjh  tin-  nut  reijiom  he.tineen  that  pliu'i'  ami  llv  f'lirijii' 
Oreitii,  ate,  etc.  Edited  hy  Tiniothji  Flint.  Cincinnati,  1833,  12ino.  For  iiioro 
hihliographic  tletails,  and  a  full  ficcount  of  I'attie's  Cal.  advciiturcit,  ami  his 
return  by  sea  and  land  via  Muxico,  see  Iiii<t.  Cal.,  iii.  1G2-72.  The  followiiig 
is  a  chronologic  outline  of  P.'s  movements  in  1824-7;  July  1824,  left  C'lPiiuoil 
Bluffs;  Nov.,  arr.  at  Sta  Fe,  via  Taos;  also  eiigaging  in  Nov.  in  an  Iiid.  caiii- 
\)aign,  for  tlie  rescue  of  Mex.  prisoners.  From  Nov.  to  April  IS2."i  lie 
made  a  trapping  trip  down  the  (iila  and  up  its  different  brandies,  ruturiiing 
to  the  copper  mines,  wliero  liis  fatiicr  remained.  In  May  he  made  another 
trip  down  the  Gila,  to  bring  furs  that  had  been  cached;  in  June-.Tuly  vIsIIlmI 
.Sta  Fe,  and  spent  the  rest  of  the  year  at  the  copper  mines,  acting  as  a  mKinl, 
his  father  renting  the  mine  and  remaining  there.  In  Jan. -.July  l(SJii  lie 
went  di,)wn  the  Gila  to  the  Colorado  junction,  up  the  Colorado  ami  across  tiio 
Rocky  mts,  trapped  on  the  Platte,  Yellowstone,  Clarke's  fork  of  the  Coliim- 
l)ia,  and  Arkansas,  returning  down  tlio  Rio  Grande  to  Sta  Fe.  In  .Sept.  Nov. 
182()  he  went  to  Janos,  across  Sonora  to  Guaymas,  and  back  via  Chilnialiu:' 
and  El  Piiso  to  the  mines.  From  Nov.  to  April  several  minor  Indiaii-liglitiiig 
and  hunting  tours  were  made;  and  in  May-July  1827  he  went  to  Sta  Vv, 
El  Paso,  and  Chih.,  in  a  vain  pursuit  of  an  agent  who  had  cheated  his  fiitlur 
at  the  mines  out  of  all  his  wealth.  Finally,  in  Sept.  the  two  Patties  orttaii- 
ized  another  trapping  party,  and  in  Dec.  wore  on  the  Colorado,  whence  they 
presently  went  west,  and  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Mexican  authurities, 
were  carried  as  prisoners  to  S.  Diego. 

'•  Wilson  H  OlmenyUion-'t,  MS.  Cni/ner's  LoKt  Trappern  probably  narrates  ad- 
ventures of  this  period  chieHy,  rather  than  of  the  earlier  dates  given  in  the  book. 

*^niiU.  Cal.,  iii.  173-5. 


THE  CALIFORNIA  THAnK. 


339 


must  1)(^  rnnfes.sed  that  the  tradors  soon  earnotl  a 
most  unenviable  reputation.  Tliore  were  many  hon- 
(»ral»lt'  exceptions;  but  most  of  the  trading  parties 
were  composed  of  New  Mexican,  foreign,  and  litdian 
va'^aboiids,  whoso  object  was  to  obtain  mules,  without 
scruitle  as  to  methods,  often  by  simple  theft,  and 
ortcticr  by  connivance  with  hostile  Califi^rnian  tribes. 
Ill  is;5.'),  especially,  they  caused  a  great  excitement, 
and  some  of  them,  including  Yillapando,  their  leader, 
were  Jirrested  atSta  Fe.*"  In  l8:]5-7  Jolin  A.  Sutter, 
aftci  ward  fiimous  in  California,  was  engaged  in  trade 
at  Santa  Fe;  in  1841  the  Workman-liowland  party 
broib^ht  many  foreign  and  native  New  Mexicans  to 
California;  in  1842  a  large  trading  party  umler  Vigil 
iiK'hi(l((l  some  twenty  families  in  quest  of  homes, 
most  of  whon.i  came  back  to  settle  in  the  Ran  Bernar- 
iliiK)  region ;  and  down  to  the  end  of  the  Mexican  rule 
tlie  movement  of  traders  and  emigrants  continued.*^ 
Among  native  New  2>Iexican  settlers  in  C^difornia 
were  members  of  the  Vaca,  Pcfia,  and  Armijo  fann- 
lics,  while  many  well-known  Californian  pioneers  had 
s})c'nt  some  years  in  New  Mexico.*^ 

Industrially,  there  was  for  the  most  part  no  cliaiige, 
cxrc[)t  a  slight  deterioration  in  some  branches,  fr-om 
the  unprosperous  conditions  of  former  years.  Of 
home  records  on  the  subject  I  have  found  none  of  any 
vahic ;  and  while  Grey,i;  and  his  followers,  in  connection 
witli  commercial  annals,  give  excellent  reviews  of  tlie 
countrv's  industries  or  lack  of  the>n,  their  remarks 
Would  apply  as  well  to  the  Spanisli  as  to  the  ^lexican 

*'' nut.  CiiL,  iii.  ,S8G-8,  39.5-6.  Cliarlefonx  was  a  Canadian  in  coiiiinaiid 
cif  .'{(I  (ir  40  '  t'haguanoso '  or  Shawnee  '  traders,'  who  took  .some  jiart  in  tlio 
sectional  iiolitics  a'ld  warfare  of  t'al.  in  '37-8.  A/.,  iii.  4'.(J,  518--'J0.  Aliout 
tliiise  matters  I  find  nothing  in  N.  Mex.  records. 

*'■  nU.  Vol.,  iv.  124-5,  27(>-8,  .342-3,  ;W. 

''Among  these  may  1)e  named  Cyrus  Alexander,  I>.  \V.  Alexander,  F.  Z. 
l?r;iui  li,  Lewis  Burton,  Moses  and  'Kit '  Carson,  Wni  (i.  Chard,  .lol)  F.  Dye, 
Will  iliirdon,  Lsiuic  (Jraham,  Wni  Knight,  J.  1*.  Lees(!,  J.  L.  Majors,  Wni 
I'l'pi',  .Antoine  and  Louis  Roliidoux,  John  Rowland,  Isaac  Sparks,  J.  .1.  War- 
ini,  Is.iiie  Williams,  B.  0.  Wilson,  John  R.  and  Wm  Wolfsidll,  Wm  Work- 
man, Kwiiiy  Young,  and  (leo.  C.  Vount.  See  hist.  t\iL,  Pioneer  Register, 
t'lir  l>iiig.  sketches  of  these  and  many  mure. 


1 

\ 


840 


A  MEXICAN  TKllKITORY. 


'  f 

ii 


period,  beings  confirmatory  of  wimt  I  have;  written  in 
curlier  chapters.  It  is  possible,  liovvever,  that  tin; 
(lecaWence  noted,  as  in  siieep-raising  and  the  nianu- 
f'ucture  of  blankets,  was  more  apparent  tiian  real,  ln-- 
iny;  founded  on  an  exagj^erated  idea  of  what  had  htrn 
accomplished  in  the  past.*" 

In  U)inin<i^,  thoui^h  nothing  appears  respecting  the 
famous  copper  mine  of  tiie  scmtii-west,  except  tlio 
somewhat  doubtful  statements  of  the  trapper  I'iittii'/'" 
Some  p!'ogress  was  made,  since  placeres  of  gold  were 
successfully  worked  in  two  districts  sonic  thirty  miles 
south-west  of  Santa  Fe.  The  '  Old  Placers '  were 
discovered  in  1S28,  and  the  '  New  Placers' in  lw;;ii. 
The  former  yielded  from  |()0,000  to  $80,000  per  year 
in  1H;}2-5,  and  later  considerably  less.  At  the  latter 
sprang  up  the  town  of  Tuerto,  with  2*2  stores  in  Isi.)^ 
when  the  yieUl  of  both  districts  is  given  as  $2r)(),<)()(). 
The  metal  was  very  fine  and  pure,  but  water  was 
scarce,  tiie  chief  reliance  being  on  the  artificially  nulted 
snows  of  winter;  apparatus  was  primitive,  consistin.;'  of 
the  Imti'ft,  or  bowl;  and  prejudice  against  foreigiieis 
j)revented  the  introduction  of  iujproved  methods.  At 
various  other  ])oints,  as  near  Taos,  Abi(juii'j,  and 
Sangro  de  CVisto,  gold  was  found,  and  mines  weio 
perhaps  worked  for  a  short  time.  Xo  silver  mines 
were  worked  in  the  Mexican  period."^' 

♦'(rregfi,  ''i'"-  Priiirifx,  i.  189,  says  that  10  or  20  years  ago,  that  is,  in 
18'Jl-;<4,  alumt  '200,OIK>  slieep  were  annually  driven  to  soutlieru  luarixots,  iiiid 
Moinetiiiies,  perhaps,  ati  many  as  500,000;  and  sheep  were  still  tiie  priiuiiMi 
artirle  of  oxportiition.  Naroona,  in  Pino,  Not.  Hint,.,  24,  j{ive<  tlie  Itvi -stHil; 
of  tlie  country  in  1827  tis  cattle  .5,000,  sheep  and  goats  240,000,  iiorsts  ami 
mules  :;,0(K»;  total  value  S«22l,»)50. 

•'"rattie,  A''»mt/!/(v,  71-81,  112,  115,  123,  129-32,  says  that  the  niiiu'  «  n 
workeil  Ity  a  Spanish  superintendent,  .luan  Onis,  for  tiie  Span,  owuit,  Fim;i- 
ciseo  I'aldo  Lagera.  'Witliin  tlie  circumference  of  tliree  miles  tlieic  is  a 
mine  of  copper,  gold,  and  silver,  antl  i>esides,  a  cliff  of  load-stone.  The  silviT 
mine  is  nid  workeil,  as  not  hcing  so  proHtalile  as  either  tlieco[)pL'r  or  gul  I 
mines.'  The  Ind.  were  very  troublesome,  and  the  trappers  did  good  nc-rvico 
in  keeping  tliem  in  order,  by  force  ami  treaties.  Finally,  the  I'attius  livi.ii'il 
the  mines  for  5  years,  at  $1,000  per  year,  and  the  elder  I',  rem  lined  tiiiT>', 
estahlished  a  stock  rancli  on  tiie  Mimlires,  and  made  money.  Hut  in  IS'.'T, 
■when  he  thought  of  hnying  the  property,  a  rascally  Span,  agent,  in  trusted 
with  .$10,000  in  gold,  ran  away  with  the  money,  and  mined  I'attie.  .\t  tlie 
same  time  the  owner  was  exiled  as  a  Spaniard,  and  it  is  impliecl  tliat  the 
mines  were  ahandoned. 

"^Oi-ejijs  Com.  I'miriea,  i.  102-77;  Prince n  Hint.  Sk:,  241-3;  Melim's  .','"W 


EDUCATION  AND  MISSIONS. 


Ml 


wrltttii  in 

that  the 

lie  iiiaiiii- 

I  real.  \k-- 

had  hoon 

ftiiij''  the 
^fopt  tho 
r  I'attii-;'" 
^()l(l  were 
irty  iiiilfs 
jrs '  wtTe 
'  ill  ls:!ii. 
)  luT  ytar 
tlic  latt(T 
s  ill  LSI."), 
$:i:)0,()i)u. 
'atiT  was 
lly  iiiclU'd 
isistiiiLT  of 
orciuiK'is 
ods.  At 
uiil,   and 

'S    Wt'PO 

er  mines 


that  is,  in 

icirkt'ts.  iiiiil 

lio  jiriiifip.ii 

livt-stoi'li 

luii'SL'.s  ami 


niiiR'  w  IS 
iicr,  Fi  III- 
tlu'i'i'  i-i  a 
Thf  silver 
nT  or  '^"\  1 

Hill    now  11(1 
ttioH  IcU.Si'll 

null  til  !•.■, 

lit  in  l^■.'7, 

intiMistoil 

At    till! 

1  tliat  the 


Hill's  J.'iOO 


III  .  (liicational  matters  a  .slight  increase  of  interest 
is  to  1)0  noted,  thougli  with  very  meagre  results.  In 
IHJi!  the  diputaeion  territorial  was  about  to  establish 
sonif  kind  of  a  oollejjfe  at  the  capital,  under  the  pro- 
tectorship of  A^ustin  Fernandez  de  San  Vicente;  and 
f'i(»in  1M27  to  18.'{2  archive  records  show  the  existence 
of  piiiiiary  schools  at  several  of  the  princi|>al  towns; 
hut  in  IMlU  there  was  no  school  at  Santa  Fe,  and 
j)r(il>al)ly  none  elsewhere,  as  the  diputaeion  announced 
that  there  were  no  funds,  and  called  upon  the  ayun- 
tamiiiitos  to  reopen  the  schools,  if  possible,  by  private 
oontrilxitions.^''  About  18.'J4  a  printing-press  was 
hicni^dit  to  the  country,  and  with  it  in  18^5  Padre 
Martinez  issued  for  four  weeks  at  Taos  the  CrepOaciih, 
the  only  New  Mexican  newspaper  of  pre-Gringo 
tiinrs.-''' 

Tho  missions  continued  as  before,  there  bein^  no 
fiirnial  secularization,  but  were  missions  only  in  name. 
The  Lyovernment  still  paid —or  at  least  made  appro- 
priations for — the  sfnodos  of  from  23  to  '11  Franciscan 

Mills,  171-2.  These  and  other  writers  cannot  refrain  from  comparinj;  tiie 
Ihiur  sliiiwing  of  iniiiin<;  industry  at  t\\'\*  tiuiu,  not  oidy  witli  t!iu  ilevv-lopinuiit^i 
of  l.itor  yuara,  l)Ut  witli  tliose  of  tlie  17th  century.  *irugg  even  attei:iptti  to 
iiuilu!  (if  <iran  Quivira  in  the  h.  e.  the  ruiuii  of  an  ancient  mining  uity.  I 
iiiiv  ('  already  expruxHcd  tint  opinion  that  nothing  more  tiian  pr(>'<pv;ctiiig  was 
iliiiic  liy  the  Spaniards.  The  nalimis  of  the  suuth-eadt  yielded  au  ualimited 
suiiiily  of  Halt. 

''Airh.  St  I  Fi,  M.S.,  including  'eatatutos  para  el  regimen  de  la  esmuda 
geiit'ral. '  .Scho<d.i  op  'ned  at  G  a.  .m.  in  summer  and  7  in  winter.  'A\i  scholars 
at  Cafiaila  in  18'J8.  M  irculino  Ahreu  teacher  of  a  Liineasterian  scliool  at  Sta 
Fe  ill  ISL'D-.'tt).  A  report  of  Narhona,  18'_»7,  in  I'ln%  Xot.  Hist.,  5(5-7,  indi- 
cates 18  schools  and  17  teachers  at  Sta  Fe,  V.ido,  Cochiti,  Cia,  Saudia,  Ala- 
iiicila,  Alhunpiernue,  Tome,  Helen,  Liguna,  La  C.iftiula,  S.  Juan,  Taos,  and 
.•Miiiiuiu;  but  very  likely  only  5  or  G  of  these  had  any  real  existence;  for 
Kirreiro,  Ojeada,  A',\,  names  for  18S'2  only  Sta  Fe,  with  $.ji)0  assigned  for 
tcaohcrs'  salary,  S.  Miguel,  Caiiada,  Tao.s,  AUmniuerque,  and  Helen  with 
frimi  .s-JoO  to^SdOeaeh.  Prince,  Hist.  Sk.,  2.!!>,  tells  us  that  Unv.  M  irtinez 
was  a  special  friend  of  education,  sending  young  men  to  IHirango  an  I  .Mexico 
td  lie  educated,  besides  establishing  govt  seliools  at  Sti  Fi.  Riteh,  A.tlaii, 
'J4'J,  speaks  of  private  schools  established  by  Vicar  M  irtinezatT.UH,  by  I'.idre 
Lciva  at  S.  Miguel,  and  by  other  priests.  All  writers  note  the  pruval.;nt  ig- 
nnraiice  of  the  New  Mexicans  and  the  absence  of  Itooks,  also  noting  tho  facta 
tliat  tliere  were  still  no  physicians  or  lawyers  in  the  country. 

•'^Umiijs  Com.  Prairies,  i.  200-1;  Priiin-'s  Hist.  Si:.,  2.34.  Gregg  says  the 
editur's  object  was  to  get  himself  elected  to  co  i^ress,  in  whic!i  etifort  he  sue 
ei'c  li'd.  He  also  states  that  8om3  primers  iinT  catechisms  were  printed  on 
this  press  before  1844;  but  I  have  never  suoii  any  of  those  e  i;*ly  productioas. 
Ill  the  newspapers  of  187(5  is  noted  thj  daith  of  Josui  M.  Vaca,  who  was  a 
printer  o.i  the  Crepiuculo. 


148 


A   MKXK'AN  TKUlillOUV. 


;il  !•! 


fnurs;  l»ut  those  wt'iv  lor  tlie  most  [lart  artin*,' cjiratcs 
at  the  Mt'XH'an  scttlriiH-iits,  makiiijj;  ocrasioiiul  visits 
to  the  liuhaii  |iU('hlo8  uiuier  their  spiritual  cli.ii'j^r,.. 
Only  five  of  tlie  latter  had  ri'sideiit  inission.uiivs  in 
18;52."'*  The  Mex lean  eon^^ress  ill  18'J:},  and  ayiiin  in 
1H;{(),  decreed  the  earryin<^-out  of  the  <>ld  Spanisji  unler 
H>r  the  estahlishinj^  of  a  bisho|»rie;  hut  notliini,'  \v,is 
ett'eeted  in  this  direction.  Ainon^  the  vi(ais  a|i|M;irs 
in  l82;")-(;  the  name  of  Afjfustin  Fernandiz  iU  Suii 
Vi(H!nte,  the  famous  ean6ni<^o  who  had  visite<l  Caliror- 
nia  in  IH'22  as  the  commissioner  of  the  einiuror 
Iturhide.  In  IH.'{3  thehishop  of  ])urango  visited  this 
distant  part  of  his  diocese,  and  his  reception  is  dc- 
scrihed  in*  (jrreg*>;  and  I'rince  as  haviny^  been  marked 
hy  «ifreat  enthusiasm."' 

Tlie  poj»ulation  has  been  rr'won  as  30,000  whites 
and  10,000  pueblo  Indians  in  1H22.  In  these  '2i  years 
I  8\ippose  that  the  white  population  was  snnirwhat 
more  than  douhled,  and  that  of  Indians  slij^htly  dimin- 
ished; or  that  the  total  in  1845-0  was  not  far  from 
80,000,  though  there  is  one  official  report  that  makes 
this  total  much  lar^'er.'* 

''*  fi'irmrn,  Ojciuiit,  15,  .'{',•-41;  Eirwhrn,  Not.  Chih.,  31.  Yearly  apprn- 
priatioiis  tor  tlic  stiiioiuL.  ( 'm-rro  tic  lii  Ftl.,  (>i;t.  14,'I8'J";  Mi'.i:,  .\li  n.  /hi'\, 
1H'2().  .1.K-.  1.-);  A/.,  Mem.  Jii-^t.,  \S'M,  ai  )X.  8;  A/.,  Mtiii.  Ilnr.,  is;)-.',  <1(h  .  N; 
/(/.,  18H7,  annex.  F;  Iil,,  1844,  presuj.  leato  7.  Tlie  no.  of  friars  '.'7,  with 
^,880  ill  .stipumU  includes  Kl  I'aso,  Narlioiia  in  18l'7  givf.s  tlu'  iiinnln  r  ni 
ciirate.s  as  17.  The  statement  of  Ritcli,  AztUtit,  249-5(),  tli.it  lieforc  |s4tiall 
till!  pinlres  from  aliroad  had  Itoun  HUiiiilmted  by  native-born  N  '^v  Mrxuit.u) 
suum.i  doubtful.  Aug.  26,  181*2,  order  of  the  president  autliorizini;  tlio  ^nv. 
and  junta  to  grant  lands  of  the  Ind.  pucblus  where  there  were  few  Iu<l.  aiiil 
many  vouinos.   /'imirt  I'ol. 

■'•'  Decrees  on  bishopric,  S.  Mii/mi,  Mea\,  ii.  2;  Arrillniin,  Rirnji.,  ISItO,  p. 
94-0;  .)hr..  Col.  Ord.  y  Dec,  ii.  148.  Tithes  rented  for  ?10,«IOOto5!|'.'.tMHI  \wr 
year,  about  one  third  of  their  value.  Bnrreiro,  41.  Juan  Felipo  Diti/  is 
named  as  vicar  in  '32-41;  and  Fr.  Jose  Pedro  KubindeCelis  was  cuittodin  of 
the  missionaries  in  1827.  Arch.  Stn  Fi,  MS. 

*"The  census  rejiort  of  1827  by  Narbona,  in  P/no,  JW)<  //m<.,  5t)  7,  is  tlie 
only  detailed  erne  extant.  It  niivkes  the  total  43,433,  about  evenly  ilivh'n'  1 
between  the  soxes.  Married  couples  7, ()7 7.  Fanners  0,588,  artisaii.s  l.'JST, 
laborers  2,475,  traders  1)3,  teachers  17,  curates  17,  surgeon  1.  ThiTc  i-t  no 
separation  of  whites  and  Ind.  The  larger  towns,  most  of  them  iniludiii),'  mio 
or  more  small  pueblos,  are  Sta  Fe  5,759,  S.  Miguel  del  Vado  2,81t.'{,  .\ll>iir- 
queniue  2,547,  Tome  2,043.  Caflada  6,508,  S.  Juan  2,915,  Taos  3,tH>ti.  aii.i 
Aliicjuirt  3,.">57.  Pop.  in  1831  estimated  at  50,000.  Mex.  Mem.,  Ii<i,  IS.i-' 
annex.  1,  p.  11;  Bnrreiro,  17.  Mayer,  Mex.  Aztec,  ii.  369,  gives  tht-  \m\\.  of 
the  missions  (?)  in  1831  88  23,025.  Pop.  in  1833  52,3(50.  M'izlizi' •>„.■<,  Mem., 
26;    DeBrnvD  Eiiqf.,  268.    Cortina,  ia  Iiulituto  yuc.  Bol.,  no.  1,  p.  18,  gi\es  a 


STATISTICS. 


ai.i 


poll   ,,f  rxm  ill  1829  an.l  T.T.lTtJ  in  IS'M.     Ton.  in  '.18,  "30,  or  'JS.  HI  Am. 
'  '        ••</«)./., /^r.  vii.  i:«h '»/"m  ^M'''«. /^r/.,  1847.  p.  II'.';   Ilrji 


(nllifl,  ill.V"''.    .'/♦'■' 

ml  '.')i,4<>4  woniun,  or  total  5.'),40:i.     I 


liii'ii  ail 


U 


In  1840  (lov.  Annijo,  Piiu),  Xot.  II M.,  r>5, 
I'oi.. 
Ni'i'.  Htiitu,  as  <|Uiitu(l  liy  (iriigg,  who  uImo  alluiluit  to  a  ceUMUH  of  'A'l  an 


in  1841  alnui 


t  fio.i 


(MM)  Span. 


llCf 

nliiiwiriuT'.',(l*>().  (iruKK>  ''<""'  l'rnirieM,i,  148  t),  uHtiniattiH,  howuvur,  thu  iio(i. 
Ill  14  It  TO.tNN),  of  whom  IO,(NN)  tn<l.  An  original  report  of  poi>.  in  oonncction 
Willi  till'  iliviaion  into  diHtri-t.  ut'*.  mak.m  a  total  in  '44  ot  IH>,'2(>4;  or  l>y 
prti.l.«-Sta  V6  12,.VM),  Sta  ..  a  i<l,.'»<)0,  S.  MiKud  18,800,  Uio  Arrilwi 
|,'i,i).N),  TaoH  14,200,  Valencia  20, v.  H)  an<l  BvrnalilTo  8,204.  Thu  Munimin^ 
ii|i  oi  tilt'  printed  doc.  in  100,004;  bin  '  nupposo  the  correct  total  of  IK), 204  im 
III!  t  x.'iggunition,  thougli  Hughes,  r.i,ui^th»n'i>  Ej-ptil.,  36,  ^ivvH  thu  pop.  oa 
l(jU,UOU.     Wizlizuuua'  givva  70,0U0  m\  tbu  liguru  iik  1)M0. 


•Isi 


CHAPTER  XV. 

PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 

1543-1767. 

Earliest  Annals  of  a  Non-existent  and  Nameless  Province— A  ("en- 
Tt'RY  ANn  a  Half  of  NECiLEcr — Entradas  of  Espejo  and  Onatk  Down 
the  Colorado  TO  THE  Gulf — Conversion  and  Revolt  ofthk  Moi^iis 
— Progress  in  Sonoka— Pimeria  Alta — Maps — LAitoiis  of  Kaiiikr 
Kino— Explorations  in  Arizona — The  Gila  and  Casa  Okamik- 
Mange's  Diaries — Kino's  Map— First  Missions  in   1732— Ijac  and 

GCEVAVI — BOLAS  DE   PlATA — REVOLT — .TeSUIT    EFFORTS   TO    KntKU    IIIK 

Moyui  Field — Triumph  of  the  Franciscans- Explorations  of  KKt.i.KR 

AND  SeDELMAIR — Up  THE  COLORADO — LasT  YeARS  OF  THE  JesIIC   Uk- 

(iiME — Decadence  of  the  Missions — Tcbac  Presidio — Ranchkiua  of 
Tucson — Apache  Raids  and  Military  Expeditions. 


ii 


f 


I'i;' 


m-'"imi^^\- 


Now  that  eastern  annals  have  been  brought  down 
to  the  end  of  Mexican  rule,  it  is  time  to  turn  again  ti> 
the  west,  to  that  portion  of  our  territory  known  later 
as  Arizona.  In  Spanish  and  Mexican  times  there 
was  no  such  province,  under  that  or  any  other  name, 
nor  was  the  territory  divided  by  any  definite  boun- 
daries between  adjoining  provinces.  That  portion 
south  of  the  Gila  was  part  of  Pimerfa  Alta,  the  north- 
ern province  of  Sonora.  Except  a  small  district  of 
this  Pimerfa,  the  whole  territory  was  uninhabited,  so 
far  as  any  but  aborigines  were  concerned.  A  siiuill 
tract  in  the  north-east  was  generally  regarded  as  be- 
longing to  New  Mexico,  because  the  Spaniards  of  that 
province  sometimes  visited,  and  had  once  for  a  brief 
period  been  recognized  as  masters  of,  the  Mo<]ui 
pueblos.  Not  only  were  no  boundaries  ever  formally 
indicated,  but  I  have  found  nothinc;  to  show  how  far 
in  Spanish  and  Mexican  opinion  New  Mexico  was  rc- 

(344) 


A  NAMELESS   PROVINCE. 


345 


jrardcd  as  extending  west  or  Sonora  north.  Each  was 
dicined  to  stretch  indefinitely  out  into  the  dcspoblado. 
(.'iilit'ornia,  however,  while  no  boundary  was  ever  fixed 
officially,  was  not  generally  considered  to  extend  east 
of  the  Kio  Colorado.  The  name  Moqui  province  was 
soiiu'tiuies  rather  vaguely  applied  to  the  whole  region 
north  of  the  Gila  valley.  Arizona — probahly  Arizo- 
nac  ill  its  original  form — was  the  name  given  by  the 
natives  to  a  locality  on  the  modern  frontier  of  Sonora, 
a:i(l  was  known  from  just  before  the  middle  of  the 
oii^litcenth  century  as  the  name  of  the  mining  camp, 
or  (hstrict,  where  the  famous  bolas  de  jtlata  were 
found.  It  is  still  applied  to  a  mountain  range  in  that 
virinity. 

Nearly  all  of  what  we  now  call  Arizona  has  no 
otlur  history  before  1846  than  the  record  of  exjJor- 
ing  entradas  from  the  south  and  east.  The  excei)tion 
is  the  small  tract,  of  not  more  than  sixty  miles  scjuare, 
from  Tucson  southward,  mainly  in  the  Santa  Cruz 
valK'V,  which  contained  all  the  Spanish  establishments, 
find  wliose  annals  are  an  inseparable  part  of  those  per- 
taining to  Pimeria  Alta  as  a  whole,  or  to  Sonora, 
vhich  included  Pimerfa.  Thus,  the  only  history  our 
territory  has  in  early  times  belongs  to  that  of  other 
jrovinces,  and  is  given  elsewhere  in  this  or  other  works 
o[  this  series.  To  dispose  of  the  matter  hero,  however, 
hy  a  mere  reference  to  scattered  material  to  be  found 
tisewliere,  would  be  by  no  means  consistent  with  the 
unity  I  have  aimed  to  give  to  my  work  as  a  wlu)le 
and  to  each  part.  The  story  must  be  told,  but  it  may 
he  greatly  condensed,  reference  sufficing  for  many  de- 
tiiil.s.  Neither  tlie  condensation  nor  the  repetition 
involved  can  properly  be  regarded  as  a  defect,  each 
contributing,  if  I  mistake  not,  to  the  completeness, 
clearness,  and  interest  of  the  record. 

The  negro  slave  Estevan,  closely  followed  by  the 
Sj)anish  friar  Marcos  de  Niza,  crossed  Arizona  from 
south-west  to  north-east  in  1539;  and  these  earliest 


'll[ 


imiiiiii 


846 


PI.MERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


explorers  were  followed  in  1540  by  Vasquez  do  Cure- 
nado,  who,  with  an  army  of  Spaniards,  marched  from 
Sonoi"  to  Zuni,  extended  his  exploration  north-west- 
ward to  the  Moqui  towns  and  the  gnat  canon  of  the 
Colorado,  and  recrossed  Arizona  in  1542  on  liis  lo- 
turn  from  eastern  exploits  and  disasters  anion jr  the 
New  Mexican  pueblos.  These  expeditions,  the  hegiu- 
KJng  of  Arizona  annals,  are  fully  recorded  in  the  ,sec- 
<  iid  and  third  chapters  of  this  volume;  and  the  map, 
biiowing  also  one  or  two  later  entradas,  is  here  rej)i()- 
duced.  While  Coronado's  observations  were  rceortled 
with  tolerable  accuracy,  no  practical  use  was  made  of 
the  information  gained,  and  all  that  was  accurate  in 
the  reports  was  soon  forgotten.  A  century  and  a  half 
was  destined  to  pass  before  the  Arizona  line  should 
again  be  crossed  from  the  south. 

But  it  was  only  forty  years  before  the  territory  was 
again  entered  by  Spaniards  from  the  east.  Antonio 
Espejo,  with  a  few  companions,  in  1583,  coming  from 
the  Rio  Grande  valley  by  way  of  Zuni,  marched  to 
the  Moqui  towns,  and  thence  penetrated  some  fifty 
leagues  farther  west  or  south-west,  listening  to  tales 
of  great  towns  said  to  lie  beyond  the  great  river,  vis- 
iting maize-producing  tribes,  obtaining  samples  of  rieh 
silver  ore  in  the  reoicm  fortv  or  fiftv  miles  north  of 
the  modern  Prescott,  and  returning  by  a  more  direct 
route  to  Zuni.^  Fifteen  years  later  the  eastern  Yim 
was  again  crossed  by  Juan  de  Onate,  the  coniiueror 
of  New  Mexico,  who,  at  the  end  of  15*J8,  very  nearly 
repeated  Espejo's  Arizona  exploration,  starting  out  to 
reach  the  South  Sea,  but  called  back  in  haste  to 
Acoma  by  news  that  the  penol  patriots  v/erc  in  arms 
to  regain  their  independence."  -  In  1G04  Ohate  re- 
sume I  his  search  for  the  Mar  del  Sur,  and  i\>uud  it. 
With  thirty  men  he  marched  w^estward,  still  via  Zuni 
and  Moqui;  crossed  the  Rio  Colorado--as  he  uamt  d 
the    branch  since  known  as  the  Colorado  Chiquito; 

'  For  Espc  jo'a  entrada,  see  p.  38-9  of  thia  vol, 
'Sou  p.  130,  thia  vuluiiiu. 


ai  ,sm 


AlUZONA  IN  THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY. 


847 


C'lx'apua 


(Sonoiti 


^"..i 


?(•<  -if  iVVP  / 


Eakliest  Explorations  of  Akizona. 


'  1' 


I   ! 


348 


FIMBRIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


I    I 


li   f 


ir 


I . 


gave  the  names  San  Antonio  and  Sacramento  to  two 
branches  of  the  river  later  called  Rio  Verde  in  tlio 
region  north  of  Prescott — a  considerable  portion  of 
his  route  corresponding  in  a  general  way  with  tlio 
line  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  of  more  mod- 
ern centuries;  and  kept  on  south-westward  to  and 
down  the  San  Andres — Santa  Maria  and  Bill  Wil- 
liams fork — to  its  junction  with  the  Rio  Grande  do 
Buena  Esperanza,  that  is,  the  Colorado.  One  of  the 
captains  went  up  this  river  a  short  distance;  and  then 
all  followed  its  course  southward,  fully  understandin;^' 
its  identity  with  the  stream  called  Rio  del  Tizon  in 
Coronado's  time,  to  the  head  of  the  gulf.  The  main 
eastern  branch,  or  Gila,  was  named  Rio  del  Nonibro 
de  Jesus.  In  January  1G05,  they  reached  tide-water 
and  named  a  fine  harbor  Puerto  de  la  Conversion  do 
San  Pablo;  and  then  they  returned  by  the  same 
route  to  New  Mexico.  Nearly  two  centuries  passed 
before  the  region  between  Moqui  and  Mojave  was  re- 
visited by  Spaniards.  Onate's  expedition  to  the  South 
Sea,  though  of  the  greatest  importance  and  accurately 
narrated,  like  that  of  Coronado  had  slight  eftect  on 
real  knowledge  of  geography,  its  chief  effects  being  to 
complicate  the  vagaries  of  the  Northern  Mystery. ' 

There  were  no  more  explorations  from  any  direction 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  Arizona  annals  tor 
the  whole  period  are  confined  to  a  few  meagre  items 
about  the  Moqui  district  as  gathered  from  earlitr 
chapters  of  this  volume.  It  may  be  well  to  state  here, 
however,  that  the  name  of  Arizona's  chief  river  is  aj)- 
parently  used  for  the  first  time  in  a  report  of  I (!:}(), 
being  applied  to  a  New  Mexican  province  of  Gila,  or 

'For  Ofiate'a  exped.  of  1604-5,  sec  p.  154  of  this  vol.  Native  tril)os  on 
the  Colorado,  from  north  to  south,  were,  above  the  (jila,  the  Ainacavas  (later 
Yainajabs,  Amajavas,  or  Mojaves),  Bahucechas,  and  Ozaras;  between  tliu 
Gila  and  tide-water,  the  Halchedumaa,  Coahuanas,  Tlaglli,  Tlalliguaiiiayiis, 
and  Cocapas.  Among  the  contributions  of  this  expedition  to  the  Niirtiurn 
Mystery  was  the  existence,  as  reported  by  the  natives,  of  Lake  Copula,  wluro 
Aztec  was  spoken  and  golden  bracelets  were  worn.  The  Spaniards  also  i<iii- 
cluded,  from  their  observations  and  statements  of  the  natives,  that  thi' giilt 
extended  indefinitely  north-westward  behind  the  mountains  from  tlie  ri^ir s 
mouth,  thus  confirming  the  idea  long  entertained  that  Cal.  was  an  island. 


THE  MOQUIS, 


3«9 


Xiln,  wliore  the  river  has  its  source.*  At  the  bogin- 
niiin  of  the  century  the  Moquis,  hkc  the  other  pueblos, 
aict'ptcd  Christianity,  were  often  visited  by  the  friars 
from  the  first,  and  probably  were  under  resident  mis- 
sionaries almost  continuously  for  eighty  years;  yet  of 
all  this  period  we  know  only  that  Fray  Francisco 
Poiras,  who  worked  long  in  this  field,  converting  sonie 
80U  souls  at  Aguatuvi,  was  killed  by  poison  at  his 
post  in  1033;  that  Governor  Penalosa  is  said  to  havo 
visiti'd  the  pueblos  in  1661-4;  and  that  in  1680  four 
Fiaiuiscans  were  serving  the  five  towns,  or  three 
missions.  These  were  Jose  Figueroa  at  San  Bernar- 
dino do  Aguatuvi,  Jose  Trujillo  at  San  Bartolome  <h; 
Jou^opavi,  with  the  visita  of  Moxainavi,  and  J<tso 
Es|»(  Itta,  with  Agustin  de  Santa  Maria,  at  San  Fran- 
cisco de  Oraibe  and  Gualpi,  all  of  whom  lost  their  lives 
ill  the  great  revolt.  From  that  time  the  valiant  Mo- 
(|uis  maintained  their  independence  of  all  Spanish  or 
Christian  control.  It  is  not  clear  that  they  sent  their 
warriors  to  take  part  in  the  wars  of  1680-96  in  New 
^Icxico,  but  they  probably  did  so,  and  certainly  af- 
foidcd  |)rotection  to  fugitives  from  the  other  pueblos, 
tlie  Telmas  and  others  even  buildino;  a  new  town  ad- 
joining  those  of  the  Moquis,  in  which  part  oH  the  trii>e 
lived  from  that  period.  In  16D2  they  had,  like  the 
other  nations,  professed  their  willingness  to  submit  to 
(iovernor  Vargas;  but  in  the  following  years  no  at- 
tempt to  compel  their  submission  is  recorded.  In 
1  "()(>,  however,  fearing  an  invasion,  they  affected  peni- 
tin  lerniitted  a  friar  to  baptize  a  few  children,  and 
iiendtiated  in  vain  with  the  Spaniards  for  a  treaty  that 
shonld  permit  each  nation  t»)  retain  its  own  religion  I^' 
Meanwhile,  during  this  century  and  a  half,  though, 
as  I  liave  said,  the  Arizona  line  was  not  crossed  from 
tlie  south,  the  Spanish  occupation  was  extended  nearly 
to  that  line.  In  Coronado's  time  the  northern  limit 
of  settlement  was    San   Miguel    de    Culiacan.     The 

'  nni'iriihn,  npt/veufi'  Rvnionsf.     S.'e  p.  1()2-.1  of  this  veil. 

■'Oil  Moijui  items  of  loDD-lTOO,  seu  chap,  vii.-x.,  this  volume. 


mi 


350 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


"■' .! 


villa  of  San  Felipe  de  Sinaloa  was  founded  in  1584, 
after  the  failure  of  several  attempts,  a  little  farther 
north.  It  was  in  1591  that  the  Jesuits  bej^an  their 
missionary  work  in  Sinaloa,  but  they  had  no  pennu- 
nent  establishments  north  of  that  province  before 
IGOO."  The  Fuerte  de  Montesclaros,  giving  name  to 
the  Rio  del  Fuerte,  was  built  in  IGIO,  and  in  the  same 
vear  Captain  Hurdaide,  after  a  series  of  hard- tout,' ht 
battles  and  several  reverses,  made  paace  with  the  Va(|ui 
Indians.  In  1613  and  1GI7  respectively,  missions 
were  established  among  the  M£«yos  and  Yaquis,  and  a 
bojjinninj;  was  thus  made  of  Jesuit  work  in  Sonora. 
From  1()21  eleven  padres  served  G0,000  converts  in 
the  northern,  or  Sonora,  mission  district,  called  San 
Ignacio;  in  1G39  the  spiritual  conquest  had  extendid 
to  the  Sonora  valley  proper,  the  region  of  Ures,  among 
the  Opatas,  where  the  district  of  San  Francisco  Javier 
was  organized;  by  1G58  this  district  had  been  extended 
so  as  to  include  missions  as  far  north  as  Ariz|)c  and 
Cuquiarachi;  and  by  1G88  these  northern  missions — 
beyond  Batuco  and  Nacori,  in  Pimeria  Baja,  eigliteen 
pueblos  in  six  missions  partidos — had  been  formed 
into  the  new  district,  or  rectorado,  of  Santos  ALartiies 
de  Japon.  The  next  advance  of  missionary  woik 
northward  will  bring  us  to  the  subject  proj^cr  of  this 
chapter.  It  should  be  noted  here  that  in  1G4U  50 
there  was  a  temporary  division  of  the  province,  north- 
ern Sonora  above  the  Yaqui  River  being  called  Xiieva 
Andalucia.  In  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  tlie 
Jesuits,  the  governor  of  the  new  province  attempted 
to  put  the  missions  in  charge  of  Franciscans;  Imt, 
though  a  small  party  of  friars  came  to  the  countiv, 
nothing  was  accomplished;  and  all  trace  of  the  chanp', 
secular  and  religious,  disappeared  about  the  middle  ut 
the  century.^ 

*Fnr  particulars,  see  Hint.  North  Mer.  States,  i.  107-23.  This  rcftrciice 
includes  Ibarra's  expeditions  of  loti4-3,  which  may  possildy  furnish  .111  I'Xiip- 
ticin  to  my  statement  that  tliu  Arizo.ia  liuj  wai  not  cro.«ed  till  ncirly  tlio 
end  of  the  next  century. 

■  See  auuaU  of  Sinaloa  and  Souora,  1000-1703,  in  Hist.  North  Alex.  oL,  i. 
202-50. 


MISSIOJ^S  OF  SONORA. 


351 


'm 


SiNALOA  AND   SONORA. 


352 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


ifi   ' 


P' 


.    ^ 


Pimen'a  Alta,  home  of  the  Pimas,  but  also  includ- 
ing that  of  the  Pdpagos,  Sobas,  and  Sobaipuris,  he- 
sides  other  tribes  in  the  north,  was  bounded  on  the 
south  by  the  rivers  Altar  and  San  Ignacio  witli  the 
latter's  southern  affluents,  on  the  north  in  a  gciural 
way  by  the  Gila  valley,  on  the  west  by  the  gulf  and 
Ilio  Colorado,  and  on  the  east  by  the  San  Pedro,  the 
country  farther  east  being  the  home  of  Apaclus  and 
other  savage  tribes.  This  broad  region  was  explored 
within  a  period  of  twenty  years  at  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century  and  beginning  of  tlie  eighteenth 
by  the  famous  Jesuit,  Father  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino. 
Over  and  over  again,  often  alone,  sometimes  with 
associates,  guides,  and  a  guard,  this  indefatigable  mis- 
sionary traversed  the  valleys  bounding  the  region  on 
the  south,  east,  and  north,  and  more  than  once  crossed 
in  different  directions  the  comparatively  desert  inte- 
rior, besides  giving  special  attention  to  the  gulf  shore 
and  Colorado  mouth,  for  his  original  purpose  was  to 
reach  and  convert  the  Californians  from  this  direction. 
He  found  the  natives,  grouped  in  a  hundred  or  more 
rancherias,  most  docile  and  friendly,  displaying  from 
the  first  a  childish  eagerness  to  entertain  the  jiadre, 
to  listen  to  his  teachings,  to  have  their  names  entered 
on  his  register,  and  to  have  their  children  baptized. 
They  were,  above  all,  desirous  of  being  formed  into 
regular  mission  communities,  w^ith  resident  padres  of 
their  own;  and  at  many  rancherias  they  built  rude 
but  neatly  cared  for  churches,  planted  fields,  and 
tended  herds  of  live-stock  in  patient  waiting  for  mis- 
sionaries who,  in  most  cases,  never  came.  Kino's 
great  work  began  in  1687,  when  he  founded  the 
frontier  mission  of  Dolores,  his  home  or  headquarters 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  For  six  years  he  toiled  alone, 
till  fathers  Campos  and  Januske  came  in  1693  to  take 
charge  of  San  Ignacio  and  Tubutama;  and  only  eight 
padres  besides  Kino  worked  in  this  field  during  the 
latter's  life,  there  being  rarely,  if  ever,  more  than  four 
at  the  same  time.     Missions  were,  however,  estab- 


uiu,hiV\n  \'  \ 


MISSIONS  IN  PIMERlA. 


8S8 


lislied,  besides  the  three  named,  at  Caborca,  Suainca, 
aiul  Cocospera,  with  a  dozen  or  more  of  the  other 
raiichi'iKis  as  visitas.  Those  which  became  missions 
or  visitas  before  1800,  with  the  presidios  and  other 
settlements,  are  best  indicated  on  the  appended  map. 


I'^^aJoijeria 

Sooolto"    f-^*.^      ArivacaM       Tnl 
Gaevavl 


Missions  of  Pimekia  Alta. 

The  great  difficulty,  and  one  that  caused  Kino  no  end 
of  anxiety  and  sorrow,  but  never  discouragement,  was 
that,  besides  the  zealous  padre  himself,  no  one  seemed 
really  to  believe  in  the  docility  and  good  faith  of  the 
Pimas,  who  were  accused  of  being  treacherous,  hos- 
tile, and  in  league  with  the  Apaches.  Even  Jesuit 
visitors,  when  once  they  were  beyond  the  reach  of 
Kino's  magnetism  and  importunity,  were  disposed  to 
regard  the  padre's  projects  as  visionary  and  danger- 

HliiT.  Abiz.  and  N.  Mex.    23 


I 


' 


ni|!W(.l,ft«| 


t54 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


lil!^ 


I  'I  vi; 


ous,  thus  furnishing  the  Spanish  authorities  a  plausi- 
ble pretext  for  withholding  pecuniary  support  Tliere 
were  no  other  establishments  in  these  times  except  a 
garrison,  or  presidio,  at  Fronteras,  or  Corodeguachi; 
this  and  a  compania  volaiite  being  charged  with  resist- 
ing the  almost  constant  raids  of  savage  tribes  in  the 
north-east,  and  often  requiring  assistance  from  other 
presidios.  All  this  region  was  under  a  comandante  de 
armas,  residing  generally  at  San  Juan  Bautista,  far- 
ther south,  and  there  was  no  other  government  in  the 
north.  Captain  Juan  Mateo  Mange  was  detailed  with 
a  part  of  the  flying  cor^pany  from  1694  to  protect  the 
padres  in  their  tours,  and  his  excellent  diaries  consti- 
tute our  best  authority  for  events  to  1702.^  Tliere 
was  a  revolt  in  1695,  in  which  Padre  Saeta,  of  Ca- 
borca,  lost  his  life,  several  servants  were  killed,  and 
many  of  the  churches  were  sacked  or  destroyed.  Yet 
notwithstanding  the  oppressive  acts  of  military  men 
and  Spanish  employees,  which,  according  to  the 
Jesuits,  provoked  the  revolt,  and  the  murderous 
slaughter  by  which  it  was  avenged  and  the  natives 
were  forced  to  sue  for  peace,  the  padres  seem  to  have 
had  no  difficulty  in  regaining  all  their  earlier  influence 
in  a  year  or  two ;  and  the  Pimas  and  Sobaipuris  soon 
proved  their  fidelity  by  aiding  the  Spaniards  most 
effectually  in  warfare  against  the  Apaches,  who  in 
turn  often  raided  the  Pima  rancherias,  destroying  the 
mission  of  Coc6spera  in  1698.  Still,  by  a  perplexing 
combination  of  satanic  influences,  missionaries  could 
not  be  obtained  for  the  far  north ;  and  the  old  preju- 
dice against  the  Pimas  was  no  sooner  partially  con- 
quered than  it  was  transferred  in  full  force  to  the  Gila 
tribes,  where  Padre  Eusebio,  with  a  view  to  his  Cali- 
fornian  projects,  desired  to  establish  missions.  Kino 
died  at  his  post  in  1711. 

^ Mange,  Historia  de  la  Pimeria  AUa.  MS.  of  the  Arch.  Oen.  de  Ma., 
printed  in  Doc.  Hist.  Afex.  Hardly  inferior  as  an  authority,  and  exteniling 
over  a  longer  period,  is  the  ApoatdUcoa  A/anea,  made  up  mainly  from  Kiiio'3 
letters;  and  Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jeans,  is  another  standard  work.  Full  details 
in  Hist,  North  Mex.  States,  L 


in( 

m( 
\vl 
in< 

rai 


Fnnt.i.hiii)\\' 


ARIZONA  EXPLORATIONS. 


SB8 


Haviiif?  thus  presented  a  general  view  of  the  Pi- 
meria  missions,  it  is  necessary  to  notice  somewhat 
more  in  detail  explorations  north  of  the  Arizona  line, 
whore  there  was  no  mission  with  resident  padre  dur- 
iii<'  Kino's  life,  thouj^h  there  were  churches  at  several 
raiicht'r(as  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley.  Kino  may 
have  crossed  the  line  as  far  as  Tumacdcori  with  Sal- 
vatierra  in  1691,  and  he  is  said  to  have  reached  Bac 
in  1<'»1)2;  but  the  records  of  these  earliest  entradas 
are  vnjj^ue,  and  doubtless  some  of  his  later  tours  in  the 
Santa  Cruz  valley  have  left  no  trace.  In  1694,  how- 
ever, he  penetrated  alone  to  the  Gila  valley  in  quest 
of  ruins  reported  by  the  Indians,  reaching  and  saying 
mass  in  the  Casa  Grande,  an  adobe  structure  that 
had  probably  been  visited  by  Niza  and  Coronado  in 
15311-40,  and  still  standing  as  I  write  in  1886.  In 
169G  another  visit  to  Bac  is  mentioned.  Thus  far, 
however,  we  have  no  particulars. 

In  November  1697  was  undertaken  the  first  for- 
mal exploration  in  this  direction  of  which  any  detailed 
record  has  survived.  Lieutenant  Cristobal  Martin 
Bernal,  with  Alferez  Francisco  Acuna,  a  sergeant,  and 
twenty  soldiers,  marched  from  Fronteras  via  Terrenate 
and  Suamca,  while  Kino  and  Mange  with  ten  ser- 
vants came  from  Dolores.  The  two  parties  united  at 
Quiburi,  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  modern  Tomb- 
stone; Coro,  a  Sobaipuri  chief,  with  thirty  warriors, 
joined  the  expedition ;  and  all  marched  down  the  Rio 
Quiburi,  since  called  the  San  Pedro,  to  its  junction 
with  the  Gila,  now  so  called  in  the  records  for  the 
first  time,  though,  as  we  have  seen,  the  Gila  province 
of  New  Mexico  was  named  as  early  as  1630.  Down 
the  main  river  went  the  explorers  to  and  a  little  be- 
yond the  Casa  Grande,  which  is  for  the  first  time 
described  and  pictured  by  simple  drawings  in  the 
diaries.  From  the  Gila  they  returned  southward  up 
the  river,  since  called  the  Santa  Cruz,  by  way  of  Bac 
and  Guevavi,  reaching  Dolores  at  the  beginning  of 
December.     They  had  marched  260  leagues,  had  been 


^labiii))) 


V      il: 


PIMKRIA  ALTA  AND  THK   NKMiUI   PROVINCE 


warmly  welcomed  everywhere,  had  re(>;isti!ro(l  4,700 
natives  and  baptized  89,  besides  confeninj^  badnt  s  of 
oltice  on  many  chieftains.  Some  details  of  this  tiiu 
first  of  Arizona  explorations  definitely  recorded  are 
given  in  a  note." 

''  Benin  I,  IMnriou,  I'lOT,  in  Dor,  IlUt.  Mex.,  .3d  seriea,  pt  iv.,  p.  7!»7  809; 
NiUi'jt;  IIM.  J'iiiicrKi,  *i74-9l;  uImo  lioth  iliiiries  in  MS.  Ikniiil  Ktt  Curddu- 
giiiU'lii  Nov.  .'ith,  iinil  inurchud  to  Surratiiiiiini  du  Ouauiii,  H  1.;  tUli,  tnTcrrf- 
iiati!,  12  1.;  Ttli,  to  Stfi  Marfii  (Suiiinca),  12  1.,  where  P.  Contrcius'  niiisitni 
•W'jw  in  a  jinrnpornns  condition;  8tli,  to  tlio  valley  and  rancheria  of  S.  .luainiiii, 
]'2  1.;  and  Uth,  to  the  rancheria  de  Qiiil>iiri.s,  8  1.,  wliere  Kino  wu.s  inct. 
Meanwliilo  Kino  and  Mange,  leaving;  Dolores  Nov.  2«1,  iiad  niarelied  tnUnmu- 
dioH,  8  1.  N.;  4th,  to  Cocdapera,  6  1.  n.,  wiiero  wan  P.  Contreras;  otii,  to  S. 
Lazaro,  6  1.  N.  on  another  stream,  which  rittes  near  Suainca  and  mikcM  a 
great  circle  (the  Sta  Cruz,  see  map);  thence  eastward  up  tiio  river  to  .Sta 
Alaria  (Snamca),  G  1.;  0th,  over  plains  and  rolling  hills  to  8.  JckuiuIii  liaso- 
Bunia,  14  1.  N.;  7th,  the  Sta  Cruz  do  (Jaihanipitea,  (i  1.  K.,  on  a  hill  on  wust 
bank  of  a  river  which  rises  in  the  plains  of  Terrenate  (tiiat  is,  tlu^  S.  I'rdni; 
there  are  ruins  known  as  Sta  Cruz  a  few  miles  w.  of  ToMd)stone  on  the  river). 
Here  they  were  received  in  a  house  of  adobes  and  beams  built  for  tlui  p.ulre. 
Here  they  joined  Martin,  and  went  1  1.  N.  to  Quiburi  on  the  S)th,  being  inter- 
taiiied  by  Coro  and  his  warriors,  who  were  dancing  round  Apache  sealps. 
(There  is  a  slight  diflference  between  the  two  diaritll  as  to  date  ami  place  of 
meetintr.     Later  I  use  botli  diaries  together.) 

Nov.  11th,  from  Quiburi  down  the  river  to  Alamos,  101.  N.;  12tli,  to  H.iica- 
deat,  13  1.,  passing  some  al>andoned  ranc'heria><;  13tli,  past  the  fartliest  ]iiiint 
ever  reached  by  Spanianls — a  narrow  pass  wliicli  had  been  visited  liy  ('apt. 
Fran.  l{.amirez — to  Causae,  21.,  and  Jia.spi,  or  lio,sario,  21.  (Beriial  savs  the 
day's  journey  was  31.);  14th,  past  Muiva  and  other  ramJierias  to  Ariliaiha,  or 
Aribabia,  ii  or  7  1. ;  15th,  past  Zutoida  r.nd  Comarsuta  to  the  last  ran<  luria  4if 
the  river  called  Ojio  or  Victoria, !)  or  11  1.  N.  Two  others,  Busac  itml  Tulio, 
were  on  a  creek  flowing  into  tiie  river  (perhaps  the  Arivaipa,  thougli  .said  to 
flow  east).  The  valley  is  described  as  pleasant  and  fertile,  witii  irrij;atiiig 
ditches  and  its  rancherlas — witii  'A'M  hou.ses  and  1,850  inhabitants  emiiited — 
prosperous  though  nuich  harassed  by  the  .Jocomes  and  Apaches  of  the  east. 
lUtii,  to  the  Gila  junction,  01.,  and  2  or  31.  down  the  Gila  to  a  place  named 
Mange. 

Nov.  17th,  down  the  Gila  at  some  distance  from  the  river,  to  S.  (lrej;ori(» 
spring,  81.  w. ;  and  to  S.  Fernando  on  the  bank,  21.;  18th,  over  tlii!  plain  '.ll. 
w.  to  Casa  (Grande,  Sergt  Escalante  swimming  the  river  with  twocoiniiaiiions 
about  midway  of  the  journey  to  examine  some  r  -ins  on  the  nortli  side,  lie- 
sides  describing  the  C  '.sa  Grande  and  other  ruins.  Mango  gives  a  tradition 
of  the  natives  respect    .g  their  origin,  1 1.  to  a  rancheria  on  the  river  bank; 

"  "~  W.,  over  sterile  jdains;  20th,  to  8.  Andres,  7  1.  w., 

Baseraca,  and  had  been  baptized  at  l^olore.'*,  wluru 

icksilver  mines  in  the  n.  w.  and  of  white  men  win) 

ned  with  muskets  and  swords — ]ierhap3  Enj,'iish  or 

■nt  probfvbly  only  the  apostate  Mociuis  with  .stolen 

Tusonimd,  or  Sta  Isabel,  7  1.  e.,  and  3  1.  s.  into  tin; 

xl  tank,  or  pond,  4  or  5  1.  s. ;  and  to  ranciieria  of 

14  or  15  1.  s. ;  23d,  up  the  dry  bed  of  the  river  (Sta 

.iley  of  Correa,  91.  s. ;  and  to  S.  Agustin  Oiaur,  (i  1. 

24th,  to  ranch,  of  Bac,  Biatosda,  or  S.  Javier,  0  1.  a.  This  Wiis  the  lari,'e.st 
rancheria  of  all  Pimeria,  830  persons  living  in  170  houses;  and  there  was  an 
adobe  house  ready  for  the  padre,  with  a  wheat-field  and  some  live-stoek  well 
tended.  2eth,  to  Tumacacori,  or  S.  Cayetano,  18  or  20  1.  S.;  27th,  to(iuevavi, 
6  1.  s.;  and  7  1.  to  Bacuanos  (Bacuancos),  or  S.  Autouio(?);  28th,  to  S.  Lazaro, 


lyth,  to  Tusonimott  4. 
whose  chief  had  visit ' 
rumors  were  heard  of 
came  to  the  Colorado 
shipwrecked  Spaniards, 
tire-arms (!);  21st,  back 
desert;  22d,  to  an  artiti 
Sta  Catalina  Cuitciabai^'. 
Cruz),  to  ranch,  of  the  ' 


nTi|ii.)iil\v.v\' 


KINO'S  TOURS. 


3o7 


A'^ain,  in  1008,  Kino  returiu'd  by  way  of  Bac  to  tlio 
(iilii;  and  from  San  Andres,  tho  limit  of  the  prcvions 
tri|i,  (ir  from  tho  R'«^ion  of  the  Pinja  vilhijjfcs  of  m(»d- 
(111  niaj'S,  he  crossed  the  country  south- westwardly  to 
SoMoi'aand  tlie  «jfulf  shore ;  hut  unfortunately,  Manj^'e's 
(lace  was  taken  i)y  Captain  Carrasco,  and  no  particu- 
urs  athcting  Arizona  are  extant.'"  In  the  next  tour 
of  Idl'D  with  Mange,  he  went  first  to  Sonoita  via  Saric; 
and  thence  crossed  north-westward  to  the  (iila  at  a 
point  al)out  ten  miles  ahovc  +he  Colorado  junction. 
Tlif  natives  refused  to  guide  him  down  the  river  wliere 
lie  had  intended  to  go;  therefore  he  went  up  tJie  river 
castwaril.  cutting  off  the  big  bend,  sigliting  and  nam- 
ini,'  the  Salado  and  Verde  rivers,  from  a  mountain  top, 
rojuliiiig  San  Andres  Coata  where  he  had  been  liefore, 
and  returning  home  by  the  old  route  via  Encarnacion, 
San  Clemente,  San  Agustin,  and  Bac.  In  this  trip  he 
called  tlie  Colorado  Rio  de  los  Mtlrtircs,  tlic  Gila  liio 
do  Ids  A])6stoles,  and  the  four  branches  of  the  latter 
— that  is,  tlie  Salado,  Verde,  Santa  Cruz,  and  San 
Pedro — Los  Evangelistas."     In  October  of  the  same 

7  1.;  ami  to  Cocdspera,  fi  1.;  20th,  to  Remedios;  Dec.  Ist,  to  Dolores.  Kino's 
iiiu't>'  left  Bunuil  on  the  2(itli,  and  the  latter  by  the  aatiiu  route  arrivcil  at 
l)..l(irL's  ])w.  2il. 

'"AV/zo,  Carta,  in  Sonora  Mat.,  817-19;  Aponf.  A/anvn,  27*2-4;  Aletjre,  lli^t., 
iii.  '2it;{  4;  Lwhman's  Tnir.  JesuiU,  i.  .'Joa.  'liio  dutails  given  atl'ect  only  o!)- 
scr\  lit  inns  on  tho  gulf  shore,  to  wliich  sutHcicnt  attention  is  L'iveu  elsewhere. 

"  Mmii/i;  J/Lst.  Pimeria,  21)2-310.  Route  from  S.  Mareelo  Sonoita:  Feli, 
17tli,  down  the  stream  w.  10  1.  to  a  carrizal;  18th,  6  1.  n.  w.  and  14  1.  n.,  hy 
nuioiihglit  over  sterile  plains  to  the  watering-place  of  La  Luna;  IDth,  12  1. 
N.  w.,  and  w.  to  a  small  raneheria  not  named;  20th,  15  1.  over  barren  idains 
aihl  past  nuncrnl  hills  to  Las  'iinajas;  21st,  (i  1.  N.  w.  to  tlie  Oila,  where  were 
(ilK)  I'imas  and  Yuinas,  the  latter  now  visited  and  described  for  the  first  time. 
Maiigd  from  a  hill  saw  the  junction  of  the  Colorado,  on  wliich  river  the  Alche- 
(iiiiiias  were  said  to  live.  M.  also  found  some  slight  tradition  of  Oiiate's  visit 
ill  Ilk),"),  and  heard  of  white  men  who  sometimes  came  from  the  north  coast  to 
trailo,  tlie  reports  rese.nbll.ig  those  heard  before  at  S.  Andri's  cand  C'asa 
Grande.  Fob.  23d,  12  1.  E.  up  the  river;  24tli,  10  1.  e.  up  river;  2.")th,  4  1.  to 
r;un;li.  S.  Matias  Tutum;  4  1.  to  ranch.  S.  Mateo  Cant;  20th,  14  1.  up  tho 
river  to  ranch.  Tides  Vatpii;  27th,  3l.  across  a  bend  to  a  ranch,  ini  tlie  river; 
to  ancvtiu'r  S.  Simon  Tucsani;  and  to  another  of  Cocomaricopas,  12  1.  in  all; 
28tli,  S  1.  H.  w.  (s.  E.  ?),  leaving  the  river  on  account  of  the  big  bend,  past  5 
raiicluTias,  to  one  of  Pimas,  who  welcomed  them  with  triumplial  arches,  etc., 
agdiul  place  for  a  mission;  March  1st,  11 1.  E.  over  a  rocky  and  sterile  country 
to  a  sjjriiig;  2d,  131.  E.  over  a  range  of  hills  from  which  they  saw  the  rivers 
Venlu  and  Salado — perhaps  flowing  from  the  famous  Sierra  Azul  of  N.  Mex. 
annals — to  the  river  3  1.  below  the  junction,  where  was  the  ranch,  of  S.  Bar- 
tolomtj  Comae;  3d,  10  1.  up  river  to  S.  Andrea  Coata,  where  they  had  been  in 


ii.k«t\;vt 


358 


PIMERiA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


M  i 


!     . 


lifi; 


is, 


:  :  [i   «  • 


ii 


'.'A 


year,  with  Padres  Leal  and  Gonzalez  from  abroad, 
they  went  again  to  Bac.  Here  the  moving  of  a  stoue, 
thought  at  first  to  be  an  idol,  uncovered  a  hole  on  the 
top  of  a  hill,  and  produced  a  hurricane  which  lasted 
till  the  stone  was  replaced  over  the  entrance  to  this 
home  of  the  winds.  From  Bac,  they  took  a  south- 
west course  to  Sonoita,  registering  1,800  Papabotes." 
Padre  Francisco  Gonzalez  was  delighted  with  Bac, 
declaring  it  to  be  fit,  not  only  for  a  mission  of  3,000 
converts,  but  for  a  city  of  30,000  inhabitants;  and  he 
promised  to  return  as  a  missionary.  Mange  states 
that  he  did  come  'mucho  despues,'  or  much  later,  but 
that  he  remained  only  till  1702,  being  driven  away  by 
the  hostilities  of  two  rancherias  not  far  away.  It 
would  seem  that  this  must  be  an  error.  In  April 
and  May  1700,  Kino  went  again  to  Bac  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  large  church,  which  the  natives  were 
eager  to  build,  but  respecting  tlie  further  progress  of 
which  nothing  is  known.  In  September  he  reached 
the  Gila,  by  a  route  for  the  most  part  new,  striking 

1697.  They  had  registered  1,800  men,  Yumos  and  Cocomaricopas;  4th,  E. 
past  Encamacion  91.  to  a  fertile  tract;  5th,  s.  B.  away  from  river,  9  1.  to  tlie 
tank  or  cistern  built  by  the  people  of  Casa  Grande,  when  they  went  suutli  to 
settle  Mexico  (!);  131.  (or  4)  s.  to  Sta  Catarina;  6th,  s.  past  S.  C'lemeute  to 
S.  Agustin  Giaur;  7th,  up  the  river  ».  past  4  rancherias,  61.  to  S.  Javier  ilel 
Bac,  where  1,300  natives  welcomed  them  with  dances  and  songs,  a  inagniticent 
place  for  a  large  mission;  9th-10th,  7  1.  s..  Kino  being  very  ill;  11th,  13  1.  ». 
to  opposite  S.  Cayetano  Tuniagacori;  12th,  6  1.  to  Guevavi,  7  1.  to  Bacuaucos; 
I3tli,  16  1.  to  Cocdspera  which  had  been  destroyed  and  abandoned;  14th,  to 
Remedies  6  1.,  8  1.  to  Dolores. 

'^  J/anye,  JIUt.  Pirn.,  311-20.  Route:  left  Dolores  Oct.  24th,  8  1.  to  Re- 
medics,  where  a  fine  new  church  was  being  built;  25th,  6  1.  down  one  streiim 
and  up  another  to  Cocdspera;  4 1.  to  Rio  Sta  Maria  at  S.  Lorenzo  (S.  Liizarn?); 
26th,  111.  down  river  to  S.  Luis  Bacuancos,  past  Quiquiborica  (one  of  wliicli 
may  have  been  the  later  Buenavista);  27th,  6  1.  to  Guevavi,  or  Gusutaiiui,  iit 
the  junction  of  a  stream  from  the  E. ;  41.  to  S.  Cayetano,  Jumagacori  (Tumiiea- 
cori);  28th,  61.  N. ;  29th,  10  1.  to  Bac,  west  of  which  was  a  ranch,  of  Oteaii. 
Nov.  1st,  2d,  Mange  and  Kino  went  on  down  to  Oiaur,  6  1.,  and  15  1.  to  .Sta 
Catarina,  Caituagaba  and  S.  Clemente,  and  returned;  near  Bac  two  ranch,  of 
Juajona  and  Junostaca  are  mentioned  as  existing  later;  5th,  10  1.  w.  to  springs; 
6th,  6  1.  w.  to  Tups,  where  they  were  shown  silver  ore;  3  1.  w.  to  Cops,  or 
Humo,  of  t?'e  nation  Pima-Papabotas;  7th,  8  1.  W.  over  plains  to  S.  Siiuliii 
Actum,  where  they  were  visited  by  natives  from  S.  Fran.  Ati;  8tli,  1*.  Leal 
left  the  party  for  Tubutama  in  his  carriage;  while  the  rest  went  on  N,  w.  ami 
W.  13  1.  to  kS.  Rafael;  9th,  9  1.  more  N,,  to  Baguiburisac,  N.  16  1.  (or  7),  to 
Coat  and  Sibagoida;  10th,  33  1.  s.  w.  and  w.  to  Sonoita;  11th,  12th,  60  1.  k. 
and  s.  K.  to  Busanic,  where  they  joined  Leal;  and  l.V18th  returned  via  Tu- 
butama, Magdaleua  de  Buvuibava,  S.  Igiiacio,  aud  Kemedios  to  Dolores. 


;S   ,'.  ■• 


SALVATIERRA  AND  KINO. 


809 


the  river  east  of  the  bend,  following  it  down  to  the 
Yuma  country,  thence  following  the  north  bank  to  the 
Colorado,  and  giving  the  name  San  Dionisio  to  a 
Yuma  rancheri'a  at  the  junction.  The  diaries  are  not 
extant,  and  such  details  as  we  have  relate  mainly  to 
Californian  geography,  having  little  interest  for  our 
present  purpose.^' 

In  1701  Kino  and  Salvatierra  went  by  way  of 
Soiioita  to  the  coast,  but  could  not  carry  out  their  in- 
tention of  reachir.g  the  Colorado.  On  the  return,  how- 
ever, parting  from  Salvatierra  at  Sonoita,  Kino  and 
Manj^e  crossed  the  country  to  Bac,  and  returned  home 
by  tlie  old  route."  Later  in  this  year  the  venerable 
explorer  crossed  from  Sonoita  to  San  Pedro  on  the 
Gila,  went  down  to  San  Dionisio,  and  thence  down 
the  Colorado  past  Santa  Isabel,  the  last  Yuma  ran- 
cheri'a, to  the  country  of  the  Quiquimas,  whence  he 
crossed  into  California;  and  on  his  return  he  may  be 
supposed  to  have  made  the  map  which  I  append. 
Early  in  1702,  Father  Kiiio  made  his  last  trip  to  the 
Gila  and  Colorado,  very  nearly  repeating  the  tour  of 
1701,  but  reaching  the  head  of  the  gulf;  and  it  was 
also,  so  far  as  can  be  known,  the  last  time  he  crossed 
the  Arizona  line.  The  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to 
constant  efforts,  with  the  aid  of  padres  Campos  and 
Velarde,  to  prevent  the  abandonment  of  the  old  es- 
tablishments, <nd  to  obtain  missionaries  for  new  ones, 
who,  though  sometimes  promised,  never  came.  The 
obstacles  in  his  way  seem  to  have  been  increased  by 
the  unwise  policy  of  a  new  commander  of  the  flying 
company,  whose  oppressive  acts  were  a  severe  test, 

"See  Ilht.  North  Mex.  States,  i.  270-1,  The  route  was  Dolores,  Rome- 
dins,  S,  Simon  y  8.  Judas,  Busauic,  28  1.;  Tucubavia,  Sta  Eulalia,  Merced, 
12  1. ;  S.  Gerdninio,  20  1. ;  Gila,  5,  12,  10 1. ;  down  the  Gila  50  1. ;  and  return — 
Trinidad,  Agua  Escondida,  121.;  watering-place,  12  1.;  creek,  18  1.;  Konoita, 
81  ;  S.  Luit)  Bacupa,  12  1.;  S.  Eduardo,  20  1.;  Caborca,  10  1.;  Tubutama  12 
l;  S.  Ignacio,  17  1. 

"  Mimge,  Hist.  Pirn.,  38."  7.  The  route  from  Sonoita  was,  Gubo  13  1.  B.; 
Guactum  (Actum?),  18  1.  B.  past  a  pool  of  Vatqui  and  5  rancherlas;  Tupo,  18 
1.  K. ;  12  1.  E.  to  Bac,  the  Ist  pue1)lo  of  Sobaipuris;  201.  s.  to  Tumagacori;  12 
1.  past  (xuevavi  to  Bacuaneos,  at  both  of  which  rancherfas  was  an  adobe  house 
fur  the  padre,  witL  much  live-stock;  H  1.  to  Coudapera;  theuce  to  Dolores. 


3G0 


FIMBRIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


I'^'H 


''i'\i 


Kino's  Map  of  1701. 


NO  MISSIONS  YET  IN  ARIZONA. 


361 


not  oiilv  of  the  padre's  patience,  but  of  the  Pimas' 
o'ood  fiiith  and  desire  for  mission  life.  As  I  have  said, 
there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  that  Arizona  had 
eith(  r  a  regular  mission  or  a  resident  Jesuit  before 
Kiuo'.-s  death  in  1711.^' 

After  Kino's  death,  for  more  than  twenty  years  no 
Spaniard  is  known  to  have  entered  Arizona.  It  is 
not  uidikely  that  a  padre  may  have  visited  the  ran- 
cheri'as  of  the  Santa  Cruz  valley,^*  or  that  parties  of 
soldiers  from  Fronteras  may  have  crossed  the  line  in 
puisuit  of  Apache  foes,  but  no  such  entradas  are  re- 
corded. Padres  Campos  and  Velarde  were  left  for 
the  most  part  alone  in  Pimeri'a  Alta,  and  though  zeal- 
ous workers,  they  had  all  they  could  do,  and  more,  to 
maintain  the  prosperity  of  the  old  missions,  without 
att('iiij>ting  new  enterprises.  They  could  not  visit  the 
nortliern  rancherias,  and  they  could  not  give  nuich  en- 
couragement to  visitors  from  distant  tribes,  who  came 
to  iiKjuire  why  the  padres  did  not  come  as  promised. 
All  conniiunication  gradually  ceased,  the  Gila  tribes 
forgot  what  Kino  had  taught  them,  and  even  the 
nearer  Pimas  and  Sobaipuris  lost  much  of  their  zeal 
for  mission  life.  Only  two  or  three  other  padres  are 
known  to  have  worked  in  the  field  before  1730.  Yet 
tlierc  were  spasms  of  interest  in  the  north;  the  bishop 
became  interested  in  the  subject;  some  favorable  or- 
ders wt're  elicited  from  the  king;  a  presidii:>  was 
talkod  t)f  on  the  Gila;  and,  as  we  shall  presently  see, 

'■'A  fow  rumors  of  padres  stationed  there  can  be  traced  to  no  dofinito 
smircf ;  and  tlie  whole  tenor  of  such  records  as  exist  is  aj^ainst  tlicni.  On  the 
aiuiaN<it  I'inieria  down  to  1711,  ace  hint.  N'orth  Mcx.  Sfnti-i,  i.,  chap,  x.,  xv  ii, 

'''A  writer  in  tiie  Tucson  Dim  liepiililiau,  Aug.  lit),  1877,  uanie.i  iiadrcs  AL'- 
jaiLilro  Uapniani  and  Jose  de  Torres  I'erea  as  having  served  at  IJac  in  1720-1. 
This  .irtii'lc  1)ears  internal  cvideuce  of  careful  preparation  and  original  ai'olior- 
itioK  in  sDinc  parts,  and  therefore  merits  notice  in  this  part.  l'(';oii)ly  the 
twii  (lailrcs  named  visited  Bac  in  172()-1,  and  left  some  kind  '.i  a  record  of 
tliiir  [iicscutc;  but  there  are  indications  that  this  writer  drf;w  his  infornia- 
tioM  fiDiii  fragments  of  mission  registers  in  the  south,  taking  it  for  granted  in 
sdiiie  I'asi's  that  a  padre  who  served  in  Pimerfa  Alta  nni'i;  have  served  at  S. 
il ivirr  del  Bic.  His  later  list  is  Ildefonso  de  la  Pen.*  1744,  Jose  (iarrucho 
aii'l  .Mi;:u('l  (  (ipctillo  1745,  and  Bartolome  Saeua  1740-50,  whiuh  names  may 
be  compared  with  those  in  my  text. 


Mi 


'  '1  ■  ' 


362 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE, 


there  was  a  project  for  reaching  the  Moquis  from  this 
direction. 

In  1731,  however,  there  came  a  small  reenforcomeiit 
of  missionaries,  and  two  of  them  were  in  1732  sent  to 
the  north,  effecting  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  first 
Spanish  settlement  of  Arizona.  Father  Feli[)e  Se- 
j]fesser  took  charge  of  San  Javier  del  Bac,  and  Juan 
Bautista  Grashoffer  of  San  Miguel  de  Guevavi,  which 
from  this  time  may  be  regarded  as  regular  missions, 
the  other  rancherias  becoming  visitas.  It  is  probable 
that  during  the  rest  of  the  Jesuit  period  the  two  mis- 
sions were  but  rarely  without  padres,  thougli  annals 
of  the  establishments  are  almost  a  blank.  Grashoffer 
soon  died;  Gaspar  Steiger  was  at  Bac  in  1733-G,  and 
in  1750  the  missionaries  were  Padre  Jose  Garrucho  at 
Guevavi  and  Francisco  Paver  at  San  Javier.  In 
1730-7  Padre  Ignacio  Javier  Keller  of  Suamca  made 
two  trips  to  the  Gila,  visiting  the  Casa  Grande,  seeing 
from  a  hill  the  rivers  Verde  and  Salado,  which  united 
to  form  what  he  seems  to  have  named  the  Asuncion, 
and  finding  that  many  of  the  rancherias  of  Kino's  time 
had  been  broken  up.  It  was  also  in  173G-41  that  oc- 
curred the  mining  excitement  of  the  famous  and  won- 
derful Bolas  de  Plata  at  Arizonac.  The  site  was 
between  Guevavi  and  Saric,  but  apparently  just  south 
of  tlie  Arizona  line.  The  unparalleled  richness  of  the 
silver  deposits  brought  a  crowd  of  treasure-seekers, 
and  caused  the  king  to  claim  it  as  his  own,  it  being 
not  a  mine,  but  a  criadero  de  plata ;  but  the  supply  of 
nuggets  was  soon  exhausted,  and  the  place  was  in  a 
few  years  wellnigh  forgotten.  North  of  the  line  I 
find  no  records  of  mining  operations  in  these  early 
times,  though  prospecting  may  have  been  prosecuted 
to  some  extent,  and  though  popular  but  wholly  un- 
founded traditions  have  been  current  of  rich  mines 
worked  by  the  Jesuits.  In  1741  the  presidio  of  Ter- 
renat,e  was  founded,  but  the  site  was  changed  more 
than  once,  and  for  a  time  before  1750  the  garrison  was 
apparently  stationed  at  or  near  Guevavi.     In   1750 


lll.M)l.))' 


PIMAS  AND  MOQUIS. 


363 


occurred  the  second  revolt  of  the  Pima  tribes,  in  which 
two  missionaries  at  Caborca  and  Sonoita  were  killed, 
as  were  about  100  Spaniards  in  all.  Bac  and  Gue- 
vavi  were  plundered  and  abandoned,  but  the  two 
padres  escaped  to  Suamca,  which,  on  account  of  the 
nearness  of  the  presidio,  was  not  attacked.  Peace 
was  restored  in  1752,  and  the  missions  were  reoccu- 
pied ;  but  a  bitter  controversy  between  the  Jesuits  and 
their  foes  respecting  the  causes  of  the  trouble  did  much 
to  increase  the  demoralization  arising  from  the  revolt 
itself,  and  all  semblance  of  real  prosperity  in  the  es- 
tablishments of  Pimerfa  Alta  was  forever  at  an  end. 

Meanwhile  the  Moquis  of  the  north-east  maintained 
their  independence  of  all  Spanish  or  Christian  control. 
The  proud  chieftains  of  the  cliff  towns  were  willing  to 
make  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  king  of  Spain,  but 
they  would  not  become  his  subjects,  and  they  would 
not  give  up  their  aboriginal  faith.  At  intervals  of  a 
few  years  from  1700  there  were  visits  of  Franciscan 
friars,  to  explore  the  field  for  a  spiritual  reconquest, 
or  of  military  detachments,  with  threats  of  war,  but 
nothino;  could  be  effected.  At  the  first  town  of  Asjua- 
tuvi,  the  Spaniards  generally  received  some  encour- 
agement; but  Oraibe,  the  most  distant  and  largest  of 
the  pueblos,  was  always  closed  to  them.  The  refugee 
Tehuas,  Tanos,  and  Tiguas  of  the  new  pueblo  were 
even  more  hostile  than  the  Moquis  proper;  and  by 
reason  of  their  intrigues  even  Zuili  had  more  than 
once  to  be  abandoned  by  the  Spaniards.  In  1701 
Governor  Cubero  in  a  raid  killed  and  captured  a  few 
of  tlie  Moquis.  In  1706  Captain  Holguin  attacked 
and  defeated  the  Tehua  pueblo,  but  was  in  turn  at- 
tacked by  the  Moquis  and  driven  out  of  the  country. 
In  1715  several  soi-disant  ambassadors  came  to  Santa 
Fe  with  offers  of  submission,  and  negotiations  made 
most  favorable  progress  until  Spanish  messengers 
were  sent,  and  then  the  truth  came  out — that  all  had 
been  a  hoax,  devised  by  cunning  Moqui  traders  seek- 
ing only  a  safe  pretext  for  commercial  visits  to  New 


M 


3C4 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI   PROVINCE. 


'   .'  5 


Mexico.  The  governor  thereupon  made  a  caiupaitrn, 
but  in  two  battles  effected  nothiny;.  From  about  1 7 1'j 
the  Franciscans  understood  that  the  Jesuits  wrw  n\. 
trij^uing  for  the  Moqui  field,  but  beyond  vi>itiiiir 
Aguatuvi  and  obtaining  some  favorable  assurances  for 
the  future,  they  did  notliiiig — except,  perhaps,  witli 
their  pens  in  Europe — in  self-defence  until  174'J,  whin, 
the  danger  becoming  somewhat  more  imminent,  two 
friars  went  to  the  far  north-west  and  brought  out  441 
apostate  Tiguas,  with  whom  they  shortly  reestablished 
the  old  pueblo  of  Sandia.  Again,  in  1745,  three  friars 
visited  and  preached  to  the  Moquis,  counting  10,,s4() 
natives,  obtaining  satisfactory  indications  of  aversinn 
to  the  Jesuits,  and  above  all,  reporting  what  had  been 
achieved,  with  mention  of  the  Sierra  Azul  and  Te- 
guayo,  and  the  riches  there  to  be  found.  Tneir  etioits 
were  entirely  successful ;  and  the  king,  convinced  that 
he  had  been  deceived — that  a  people  from  among  wlinm 
two  lone  friars  could  brinof  out  441  converts  could  be 
neither  so  far  away  nor  so  hostile  to  the  Franciscans 
as  had  been  represented — revoked  all  he  had  coneeded 
to  the  Jesuits.  With  the  danger  of  rivalry  ended  the 
new-born  zeal  of  the  padres  azules,  i.iid  for  30  years 
no  more  attention  was  given  to  the  Moquis!^' 

The  project  of  extending  the  Jesuit  field  frf)ni 
Pimerfa  to  the  Moqui  province  was  perhaps  at  first 
but  a  device  for  drawing  the  attention  of  the  govern- 
ment to  the  northern  missions,  and  securing  a  presidio 
in  the  Gila  valley,  with  a  view  to  the  ultimate  oeeii- 
pation  of  California.  Kino  and  his  associates  more- 
over greatly  underrated  the  distance  of  the  Mo(juis 
from  the  Gila,  and  correspondingly  distorted  tluir 
geographical  relations  to  New  Mexico.  From  about 
1711  various  reports  are  said  to  have  been  received, 
throuijh  native  messenijers  across  the  mountains,  and 
also  from  New  Mexican  sources,  that  the  Moquis  de- 
sired Jesuit  missionaries,  and  had  a  horror  (»f  tlie 
Franciscans.     The  project  was  greatly  strengthened 

*'  See  chap.  xi.  of  this  volume,  passim,  for  more  particulars. 


JESUITS  VERSUS  FRANCISCANS. 


365 


bv  tlic  support  of  the  bishop  of  Durango,  whose  quar- 
rel with  the  Franciscans  of  New  Mexico  is  recorded 
elsewhere  in  this  volume,  and  who  in  171(5,  with 
authority  of  the  viceroy,  attempted  to  put  the  Jesuits 
in  chai|L(c,  but  failed.  The  king,  however,  in  a  cedula 
of  171!>  approved  the  bishop's  views,  and  ordered  the 
viceroy  to  make  the  change,  the  viceregal  orders  to 
that  etfect  being  issued  in  1725,  and  approved  condi- 
tionally by  the  king  the  next  year.  There  seems  to 
be  but  little  truth  in  the  statement  of  Jesuit  writers, 
that  the  company  declined  to  interfere  in  territory 
claimed  by  another  order;  but  delays  ensued,  which 
were  largely  due  to  various  schemes  for  conquering 
the  Moquis  by  force  of  arms,  and  also,  perhaps,  to  a 
channo  of  opinion  on  the  bishop's  part.  The  viceroy 
having  in  1730  reported  such  conquest  to  be  impracti- 
cable, and  additional  testimony  having  been  obtained 
respecting  difterent  phases  of  the  subject,  the  king  by 
a  cedula  of  1741  positively  repeated  his  orders  of 
1711>.  How  this  incited  the  New  Mexican  friars  to 
renewed  effort  I  have  already  told. 

The  king's  order  of  1741  also  inspired  an  attempt 
on  the  part  of  the  Jesuits  to  reach  the  Moqui  towns 
from  Pimeria.  Padre  Keller  went  up  to  the  Gila  in 
174:5,  and  attempted  to  penetrate  the  country  north- 
ward; but  he  was  attacked  by  the  Apaches,  lost  most 
of  liis  horses  and  supplies,  had  one  of  his  nine  soldiers 
killed,  and  was  forced  to  return.  This  disaster  was 
known  to  the  Moquis,  and  through  them  to  the  New 
-Iv./  n  friars.  In  the  same  year  Padre  Jacobo 
Sedehnair  of  Tubutama  reached  the  Gila  by  way  of 
Sonoita;  and  in  1744  the  same  explorer  set  out  to 
visit  the  Moquis.  He  reached  the  Gila  in  the  region 
of  the  Casa  Grande,  but  the  Indians  could  not  be  in- 
duced to  guide  him  northward  by  a  direct  course,  and 
therefore  he  went  down  the  river  on  the  north  bank, 
for  the  first  time  exploring  the  big  bend,  and  crossed 
over  some  forty  leagues  to  the  Colorado.^**     At  the 

"^  Unfortunately,  the  diaries  of  this  and  Keller's  expedition  are  not  extant; 
but  in  hid  Jielacion,  849-50,  Sedehnair  names  the  rancherias,  beginning  12  1. 


866 


PIMERIA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 


point  of  departure  from  the  Gila  was  a  warm  spring, 
probably  that  still  known  as  Agua  Caliente,  and  a  fine 
spring,  called  San  Rafael  Otaigui,  was  found  where 
the  trail  struck  the  Colorado,  perhaps  near  the  modern 
Ehrenberg.  Sedelmair  went  on  up  the  river  to  near 
the  junction  of  "another  rio  azul,  near  the  boundaries 
of  the  Moqui  province,"  where  the  main  river  seemed 
to  emerge  from  an  opening  in  the  sierra  and  turn  to 
the  south-west.  The  Moquis  were  understood  to  live 
not  more  than  two  or  three  days'  journey  away,  liav- 
ing  frequent  commercial  intercourse  with  the  Colorado 
tribes;  but  for  some  reason  not  clearly  set  forth,  per- 
haps the  refusal  of  the  natives  to  serve  as  guides,  the 
padre  had  to  return  without  reaching  the  object  of  his 
tour.  His  branch  river  was  clearly  the  Bill  Williams 
fork  of  modern  maps.^® 

In  a  cedula  of  1744,  the  king  called  for  new  infor- 
mation, Sedelmair  was  summoned  to  Mexico,  and 
elaborate  reports  on  the  northern  projects  were  pre- 
pared, both  by  the  Jesuit  provincial  and  the  Francis- 
can procurador  general.  Without  attaching  much 
importance  to  the  Jesuit  claim  that  the  company  had 
no  intention  of  interfering  with  Franciscan  missionary 
work,  I  still  find  in  the  evidence  strong  indications 
that  the  principal  aim  was  to  secure  the  establishment 
of  missions  and  a  presidio  in  the  lower  Gila  valley, 
with  a  view  to  a  further  advance  to  the  north-west  or 
north-east,  as  circumstances  might  decide.  But  the 
argument  of  Padre  Oliva,  representing  the  Francis- 
cans, proved  altogether  conclusive  so  far  as  the  Moquis 

below  the  junction  of  the  Salado  (where  he  representjs  the  big  bend  as  l)egiii- 
ning  ?)  as  follows:  Stue  Cabitic,  Norchean,  Gohate,  Nobcaric,  Guias,  Cocoigui, 
Tuesapit,  Comarchdut,  Yayahaye,  Tuburh,  Caborh,  Fipiaca,  Oxitaliibuis, 
Aicatum,  Pitaya,  Soenadut,  Aopomue,  Atiahigui,  Cohate,  S.  Felipe  Uparcli, 
Aritutoc,  Urchaoztac,  Tubutavia,  Tsihapit,  Amoque,  Shobotarchani,  Aqui, 
Tuburoh,  Tucsarea,  Cuaburidurch,  Oitac,  Toa,  Caborica,  Cuduriiiiuitac, 
Sudac,  Sasabac,  Sibrepue,  Aycate,  Aquitnundurech,  Toaedut,  Tiibuich,  and 
Dueztumac,  near  which  is  a  warm  spring,  about  45  1.  above  the  Colorado 
junction.  Tliese  rancherfas,  all  of  Cocomaricopas,  lie  along  the  river  for 
about  36  1.  The  author  says  the  Colorado  tribes  were  also  kindred  to  the 
Gila  Cocomaricopas.  Rio  Colorado,  that  is,  '  red  river,'  or  buqui  aquimuti,  was 
the  original  Pima  name  of  the  river. 

^* Sedelmair,  Eelacion,  846-64;  Id.,  Entrada,  20;  Apoat.  ^i/anea,  351-8; 
VenegoH,  Not,  Cat.,  ii.  530-6;  4l^re,  Hist.  Cmip.  Jems,  li.  283-4. 


th 

tei 
ho 


n!i)i.iii«\»\- 


SEDELMAIR'S  ENTRADAS. 


887 


were  concerned;  for  in  a  cddula  of  November  23,  1745, 
the  king  confessed  that  he  had  been  deceived  by  false 
testimony  respecting  the  geographical  position,  the 
hostile  disposition,  the  strength,  and  the  apostasy  of 
the  Moquis,  as  well  as  the  lack  of  zeal  and  facilities 
for  their  reduction  on  the  part  of  the  friars ;  and  he 
accordingly  revoked  the  order  of  1741,  thus  putting 
an  end  to  the  company's  project.'^"  As  I  have  said 
before,  the  Moquis  were  now  left  to  their  own  salva- 
tion by  missionary  orders  for  some  thirty  years.  The 
Gila  and  Colorado  field  still  remained  open  to  Jesuit 
effort,  but  various  obstacles  prevented  any  notable 
success.  An  effort  seems  to  have  been  made  to  reach 
Moqui  in  connection  with  the  military  movement  of 
1747,  but  nothing  was  effected.  Sedelmair,  however, 
made  two  more  entradas  in  1748  and  1750.  In  the 
first,  from  Tubutama,  by  a  route  not  described,  he 
reached  the  Gila  at  a  point  near  the  rancheria  pre- 
viously called  San  Felipe  Uparch,  and  went  down  the 
river,  noting  the  'painted  rocks,'  to  the  point  where 
in  1744  he  had  turned  off  to  the  north-west.  Here 
he  named  the  warm  spring  rancherfa,  in  a  fine  site  for 
a  mission,  Santa  Marfa  del  Agua  Caliente."' 

Thence  he  went  on  for  the  first  time  on  the  north- 
ern bank  to  the  Yuma  country,  and  finally  crossed 
over  to  the  Colorado  at  a  point  about  two  leagues 
above  the  junction,  subsequently  going  down  to  the 
last  Yuma  rancherfa  below  the  Gila.  But  the  Yumas 
were  not  very  friendly,  and  it  had  been  a  year  of 
drouglit  for  all  the  friendly  Cocomaricopa  tribes. 
The  padre's  return  was  by  the  same  route.^"  His 
second  and  last  tour  was  made  at  the  end  of  1750, 

"•iV.  Mexico,  CididoB,  MS.,  46-55;  Huit.  North  Mex.  States,  i.,  chap,  xviii. 
-xix.  Tlie  latter  version  is  here  somewhat  moditied  and  extended  by  the 
former  docmueuts. 

*'  lie  say.s  the  spring  had  never  been  seen  before;  but  it,  or  another  near 
by,  is  montioiied  in  his  Relacion  of  1745  or  1746.  Above  the  '  piedras  escritas ' 
ia  uamud  a  sierra  of  Sibupue. 

'"  Sc(li;linah;  Entrada  d  la  Nacion  de  los  Yumas  (fentiles,  1749  (8),  in  Soncyra, 
Mat.,  IS-'J,');  Apost.  Afanea,  3C0-1.  A  mission  site  on  the  Gila  was  called  S. 
Jitdas  Tudoo;  that  near  where  he  struck  the  Colorado,  S.  Jos6;  aad  that  at 
the  junction  Nra  Sra  de  Loreto. 


1      It 


uuiiiiinitu 


ll.MttiU\ 


368  I'IMERfA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  PROVINCE. 

and  about  it  wo  known  only  that  lie  went  farther 
down  tJio  Colorado  to  the  Quiquima  or  Quimac;  ruii- 
chori'as,  found  tlio  natives  hostile,  and  returned  aeiuss 
the  desert  by  way  of  Sonoita."^ 

During  the  remaining  years  of  the  Jesuit  period, 
1701-07,  the  missions  of  Pimeri'a  Alta  barely  main- 
tained a  precarious  existence.  The  Spanish  Jesuits 
in  many  cases  had  been  replaced  by  Germans,  and  all 
were  more  or  less  discouraged  and  disgusted  by  tlio 
complicated  and  fruitless  controversies  of  earlier  years;. 
There  was  no  progress,  but  constant  decadence.  As 
I  have  said  in  another  volume,  ''a  few  neophytes  were 
induced,  by  the  persuasions  of  the  padres,  and  by  the 
hope  of  occasional  protection  from  the  presidios  against 
the  Apaches,  to  remain  faithful ;  the  missions  were, 
moreover,  convenient  places  for  the  Pimas,  Sobas, 
Pdpagos,  and  Sobaipuris  in  which  to  leave  their 
women,  children,  old,  and  infirm,  while  living  them- 
selves in  the  mountains,  or,  perhaps,  aiding  the  Seris 
or  Pimas  Bajos  in  their  ever-increasing  depredations — 
convenient  resorts  for  food  when  other  sources  failed, 
and  even  well  enough  to  live  in  occasionally  for  brief 
periods.  The  natives  lived  for  the  most  part  as  they 
pleased,  not  openly  rebellious  nor  disposed  to  molest 
the  padres,  so  long  as  the  latter  attempted  no  control 
of  their  actions,  and  were  willing  to  take  their  part  in 
quarrels  with  settlers  or  soldiers.  Missionary  work 
proper  was  at  a  standstill;  the  Jesuit  establishments 
had  only  a  nominal  existence ;  the  mission  period  of 
Sonora  history  was  practically  ended.  But  for  the 
hostility  between  Pimas  and  Apaches  the  Spanish 
occupation  of  Pimeri'a  Alta  would  probably  have  been 
confined  to  the  four  jjarrisons,  with  a  few  bands  of 
adventurous  miners  risking  an  occasional  sortie  beyond 
the  protection  of  the  presidios." 

These  afeneral  remarks  from  the  annals  of  Sonora 
may  be  applied  especially  to  the  northern  establisli- 

^Apost.  A/anes,  302-4. 


PRESIDIO  AND  MISSIONS. 


309 


mcnts  of  the  later  Arizona;  but  particulars  rclatini^ 
to  llic  latter,  wliieli  I  wt»ukl  gladly  present  here  in 
full,  are  extremely  meagre.  A  presidio  of  fift}'  men 
was  ( stablislied  in  1752  at  Tubac,  or  San  Ignacio; 
ami  under  its  protection  the  two  missions  of  Guevavi 
and  IJac  with  tlieir  half-dozen  pueblos  de  visita  were 
cnahlcd  to  exist,  as  was  Suamea,  some  of  whose 
visitas  were  also  north  of  the  line.  Exactly  how  long 
they  liad  been  abandoned  after  the  revolt  of  1750  is 
ii(^t  known;  but  in  17G3  Padre  Alonso  Espinosa  was 
in  charge  of  Eac,  as  he  was  still  at  the  time  of  the 
Jesuit  expulsion  (»f  1707.  At  Gmsvavi  the  minister 
was  Ignacio  Pfefterkorn  in  17G3,  Padre  Jimeno  in 
17<)4,  and  Pedro  Rafael  Diez  in  1707.  At  Suamea 
Padre  Jose  Earrera  was  in  charge  in  1700-7,  while 
jiis  predecessors  from  1751,  according  to  fragments  of 
the  mission  register  before  me — some  of  them  doubt- 
less mere  visitors — were  Keller,  Vega,  Nentoig,  Diaz, 
Alava,  and  Labora.  The  rancherfa  of  Tucson  was  a 
visita  of  Eac  in  these  years,  and  a  few  Spanish  set- 
tlers seem  to  have  lived  there;  but  hi  1703  it  was, 
like  the  mission,  abandoned  by  all  but  a  few  sick  and 
infirm  Indians.  This  state  of  things,  especially  on 
account  of  the  gente  de  razon  at  Tucson,  called  out 
much  correspondence  and  several  plans  for  relief  which 
brought  no  relief.  There  were  also  nearly  200  gente 
de  razon  at  Guevavi,  Santa  Earbara,  and  Eueiiavista. 
The  visitas  of  Tumacttcori  and  Calabazas  were  com- 
posed of  Pima  and  Piipago  neophytes,  but  the  latter 
bad  run  away  in  1703.  liespecting  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits  in  1707,  nothing  is  known  except  the 
names  of  the  three  padres,  Espinosa,  Diez,  and  Ear- 
rera. The  whole  number  of  Arizona  neoi>hytes  in 
1704  7  seems  to  ^.lave  been  only  about  1,250.'^'' 

'"  Li~fiznin,  liiforme,  17G3,  p.  080;  Somn:,  Molerialex,  124-.'?8;  Tnmnron, 
l'!^!f'i,  MS.,  112-10;  Sonora,  Ikm-fip.  (leo^j.,  170,  p.  .500-84;  rimirt,  Vol. 
I'liiiii-ia  Altn,  MS.,  passim;  Cowpai'iia  da  Jesus,  Cntdloijo;  also  J/iM.  North 
Mry.  Si'ilfs,  chap.  XX.,  tliis  series. 

'I'uscdii,  ij  1.  N.  of  Bic,  was  its  only  visita,  and  there  is  no  mention  of 
white  |)(ipulation  in  17(>4-7.  The  visitas  of  S.  Miifuel  Guevavi  were  Cala- 
b;izi.s,  1^  1.  N,;  Sonoita,  7  1.  E.  N.  E.  (distinct  from  the  western  Souoita);  and 
Hist.  Aiiiz.  AND  N.  Mex,    24 


S70 


PIMEIllA  ALTA  AND  THE  MOQUI  rilOVINCR 


ouTOANH  iroi     4' .y 

f3^ 


1»W) 


"V.^', 


A  P  AC  H  I  S 


HOAaO  NOMA! 


»»•■    .    V 


I %//  y  U  M  A  9  "^        \  ? 


Vi.lt.r.* 


B.Buiiirtirluo      au.r<tlalini<' 


8.F..nt..N'.i 


>TClOPA»,«  »^»M'  . 


ttomi  »jJttAIIA 


UTIiMj*. 


cliUUI 

oAgutk  EirunJIdft 


Jih'v'    —  J''"  "J"'*' 


o  il.MRrrrlu 


^  "I 

o  L«  Jl«rrril  "V  „  A"'''*       9"'''"''"     •     ' 

.    r«iir.ll|j.  S-'"" 


-      '"  O.rrlj.l     -,,•'', 
S4U«afii.lnl>'>U1.5.L0rtENI0<,     .    . 

0  e  N  T I  L  E'sTy*»^rS^  V  'M  ■*, 


Iluinnlc  o  t:  Aqulitiur) 


X.SI....n, 
p  ConwiM-rti 


j.AVrt.'^iMiia 


..M.MH(}ddlCIW  'oTt     .IB        ri^ 


'Cliiii>i|iii 


liipllit 


oTI.i 
o  (l|Kjljr.l.- 


a1^'" 


IJoWiitlil^orte  .1^ 


'''  lliiii..ii  III    .->, 
'<jua)Mi'4  Hr.tlHJuul 

Ai..li{  B.uMii 

t'     lldliiut'urtt 

'••          V  AUin...  J                           ^^M«U|« 
iiM'     ■.{>  .       8,>1l»<iel^,.<vr tl.i 


iV-^'i«'»-'' 


«^."-".. 


c^' 


^t^  ■^'-^^^^.'''••■W\,•^-^^,■^^•<Vi  V.  ISwT,,!.   S,..• 


% 

\ 


VENE(iAs'  Mai'  of  17o7. 


APACHE   RAIDS. 


371 


The  Apaches  wore  continuously  troublesome,  and 
rniuiN'  ciiniiKiii^Mis  were  undertaken  aujainst  them  hy 
fiiices  from  the  presidios  of  l^ronti^ras,  T(U'renat(>,  and 
Tiihac.  One  of  th(!se  expeditions  seems  to  have  heen 
ahiinst  exactly  like  another,  but  only  a  W'W  are  re- 
corded at  all,  antl  those  very  mea<jfrely.  The  ordy 
success  achieved  was  the  killiiii^  of  a  few  warriors, 
and  the  cai)turo  of  their  wonu-n  and  children;  hut 
often  wliiie  one  hand  <if  savaiifes  ran  away  from  tlio 
s(il(Htis  anothiT  band  attacked  some  point  near  the 
j)iisi(Hos;  and  it  finally  came  to  be  seriously  (|uc!S- 
tioiied  by  many  whether  these  campai;>ns  were  of  the 
sliulitest  advantage.  If  the  diaries  were  extant,  they 
Avould  furnish  some  inti;resting  items  of  early  geo- 
;jrra[»hie  knowledge  and  nomenclature;  but  as  it  is, 
the  mere  mention  in  fragmentary  repf)rts  is  of  slight 
value.  Several  of  these  entradas  in  1750-8  and 
ITdj-f),  directed  to  the  upper  Gila  in  the  rc^gions 
alx-it  the  later  boundary  between  New  Mexico  and 
Aii/coria,  are  somewhat  fully  reported,  l)ut  so  con- 
fusedly as  to  yield  nothing  more  satisfactory  than  a 
mere  list  of  names.  These  campaigns  were  made  by 
forces  under  the  captains  of  Fronteras  and  Janos, 
Captain  Anza  of  Tubac,  and  Governor  Meiidoza. 
They  had  some  success  in  killing  and  cai)turing 
Aj)aches,  found  several  groups  of  ruins,  and  satisfi(>d 
themselves  that  the  !Moqui  t(,)wns  mi  'Jit  conveniently 
!)('  reached  by  that  route  if  deemed  desirable.'"' 

Tiuiiuoacori,  8  1.  N,  N.  w.  The  viaitas  of  St;i  Mari'a  Suaiiiea,  some  of  tlioiii 
iiiiitli  (if  till'  liui!,  Mere:  S.  .Tiuiii  C^>uilmri,  Saiuiago  0^iUi,.l)o,  S.  Audi-O.s  E:si|Ui,'- 
l«;ij.'  (ir  Badz,  S.  I'aLlo  BdiUcat,  S.  J'oilro  Turi.uii,  ami  .Sia  Cm/  livM.si.  Tlio 
imsiilio  (if  S.  Felipe  (ri-acia  Ileal  ilu  Terreuato  i  i  <leseril>eil  as  4  1.  N.  (K.  ?)  friuii 
SiiaiMua,  jiop.  411  geiite  ile  razou,  i.ioliuliiig  the  garrismi  of  ;;0  m,u  under 
(apt.  Francisco  Elias  (ioiizah'z.  T!ie  presidio  of  S.  liiiac'o  dj  Tnhac  was 
4  I.  N.  of  (luevavi,  pop.  de  razmi  4"_M,  including  'yO  sol'.icr.s  iiiidiT  Cipt.  .Tiiau 
P).  Anz'.i,  vh.-i.plain  Jose  Miiiiud  l!i.:z  d.l  Cirpio.  Arizon:i  i*  iiami'il  as  a 
vi.sita  of  Sane,  o  1.  N.  K.,  where  were  the  'Bnlas  du  I'lata  do  Av;iia  C'alieiite,' 
pop.  4")  geiite  de  razoii. 

■'Jl/'i/.  \or/h  Mex.  StdtvH,  i.  chap,  xx.;  Suirla-z,  Carta,  17o7,  in  Suiiora 
Milt.,  i.  88-94;  77.,  Carfi  df  In'^S,  in  II.,  1)1-7;  Mi'mlnzi  (Juan),  Car/a  iltl 
(!.''irniat/or  (k  Son.,  J7.'7,  in  77.,  84^8;  V:idnx'>Ia,  iarli.t,  lSr)_'20(i;  A)iza, 
Cilia  lie  l':(:i;^  in  S'n.  i/ Son.,  Cniax,  ICS-l'J.  The  places  uamed  seem  to  he 
I'hictly  iu  suuth-westeru  N.  Mexico. 


¥  1 


I  •  ;i 


^ii 


CHAPTER   XVI. 


■i'  I  ■! 


'l\ 


llrll 


|1 


<   I 


u 


FIMBRIA  ALTA,   OR  ARIZONA. 

1768-1845. 

A  Meaork  RF.roRD — Ekkor.«  of  Modern  Works — Exaogeratioss  of  Early 
Pkoshehity — Coming  of  the  Fuanciscaxs — State  of  the  Missions— 
Military  and  Presidio  Annals — A  New  Apache  Policy  —San  Javiki'. 
del  Bac— Presidio  of  Ticscn — Ti'bao— Pima  Comtany— GrEVAVi  ash 
TiMAOAcoRi — Calabazas— Aribao  —  Explorations  in  the  North— 
(Iarces,  the  Franciscan  Kino — Tours  to  the  Gila  and  C'olouaihi— 
4xza's  Trips  —  Cresi'o's  Views  —  Escalante — Font's  Map— (Iameh 
Visits  the  Mogris — Colorado  River  Missions — The  MoyrisPERisii— 
The  Pk.halta  Land (  Irant — Minino  Operations — Later  Annals— Ki;a 
OF  Prosperity — Final  Riix — Apache  Wars — End  of  the  Missions- 
American  Trappers. 

No  chronoloo-io  narrative  of  early  Arizona  annals 
can  ever  be  formed  with  even  aj^proxiniate  aceuia<y 
and  completeness,  for  lack  of  data.  As  already  ex- 
plained, the  country  so  far  as  occu})ied  by  Spaniards 
was  l)ut  a  small  part  of  l*inieria  Alta,  whicii  in  turn 
was  but  a  part  of  Sonora,  the  annals  of  whicli  province 
as  a  whole  are  but  imperfectly  recorded.  From  So- 
nora history  we  may  (jjet  a  general  idea  of  proo-ress  in 
Pimeria,  and  on  Pimerfa  annals  we  must  depend  fm' 
a  similar  general  idea  of  events  in  Arizona,  to  which 
may  be  added  oidy  a  few  scattered  items  of  local  hai)- 
penings.  It  is  not  strange,  then,  that  nothing  liki  a 
consecutive  record  can  be  presented;  nor  can  anything 
be  rea.sonably  expected  from  future  research  beyond 
the  bringing  to  li<i'lit  of  new  items.  As  we  advamv 
from  the  Jesuit  to  the  Franciscan  period,  and  fi"ni 
Spanish  to  Mexican  rule,  the  state  of  things,  from  a 
historic  point  of  view,  becomes  worse  rather  than  bet- 

(872) 


CURRENT  ERRORS. 


373 


ter.  There  is  much  reason,  however,  to  believe  that 
complete  original  records,  could  they  be  restored, 
would  affect  only  local,  personal,  and  chronologic 
iiiiiiiitije,  and  would  hardly  modify  the  general  pur- 
poit  of  these  chapters. 

In  this  connection,  also,  it  is  proper  to  note  that 
till'  t'»  \v  and  brief  presentments  of  early  Arizona  annals 
wliiih  are  extant,  as  prefatory  matter  to  modern  works 
devoted  chiefly  to  later  history,  and  to  a  description 
of  tlic  country  and  its  resources,  are  not  only  meagre 
and  fragmentary  in  d(^tail,  as  they  like  my  own  must 
nicessarilv  bo,  but  full  of  errors,  and  almost  whollv 
nii.-^leading  in  their  general  scope;  though  it  should 
be  added  that  the  works  in  question  often  merit  high 
praise  for  their  accurate  treatment  of  the  later  topics 
tliat  come  more  properly  within  their  field.^  In  these 
works  tlie  tendency  is  to  refifard  Padre  Kino's  wander- 
ings  as  mission-founding  expeditions,  th(»ugh,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  there  were  no  missions  in  Arizona  till 
long  after  his  death.  From  the  Spanish  names  on 
early  maps — identical  with  or  corresponding  to  those 
of  Kino  and  Vencgas,  as  presented  in  the  preceding 
chapter — the  conclusion  has  been  di-awn  that  U[»  to 
the  Gila  valley  Arizona  was  covered  Mith  ]»rosperous 
Spanish  missions  and  settleuients,  which  had  to  be 
al)and;)ned  later  in  consequence  of  Apache  raids;  yet 
in  truth,  as  the  reader  knows,  there  was  no  Spanish 
oceupation  beyond  a  narrow  reu'lon  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
valley,  and  even  there  only  two  missions,  Bac  and 

'Sucli  works  are  Silvester  Mowry's  Ari-nnn  (iii'l  Soiiont,  N.  Y.,  ISdl,  M 
en.,  i.i  its  fwigiiiiil  fdriii  an  adilress  dflivereil  in  IS.V.)  Iiefure  tlio  Anier.  (ieng. 
an  1  St;it.  Sdc;  liirain  ('.  Hoilge'.s  ,( (■/:<)/(((  a.i  It.  /.<,  N.  Y.,  1S77;  Riclianl  J. 
\Vw\.in\»  11  iiid-liimk  to  A  riwii>i,  S.  F.,  1.S7S;  the  ///•^fori/  of'  A  rizona  Tirriti'i'i/, 
liuliiislitid  l)y  Elliott  &  Co.,  S.  V.,  lS8t:  Saiinul  W.  L'ozzeiis'  TJk'  Af  irrdli^in 
Coiiiitri/,  Boston,  etc.  (1874);  Edwards  Rohcrt.s'  IIV,7(  t/,i-  Im-mhi;  S.  F.,  ISSo; 
and  '  :'  iok  Haitiiltou'8  T/ie  /itMiuirc'i  0/ A  rivm",  S.  F.,  3dod.,  1SS4.  I'erhaii;) 
soiii'..  ., |Usti'-'e  is  done  by  naming  these  ImmiUs  in  a  group,  since  tli«y  ditl'.T 
greatly  in  their  value  so  far  n^i  modern  Arizona  is  co:'cerned;  hut  these  differ- 
emv'.s  to  some  extent  will  ajuiear  in  later  chapters.  From  all  a  very  good 
.sketch  of  modern  condition  and  progress  may  lie  formed.  Tu  their  tru.itment 
of  early  times  they  vary  also — from  had  to  very  had..  They  ci^ni.iin  soiiio 
accur.'ite  statements  drawn  from  well-known  autliorities  on  Niza"s  and  Coro- 
iiii'l.is  expeditions;  and  it  should  be  added  that  Hiutou  icinuduce.-  for  the 
Iu^l  time  a  valuable  early  map. 


41! 


'M 


miiiliiiifeMMl 


i  III 


374 


riMEUIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


Guevavi,  with  a  fuw  rancherias  Co  visita,  under  resi- 
dent padres  from  1732,  or  possibly  1720,  and  protected 
in  their  precarious  existence  by  the  Tubac  presidio 
from  1752.  The  misleading  Spanish  saint  names  were 
sim})ly  those  applied  by  Kino  and  his  associates  to  the 
rancherias  visited  on  their  exploring  tours,  whose  in- 
habitants, in  some  instances,  were  induced  to  make 
preparations  for  the  reception  of  missionaries  promised, 
but  who  never  came.  The  Arizona  missions  Mere 
never  more  than  two,  and  they  were  never  pro  ;peroiis. 
So,  also,  the  rich  mines  and  prosperous  haciendas, 
with  which  the  country  is  pictured  as  having  been 
dotted,  are  purely  imaginary,  resting  only  on  vague 
traditions  of  the  Planchas  de  Plata  excitement,  and 
oil  the  well-known  mineral  wealth  of  later  times.  The 
Jesuits  of  course — though  the  contrary  is  often  alleged 
— worked  no  mines,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  in 
Jesuit  times  there  were  any  mining  operations  in  Ari- 
zona beyond  an  occasional  prospecting  raid;  and  even 
later,  down  to  tlie  end  of  the  century,  suoli  operations 
were,  on  a  small  scale,  confined  t;)  the  vicinity  of  tlie 
pi-e.sidios;  and  the  same  remark  may  be  made  of  agri- 
cultural operations,  all  establishments  being  often 
abandoned,  and  oftener  plundered  by  the  savages. 
And  fmallv,  it  has  been  the  fashion  to  reijard  Tucson 
as  a  more  or  less  prosperous  town  from  a  very  early 
t'.me.  Some  writers  even  date  its  foundation  in  the 
sixteenth  century;  though,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is 
not  heard  of  even  as  an  Indian  ranclieria  till  the  mid- 
dle of  tlie  eighteenth,  and  was  not  properly  a  Spanish 
settlement  till  the  presidio  was  moved  there  in  later 
years." 

"For  extreme  iastancca,' says  Roberts,  Witli  the  Livndei;  1\C>,  'Tiu'so!i  i< 
an  a;iciciit  city.  Antedating  Jamestown  and  Plyniout'.i,  it  M'a.}  viisiti^cl  by 
Coninado  in  lo-lO,  lived  i  i  l>y  Europeans  i.i  150,),  and  had  itn  first  iiiissioii- 
ariej  in  1581.  But  long  before  1540  there  was  a;i  l:i  lian.  vilk'^e  existini;  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city,  so  that  Tucsonians  can,  if  thoy  plojuo,  cl.ii.ii  an 
a  j'e  f(ir  tlieir  town  as  j.'reat  as  the  Santa  Feans  claim  for  the!:-*.  But  fm'  all 
practical  purposefi  1540  is  a  sufficiently  early  d.ite.'  An  I  Hodge,  .(  ■lyii", 
17-18:  '  Al)out  the  year  15(5;)  a  parmanent  settlement  was  male  by  the  Si)an- 
is!i  explorers  and  Jesuit  (1)  fat!i;Ti  near  where  xucson  now  i^.  It  nny  '>o 
uieutioned  iu  this  couuectioa  that  Santa  Fo  was  auyijojed  to  have  been  set- 


FRANCISCANS  IN  ARIZONA. 


375 


On  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  1767,  all  mission 
property,  being  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  Jesuits 
and  iu)t  to  the  natives,  was  confiscated  by  the  Spanish 
government,  and  its  care  was  intrusted  temporarily 
to  royal  comisarios.  Respecting  the  definite  acts  of 
these  officials  in  Pimeria  Alta  we  have  no  informa- 
tion; but  respecting  the  whole  province,  the  viceroy 
wrote  in  1793:  "There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
they  either  wasted  or  embezzled  the  rich  temporalities 
of  all  or  most  of  the  missions,  and  that  these  funds 
being  lost,  decadence  or  ruin  could  not  be  prevented."' 
Tlie  southern  Sonora  establishments  were  secularized, 
but  those  of  the  Pimerfas  were  put  in  charge  of  four- 
teen Franciscans  of  the  college  of  Santa  Cruz  de 
Qiieretaro,  who  arrived  and  were  distributed  to  their 
destinations  in  June  1768.  Our  chief  authority  for 
the  ensuing  period  of  mission  history,  though  meagre 
ill  respect  of  most  details,  is  the  standard  chronicle  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  college  and  the  operations  of  its 
friiirs.*  On  the  condition  of  affairs  during  the  few 
following  years,  I  quote  from  another  volume  of  this 
series. 

"  The  missions  were  found  by  the  Franciscans  in  a 
sad  shitc.  Some  of  the  establishments  had  been  plun- 
der 'i  hy  the  Apaches,  and  were  again  plundered,  as 
at  SiiKij,  a  and  Bac,  during  the  first  year  of  Francis- 
in  c  .\/(pation.  In  some  cases  the  comisarios  had 
gvosslv  nos>iccted  their  duties.  Everywhere  the  neo- 
pliytOL.  )'  ui  been  for  a  year  free  from  all  control,  and 
had  not  been  improved  by  their  freedom.  Not  only 
had  they  relapsed  to  a  great  extent  into  their  roving 
and  improvident  habits,  but  they  had  imbibed  new 
itleas  of  independence,  fostered  largely  by  settlers  and 
soldiers.     They  regarded  themselves  as  entirely  free 

'ill  in  1555'  (really  about  1615),  'Tucson  in  1560,  and  San  Augustine,  Fla, 
•  iTioj,  thus  niukiag  Sta  F^  the  first,  Tucson  the  seoonil,  an<l  San  Augustine 
i:.o  Uird  Hcttlutl  town  within  the  present  domain  of  the  U.  S.' 
',.i'!lla  (,'!,j,(to,  Cart  I  de  1703,  n.  435. 
^  i  rricivitii,  (,'rdtiicti  Serdjica  y  ApbuttHka  del  Colerjio  de  Propfujamla  Fide  de 
/'f  Santa  Cniz  de  QmrHaro.  Mexico,  161)2,  pp.  394  et  seq.  See  also  Hist. 
Nuiih  Jlex.  ShUes,  i.,  chap,  xxiv.,  tliis  series. 


9 


It 


i 


Ill 


M    1 


376 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


from  all  control  by  the  missionaries,  whose  whole  duty 
in  these  later  times  was  to  attend  to  religious  uiatteis. 
The  padres  might  not,  so  these  independent  aborigiius 
thought,  give  orders,   but   must   prefer  requests  to 
native  officials;  if  they  required  work  done  for  tliein 
they  must  pay  for  it.     The  friars  at  first  had  nothing 
to  do  with  the  temporalities,  but  Galvez  in  1770" — it 
was   really   in    June    1769 — "ordered   the   pro[)erty 
returned  to  their  control,  and  the  slight  remnants 
were  thus  "u'^tored.     They  received  a  stipend  of  8.'!00 
each  from    /         yal  treasury,  and  spent  it  on  their 
churches   ana         )phytes.     They   worked    faithfully, 
though  often  discouraged,  and  presently  the  state  of 
affairs  becauie,  in  all  essential  respects,  similar  to  that 
in  Chihuahua,  the  padres  keeping  together  the  skele- 
ton comnmnities,  instructing  the  children,  caring  for 
the  sick,  and  by  gifts  and  persuasion  exercising  shglit 
and  varying  control  over  the  masses  of  the  Indians, 
who  were  Christians  only  in  name."  ^     All  this  applies 
to  Arizona  as  well  as  other  parts  of  Pimeria,  and  is  all 
that  can  be    said  on  the  subject.      Notwithstanding 
these  obstacles,  and  the  martyrdom  of  some  of  their 
number,  the  Queretaranos    made  some  progress,  es- 
pecially in  the  building  of  churches;   and  they  even 
made  some  extensive  explorations  in  the  north  with  a 

*Aud  to  continue:  'Officers  iutrusteil  with  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits, 
in  order  to  reconcile  the  Indians  to  tlie  change  and  prevent  disturl>anct.s,  had 
taken  pains  to  make  them  regard  the  measure  as  a  release  from  honilage. 
This  had  much  to  do  with  the  independent  spirit  that  proved  so  trouhlnsiiiiie 
to  the  new  missionaries.  Yet  it  is  to  he  noted  that  the  Franciscans  juiiicil 
moie  readily  tiian  was  warranted  hy  justice  or  good  taste  in  the  prevalent 
habit  of  decrying  the  Jesuits  and  their  system,  as  is  shown  in  the  correspmnl- 
ence  cited,  where  it  is  often  implied  that  the  difficulties  encountered  were 
largely  due  to  the  oppression  and  neglect  of  missionaries  in  former  years. 
Naturally,  the  friars  were  disposed  to  magnify  their  troubles  and  throw  tin; 
blame  on  others;  but  the  only  charge  that  Wiis  to  some  extent  well  fmuuleil 
was  that  the  natives  had  not  been  taught  to  speak  Spanish;  the  systciins  fol- 
lowed by  the  two  orders  did  not  differ  in  any  important  respect,  ami  the 
Jesuits  were  by  no  means  responsible  for  the  evils,  that  now  beset  the  iiii.s- 
sions.'  '  By  no  means  all  existnig  troubles,'  however,  'arose  from  the  natives' 
new-born  independence  of  missionary  control.  Each  establishment  had  a 
large  number  of  native  officials  1» ho  quarrelled  among  themselves;  and  tlio 
few  settlers  of  Spanish  or  mixed  blood  had  their  separate  jiiecea  reiilc'*,  wli" 
were  not  slow  to  interfere  in  matters  tiiat  did  not  concern  tliem.  There  was 
likewise  confusion  iu  ecclesiastical  affairs,  for  the  friars  were  forbidden  to 
exercise  control  over  any  but  Indians. ' 


MISSION  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


377 


view  to  extend  the  mission  field,  as  we  shall  presently 
sec.     In  1769  the  eight  miiHsions  and  sixteen  visitas" 
of  Pimeria  Alta  had  2,018  neophytes  and  178  gente 
de  razon;  in  1772  the  two  missions  and  three  visitas 
of  Aiizona  had  607  neophytes ;  but  all  other  statistics 
of  the  later  part  of  the  century  pertain  to  all  the 
Soiiora  establishments  as  a  whole,  and  throw  no  light 
on  the  north.     It  is  probable,  however,  that  there  was 
a  uiurkeu  gain  before  1800;  and  Pimeria  Alta  is  also 
said  to  have  been  somewhat  less  unprosperous  than 
more  southern  distrii.*^*.     It  should  be  noted  moreover 
that  from  1783  the  Sonora  missions  were  organized  as 
a  custodia  of  Snn  Cdrlos,  and  thus  removed  from  con- 
trol of  the  college.     The  change  seems  to  have  had  no 
important  bearing  on  our  present  subject;  at  any  rate, 
the  friars  were  not  pleased  with  it,  and  in  1791  the 
old  order  of  things  was  restored.     Besides  the  work 
of  Arricivita,  and  the  viceroy's  report  of  1793  already 
cited,  a  leading  authority  for  developments  of  the  period, 
is  a  report  of  the  Padre  Antonio  de  los  Reyes  in  1772.^ 
Military  annals,  so  far  as  our  special  territory  is  con- 
cerned, are  no  more  fully  recorded  than  those  of  the 
missions;  yet  in  this  case,  as  in  the  other,  the  general 
situation   of  affairs  is  clear.       The  coast  and  island 
tribes  of  Sonora  had  become  even  more  troublesome 
than  the  Apaches,  and  in  1767-71,  while  these  tribes 
were  being  reduced  to  submission,  campaigns  on  the 
northen  frontier  were  for  the  most  part  suspended, 
and  attention  was  confined  mainly,  without  notable 
success,  to  the  protection  of  the  presidios  and  missions. 
Then  aggressive  campaigns  were  resumed,  though  we 
have  no  particulars.     By  the  reglamento  of  1772-3, 
the  service  against  Apaches  was  rendered  more  effect- 
ive  by   certain    reforms    in   military   discipline    and 
Indian   policy;   and   at   the   same    time   changes    in 

"Arricivita,  402,  has  it  8  visitas,  but  the  larger  number  would  seem  more 
likfly  to  be  correct. 

'  Itcjit'a,  Notirian  del  ent'iflo  actual  de  Ins  mmoncs,  in  Doc.  HUt.  Mex. ,  .3d 
ser.,  lit  iv.,  ]).  724-65.  Other  references  in  Hiit.  Nirt'i  Mex.  St'itci.  The 
viciniy's  re])ort  was  founded  largely  on  one  by  Bidhop  Reyes  in  1784,  not 
c.\t;iut. 


'^:i 


mmm 


378 


PIMElirA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


f  i! 


the  sites  of  the  four  frontier  presidios  at  Altar,  Tu- 
bac,  Terrenate,  and  Fronteras  were  ordered. **  These 
changes,  except  at  Altar,  were  made,  inclu(liii<f  a 
transfer  of  Tubac  to  Tucson,  but  the  exact  dates  imd 
other  details  are  not  known.®  In  1774,  or  a  little 
later,  Hugo  Oconor  came  as  inspector  to  see  that 
the  rcglamento  had  been  properly  enforced;  General 
Croix  from  1779  is  credited  with  having  effected 
useful  reforms  in  the  military  service;  before  1780  the 
garrison  at  each  presidio  was  increased  from  fifty  to 
seventy-five  men;  and  in  1784  a  company  of  0',)ata 
allies  was  organized,  which  rendered  eflficient  aid  to 
the  Spanish  soldiers/"  In  the  records  which  sliow 
these  facts  there  is  much  information  respeciing  the 
Apaches  and  their  methods  of  warfare ;  and  all  records 
of  the  time  contain  a  general  complaint  of  never-end- 
ing depredations;  but  of  campaigns,  disasters,  and 
other  events  from  year  to  year,  practically  nothing  is 
known.  In  1786  General  Ugarte,  by  the  viceroy's 
order,  introduced  all  along  the  frontier  line  of  the  Pro- 
vincias  Internas  some  radical  changes  in  Indian  policy. 
The  Apaches  were  to  be  forced  by  unceasing  cam- 
paigns, with  the  aid  of  friendly  Fimas  and  Opatas,  to 
make  treaties  of  peace,  never  before  permitted  M'i'Ji 
that  nation;  and  so  long  as  they  observed  sucli  trea- 
ties, though  closely  watched,  they  were  to  be  kindly 
treated,  furnished  with  supplies,  encouraged  to  form 
settlements  near  the  presidios,  taught  to  drink  intoxi- 
cating liquors,  and  to  depend  as  much  as  possilth^  on 
Spanish  friendship  for  the  gratification  of  their  neeus. 
Hitherto  war  had  been  the  business,  as  easier  than 

*  PremlioK,  Reylamento  i  Imtrucciones. 

'A  report  of  Uen.  Elias  in  1G14  contains  most  that  we  know  of  tlirse 
changes.  Piiiart,  Doe.  Hid.  Chih.,  MS.,  17-19.  The  iilea  was  to  loc:ito  t!.o 
presidios  in  a  line,  at  intervals  of  about  40  leagues.  Terrenate  m;is  to  lie 
moved  to  one  of  the  valleys  of  S.  Pedro,  Nutrias,  Guacluica,  or  Te;rt'.i;it  ■, 
and  nearer  Fronteras.  It  was  moved  to  Sta  Cruz,  40  1.  from  Tucson,  th  i  to 
Nutrias,  and  fiually  to  the  abandoned  mission  of  Sta  Maria  (Suaniua).  1  rn:i- 
teras  was  movetl,  as  ordered,  to  tlie  valley  of  San  Bernanlino,  nearer  Jaims, 
but  was  later  restored  to  the  former  site,  35  1.  from  Terrenate. 

".S'o/iom,  Pemmm,  224;  Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  V.H.,  iv.  1-0,  I'-'-U; 
Ptiehh  ife  Simom,  Feb.  4,  18()8;  Pinnrt,  Doc.  HU.  Son.,  MS.,  i.  l-o;  Vda.i'-i, 
Not.  Son.,  152;  Zdilija,  Pupida  Ojeadu,  4. 


il..t!««U\' 


APACHE  POLICY. 


379 


liuntinr,  by  which  they  had  lived;  now  they  were  to 
bo  iiuide  to  dread  war,  as  sure  to  cut  off  their  supphes. 
7] in  plan  seems  to  have  been  remarkably  successful; 
at  hiv-it  for  twenty  years  or  more  there  are  but  slight 
indications  of  Apache  depredations.  They  were  still 
regarded  as  hostile  and  treacherous  at  heart,  but  they 
were  gradually  forced  to  form  treaties,  which  in  many 
instances  it  was  made  their  interest  to  keep  for  years, 
many  <>f  them  settling  near  the  Spanish  establish- 
ments, and  being  supported  by  the  government  at  a 
cost  of  $18,000  to  $30,000  a  year.  Detached  bands 
sometimes  made  trouble,  as  did  gentile  and  renegade 
Pinuis  and  Papagos,  requiring  constant  vigilance  and 
bloody  chastisement;  but  in  comparison  with  its  con- 
dition in  earlier  and  later  times,  the  country  in  the 
last  decade  of  the  century  and  first  of  the  next  was  at 
peace.  Then  it  was  that  the  Arizona  establishments 
had  their  nearest  approximation  to  prosperity,  that 
now  churches  were  built,  that  mines  were  worked  to 
some  extent,  and  haciendas.  Unfortunately,  we  may 
not  know  the  particulars." 

San  Javier  del  Bac,  known  as  a  rancherfa  since  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  as  a  mission  since  1732  or 
1720,  was,  in  June  17G8,  committed  to  the  care  of  Padre 
Francisco  Garces,  who  wa,4  its  minister  for  eight  or 
ten  years,  but  whose  successors  are  not  named  in  any 
record  that  I  have  seen.^'^     The  neophytes  were  scat- 

^^friilecs,  ItiHtmcckmes  d  U'jnrle,  178G;  Escwlero,  Not.  Son.,  C9-70;  Soc. 
Mux.  C.'Oij.,  BoL,  V.  312-13;  x'i.  SJ;'I!eriila  Gl<jedo,  Cartn,  4;;6;  Vclmco,  Not. 
So. I.,  'JiO-I;  Monleros,  Exposichn  de  Son.,  21,  2G;  Arric'imta,  Cron.  Sera/., 
4J7,  485-8,  524-9;  Iliuitnicion  Mex.,  iv.  418;  G<iceta  de  Mex.,  i.  85. 

'^  V.  Jose  del  Rio  is  named  by  Arricivita,  417-18,  as  a  compailero  of  Garcea, 
sent  to  Mex.  on  a  mission  in  1770-1,  and  he  may  have  served  at  B:ic,  thougk 
hidmii.iioa  in  ]7G8-9was  Tulmtama.  Fr.  Pedro  Arriqutbar  was  probably 
tlie  iniaister  in  1819,  as  he  appears  on  the  Tubac  register  as  chaplain  of  Tucson. 
A  writer  in  the  Tucson,  Dos  JiepuhUcas,  of  Sept.  IG,  1877,  who  has  apparently 
exuiiiinod  some  of  the  mission  registers,  names  the  following  padres  as  having 
s.rved  in  Arizona  between  17G8  and  1828:  Francisco  Clarces,  Juan  Diaz,  Jose 
JLitias  Moreno,  Juan  Antonio  Barreueche,  'Bartolome  Jimenez,  *Gaspar  de 
tlenicnte,  *Juan  CarzoU,  *Clemente  iloreno,  *C'lemcute  Rijarch,  Pedro  Arri- 
qiiibar,  *Juan  B.  Nclderrain,  Joaquin  Antonio  Velar  le,  BaUasar  Carrillo, 
Navcijo  Gutierrez,  Mariano  Bordoy,  Ramon  Lopez,  Ramon  Liberoj,  Juan 
Jlal  loiiado,  and  Rafael  Diaz,  who  was  in  charge  of  S.  Agustin  del  Pueblito 
•le  Tucson  in  1826.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  list  does  not  include  P.  Gil  de 
Bernave,  the  origmal  minister  of  Guevavi.     The  2d,  3d,  and  4th  on  the  list 


i; 


iH 


380 


PIMERfA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


tered  and  had  forgotten  their  doctrlna,  so  it  is  said 
but  they  consented  to  return  if  not  compelled  to  work. 
Before  the  end  of  the  year  the  mission  was  dostrfjytd 
by  Apaches,  who  killed  the  native  governor  and  cap- 
tured two  soldiers,  the  padre  and  most  of  the  neo- 
phytes being  absent  at  the  time.  In  several  subsecjuiuit 
raids  the  mission  live-stock  disappeared,  but  after  1772 
lost  ground  was  more  than  regained,  though  Padre 
Garccs,  as  we  shall  see,  was  for  a  large  part  of  the 
time  engaged  in  northern  explorations.^^  The  official 
report  of  1772  shows  a  population  of  270  on  the  regis- 
ters, and  describes  the  church  as  moderately  capacious, 
but  poorly  supplied  with  furniture  and  vestinents. 
All  the  churches  of  Pimeria  Alta  at  this  period  are 
described  as  of  adobes,  covered  with  wood,  grass,  and 
earth. ^*  Arricivita,  writing  in  1791,  mentions  on  one 
page  tliat  the  Franciscans  have  built  here  adobe  houses 
for  the  natives  and  walls  for  defence  against  the  Apa- 
ches; but  though  specifying  somewhat  minutely  the 
various  churches  that  had  been  built  or  repaired,  he 
says  nothing  of  such  work  at  Bac.  In  a  similar  state- 
ment on  another  page,  however,  he  includes  Bae,  as 
well  as  Tucson,  among  the  places  where  churches  of 
brick  had  been  built. ''^  Yet  I  think  the  chronicler 
would  not  have  dismissed  with  so  slight  a  notice  the 
maofnificent  structure  still  standing  at  San  Javier, 
wliich  has  elicited  many  a  description  from  modern 
visitors.  The  church  is  said  to  bear  the  date  of  1797, 
which  u  presumably  that  of  its  completion. ^^     The 

were  the  padres  killed  at  the  Colorado  missions  in  Cal.,  never  serving  in  tlie 
Arizona  eytablishments,  where  it  is  probable  that  their  names  and  others  of 
tlie  list  appear  only  as  visitors.  The  G  marked  witli  a  *  I  have  not  fduiul 
eUewliere;  but  the  rest  appear  on  books  of  the  Pimeria  Alta  missions,  sixitli 
of  Arizona.  Daly  Garc(§3,  Arriinuibar,  Gutierrez,  Liberdi,  and  Fr.  Juan  H. 
Eitelric — the  latter  not  named  m  the  Don  IteptihUcas — have  I  found  in  Ari- 
zo:ia  propor;  but  I  have  not  seen  the  original  registers,  except  a  fragmuut  ;it 
'lubac. 

'^.'Iwm'i^i,  passim. 

'*7ic//M,  Noticia,  754-6.  Anza,  Descuh.,  MS.,  found  74  Pima  families  at 
Bac.  in  1774. 

1*  A  rricMtti,  448,  488-9.     '  Todas  de  ladrillo  y  bdvedas. ' 

'*/yfW  Dos  Jiepiihlk(i.%  Sept.  llJ,  1877,  as  already  cited.  The  author  men- 
tions traditions  that  it  was  built  ou  the  site  of  tha  old  Jesuit  chureh,  that 
iti  construction  occupied  14  years,  and  that  two  brothers  Gaoaa,  wore  tlio 


MT1Ui|,t)|11iV:\ 


U  t 


SAN  JAVIER  DEL  BAG  AND  TUCSON. 


381 


buil(lilli^^  or  robuilding,  was  probably  begun  soon  after 
the  (lute  of  the  reports  on  which  Arricivita  based  liis 
work,  and  completed  in  the  final  decade  of  the  century, 
(luring  the  epoch  of  comparative  peace  and  prosperity 
to  which  I  have  alluded.  Neither  church  nor  mission 
has  any  later  recorded  history.  The  establishment 
seonis  tt)  have  had  no  minister,  and  to  have  been 
practically  abandoned  from  about  1828,  though  the 
Pajjago  ex-neophytes  are  said  to  have  cared  for  the 
building  to  some  extent  in  later  years." 

Tucson,  as  we  have  seen,  is  first  mentioned  in  17G3 
as  a  raiicheria  visita  of  Bac,  which  had  been  for  the 
most  part  abandoned.  In  the  last  years  of  Jesuit  con- 
trol, however,  it  had  331  Indians,  more  or  less,  under 
control  of  the  missionaries.  Reyes,  in  his  report  of 
177:i,  describes  San  Jose  de  Tucson  as  a  visita  of  Bac, 
without  church  or  padre's  house,  on  a  fertile  site  where 
a  large  number  of  gentile  and  Christian  Indians — not 
rct'istcred,  but  estimated  at  over  200  families — had 
congregated.  Many  of  these  seem  to  h-^ve  been  sub- 
sequently scattered;  at  least  Anza  found  only  eighty 
families  of  Pimas  in  1774.  Says  Arricivita,  the 
Aj^aches  "have  always  soug'ht  to  destroy  a  small  ran- 
choria  at  Tugson,  it  being  the  point  of  entry  for  their 
irruptions;  but  by  the  efforts  of  Padre  Garces,  there 
was  built  a  ])ueblo,  with  a  church,  house  for  the  padre, 
and  a  wall  for  defence ;  and  it  is  to-day  a  presidio  of 
Spaniards."  As  we  have  seen,  the  presidio  was  trans- 
ferred from  Tubac,  in  accordance  with  the  reglamento 
and  instructions  of  1772.     The  chan<xe  was  made  in  or 

ImiMc'i's.  He  thiiika  it  waa  built  during  the  ministry  of  PP.  C'arrillo  and 
(juticri'L'Z.  It  would  serve  no  good  purpose  to  refer  to  the  many  de.soi  iptions 
extant,  eacli  with  a  few  words  of  most  inaccurate  history.  Many  writers  re- 
j^anl  tliu  eiiurch  as  iiaving  been  huilt  hy  the  Jesuits;  and  one  tells  us  it  was 
liuilt  liy  t!;e  Spanisii  govt,  umler  Jesuit  direction,  at  a  cost  of  §38,300!  An 
original  rc[iort  of  1842  shows  the  friendly  Papagos  to  have  been  living  at  Bao 
ill cdiisidcialile  nund)ers. 

''  Urackett,  in  Wedern  Montlibj,  ISO!),  p.  170,  says  the  property  was  soc- 
iilariz 'il  in  18'24;  but  there  are  no  delinite  records  on  the  sul)iect.  In  liicsjo 
and  \'iil,l,M,  MKimria  Ednd.  (Piiiait,  Dm:  Hi4.,  MS.,  i.  107),  Bac  is  named 
as  a  imuhio  belonging  to  the  presidio  of  Tucson.  In  1834,  Bac  is  also  named 
as  n  jiuuhlo,  in  a  decree  forming  a  partido  to  which  it  belonged.  Pinart,  Col, 
Dq(.,  pruit,  no.  302. 


il/bllli>.\' 


382 


PIMERfA  ALTA    OR  ARIZONA. 


r    : 


before  1777,  and  probably  by  order  of  Inspector  Hmo 
Oconor,  given  during  his  visit  of  about  1775,  so  that 
the  date  of  tiie  founding  of  Tucson  as  a  Spaiiisli  set- 
tlement may  be  set  down  as  probably  1776/"  The  In- 
dians were  quartered  in  a  little  pueblo  adjoining'  tlio 
presidio,  called  from  this  time  San  Agustiii  del  pue- 
blito  de  Tucson,  the  presidio  also  being  sonutiiiKs 
called  San  Agustin.'"  Annals  of  this  place  are  a 
blank  for  many  years,  and  practically  so  down  to 
1846,  since  we  know  only  by  occasional  mention  tliat 
the  presidio  maintained  its  existence!;  that  the  garri- 
son numbered,  in  officers  and  men,  about  106  men, 
though  the  ranks  were  often  not  full;  and  that  there 
was  frequent  complaint  of  inadequate  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, and  other  supplies.  We  have  no  statistics,  hut 
the  population  of  Tucson  and  the  adjoining  districts, 
in  the  last  years  of  the  period  covered  by  this  chapter, 
may  have  been  about  2,000,  including  the  families  of 
the  soldiers.^" 

Tubac  is  a  name  that  first  appears  in  1752,  when  a 
presidio  was  established  there.  In  1764-7,  and  for 
some  years  later,  it  was  under  the  command  of  (  aptaiu 
Juan  B.  Anza,  and  had  a  population  of  nearly  500. 
Under  orders  following  the  reglamento  of  1772,  the 

^^Arricivita,  448,  449.  On  the  latter  page  lie  says  the  Tucson  i'h\iri'li, 
like  that  of  Bac,  was  of  hrick  and  'de  hdvedas.'  This  writer  ])niVL's  tliat  tliu 
l)residio  cliange  was  before  17SH;  but  that  it  was  Ixifore  1777  in  .shuwii  liy 
a  petition,  dated  S.  Agustin  de  Tiison,  Nov.  'J4,  1777,  written  in  thu  iiitircst 
of  Tiibae,  and  asking  for  a  restoration  of  the  fort  to  the  south.  Tiaiislatinu 
in  tlie  Yiinia  Santind,  April  13,  1878.  The  cliange  had  not  yet  been  niailo 
in  Out.  177.^,  when  Tiiison,  or  Tuguison,  is  named  as  a  pueblo  iiy  Au/.a. 
Diaiio,  MS.,  !),  and  Font,  Journnl,  G. 

'■'  Some  modern  writers  say  that  S.  Agustin  was  founded  in  17C9;  but  thu 
rancheria,  before  1772,  was  calleil  S.  Jose. 

'^"F.  Pedro  Arriquibar,  chaplain  in  1819,  Tii'xir,  Lih.  Mil.,  MS.  Cost  iif 
the  garrison  of  4  officers  and  101  men  in  1824,  ^29,744.  Pimirf,  Doc.  llUt. 
Son.,  .\1S.,  i.  ."K).  Six  officers  and  94  men  in  1828  cost  .§27,8,')4.  .McahUs 
de  policia.  Fine  climate,  but  cold  winters.  Nivtiijo  and  I'aldi'.i,  Mem.  />/'"/. 
In  1838  the  comandante  was  Jose  M.  Martinez.  Ho  had  so  few  nu'n  ami 
horses  tliat  he  had  to  hire  Apaches  to  go  and  look  tafter  a  party  of  Americans 
25  1.  away.  livHivtrador  Federal  (Arizpe),  Jan.  1(5,  1838.  In  1842-3  Aiit.niio 
Comaduran  was  comandante.  Tlie  comp.  liad  89  men,  or  1 1  less  tliau  re- 
quired by  the  reglamento  of  182G.  He  writes  complaining  letters,  /'hmrf, 
Col.  Dor.,  MS.,  no.  40-1.  Velasco,  Not.  Son.,  113-14,  tells  us  that  Tursnii 
liad  but  (iO  cavalry,  and  the  district  had  become  so  dangerous  that  tlie  pupu- 
lation  was  reduced  to  less  than  1,000  men. 


ilibMU.V 


TUCSON  AND  TUBAC. 


383 


presidio  was  transferred,  in  1770-7,  to  a  site  farther 
north,  at  Tucson.  This  left  the  few  settlers  of  the 
region  more  exposed  to  the  depredations  of  the 
Ajiiulies,  and  they  wished  to  quit  the  country,  but 
were  prevented  from  doing  so  by  orders  from  the  gov- 
ormiHiit  to  be  enforced  by  severe  penalties.  They 
sent  ill,  however,  many  petitions  for  a  restoration  of 
t!ie  presidio,  or  for  an  increase  of  troops;^'  and  at  a 
(late  not  exactly  recorded,  but  before  1784,  a  conii)ai)y 
of  Pima  allies  was  orsjfanized  and  stationed  here.  Sub- 
sequeiitly  Spanish  soldiers  seem  to  have  been  added 
to  tlie  oarrison;  and  the  law  of  182G  provided  for  a 
presidial  company  at  TuHac  as  well  as  Tucson,  though 
ill  later  years  the  company  seems  to  have  been  one  of 
iiifiintry.  Tlie  post  has  no  other  annals  than  an  occa- 
sional mention  of  its  existence  and  force.  In  1828  a 
silver  mine  is  spoken  of  as  having  been  worked  for 
several  years.  In  1834  all  the  Arizona  establishments 
wvw.  organized  as  a  partido  with  Tubac,  or  San  Igna- 
eio,  as  Cabecera.  In  1842-3  a  rancheria  of  friendly 
Apaches  lived  here.  Spiritual  interests  were  atten<'  1 
to  by  the  padre  of  the  adjoining  mission." 

■^'  The  document  of  1777  already  cited.  Yuma  Sentinel  contains  the  follow- 
ing: '  Daily  experiencing  more  violence  from  the  enemy  because  ho  is  awara 
(i;  tlic  few  troops  that  we  possiiss,  we  have  desired  to  break  up  our  homes  and 
s.U  our  cH'ects. .  .  .And  now,  tiaally,  the  last  month  the  Apaches  tini.slied  with 
tile  entire  herd  of  horses  and  cattle  wiiieh  we  guarded;  and  at  the  same  time 
with  bill  Iness  destroyed  the  fields  and  carried  away  as  much  corn  as  they  were 
alilo.  Since  the  fort  was  removed  to  Tucson  these  towns  and  missions  have 
ex[)erii!ueed  some  casualties;  so  much  so  tliat  they  have  I)ee:i  obliged  to  burn 
the  town  of  Calabazas — a  calamity  it  never  before  experienced.  Also,  but 
few  (lays  ;igo  the  cavalcade,  whicli  the  Apaches  brought  from  tlio  west,  was 
grazing  for  three  days  in  the  vicinity,  falling  every  d  ly  upo;i  tlio  fields  to  loa  1 
with  eorii,  and  to  run  away  with  those  whom  they  found  there;  a. id  lastly, 
they  not  leaving  the  neighborhood,  we  momentarily  exi)ect  t'uit  they  may 
servt!  us  and  our  families  as  they  have  served  our  property.'  Tlie  doeumeiit 
gives  some  description  of  tlie  Tubac  region,  whervj  ovei-  tJ.) )  fan  'g  .s  of  wheat 
and  maize  were  produced  each  year,  not  one  third  of  the  liiid  be  iig  oecupied. 

"For  1814-24  1  have  some  fragments  of  the  Tithac  l/ih.  Mit.,  MS.  The 
place  is  denominated  both  presidio  ami  'pueldo  y  niision.'  Cipt.  Nicolas 
llenera  is  named  in  1819;  Alt".  Juan  1$.  Romero  i;i  1S'2I;  and  Lieut.  Ignacio 
Ellas  ( Jonzale/ as  coinandante  in  18'21.  This  same  ye  ir  the  books  were  in- 
sjieeted  by  the  bishop.  The  law  of  March  21,  1S26,  providing  for  two  pre- 
sidios, is  mentioned  in  Rienr/OAnd  Valdes,  Mem.  Ed  id.,  2,5.  la  IS2S  the  E'lma 
coin)).,  called  'de  Buenavista,'  had  3  officers  and  81  me  i,  cost  61:?, 373;  silver 
mine  worked.  Pinnrt,  Doc.  Hist.  Son.,  MS.,  i.  37,  00-4,  109.  -Inly  !,  1834, 
order  of  Son.  congress,  organizing  the  partido  of  S.  Ignacio.  LL,  Col.  Doe., 
print,  no.  302.     Nov.   1,   1842,  the  company,  apparently  regulars  and  not 


I  il 


HittttliV.I' 


884 


riMEUIA  ALT  A,  OR  ARIZONA. 


Guevavi,  in  Josuit  times  called  San  Miguel  and 
also  for  a  time  San  liafael,  but  by  the  Franciscans 
termed  Santos  Angeles,  was  a  mission  wliicli,  like 
Bae,  dated  back  to  I7li2,  or  [)erhaps  1720,  and  in 
17G4-7  liad  111  neophytes,  or  witJi  its  tliree  visitus, 
517.  Padre  Juan  Crisostomo  Gil  do  Ik^rnavc  was 
its  minister  for  several  years  from  17r)a.  Ho  Ix'canic 
l)re-iident  of  the  missions,  and  in  1778  was  killed  hv 
the  Indians  of  his  new  mission  of  Carrizal,  Soiiora. 


:i 

m 

w| 

ul 

iti 

Tl 

G 


Missions  of  Arizona,  1708-184G, 

Pimas,  had  33  men,  rank  and  file,  under  Lieut.  Roque  Ibarra  of  Pitic  siiuo 
1840,  when  Lieut.  Salvador  Moraga  had  been  retired.  There  wa.s  a  iipitaa 
du  indios,  Jose  Rosario.  About  half  the  garrison  Avere  absent  at  C'in,'mipc; 
and  Rayon.  One  soldier  was  a  prisoner  of  the  Apaelies.  A  raiichcria  ot 
Apaehes,  169  aouLs  under  Francisco  Coyotero,  aa  chief,  lived  near  t  ic  inusidio. 
/(/.,  MS.,  no.  2.  In  1843  the  force  remained  as  before.  J<1.,  pa.-isiiii.  In  1  'ii'. 
1844,  Jose  Rosario,  the  captain  of  Indians,  joined  the  pronuucianiiento  ol  the 
garrison  at  Urea  in  favor  of  Paredes.  Id.,  Doc.  Hist.  Son..  MS.,  iii.  -23-4. 


imn^ur^ 


GUEVAVI  AND  TUMACACORI, 


385 


111  1772  Gucvavi  had  80  Iiulians,  and  with  itw  visitas, 
;{;i7,  Tlif  cliurch  was  a  pooruttair,  and  the  estahhsh- 
iiieiit  was  often  rai<lod  hy  Aparlies.  Bofore  1784  it 
was  ahaiidoned,  and  Tuniacilcori  hecanio  liead  of  tho 
iiiissioti.  Tho  vi.sita  of  San  Ignacio  Sonoita,  or  Sono- 
itac,  s(i!ins  also  to  liave  been  deserted  before  1784.'^ 
Tlu  iiaiiu'  of  tho  latter  is  still  retained,  but  that  of 
Gui'va\  i  S(!oins  to  have  disappeared  from  modern  maps. 
Tumacacori,  or  San  Jose,  a  visita  of  (iuevavi  from 
Jesuit  times,  with  199  Indians  in  1704-7,  and  139  in 
1772,  was  almost  in  ruins  in  the  latter  year,  havini»; 
l)ot;ii  attacked  in  1709  by  the  Apaches  at  midday. 
But  Ix'fore  1791  a  new  roof  had  been  put  on  tho 
cliurcli,  and  from  1784,  or  earlier,  San  Jose  had  be- 
coiiif  a  mission  instead  of  a  visita.  Adobe  houses  for 
the  neophytes  and  a  wall  for  their  protection  were 
also  built.  After  Padre  Gil  do  Bcrnavc,  i  have  no 
records  of  missionaries  in  cliarge  of  this  mission  and 
the  adjoining  presidio  in  early  times;  but  Fray  Nar- 
ciso  (iiiticrrez  was  tho  minister  in  1814-20,  Juan  B. 
Estolric  in  1821-2,  and  Ramon  Liber6s  in  1822-4.'* 
The  ruins  of  Tumactlcori  are  still  to  be  seen  near 
Tuhac,  on  tho  west  bank  of  tho  river.  San  Cayetano 
de  Calabazas,  the  only  pueblo  do  visita  that  seems 
to  have  survived  1784,  had  04  neo})hytes  in  1772,  but 
no  church  or  house  for  tho  padre,  though  these  were 
.supplied  before  1791.  In  1828  Calabazas  is  men- 
tioned as  a  rancho  near  which  some  poor  peo])lo 
worked  a  gold  mine.^^  Aribac,  or  Arivaca,  in  tlie 
west,  appears  on  a  doubtful  maj)  of  17.S3  as  a  pueblo. 
Anza,  ill   1774,  says  it  had  been  deserted  since  tho 

" . I //vV/r/Vd,  .518-22;  Reyes,  N'otlcias,  757;  UeviUa  Ghjedo,  Carta. 

■"  Tnhiii;  J  Ah.  Mis.,  MS.  In  1822  ii  new  ohurcli  M-as  in  process  of  con.struc- 
tioii  or  extension,  l)ut  work  was  for  a  time  susponded  on  aocount  of  trouble 
alimit  tlie  ii:iy  for  4,000  cattle  tliat  P.  Estelrie  had  sold  to  obtain  funds. 
I'iinii/,  />(«•.  y/,V/!.  Hon.,  MS.,  i.  3.)-l.  In  1844,  l)y  .i  pailre  who  admits  ho 
knows  very  little  about  it,  Tuniacacori  is  described  as  having  an  elft;ant 
church  and  bi'ing  a  visita  of  Bac  !  /</.,  iii.  182.  In  tho  Arizona  J/iil.  (Elliott 
&_('().),  ,")•_',  tho  lirst  church  is  described  as  having  been  built  by  the  Jesuits  in 
I'.VJ,  and  destroyciil  by  Apaches  iu  1820.  ihe  ruins  are  described  hero  and 
iiitliu.V.  /'.  liiilietiii,  March  19,  1879. 

-■7,V»*/oand  I'ff/f/M,  Mem.  EMail.,  MS.,  GO-4. 
JllST.  AlllZ.  AND  N.  Mex.     23 


I 


; ! 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


m  I! 


n 


Pima  revolt  of  1751,  though  mines  were  worked  until 
1767.  In  1777  it  is  noted  as  a  place  rich  in  iiiinos, 
and  one  Ortiz  is  said  to  have  applied  about  this  time 
for  a  grant  of  the  rancho.  ZMiga,  in  1835,  nioutions 
it  as  a  *  rancho  despoblado.'  ^*  It  may  also  be  noted 
here  that  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  if 
not  before,  the  old  Terrenate  presidio  was  located  at 
or  near  the  abandoned  mission  of  Suainca.  just  south 
of  the  Arizona  line,  and  was  known  as  Santa  Cruz. 

The  commg  of  a  new  order  of  missivjnaries  to  take 
the  place  of  the  Jesuits,  the  natural  desire  of  the  friars 
to  do  something  nioru  than  simply  fill  the  places  of 
their  predecessors,  their  success  on  the  coast  in  etfeot- 
ing  the  spiritual  conquest  of  Alta  California,  and 
above  all  the  indefatigable  zeal  of  Father  Francisco 
Garces,  the  Kino  of  the  Franciscans,  caused  renewed 
interest  to  be  felt  in  the  northern  interior,  in  the  con- 
version of  the  Gila  tribes,  and  of  the  apostato  Mocjuis. 
The  result  was  a  series  of  somewhat  extencivo  explora- 
tions which  must  be  recorded  here,  but  with  conir)ara- 
tive  brevity,  because  they  were  for  the  most  part  hut 
reexplorations,  and  because,  in  certain  phases,  they  are 
presented  elsewhere  in  this  series  of  works. 

As  early  as  August  1708,  Padre  Garcds,  moved  by 
fav(»rable  reports  from  visiting  natives  at  Bac,  set  out 
with  ono  Indian  of  his  mission  and  four  Pai)agos  from 
abroad  and  crossed  the  country  west  and  north-wt^st  to 
the  Gila,  visiting  many  rancherias,  and  explaining  the 
mysteries  of  the  faith  and  the  grand  achievements  of 
the  Spanish  king.  The  natives  behaved  much  as  in 
Kino's  time,  eager  to  be  converted,  to  ha\'c  j>a(hts, 
and  to  have  their  children  baptized.  The  friar  could 
do  nothing  but  pron.ise  great  things  for  the  future, 
and  on  his  return  a  severe  illness  interfered,  for  a  time, 
with  his  plans.  In  1770,  however,  a  year  in  wliich 
the  measles  raged  among  tlie  northern  tribes,  he  was 


^''Map  ill  Somm  Ma'^riaks,  MS.;  Aiiza,  Dcsctih.  de  1774,  ^^^i  1'"""'  '^'f'"- 
tinel,  April  13,  1878,  Oct.  18,  1879;  ZuiVya,  Hapkla  Ojmdu,  33. 


TOURS  OF  PADRE  GARC^S. 


387 


seiic  lor  by  some  of  the  sufferers,  set  out  "  equi[)ped 
only  \vith  charity  and  apostohc  zeal,"  and  again  reaclKid 
the  Gila,  where  he  was  as  warmly  welcomed  as  Lcfore, 
and  from  this  time  the  project  offounduig  missions  in 
this  region  took  firm  possession  of  his  mind.^' 

Tho  project  was  approved  in  Mexico,  both  by  Fran- 
ciscan and  secular  authorities;  five  additional  friars 
were  .sent  to  Sonera,  to  be  in  readiness;  and  the  early 
fouiidinix  of  the  missions  was  regarded  as  a  certaintv, 
thouyh  a  change  of  viceroys  and  of  presidents  caused 
some  annoying  delays.  Mean.vhile,  Garces  deemed 
it  necessary  to  make  additional  explorations  for  mis- 
sion sites  as  well  as  to  explain  to  the  natives  the  slight 
delay,  thus  preventing  dissatisfaction ;  and  accordingly 
he  started  August  8,  1771,  on  a  new  tour,  accompanied 
only  by  a  single  Papago,  with  a  horse  to  carry  the 
apparatus  for  saying  mass.  He  reached  the  Gila  on 
the  22d  by  way  of  Papagucria,  and  for  about  two 
months  he  wandered  in  various  directions  over  the 
region  of  the  lower  Colorado,  possibly  crossing  that 
river  to  the  California  sido.  Though  Arricivita  gives 
a  somewhat  minute  nanuLlve  with  extracts  from  the 
cx[ilorer's  diary,  it  is  not  possible  for  mc  to  trace  his 
route,  though  I  attempt  a  resume  in  the  appended 
note.-** 

^'  Amrh'itn,  Cr6n.  Sfrdf.,  40S-4,  410-17.  There  ia  nothing  to  indicate  his 
exact  route  or  even  tlie  re^io.i  wliei'e  he  struck  tlie  (lila,  A  diary  of  t';e  '2\ 
trip  w.w  written  Imt  '\a  not  piihlished.  In  the  1st  he  say  he  went  west,  north, 
ami  siuith-we.st  tlirough  tlie  country  of  tho  IVipagos.  Of  tho  i2d,  more  details 
iiru  givuii.  He  left  B.ic  Oct.  18th,  through  a  new  valley  past  the  ranchen'as 
of  ( 'uitoat,  Oapar.s,  and  Tid)asa;  ll'tli,  west,  seeing ranclieria of  Aqiiituu;  2()th, 
i'b;k'Ir'i1  the  ranch,  of  Pitac  on  the  (J. la;  '21st,  to  the  place  where  he  had  hecii 
ill  I7il<S,  wliere  ho  had  to  baptize  'i'i  persons,  the  Indians  almost  detaining 
liim  by  fiirce.  But  he  went  down  the  river,  saw  niaiiy  ranch.,  especially  ono 
very  largo  ono  called  Napcut  on  the  other  bank;  thence  past  Sntaquisoii  lie 
Went  to  a  .Salina  and  .\.  \x.  to  the  country  oi  the  Opas  on  the  2'.V\.  Tlie  Opas 
ii>uld  s])eak  I'ima,  had  never  seen  pidrcs,  and  desired  to  know  if  he  wa.s  man 
or  woiiiau  'y  otras  iinportiiieiicias  igu;dcs  d.  su  r'ldeza.'  At  ono  ranch,  they 
liail  scou  white  traders  from  Moipii.  Hero  he  turui'il  south;  on  the  'iiih  saw 
six  hid,  from  tho  Colorado;  turned  east  and  in  three  days  across  the  desert 
readied  the  Piipago  rancherias. 

''"  A  n-iarifa,  418-26.  Aug.  8,  1771,  west  past  several  rancheHas,  includ- 
iug  Ati,  to  Cubac  on  tho  l.'ith,  and  perhaps  Sonoi  (SonoititV)  on  the  Kith. 
Tlii'iuie  his  conrse  ■was  by  thj  sierra,  or  volcano,  of  Sta  Clara  and  broad  sand 
pliiiH  to  tho  Oila  at  an  unoccupied  well-wooded  spot,  where  he  arrived  ou 
till'  22d,     Soon  was  seen  a  brouch  river  conjectured  to  bo  the  Rio  Azul, 


>Mil«»,t 


888 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA- 


*'l 


m.  ':  fe'i 


1 


In  this  tour  the  padi-e  was  always  well  troated, 
though  he  had  much  difficulty  in  obtaining  guides, 
each  tribe  being  anxious  that  he  should  not  risk  his 
life  in  the  territory  of  their  foes.  But  the  prosjx'cts 
for  an  early  founding  of  the  missions,  deemed  f;a 
encouraging  just  before,  had  now  mysteriously  dis;i[i- 
poarcd,  and  no  further  movement  was  made  for  tliice 
years.     In    1774,    however,  Captain   Juan   H.  Anza 

Indians  came  from  across  the  (iila,  some  of  them  called  NoragiMs.  '2'M, 
among  many  others  came  the  gov.  of  the  Pimas  from  helow  auil  vcihiii- 
teered  as  a  guide;  but  all  refused  to  guide  him  to  the  Colorado  and  iiKide 
every  possible  effort  to  prevent  his  going  in  that  direction.  At  last  he  sturtt'.l 
apparently  from  I'ima  rancherias,  vent  2  Jays  s.  W.,  but  had  to  return.  On 
St'pt.  8th  he  started  again,  was  soon  deserted  by  his  guides,  but  kept  on  aldne. 
At  one  rancheria  he  fcmnd  houses  burned  and  many  wounded  in  a  niiiit 
attack  of  the  Quiquimas.  His  course  was  dow  the  Gila  to  near  the  Colunulo 
junction,  theuee  turning  south  on  Sept.  1-lth.  This  day  and  the  mxt  he 
wandered  s.,  E.,  N.,  and  \v.  among  marshes,  pools,  lagunas,  and  tulaivs  to 
the  bank  of  a  river  wliich  seemed  larger  than  the  Gila,  but  smaller  tliaii  the 
Colorailo.  (Of  course  it  was  one  of  the  two.)  lOth,  started  s.  to  reiuh 
the  mouth  and  ace  the  Quiipiimas,  but  turned  back  with  some  lad.  he  iiirt 
to  Yuma  rancherias,  Avhcre  he  M'as  well  treated,  but  the  best  he  cor.ld  iln  wiis 
tr  persuade  an  old  Ind.  to  go  with  him  to  the  'junction  of  the  rivei-;;'  l,i;t 
this  old  man  soon  left  him,  and  the  padre  going  on  alone  became  invoh  id  in 
such  a  network  of  iuud-holes  that  he  returned  to  the  Yuma  town.  '  Seeing 
himself  on  the  other  bank  of  the  river  (?),  it  seemed  hard  to  return  without 
seeing  all  lie  could;'  so  he  went  with  some  Ind.  from  tlie  w.  on  the  l.'Olli,  a. id 
on  the  21st,  still  w.,  past  well-peopled  ranchos  to  a  laguna  many  leagues  lung, 
which  he  crossed  on  a  baLa,  and  came  soon  to  another  very  large  body  of 
water  which  seemed  to  be  the  Colorado,  whence  he  turned  back  to  the  r m- 
eherias.  22d,  followed  the  '  current  of  that  large  laguna  'past  rancherias  wluro 
there  was  some  knowledge  of  Christianity,  to  some  poor  ranchos.  He  dirhmd 
to  cross  (reeross  ?)  the  laj^uiia  as  the  Ind.  wislicd;  and  the  Ind.  refuse. 1  to 
accompany  him  west,  but  he  M-eiit  on  alone  on  the  23d  to  the  N.  w.,  and  'Jtlh, 
N.  E.  and  K.  2uth,  to  west  past  a  large  pueblo  and  to  the  sierra,  willimit 
finding  the  Colorado,  and  back  to  the  pueblo,  v  hen  he  heard  much  of  the 
padres  in  S.  Diego  and  N.  Mexico.  2Sth,  X.  w.  all  day  and  night  to  where  lie 
coulil  see  the  Sierra  iladre,  and  what  seemed  the  pas-f  or  opening  where  t!iu 
Colorailo  entered  the  sea.  From  this  point  he  seems  to  have  desired  to  t.il.u 
an  eastern  course  (homeward';);  but  tlie  I'inias  sent  messengers,  urgini,'his 
return  to  tlieir  ranc'.ierias,  else  he  would  be  lost  anil  they  would  be  lilaimd 
by  tlie  Spanianls.  So  on  Oct.  Sd  he  set  out  with  the  Ind.  8(Uith  {':),  and 
presently  north,  and  tlien  ea.stwanily  in  quest  of  the  Gila;  theiiee  up  t!io 
river  to  tlio  place  where  the  Yumas  had  fought  with  Cocomarieopas,  Ojias, 
and  Gilenos,  arriving  on  the  lOtli.  On  the  lltli  and  12th  niourniug  cere- 
monies of  the  Yumis.  12th,  tlie  YimiiTS  offered  to  guide  the  padre  ♦(>  tlie 
Ind.  of  Cujant  or  to  Ziiniga  in  four  days.  He  chose  the  former  i"  order  to 
go  direct  to  Sonoitac;  and  so  turned  back  and  recrossed  (?)  the  Oila  on  t'lf 
bUh;  and  on  tlie  l.'jtli  started  liy  the  '  customary  route  '  for  Caborca,  where 
lie  arrived  on  the  27th. 

I  am  aware  that  this  resume  is  very  unsatisfactory,  but  apace  does  net 
permit  the  reproduction  of  the  full  narrative,  wliich  is  even  more  confu'iii ;. 
On  p.  -l.'O,  l')i,  4;i!),  Atricivita  states  tliat  o:i  this  trip  (tarces  had  crimed  tlio 
Colorado  and  visited  the  rancherias  farther  west;  from  the  narrative  1  ;iiii 
unable  to  determine  ^^  hether  such  was  the  fact  or  not. 


ANZA  AND  GARCES. 


389 


obtained  permission  to  explore  a  route  by  land  to 
California,  being  influenced  largely,  as  the  Franciscan 
chronicler  states,  by  the  arguments  and  diaries  of 
Garct's,  who,  still  bent  on  carrying  into  execution  his 
mission  project,  was  glad  to  serve  as  guide  or  chaplain 
for  the  new  expedition,  being  also  accompanied  by 
Padre  Juan  Diaz.  Anza's  party  of  thirty-four  men 
Kit  Tubac  on  January  8th,  and  marclied  by  way  of 
Cahorra  and  Sonoita  to  the  junction  of  the  Gila  and 
Colorado,  fording  the  latter  river  the  9th  of  February. 
Returning  from  California,  this  party  went  up  the 
Gila,  and  by  way  of  Tucson  and  Bac  to  Tubac  in 
May."'  The  Yumas  at  the  junction,  under  the  chief 
Captain  Palma,  whose  residence  was  on  the  island  of 
Trinidad,  formed  by  the  two  rivers,  gave  the  Span- 
iards a  most  friendly  reception ;  and  thus,  not  only  was 
the  practicability  of  this  route  to  California  demon- 
strated, but  new  interest  was  awakened  in  the  pro- 
posed missions.  Garces  had  instructions  to  investigate 
till!  possibility  of  connnunicating  with  New  Mexico, 

■'. !»:'(,  Dencnhriniknto  de  Sonora  I't  Callt'orniitA  en  el  niio  fir  177.},  MS.,  in 
the  iiillcctioii  of  A[.  I'iiiart;  Arrkiinta,  Cron.  Serd/.,  4r)0-<>;  Mi^e  also  J  list. 
Oil.,  i.  '_'21-4,  tliis  soriei. 

TliL'  route  was  as  follows:  Jan.  8,  1774,  from  Tubac  1  1,  tfi  ford  of  S.  Ig- 
naciii;  '.)Ai,  s.  W.  to  Arivac  valloy;  lOLli,  s.  s.  >v.  to  Agua  Escouiliila,  7  1.; 
lull,  iL'tli,  ditto  (?);  13th,  to  Saric,  7  1.  'From  this  inissioa  it  is  81.  N.  to 
Aiizima.  Tlie  mother  vein  has  not  been  found.'  1-ith,  to  La  E.stancia,  4  1.; 
I.")i!i,  H.  w.  to  Atf,  5\  1.;  Kith,  \v.  to  Oquitoa,  6  1.;  17tli,  to  Altar  presidio,  2 
1.;  l.Uh,  w.  N-.  w.  to  Pitic,  5  1.;  20th,  to  Caborca,  2  1.;  22d,  N.  w.  to  S. 
lllilouso,  a  now  name,  4  1.;  '2'.]d,  to  Aribaipia  or  S.  Eduardo,  9  1.  in  the 
I'apiinuoria,  w'nch  exicnus  (*.)  it  70  1.  \.  and  s.  by  ;?0  or  40  1.  K.  and  w.,  and 
lias  •_',oOO  soul.s  24th,  to  pool  of  S.  Juan  de  Mata,  4  1.;  2.")th,  C  1.;  2(Jth,  W.  N. 
w.  to  ranolieria  of  Quitobac  or  S.  Luis  Bai'apa,  0  1.;  27th,  N.  to  foot  of  a  hill, 
i)\  1,;  2.Slh,  N.  N.  K.  to  Sonoita,  5  1.;  2!)th.  w.  to  Carrizal,  1)  1.;  .30th,  N.  N.  \v., 
(i  I.;  31st,  w.  .V.  W.,  9  1.;  Feb.  l.st,  n.  \v.  to  I'uriticaeion,  3  1.;  4Ui,  to  siiriiig'i, 
ril.;  'i.h,  to  Agua  Ejcondida,  7  1.;  tlth,  s.  w.,  0}  1.;  7th,  to  Trinidad  i.sl.  and 
r  liiia's  ranclierfa,  10,^  1.,  called  by  the  Jesuits  S.  Diouisio;  8th,  forded  the 
<ili;  Otli,  forded  the  Colorado. 

i  N't  urn,  May  10th,  to  the  junction  at  S.  Dionfsio,  lat.  32"  44';  l.")th,  up 
till'  >.  bank  of  the  (iila,  3  1.;  Kith,  ditto,  9  1.;  17th,  ditto,  past  the  watrriuy- 
1 1 11  !■  i<i  S.  I'ascual,  8  1.;  18th,  to  1st,  Coeoniaricopa  raueluu'la  or  .'S.  Bornar- 
•liii'S  4  1.;  l<.)th,  up  N.  l)ank  of  Gila,  8  1.;  30th,  up  s.  hunk,  5  1.  to  witliiu  one 
1.  Ill  Simon  y  Juilas  do  Upasoitac;  21st,  through  Upasoitae,  leaving  river, 
"lure  i;  turns  N.,  81.;  22d,  to  the  Pima  ranclieria  of  8uta((uison,  where  are 
Huim' old  ruins  at  casas  graudes,  0  1.;  2.'ld,  to  Tutirituear,  or  8.  Juan  Cajiis- 
tiaiio,  a  r;inolieria  of  3:M)  souls,  2  1.;  24tli,  along  the  (tila,  2  1.  to  within  2  1. 
(if  t'le  Ca.sadrando,  tluMiee  .1. ;  2.")tli,  .s.  toTueson,  241.  from  the  Gila;  2.)th, 
5  1.  to  Bac  and  ir>  1.  to  Tubac,  103  1.  froni  S.  Dionisio. 


! 


I  B 


990 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


Nil>  '  '■ ! 


and  with  this  in  view  he  remained  behind  at  San 
Simon  y  Judds  on  the  Gila,  attempting  to  penetrate 
the  northern  region,  and  send  a  letter  to  the  New 
Mexican  friars;  but  he  was  unable  to  reach  the 
Moqui  towns  as  he  wished,  and  returned  by  a  differ- 
ent route  from  that  followed  by  Anza  and  the  rest, 
arriving  at  his  mission  of  Bae  in  July.^" 

About  this  time  Apache  depredations  were  more 
frequent  and  deadly  than  usual;  and  the  friars,  count- 
ing on  the  renewed  interest  felt  in  northern  affairs, 
deemed  the  opportunity  favorable  for  securing  some 
needed  reforms — such  as  an  escolta  and  a  second  mis- 
sionary for  each  mission — in  Pimeria  Alta  as  a  neces- 
sary preliminary  to  the  proposed  advance;  but  though 
the  viceroy  issued  a  favorable  preparatory  decree, 
nothing  was  effected  in  the  direction  of  increased  pro- 
tection for  the  southern  establishments.  As  to  the 
new  ones  proposed,  Captain  Anza,  having  gone  to 
JMexico,  and  being  called  on  for  a  report,  advised  that 
they  should  be  founded,  not  on  Hie  Gila,  where  they 
would  be  exposed  to  Apache  raids,  but  on  the  Colo- 
rado, and  there  only  after  new  explorations  and  uiukr 
the  protection  of  a  strong  presidio  to  furnish  a  guaid 
for  each  mission.  At  the  same  time  came  orders  iVom 
Spain  to  send  reenforcements  to  California.  It  was 
therefore  decided  that  Anza  should  conduct  the  Cali- 
fornian  expedition  by  the  Colorado  route,  and  that  in 
connection  with  his  expedition  the  required  exi)h na- 
tions should  be  made.  A  letter  of  Inspector  Oconor 
to  Father  Garces  also  shows  that  the  proposition  to 
transfer  the  presidios  of  Horcasitas  and  Buenavista  to 
the  Gila  and   Colorado,   respectively,   had  been  a[i- 

**  Arricivita,  455-6.  At  S.  Simon  or  Onarsoitac  (called  Upasoitac  liy  Aiiz.i, 
38  1.  above  the  junction,  and  below  the  big  bend)  Oarces  proposed  to  visit 
tlie  Yavipais  and  Niforas,  but  the  Ind.  would  not  guide  him  nor  fiui-y  tiie 
letter.  Then  he  travelled  30  1.  to  a  large  laguiia  of  the  Jivlcheduuts,  ami 
theneo  to  another,  seeing  farther  up  many  people,  and  liirge  tieidaj  but  ii:i\_- 
iug  reached  the  frontier  of  the  Quilmurs,  a  hostile  tribe,  said  to  be  Ti  or  7 
days  from  the  people  who  made  the  'mantas  prietas,'  ho  deemed  it  uii.sale  to 
go  farther  up  tlie  river  (Colorado  or  Sta  Maria)  for  lack  of  water,  left  tlif  I't- 
tier,  and  was  guided  by  a  Jalehedun,  back  to  the  Cocoms-ricopas,  wiio  esim  teil 
him  in  turn  to  the  Gileflos,  aud  theneo  he  went  by  a  new  route  to  Bac,  aniv- 
ing  July  10th. 


PROPOSED  MISSIONS. 


Wl 


proved.  At  the  same  time  the  Quer^taro  college, 
resolved  to  turn  over  the  missions  of  Pimeria  Baja  to 
the  l)ishop,  in  order  to  have  missionaries  to  spare  for 
the  new  service.     Thus  the  prospects  seemed  bright 


again. 


31 


I  have  before  me  a  report  of  December  1774,  ad- 
dressed to  the  viceroy  by  Governor  Crespo  of  Sonora, 
who  had  been  requested  to  give  his  views  on  tiie  pro- 
posed expedition.  His  chief  recommendations  were, 
that  Anza  should  marcli,  not  through  Papagueria,  but 
Ijy  way  of  Bac,  or  better  still,  down  the  San  Pedro  and 
Glki;  that  instead  of  going  down  to  the  Colorado 
junction  he  should  cross  over  to  the  Jalchedunes  coun- 
try, crossing  the  river  there,  and  proceeding  directly 
to  Monterey,  thus  avoiding  the  southern  California 
deserc;  and  above  all,  that  in  connection  with  this 
ex[)edition,  steps  should  be  taken  to  explore  a  way  to 
New  Mexico  and  vhe  Moqui  towns,  which  the  writer 
believed  to  be  easily  accessible  from  the  south-west. ^'^ 
It  was  in  this  connection,  also,  that  the  government 
ortllcd  upon  the  New  Mexican  authorities  and  friars 
for  their  views  on  the  best  way  of  reaching  the  Mo- 
quis  from  Sonora  or  California.  This  phase  of  the 
subject  has  been  presented  earlier  in  this  volume  as  a 
j)art  of  New  Mexican  annals.^^  Father  Escalante  was 
tlu!  leading  spirit  in  resulting  efforts.  He  not  only 
visited  the  Moquis,  counting  7,494  souls,  and  earnestly 
advocated  their  subjection  by  force  of  arms,  but  he 
gave  in  detail  his  views  as  to  the  best  routes  of  ap- 
])roach.  He  thought  the  way  from  the  south  and  the 
(lila  would  present  no  very  serious  difficulties,  but  was 
sure  that  from  the  west  and  Colorado  would  bo  found 
ini[)racticable,  and  had  no  doubt  that  the  best  route 

'^^Arridvitii,  456-61. 

''^'Cimjio  {Fniiici-nco  Antonio),  fti/ormc  que  him  nl  Virrry  el  i/oherna/hr  de  So- 
mm  iiremi  del  denruhniniento  de  X.  Mexico  pint  Monterey.  MS.,  in  N.  Mex., 
I)iy.  His/.,  8(h!-'J8.  The  writer  favors  a  presidio  at  the  iiioutli  of  tin;  S.  IVdro, 
ami  a  mission  among  the  Oileiio  Piinas.  He  also  encloses  a  letter  of  Inspector 
Ocoiior,  wlio  reconimends  an  sites  for  the  tiiree  frontier  presidios  S.  Bi'rnardo 
Xaguionar,  Sta  Cruz,  and  .Junta  de  los  Rios.  As  we  have  sceu,  the  ouly 
iliaiigo  maile  was  that  cf  Tuhac  to  Tucson  a  little  later. 

^••Soe  chap,  xii.,  this  volume. 


392 


FIMBRIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


Hi 


!-;  ■ ! 


K  I 


of  all  was  one  from  Monterey,  directly  east  and  then 
south-east  to  Santa  F«5.  The  zealous  padre  had  the 
courage  of  his  convictions,  and  soon  started  with  Padre 
Dominguez  on  an  exploring  tour  to  the  north-west, 
bent  on  reaching  Monterey;  but  he  had  to  turn  hack 
from  Utah  Lake,  returning  by  way  of  Moqui,  only  to 
learn  that  another  Franciscan  had  successfully  trav- 
ersed the  central  route  which  he  had  declared  the 
most  difficult  of  all. 

Anza,  now  lieutenant-colonel,  left  Tubac  on  his  sec- 
ond expedition  the  23d  of  October,  1775.  Besides 
the  California  party  of  207,  he  had  twenty-five  men — 
including  ten  soldiers  and  Padre  Pedro  Font  as  chap- 
lain— who  were  to  return  to  Sonora,  and  also  two 
friars,  Garces  and  Tornds  Eixarch,  with  six  servants 
and  interpreters,  who  were  to  be  left  on  the  Colorado. 
His  route  was  by  Tucson  to  the  Gila,  and  down  that 
river  to  the  Colorado,  which  he  forded  at  the  end  of 
November;  and  early  in  December,  leaving  the  two 
friars,  he  went  on  to  California.^*  On  the  return,  Anza 
crossed  the  river  on  May  14,  1776.  Padre  Eixarch, 
whose  experience  among  the  Yumas  had  been  most 
satisfactory,  here  rejoined  the  party,  but  Garces  had 

'*Seo  Ifist.  Cal.,  chap,  xii.,  this  series.  The  original  authorities  are .!»;", 
Diario,  MS.,  Font's  Joiirmil,  MS.,  and  O'irci.%  DUirio;  witli  also  an  extcmliMl 
account  in  Arricivita,  4G1  et  seq.  The  diary  through  Arizona  was  a.s  folinws: 
Oct.  '2;kl,  Tubac  to  La  L'anoa,  4  1.;  24th,  to  Llano  Grande  or  I'untii  Av  los 
Llanos,  4  1.;  25th,  to  Biic,  5  1.;  2(Jth,  to  a  point  1  1.  past  Tucson,  Tui.sim,  or 
Tuquison,  5  1.;  27th,  to  Tutuetacj  or  Frente'Negra  Mts,  or  Llano  del  Azu- 
tulo,  5  1.;  28th,  to  Ditt-pax,  pueblo  viejo,  or  Oytapayts,  or  Oitapars,  G  1.; 
2l)tli,  to  Bajio  de  Aquituno,  Quitcac,  Ttacca,  or  Mt  Taoeo,  5  1.;  30th,  t(i  Ca- 
niani,  or  La  Laguua,  on  tho  (iila,  10  1.;  31st,  devoted  to  rest  and  to  an  t-xam- 
ination  of  tlie  Casa  Grande;  Nov.  1st,  down  the  rivv-r  to  Tutunitueiin,  di-  S. 
Juan  Capistrano  de  Ulurituo,  or  Utilltuc,  4  1. ;  2d,  to  Encarnauion  Sut:i"-us(in, 
liist  of  the  Piinas  (other  Pima  rancherias  were  S.  Andres,  Tubusoaltors.  Atison, 
and  S.  Sorafino  del  Napcub),  2  or  4  1. ;  .3d,  to  Laguna  del  Ho.spital,  ".t  far 
above  the  junction  of  the  Asuncion,  2  1.;  4th,  Oth,  detained  by  illiie.s.'s  of  a 
woman;  7th,  H.  W.,  to  cut  off  the  bend,  to  Puerto  de  los  Cocoiuariciii)a.s,  (i  1.; 
8tli,  to  S.  Simon  y  Judas  de  Opasoitae,  or  Upar.soitac,  or  Posot'iom,  7  1- :  I  Itli, 
to  raneherias  de  S.  Martin  of  the  Opas,  1.^  1.;  12th,  to  S.  Die.i^o  on  tlie  river, 
4  1.;  13th,  to  Rinconada,  or  Aritoac,  across  the  river,  4  1.;  14tli,  to  .\gna  Ca- 
liente,  4  1.;  lUth,  to  S.  Bernardino,  7  1.;  17th,  to  El  Poscadi^-o,  in  Vinii;i 
country,  1.^  1.;  18th,  to  S.  Pascual,  recrossing  the  river,  3  1.;  22d,  to  hill  of 
Sta  Cecilia,  or  Metate,  5  I.;  2.")th,  to  Laguna  Salada,  4  1.;  2l>tli,  to  cerios  drl 
Cajon,  4  I.;  27th,  to  Los  Cerritos,  3  L;  28th,  to  junction  of  the  ii'dn  (wliieh 
was  crossed)  and  Ccjlorado,  4  1.  The  distauces  arc  from  Auza;  Font  often 
makes  them  greater. 


ANZA  AND  FONT. 


393 


gone  up  the  Colorado  and  could  not  be  found. 
the  Vuma  chief,  also  joined  the  Spaniards 


Pahna, 
for  a  trip 
to  Mexico;  and  the  return  march  was  tlirough  Papa- 
gucria  to  Caborca  and  Altar,  where  they  arrived  on 
the  1st  of  June.^°     '"* 


Though  the  diaries  of  Anza  and 


Padre  Font's  Mai*  ok  1777. 

'May  14th,  ford  of  the  Colorailo  below  tlio  (Hla;  lotli,  up  the  (iila  to 
(Y'lTds  ilil  Cujon,  .")  1.  (or  7);  Ititli.  ditto  to  Laguiia  iSalada.  7  1.  (or  4);  17th, 
iLMviiig  the  river  for  thu  s.  f..,  to  I'ozos  'j  Euniedio,  or  Zacatal  Duro,  S  1.  (or 
111;  iNth,  K.  ^'.  K.  past  Tiiiajas  lie  C';v  '  .aria,  to  I'lierto  Hlaiico,  or  Llano  del 
I'li/.d,  \)  1.  (or  IS);  liltli,  s.  K.  to  Arroyo  del  Sonoitae,  or  ( 'arrizal,  SI.  (or  10); 
-iltli.  past  tlio  ruined  mission  of  S.  Maroulo  de  Sonoitae,  )'2  1.;  21st,  past  S. 
LuK  ;)iiitohac  to  S.  Juan  de  Mata,  14  1.  (or  17);  2'Jd,  past  S,  Eduardo  de 
Arili.icpu;    to  8.  Ildefouso,  U!,  1.  (or  1;"));  '2M,  to  Caborca.  I)  1. 


!?'(■ 


if;L!r 


(I  * 


PIMERfA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


Font,  and  doubtless  the  report  of  Eixarch,  contained 
much  information  about  the  Yumas  and  other  trills, 
there  was  no  real  exploration,  such  as  had  been  su(r- 
gestcd  in  the  preliminary  correspondence,  exce])t  that 
accomplished  by  Garces. 

Left  by  Anza  on  the  Colorado,  Father  Garoes  im- 
mediately set  out  on  his  explorinj^  tours,  leaving-  his 
companion  at  Pahna's  rancheria  to  prepare  the  Yumas 
for  mission  life.  In  December  he  went  down  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado,  and  in  February  IZZH,  up  the 
river  to  the  country  of  the  Yamajabes,  or  Mojaves; 
crossed  the  country  westward  to  San  Gabriel  in  March, 
explored  the  great  Tulares  valley  in  April  and  May, 
and  returned  to  the  Colorado.  Details  of  these  Cali- 
fornian  wandering-s  do  not  belong  here.^®  Thougli  in 
receipt  of  Anza's  letter,  the  explorer  resolved  to  visit 
the  Moqui  towns,  and  set  out  from  the  Mojave  region 
on  the  4tli  of  June.  This  journey,  as  the  second 
throujjh  this  re<j;ion,  and  the  first  of  which  we  liave  a 
detailed  account,  is  a  most  interesting  and  important 
one,  to  which  nothing  like  justice  can  be  done  in  the 
appended  resume  of  the  diary,  which,  however,  as  a 
record  cannot  be  omitted.^^     The  starting-point  was 

'^Oarci.%  Dinrio  y  Derrotero,  244-309;  see  also  Ifi/it.  Cai,  i.  273-7.  T;ulre 
Font's  iiiai)  I  take  from  llintons  Hand-book,  with  some  changes  of  uaiiius  tn 
correct  blunders. 

^''  Garre.%  Dinrio  y  Derrotero,  .309-48.  June  4tli  (104th  day's  jounu'v),  -'  1. 
N.  w.  up  the  Colorado  to  place  in  lat.  34°  1';  5th,  1.  1.  N.,  A  1.  .s.,  3  1.  k.  n.  k.; 
6th,  E.  N.  E.  over  Sierra  do  Santiago,  1^  1.  E.  s.  S.  E.  to  Aguage  do  S.  I'liciliuo, 
21.  .s.  .s.  E.,  11.  E. ;  7tii,  4  1.  E.  to  the  Jaquallapais  (Hualapais),  on  a  Uttlc 
stream;  8th,  3.^  1.  n.  E.  by  the  skirt  of  the  Sierra  Morena,  2.j  1.  N.  E.  to  a  ran- 
cheria; 9th,  5  1.  E.  to  Arroyo  de  8.  Bernabe,  1  1.  on  the  stream  to  an  aliau- 
doned  rancheria,  where  many  lad.  soon  gathered  and  new  guide.s  wure 
obtained;  loth,  up  the  arroyo  N,  E.  and  N.  past  Pozos  de  S.  Basilio  to  a  ran- 
cheria, 4.^  1.;  Kith,  4  1.  n.  e.  anil  N.  over  pine  hills,  5  1.  N.  to  a  sierra  of  roil 
eartli,  said  to  be  near  the  Colorado,  deep  cajones;  17th,  2.^  1.  .v.  E.  over  a 
rough  sierra  to  a  rancheria,  where  there  was  a  junta  of  Ind.  and  much  festiv- 
ity. From  here  he  might  liave  gone  more  directly  to  Moqui,  but  tuniecl  otf 
to  see  more  people;  19tli,  1  1.  E.  to  Pozo  de  la  Rosa,  2  1.  N.;  20tli,  5  1.  k...  'J 
1.  \.  E.,  over  a  Iiad  wooded  country,  with  deep  canons,  to  a  r.  on  the  Uio 
Cabezua,  or  Jal)ezua,  named  S.  Antonio,  througli  a  deep  canon  pass.  H>;rc 
were  a  few  cattle  and  liorses  from  Moqui,  also  iron  implements.  Tliis  si^tnii 
the  largest  r.  of  the  Yavipais.  Tlie  river  runs  w.,  u.  w.,  and  n.  into  tlie 
Colorado  near  by,  water  used  for  irrigation;  25th,  21.  s.  to  summit  of  a  sierra, 
3  1.  .s.  E.  and  N.,  through  forest,  to  r\  Cabezua  r. ;  20th,  4  1.  .s.  E.  and  s,  to  a 
place  in  sight  of  the  deep  gorge-s,  through  which  flows  the  Colorado,  tliicimli 
a  cut  in  the  blue  sierra  uameu  Bucareli  Pass,  toward  the  e.  n.  e.,  but  dithcult 


MOQUIS  VISITED  BY  GARC^S. 


pidbaMy  in  tho  region  of  the  later  Fort  Mojave,  or 
latitude  35°,  and  the  winding  and  complicated  route 
c(irrt.sj>onded  in  a  general  sense  with  that  of  Onate  in 
1G04-5,  and  the  line  of  the  modern  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
citic  railroad.  Garces  was  most  kindly  treated  every- 
where on  the  way,  but  on  the  Moquis  even  he  could 
make  no  impression.  They  would  have  nothing  to  do 
with  liim,  and  took  no  interest  in  his  picture  of  hell 
ami   heaven.     Some  visiting  Zunis  offered   to  guide 


to  icacli;  also  saw  in  N.  smoke  of  the  Payuchas  N.  of  the  river.  From  the 
.sierra  stretcliiiig  w.  the  Rio  Asuncion  is  thought  to  rise,  4  1.  h.  k.  to  a  pinal; 
*J7tli,  4  1.  s.  E.  auil  E. ;  28th,  3^  1.  S.  E.,  s.,  ami  E.  to  Rio  Jaquevila,  or  S. 
l'v\ro,  wliich  runs  w.  N.  w.  into  the  Colorado  a  little  above  the  Puerto  de 
Jiiuait'li,  through  a  deep  canon  cut  in  living  rock,  8  1.  N.  by  another  cajon  to 
a  r.  (it  Yavipais,  where  two  Moquis  were  seen. 

.July  1st,  l.\  1.  E.  s.  E.  to  a  river  that  seemed  to  be  the  S.  Pedro  de  Jaque- 
sua,  luid  a  ruined  pueblo  said  to  be  of  the  Moquis,  6  1.  across  treeless  plains;  2d, 
S  1.  K.  s.  E.,  3  1.  E.  and  s.  to  the  Moqui  town  of  Oraive,  called  by  the  Yavi- 
]iais  .Muoa;  much  descriptive  matter;  3d,  3  1.  toward  another  pueblo,  but 
ivturiifd;  4tli,  started  on  return,  12  1.  E.  N.  w.  to  Rio  S.  Pedro  Jaquecila. 
The  naiDos  of  tlio  Mo(|ui  towns  in  Yavipais  language  are  Sesepaulaba,  Masa- 
(juevc,  .lauogualpa,  Muqui,  Concabe,  and  Muca,  called  Oraive  by  the  Zuflis; 
;uli,  1  j  1.  E.  N.  w.  to  Yavipais  r. ;  heard  of  the  Guanma,  Guafiavepe,  Gualliba, 
aii.l  Agtiauhaclia,  also  difl'ereut  tribes  of  Yavipais,  including  the  Yavipaiatejua 
ill  tlk!  siurras  of  the  Rio  Asuncion;  also  on  the  Colorado  the  Yutas,  Clicmu- 
gnalias,  Payuchas,  Japul,  Gualta,  and  Baquiyobi,  probably  only  r.  of  one 
nation;  (Jth,  4  1.  H.  w.  to  Rio  S.  Pedro  again;  7th,  2  1.  N.  w.  and  \v.  L;>  near 
a  cave;  8ili,  over  the  Sierra  and  past  the  Bajio,  4  1.  vv.  and  s.  w.  to  Pozc  de 
iSUi  Isaliul;  9th,  5  1.  N.  w.,  3  1.  E.  N.  w.  to  r.  in  the  cajones  of  the  Jabcsva, 
.staying  (5  days;  lutli,  5  1.  w.  and  .s.  by  the  new  Canfran,  thougli  the  natives 
wisiieil  him  to  go  by  tho  E.:!calera  route;  16th,  6  1.  w.  to  Pozo  de  las  Rosa.-; 
ITtli,  .s.  w.  past  Sierra  de  Piualus  and  S.  Diego  to  Arroyo  de  S.  Alejo  at  a 
Yavipais  r.,  leaving  the  former  route;  18th,  1.^  1.  down  the  arroyo  N.  w.  over 
liiU.i  to  valley  of  Lino  witli  much  wild  flax,  3^  1.  w.  to  a  r. ;  IKth,  i  1.  N.  to 
A;,'uai;o  <le  ISta  Margarita,  over  the  Sierra  Morena,  2  1.  w.  to  Pozo  do  Avi,'- 
pas  into  a  valley  4  1.  wide,  and  4  1.  more  to  a  r. ;  23d,  2  1.  s.  w.  to  a  pozo  and 
r.;  44th,  ui>  tlio  Sierra  E.  2  1.,  I  1.  N.  to  r.  with  2  pozos,  in  siglit  of  a  valley 
n;ai-  the  river,  41.  to  a  r.  of  the  Cueroniachos.  2oth,  2  1.  9.  w.  to  Sierra  of 
Santiago,  w.  to  Aguage  de  Sta  Ana,  1.^  1.  s.  w.  to  Rio  Colorado,  2  1.  .s.  down 
the  liver  to  Punta  do  los  Janiajabs;  2()tli,  2.j  1.  s.  downriver  to  r.  of  S.  Pedro; 
'JTth,  1  1.  s.  to  anotlier  r. ;  28th,  3  1.  s.  E.  tor.  de  la  I'asion.  The  lud.  here 
said  lie  could  safely  go  through  the  country  of  the  Yavipaistejua  to  the  Co- 
coniarieopas,  but  he  preferred  to  keep  on;  31st,  2  1.  s.  .s.  w.  to  r. 

Aug.  1st,  2  1.  s.  to  Sierra  de  S.  Ildefonso,  at  end  of  the  Jamajab  country, 
a  good  place  for  2  missions;  2d-oth,  down  tho  river  s.  14  1.  to  Rio  Sta  Maria 
(now  .so  named.  Bill  Williams  F<uk);  ()-8th,  14  1.  s.  to  r.  of  tlie  Jalchedumes, 
hci'ore  named  S.  Antonio;  1  Ith,  2  1.  W.  .s.  w.  to  r.  Sta  Coleta  near  tlie  river; 
1-tii,  '2h  1.  S.  W.  to  r.  near  laguua  de  Trinidad;  14th,  crossed  the  Colorado 
on  a  lialsa  to  r.  de  Asuncion  (on  the  California  side);  IG*^'  21st,  /  I.  down 
river;  22d,  recrossed  the  river  and  went  1  1.  s. ;  2.'{d,  1\  1.  3.  io  last  r.  of  the 
Jaleliedumcs;  24th,  4  1.  3.  «  '.v.;  2r)th,  crosse<l  the  river,  1.^  1.  S.  V.  to  a  great 
pool,  '}  1.  s. ;  4  1.  .s.  E.  to  Puerto  de  la  Cimoepcion.  Returned  to  Bac  by  the 
.same  T'lUte  Anza's  exped,  had  uome,  arriving  Sept.  17th.  Diary  dated  Tu- 
butama  Jan.  30,  1777. 


4 


396 


FIMBRIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


i'^ ;« 


fllJi';:  i;^' 


him  to  New  Mexico,  but  he  deemed  it  unsafe  to  make 
the  trip,  fearing  also  that  his  coming  might  be  dceniod 
by  the  authorities  an  intrusion;  and  so,  having  passtd 
two  nights  in  a  corner  of  the  court-yard  at  Oraibc,  and 
having  written  a  letter  to  the  padre  at  Zuni,  he  loft 
this  inhospitable  tribe,  and  found  his  way  back  to  the 
Colorado,  down  that  river  to  the  Yumas,  and  thence 
back  to  his  mission  of  San  Javier  del  Bac  in  Sep- 
tember. 

Padre  Garces  supplemented  his  diary  with  extensive 
information  respecting  the  geography  of  the  country 
and  the  disposition  of  the  different  native  tribes,  add- 
ing also  his  views  as  to  the  methods  by  which  the  new 
spiritual  conquest  might  best  be  effected.  Thouijh 
differing  on  some  details,  Anza  and  all  the  friars 
agreed  that  missions  should  be  established  on  the 
California  side  of  the  Colorado,  under  the  protection 
of  a  strong  presidio.  The  natives  were  eager  for  sueh 
establishments,  Palma,  the  Yuma  chief,  visiting  Mex- 
ico to  advance  the  cause;  the  government  was  favor- 
ably disposed ;  promises  were  freely  made ;  and  it  was 
supposed  there  would  now  be  no  delay.  Yet  for  varii)us 
reasons,  including  the  departure  of  Anza  for  New 
Mexico,  the  Apache  warfare  and  consequent  difficulty 
of  obtaining  men  and  money,  and  divers  controversies 
in  Mexico,  nothing  whatever  was  done  for  three  years. 
Then  Garces  went  again  to  the  Colorado  in  1771),  and 
was  soon  joined  by  another  friar  and  a  guard  of  twelve 
soldiers.  Meanwhile  the  Yumas  had  become  tired  of 
waiting  and  were  disgusted  by  the  petty  nature  of  the 
mission  enterprise  in  comparison  with  promises  of  the 
past;  other  tribes  were  hostile  to  the  Yumas;  and 
Palma  had  lost  something  of  his  authority.  lu  17^0 
the  formal  founding  of  two  mission  pueblos  was 
ordered;  but  the  idea  of  a  presidio  was  abandt)ned, 
and  a  new  system  was  devised,  under  which  each  mis- 
sion was  to  have  ten  soldiers  and  ten  settlers.  Friars 
and  officials  qualified  to  jud^e  in  the  matter  protested 
against  the  system  as  suicidal,  and  the  result  fully 


COLORADO  RIVER  MISSIONS. 


397 


iustifu'd  tlioir  fears.  In  July  1781,  the  two  missions 
of  Sail  IV'tlro  y  San  Pablo  and  Concepcion  were  de- 
strovid  and  about  fifty  Spaniards  were  killed,  includ- 
ing Padre  Garces  with  three  other  friars,  and  Captain 
Ftriiuiido  Javier  Rivera  y  Moncada,  on  his  way  to 
Calitornia  with  rcenforcements  and  supplies.  The 
missions  were  on  the  California  side  of  the  river,  and 
all  iirc'dful  details  of  this  disaster,  with  its  causes  and 
results,  have  been  presented  in  another  part  of  my 
work.''^ 

After  the  military  expeditions  sent  from  Sonora  to 
avenge  this  massacre,  expeditions  which  practically 
ace()iii|ilislied  nothing,  there  were  no  further  definite 
etl'orts  to  found  Spanish  establishments  on  the  Gila 
and  Colorado;  the  wiiole  region  was  left  to  the  ab- 
origines; indeed,  the  viceroy's  instructions  of  178G 
required  that  the  Yumas  should  be  let  alone  until  the 
Apaclies  were  conquered,  no  attempt  to  be  made 
meanwhile  to  open  communication  with  California  by 
land.  A  project  for  such  communication  with  the 
peninsula,  to  be  protected  by  one  or  more  presidios 
near  the  head  of  the  gulf,  was  indeed  discussed  in 
17'.)(i-7,  but  nothing  more.^^  ]^ieutenant-colonel  Jose 
Ziniiga  is  said  to  have  explored  in  1794  a  route  from 
Sonora  to  New  Mexico  by  way  of  Tucson  and  Zuiii, 
but  of  i)articulars  nothing  is  known.*'^  The  meay;re 
record  of  developments  at  the  Moqui  towns  after  the 
visit  of  Garces  has  already  been  presented.  In  1770- 
80,  Anza,  now  governor  of  New  Mexico,  learning  that 
the  .Moquis  were  in  great  trouble,  made  an  earnest 
elfort  to  effect  their  submission.  Visiting  the  pueblos 
lie  learned  that  by  drought,  resulting  in  famine  and 
pestilence,  supplemented  by  raids  of  Xavajos  and 
Yutas,  this  brave  people  had  been  almost  annihilated, 
only  800  surviving  of  the  7,500  counted  in  1775.    The 

'"Son  Hid.  Cal,  i.,  cliap.  xvii.,  for  'pueblo  missions  on  the  Colorado,' 
Arridi'itd,  41H-514,  being  tlie  chief  authority,  with  many  additions  from 
divers  mi^inal  sources  on  ses'eral  phases  of  the  subject. 

•■■'Sis'  Hist.  A'ortli  Mi:r.  litdtex,  i.,  chap,  xxvi.,  this  series. 

*■' Z 'Sdjii  (Ijiiacio),  Itapida  (ijeuda,  10. 


\\y 


\m\\\\\-v\' 


PIMERfA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


,  i 


:  t' 


proud  chief  at  Oraibo  still  declined  to  submit  to  tlio 
Spanish  king  or  a  foreign  god,  or  to  accept  aid  for  hi.s 
aitlicted  subjects;  but  he  permitted  such  as  iniifht 
desire  it  to  depart,  and  thirty  families  were  br(»iii;lit 
out  to  be  settled  in  New  Mexico.  Nothing  nioiv  is 
known  of  the  Moquis  in  Si)aniHh  or  Mexican  times/' 
Anotiier  matter  demanding  brief  mention  hvw,  as 
pertaining  to  Arizona  annals  of  the  century,  is  tin; 
Peralta  grant  of  Gila  lands.  It  is  claimed  tliat  hy 
cedula  of  December  20,  1748,  the  king,  Fernando  VI., 
in  reward  for  services  to  the  crown  conferred  on  Don 
Miguel  Peralta  de  C6rdoba  tlie  title  Baron  dr  los 
Colorados,  and  ordered  the  viceroy  to  grant  him  :100 
leagues  of  land  in  the  northern  regions.  On  Octol)tr 
10,  1757,  oflficials  of  the  incjuisition  recommended  tlic 
grant,  and  certified  on  the  testimony  of  Padre  leaver 
of  Pac,  of  Padre  (iarcia,  and  of  Bishop  Tamaroii,  that 
to  the  lands  selected  in  Pimeria  Alta,  the  missions 
had  no  conflicting  claims.  On  Ju  uary  3,  1758,  Vice- 
roy Amarillas  accordingly  granted  the  tract  north  of 
San  Javier  mission,  including  the  Gila  Piver,  and  ex- 
tending ten  leagues  north  and  south  by  thirty  leagues 
east  and  west.  In  a  document  dated  *E1  Caudal  do 
Hidalgo,  Pimeria  Alta,'  May  13,  1758,  Peralta,  Ca- 
ballero  de  los  Colorados  certifies  that  he  has  surveyed 
the  grant  and  formed  the  required  map.  The  doeii- 
ments  were  recorded  in  the  audieneia  office  at  (Jua- 
dalajara,  as  shown  by  a  certificate  of  June  23,  17('>H. 
On  xlugust  1st  of  the  same  year,  Peralta  applied  to 
Cilrlcs  III.  for  a  confirmation  granted  by  indorsement 
December  2,  1772,  and  by  a  formal  approval  of  Janu- 
ary 22,  1770.  By  his  will  of  1788,  Peralta  bequeathed 
the  estate  to  his  son  Miguel  Peralta,  who  in  18 ,'•:>,  re- 
siding at  San  Diego,  California,  obtained  from  I'resi- 
dent  Santa  Anna  a  certified  title,  that  is,  copies  of  all 
records  in  the  case  from  the  Mexican  archives,  with 
the  president's  assurance  of  its  validity  and  sufficiency. 
From  the  younger  Peralta,  the  title  passed  in  18G-1  to 

*^  See  chap.  xii.  of  this  volume. 


PERALTA  flRANT-MINFA 


300 


Cioorcff^  ^^.  Willing,  Jr,  ami  from  tlio  latter  in  1807 
to  .laiiit'S  Addison  Jifavis,  the  present  owiicr.*'^  This 
iiiiiiniisf  jjfraiit  of  over  2,000  square  miles  extends  from 
tlio  r(uii>ii  of  the  Pima  villa<^es  eastward,  for  some 
si'Vtiit)  -five  miles  Uf)  tho  Gila  valley,  including,'  valii- 
nl»li'  iii'itions  of  three  counties.  Respeetinj^  its  va- 
liJitv,  (Ifpendin*^  on  the  genuineness  of  the  documents 
and  on  various  legal  technicalities,  I  have  of  course  no 
(iniiiinii  to  express.  In  a  sense  tho  title  is  plausihlo 
(.iKUigli  on  its  face;  but  it  is  somewhat  remarkahlo 
tiiat  the  annals  of  the  province,  as  recorded,  contain  no 
allusion  to  Peralta,  to  tho  cahallero  do  los  Colorados, 
or  to  the  Caudal  de  Hidalgo. 

( )f  mining  operations  in  Arizona,  during  any  portion 
of  the  Spanish  or  M<3xican  period,  nothing  is  ])racti- 
cally  or  definitely  known.  The  records  arc  harely 
siilficient  to  show  that  a  few  mines  were  worked,  and 
t  lat  the  country  was  helieved  to  he  rich  in  silver  and 
-old.  In  several  districts  have  been  found  traces  of 
these  early  workings;  and  these,  with  traditions  aris- 
Iiil;-  from  the  Planchas  de  Plata  find  at  Arizona  pro})er 
just  south  of  the  line,  are  for  the  most  part  the  only 
toinidation  for  the  many  'lost  mines'  of  which  nmch 
lias  been  vaguely  written,  and  more  said.  I  have  al- 
ri'ady  remarked  that  modern  writers  have  greatly 
exaggerated  the  country's  former  ])rosperity  in  mining 
and  otlier  industries,  and  it  may  be  added  that  they 
have  as  a  rule  given  the  wrong  date  to  such  prosperity 

*'/.'<■(()'«,  'El  Caudal  de  Hldal:/o'  {Piralla  flrniit).  Be/ore  U.  S.  Simvynr- 
wwral  of  Arizann,  He.  Brief  and  un/uiiiciit  n/  jwfllinnfi:  S.  F.,  ISS-t.  Mr 
U(«ivi.s  lias  calao  shown  me  his  MS.  documents  in  the  case,  inchiding  photn- 
grapliio  Odiiiea  of  the  original  papers,  disuno,  etc.,  from  tlie  Mcx.  archives, 
fuini-liucl  l)y  authority  of  the  governor  of  Jalisco  and  a  (iuadalajara  court  in 
ISMI  ami  1!S83;  also  photogra))hs  of  doc.  from  tlic  archives  of  S.  Javier  del  ]iac. 
Aiciinlingto  the  original  survey  of  1758,  the  initial  point  or  centre  of  the  we.st- 
t'lri  liiiuudary  line  was  fixed  in  tho  current  of  the  Gila,  the  line  ■  xtending 
tliuu((!  wuith  hy  the  haso  of  the  Maricopa  mountain  on  the  east  of  the  Sierra 
Kstii  lla,  Clearing  to  the  west  of  the  Sta  Cruz  valley,  a  distance  of  5  leagues  to 
a  iiDJiit  in  tiie  south  boundary  line;  and  from  tiie  same  initial  point  north, 
aci'dss  the  (lila  and  Salt  rivers,  5  1.  north  to  a  point  in  the  north  boundary 
line.  I  uuderstaud  Mr  R.  to  say  that  artificial  corner  marks  have  also  been 
fuund. 


400 


PIMERfA   ^.LTA,  OR   ARIZONA, 


II' 


uw 


vPr 


as  did  exist,  by  assigning  it  to  the  earlier  years  of  the 
Jesuit  period.  Contrary  to  what  has  been  a  soiiie- 
Avhat  prevalent  impression,  there  are  no  clear  indica- 
tions of  prehistoric  mining,  that  is,  by  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians, when  their  towns  extended  over  a  large  part  of 
the  territory;  and  there  is  no  proof  either  that  the 
Jesuits  ever  worked  any  mines,  or  that  in  their  time 
there  were  carried  on  any  mining  operations  excc[>t  on 
a  very  limited  scale  near  the  Tubac  presidio,  though 
in  occasional  prospecting  tours  it  is  probable  that  some 
discoveries  were  made.  In  Franciscan  times  for  over 
two  decades  the  same  state  of  thitigs  continued.  But 
from  1790  for  twenty  or  thirty  years,  the  period  of 
C(miparative  peace  with  the  Apaches,  the  veritabh;  era 
of  Arizona's  early  prosperity,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  many  mines  were  opened  from  time  to  time,  and 
that  some  were  profitably  worked,  though  we  have  no 
definite  record  of  particulars,  and  though  there  li,  no 
reason  to  believe  that  there  were  any  very  extensive 
or  wonderfully  rich  developments.  It  is  to  this  period 
almost  exclusively  that  "we  nmst  trace  the  old  work- 
ings discovered  in  later  years,  and  also  all  the  tnnW- 
tions  of  lost  mines  that  have  any  other  than  a  })ur<ly 
imaginary  foundation.  I  a[)pend  a  few  items  t>f  in- 
terest in  this  connection,  without  attempting  to  re})ro- 
duce  or  analyze  the  manj-  newspaper  reports  on  the 
ancient  mincs.*^ 

*'From  the  report  of  1777  on  tlic  Tiibac  region,  Yuma  .Sentinel,  April 
13,  1878,  I  (luote  as  follows:  'Tlicre  are  ixuniy  mines  of  very  rich  iiK'ti;.t!  to 
tlio  W(  st,  iu  the  vieinity  of  Aribac,  at  a  distance  of  seven  leagues;  tluTc  are 
three  particularly  in  the  aforesaid  vicinity,  one  of  which  yields  a  silver  iii.irk 
from  one  arroha  of  ore,  the  other  ^i  marks  from  a  load,  and  the  'M  a  little 
less.  Three  leagues  beyond,  in  the  valley  of  Babocomori,  there  are  fine  jroM 
placers  examined  by  D.  Jose  de  Toroand  this  whole  population.  After  three 
visits,  which  tliese  people  made  with  D.  Jos«5  at  great  risks,  and  by  reniaiiiing 
over  3  davs  at  each  trip,  it  was  verified  by  their  having  brought  awuy  anil 
spent  with  two  traders,  who  at  tl-'s  time  have  it,  as  much  as  ^'200  in  gull. 
Iu  >Sta  Rita  moiiata  and  its  environs,  which  is  distant  from  Tubac  4  1.,  tlioro 
have  been  examined  5  silver  mines — two  have  been  tried  with  lire,  am!  3 
with  quicksih'er,  and  with  tolerable  yiild.  All  this  is  notorious  aninng  thi.s 
entire  population,  and  they  do  not  work  them  because  there  are  Apaches  in 
all  these  places.'  Anza,  De.trnhriniiento  de  1774,  MS.,  also  says  that  in  tlio 
Aribae  valley  there  were  gold  and  silver'mincs  worked  till  1707.  Nug;.'t't.s  »{ 
considerable  size  had  been  found.  In  the  Ures  Entrella  de  Occiden/e,  Xcv.  9, 
1800,  it  is  stated  that  the  Arizpe  archives  bhow  an  investigation  at  Tucsuii 


A  PERIOD  OF  PROSPERITY. 


401 


"What  hasoccn  said  in  this  chapter,  though  relating 
luaiiilv  to  the  eighteenth  century,  also  includes  nearly- 
all  that  can  be  known  of  the  country's  annals  down  to 
l,s4.')  There  are  no  data  on  which  to  found  anything 
like  a  chronologic  record  of  events  from  1800,  and  the 
few  items  of  local  interest  that  are  accessible  have 
ahi'.uly  been  presented.  The  prosperity  that  began 
in  I7'.i0  may  be  regaixled  as  having  continued  to  about 
1S.10.  Imt  as  having  disap])cared  entirely  with  the  end 
of  Spanish,  rule  in  1822.  During  these  three  decades 
the  Apaches  were  for  ^he  most  part  at  peace  under 
tivatirs  which  by  gitts  and  rations  it  was  made  their 
inti'icst  to  observe.  Many  of  them  came  to  live  in 
lanchcri'as  near  the  presidios.  At  the  same  tinie  the 
pnsidial  garrisons  were  vigilant,  and  with  the  aid  of 
frit  iidly  Pimas  and  Papagos  had  little  difficulty  in 
piotccting  the  couiitry  from  the  occasional  raids  of  the 
ilistaiit  and  h(>stile  bands.     It  was  the  golden  era  of 

ill  till'  time  of  \'i(iToy  Oalvcz  in  the  case  of  a  man  accused  of  liaving  bought 
a  L'lilil  iiuygot  of  I.")  marks  "2  <iz.  for  a  prusiilio  horse.  'Las  arenas  del  Rio 
C'lijiiiMilo  son  un  placer  iiorenne  de  arenas  de  oro  de  buenos  (juilates,  sea  (juo 
j)(ir  si  iiiisiiio  his  cria  o  ((ue  (h;scieiidan  eon  his  corriuntes  (|ue  nacun  de  la, 
sierra  in  ilonde  tieno  ku  origi;n.'  Firjis,  J  J  int.  Brrri',  7.  Tlii!  existence  of 
(|iiiiksilver  deposits  in  the  M.xjui  renion,  as  reported  in  ancient  times,  was 
vtiilied  hy  exiieditioiis  of  the  coinandaiites  of  Tucson  and  Tnbac  about  1840-5. 
I't/r.<,  Pnr/i-iifii.sii.'i  li'ii/iii'Zi'i;  I/itU's  Soiioni,  ^IS.,  i")l-2.  Enormous  masses  of 
virgin  iron  in  the  Madera  Mt.,  between  Tucsiiii  and  Tubac.  I'dnnro,  Xo/,. 
Snii.,  '2'2\.  Of  the  'Arizona'  mine,  of  especial  interest  on  account  of  the 
ii:iiiic\  Aiiza  sajs  in  1774,  Ihncuh.,  MS.:  '  De  csta  mision  (Saric)  a  la  Arizona 
liay  .S  Icgiias  al  Norte.  No  sc  ha  descubierto  la  veta  madre.'  And  Ziiniga, 
It'qii'hi  (ij<nila,  \V1,  writing  in  is;?ri,  says  that  about  ISH.S  he  obtained  from 
AriziiiM,  or  the  I'lanchas  dc  Plata,  a  f  :Iver  brick  of  (>  marks  .").].  o;;.,  almost 
piiic,  uiiiih  he  presented  to  the  museum.  He  recommends  moving  the  Altar 
pii'siilio  to  the  Arroyo  do  Arizona,  so  that  new  discoveries  and  si.'ttlcments 
iiii-lit  inllow.  In  J/iiif.oii't  JJ(Ui<l-l:ni)k;  7:'-4,  Ilt'2,  Ht.')-7,  and  An:.inia  Jliifon/, 
r.M  4.  :!,I'J,  '207,  are  some  remarks  on  early  mining  cliseovcries.  'J'liese  writer.s 
.■•Ihiw  ;i  tendency  to  subdivide  the  rianchas  de  Plata  discovery  into  several 
lust  iiiiiies.  The  former  mentions  an  expedition  of  Dioiiisio  Koldes  in  1817, 
iiitci  llii:  Sta  Rita  Mts,  in  ser-rch  of  the  old  mines.  Miuh  pure  silver  was 
t'liiiiid  ill  old  prospect  holes.  '  O.uaiiit  old  chronicles  '  and  '  musty  rccorils  "  are 
cited,  liiit  not  named.  The  other  work  notes  the  evidences  of  former  placer 
Winkings  near  the  Quijotoas.  In  many  I'al.  and  Ariz,  newspapers  of  187'2  or 
tliiiv;ili(iiits  were  published  articles  about  mines  in  Nortliern  Ariz.,  in  the 
ri:inii  wist  of  the  .Mojaves,  whose  traditions  of  Spaniards  and  .(rsiiits  from 
I  ii|irr  California,  who  used  to  cross  the  Colorado  into  the  mountains  and 
riturii  with  hiads  of  silver,  are  corroborated — so  we  are  gravely  told  by 
ri'inids  of  S.  Juan  C'apistrano  mission,  and  also  by  records  at  S.  .Javier  del 
Bac  of  annual  expeditious  in  the  olden  time  to  a  wonderfully  productive  mine 
soiiie'2(HJ  1.  north  of  theOila! 

Hist.  Aiiz.  and  N.  Me.\.    20 


PI 

''<■  :ft  i1 
i>  ■ 


402 


PIMERiA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


1  s;  ,1 


i  ,v 


Pimcria  history,,  though  only  so  in  comparison  with 
past  and  future  misfortunes.  Naturally  under  these 
circumstances,  not  only  were  the  missions  somewhat 
prosperous,  as  shown  particularly  by  the  magnificont 
church  structure  at  Bac,  but  mines  were  worked  as 
before  explained,  and  stock-raising  ranches  and  liucicii- 
daswere  built  up  in  the  region  extending  from  Tiieson 
to  the  south-east  and  south-west.  The  ruins  of  these 
establishments  are  yet  to  be  seen  at  many  points." 

Then  auring  the  last  years  of  the  war  for  inck'pon- 
dence — which,  however,  in  itself  produced  no  direct 
developments  in  connection  with  the  liistory  of  this 
far  north — and  especially  in  the  early  years  of  ^Texi- 
can  rule,  all  this  was  changed  and  all  prosperity  van- 
ished ;  the  Apaches  resumed  their  depreciations,  the 
garrisons  became  demoralized,  and  all  other  estal)lish- 
ments  were  practically  abandoned.  The  causi's  of 
this  radical  change  must  apparently  be  sought,  not  in 
any  modification  of  ])olicy  in  treating  the  savages  nor 
in  any  new  feeling  of  hostility  on  the  part  of  the 
Apaches,  but  simply  in  the  neglect  of  the  presidios 
by  the  government.  Hitherto  strict  discipline  had 
been  enforced,  soldiers  and  officers  had  been  promptly 
paid,  experience  had  taught  the  best  methods  of  man- 
agement, and  the  military  organization  was  in  every 
way  effective.  But  from  1811  money  and  food  hegan 
to  be  inadequately  and  irregularly  supplied;  credits, 
discounts,  and  paper  money  began  to  do  their  work  of 
demoralization;  official  peculations  and  speculations 
became  rife;  and  discipline  and  vigilance  began  to  be 
relaxed.  The  Apaches,  hostile  as  ever  at  heart,  as 
soon  as  their  rations  ceased  to  be  furnished  lilxn-ally 
and  regularly  went  on  the  war-path  as  the  second  best 
way  of  making  a  living;  the  friars,  from  feelings  "f 
loyalty  to  Spain  and  disgust  at  independence,  gradu- 

*•  Especially  in  and  near  the  S.  Pedro  valley,  not  occupied  iti  i-arlier 
Spanish  nor  in  lat^ir  Mexican  times.  Indian  outhruaks  in  1802  and  lS-7  are 
mentioned  in  the  Ariz.  I/iir.,  27,  with  no  details  or  sources.  See  ///'•<(!.  ^()lill 
Me.r.  St(Uf<,  ii.,  for  Apauho  wars  in  general,  1813-19,  with  references  to  the 
meagre  aourcos. 


RENEWED  MISFORTUNES. 


403 


allv  li>st  interest  in  the  presidios  that  had  protected 
the  existence    of  their    missions;    and   the    settlers, 
harassed  by  the  savages,  depriv  mi  of  protection,  and 
burdened  by  taxes,  failed  to  give  a  hearty  support  to 
the  soldiers,  and  gradually  abandoned  their  ranchos. 
Finally  all  was  desolation  and  disaster.     This  fatal 
ntu'  'ct  of  the  presidial  organizations  has  been  more 
fuilv  set  forth,  so  far  as  details  are  concerned,  in  the 
annals  of  California,  where,  however,  in  the  absence  of 
tbriuidable  foes,  the  results  were  much  less  disastrous. 
Don  Ignacio  ZiJiiiga,  who  had  served  for  years  as 
coniniunder  of  northern  presidios,  writing  in  1835  on 
th(^  condition   of  Sonoran  affairs,  gives  an   excellent 
idea  of  the  Pimeria  disasters  and  their  causes,  though 
it  is  probable  that  he  somewhat  overrates  the  pre- 
ceding:; prosperity.     He  declares  that  since   1820  no 
less  than  .5,000  lives  had  been  lost;  that  at  least  100 
ranelios,  haciendas,  mining  camps,  and  other  settle- 
ments had  been  destroyed;  that  from  3,000  to  4,000 
settlers  had  been  obliged  to  quit  the  northern  frontier ; 
and  that  in  the  extreme  north  absolutely  nothing  was 
left  hut  the  demoralized  oarrisons  of  worthless  sol- 
diei's.  though  in  the   most  recent  years,  for  lack  of 
anything  worth  plundering  and  on  account  of  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Pimas  and  P;ipagos,  Apache  raids  had 
been   somewhat    less    frequent   than    before.'*^      This 
wi'iter's  [dan  was  to  restore  everything  as  nearly  as 
p(issii)Ie  to  the  old  condition.     The  presidial  companies 
must,  he  thought,  be  discharged  and  new  ones  organ- 
ized, to  be  paid  and  disciplined  as  in  Spanish  times; 
control  of  the  temporalities  nmst  be  given  again  to 


*' Zi'iiiiiia,  Rdpidn  Ojeada  nl  cMmln  ilr  Sonnrn,  d'lruj'ida  y  dedicaihi  (d  Sii- 
piniio  iinliiiriio  ill'  In  narioii,  jior  el  < '.  Iijimrin  Ziihiijn,  nntnntl  dii  nii'Oiio  c-ftiv/o. 
Mtxicii,  ISIt."),  Svo,  (iO  p.  Says  llaiiiiUoii,  /A.svxovc.s  of' Ariz.,  '20:  '  During  the 
ri'iiiiiio  (if  the  mission  fal.!;"r.s  many  jirosiiecting  and  exploring  jiarties  piuie- 
trattil  soulliern  Arizona,  and  a  nuPilur  ot  settlements  were  established.  15e- 
siiics  tlio  iM-esidios  of  Tucson  and  Tubae  tliere  were  fiourisliing  haciendas  at 
S.  lieruardino,  Biirbacomari,  S.  Pedro,  Arivaea,  and  Calabazas.  These  settle- 
iiiiiits  possessed  largo  tlocks  of  .sheep  and  lnTds  of  cattle.  Mining  wa.s  also 
jiroMCMted  vigorously,  especially  at  Arivaea  and  ( 'aliabi.  After  tlie  Itrcakiiig- 
iip  ot'  the  missions  (1828)  these  prosperous  colonies  mhto  despoiled  by  tiie  sav- 
ages and  abandoned  by  those  who  escaped  the  tomahawk  and  tho  torch.' 


U1, 


i;it„ 


f'\\  ', 


404 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


the  friars;  colonists  of  good  character  must  be  sent  to 
occupy  the  deserted  northern  ranchos;  souiu  of  tlio 
presidios  should  be  moved  to  better  positions;  and 
finally  the  Colorado  and  Gila  establishments  sliould 
be  founded  as  proposed  in  the  past  century/"  As  a 
matter  of  course,  no  such  reforms  were  carried  out. 

The  Sonora  record  shows  a  period  of  jnreneral  war- 
fare against  the  Apaches  in  1832-G,  ending  in  Sdino 
kind  of  a  patched-up  peace;  also  troubles  with  the 
Piipagos  in  1840-1;  and  a  little  later  serious  revolts 
of  the  Yaquis  and  Mayos.*'  Unfortunately  political 
and  revolutionary  controversies  introduced  new  com- 
plications into  Indian  affairs,  Gandara  and  other  ]iar- 
tisan  leaders  being  accused  of  trying  to  advance  tlieir 
own  interests  by  inciting  the  Yaquis  and  Pa[)agos  to 
revolt.  Moreover  this  political  warfare  was  most 
disastrous  in  its  effects  on  the  frontier  preHidii)s,  tlie 
commandants  ueing  often  called  from  theii'  [)i'o])cr 
duties  to  aid  in  sustaining  the  state  government.  For 
tlie  period  of  1842-5  I  have  a  large  number  of  de- 
tached fragmentary  records,  which,  while  not  surticiiig 
for  a  conijilete  chronologic  narrative,  give  a  very  sat- 
isfactory idea  of  the  general  condition  of  afiliirs  on  the 
frontier.  There  is  no  indication  that  in  Arizona  an\' 
Mexican  settlement  existed,  except  at  Tucson  and  Tu- 
bac,  where  under  protection  of  soldiers  a  few  settlers 
still  managed  to  live.  From  the  two  presidios  coin- 
plaints  of  inadequate  force,  arms,  hor.ses,  and  other  sup- 
])lies  are  frequent.  In  1842-;J  the  Papagos  and  (iilii. 
tribes  were  concerned  in  hostilities  at  the  instigation  of 

<"Iu  ITOo,  1801,  anil  18'2;i-0,  tlicro  had  boon  some  slight  a,^'it;lti<m  of  tho 
project  of  L'stablisliiiig  coinimiiiiiiation  liotwueu  t'al.  ami  N.  Mox  giiurcliil  liy 
a  pi'usidio  on  tlit!  L'oloradi).  JlisL  Oil.,  i.  073;  ii.  3-4,  ."iJT-S;  liovt'-ii.  in/ornii' 
Kiihre  co'iiunkncion  con  ^V.  Mexico,  T1"->0;  Boiimn,  Pnrccor  -lohrc  d  }iro//rr/o  ilc 
iihrir  via. . .  ,11  ext.alih'cer  uu  prcsii/iod  la  cn/rm/ii  i/c  Wo  Colnccdo,  tS'il;  A'C'', 
Jii/iimic,  ISOl;  Jioitiaro.  Doc.  ■nlatlrii.'^  d  la  c.rpct/icion  del  cdyilmt  I\'.  jmro  (dim- 
c  iiiii/io,  ISM-C.  All  iiu'so  being  MSS.  in  tliu  Air/i.  Ctil.  Capt.  Jose  Koiiiri'n 
actually  made  ti>e  trip  from  Tucson  to  L'al.  and  back;  and  in  connect  imi  n\  'tli 
Ills  trij)  (len.  Figtieroa  also  visited  the  Colorado.  Tlio  corrcsp.  is  bulky.  I'Ht 
wo  have  no  diarie.s.  The  result  w;is  that  all  sclienics  of  laud  coniimuiic^itioii 
were  al>andoned.  In  later  years,  however,  small  wellarnied  parties  not  ui- 
frcMueutly  made  the  trii)  to  and  from  Cal.  l)y  the  Gila  ami  Colorado  route. 

*'  See  Ilkt.  Xort/i  J/e.c.  States,  ii. 


im 


APACHE  WARFARE. 


405 


G;'iii(liii';v  as  was  charged,  but  they  became  repentant 
and  Welt'  jiiU'doned  m  ^Tay  1843.  There  were  still  rau- 
cIk  ri'as  of  Friendly  Apaches  at  Tucson  and  Tul)ac,  who 
ovtu  served  a.s  allies  of  the  Mexicans  in  various  cani- 
jiiii^iis;  and  some  of  the  distant  Apache  bands  were 
(rniendly  well  disposed;  but  others  were  constantly  on 
the  wai'-])ath.  Not  much  damage  was  done  in  Arizona 
hi'catise  there  were  no  ranchos  left  to  be  plundered, 
l)Ut  farther  south  disasters  to  life  and  pro])erty  were 
uiict'asing.  On  hearing  of  one  of  these  raids,  Captain 
Cmnaduran  of  Tucson  generally  started  to  cut  off  tlie 
ivtrcating  foe;  several  such  campaigns  are  recorded, 
including  one  on  a  larger  scale  under  Colonel  Narbona 
in  .luni!  1843  ;  and  results  at  best  were  a  few  Apaches 
killed  a  few  women  and  children  captured,  a  few 
cattli!  1  covered,  or  perhaps  the  chief  of  some  band 
forced  to  sue  for  peace,  with  a  never-ending  sup- 
pi  v  (if  plausible  reasons  why  no  more  could  be  aceom- 
})lislied.  The  reports  are  strikingly  similar  to  those 
we  read  in  the  news})apers  of  188G  respecting  Apache 
warfare  in  the  same  region.  In  April  1845  Colonel 
Elias  Gonzalez  made  a  full  report  on  the  condition 
and  needs  of  the  frontier  presidios,  showing  no  im- 
provement in  the  general  state  of  affairs;  and  at  the 
same  time  he  presented  a  plan  for  a  grantl  campaign 
with  over  1,000  men  in  August.  In  September,  when 
the  forces  had  been  united  and  all  was  nearly  ready 
for  the  start.  Colonel  Elias  was  sunnnoned  to  tlie  south 
with  his  troops  to  support  the  governor  in  suppressing 
a  revolution.  It  was  decided  in  a  council  of  war  at 
Tucson  to  disobey  the  summons  and  go  on  with  the 
Apache  campaign;  but  we  have  no  record  of  ivsults, 
except  that  Comaduran  in  December,  with  a  force  of 
155  men,  succeeded  in  killing  six  Ai)aches.'*"* 

*" /'itiiTrl,  lynr.  HIM.  Son.,  MS.,  iii.,  piissiin.  including  extracts  from  tlie 
I'o/n  (//' .Vo;(.>ni  jind  otlier  newsj)a|iers  of  tiie  i  riml.  Cdl  Klias  (ioii/.alc/  rc- 
jini't  nii'l  ])!iiTi  iif  Ai)ril  SO,  184"),  in  a  MS.  on  p.  'J.Sl-44.  I'lie  Tucsod  Council 
<il'  Si|it.  lltiiis  rccortled  in  the  Vcntiiiclti  ikSniiortt,  Oct.  Kt,  IS4r).  Sue  al.so 
I'iiKtrt,  Co/.  Dor.,  MS.,  junl  jirint,  no.  11,  4."),  .'■)7,  ti'J,  147;  I'l'lnxrn,  \<>t.  Snii., 
'2'M  7.  In  connection  with  rai<l.s  of  1845  tliu  Aj^iachu  chief  Maugas  Coloradaa, 
fumuu.i  in  lato  years,  is  nientioueil. 


m 


406 


PIMERIA  ALTA,  OR  ARIZONA. 


;  i 


'!    ij 


Of  the  missions  and  visitas  down  to  1827,  there  is 
nothing  to  be  added  to  the  few  local  items  already 
presented,  except  to  note  the  visit  of  Bishop  Bernardo 
del  Espiritu  Santo  in  1821;*"  and  after  1827  thtrf  is 
nothing  to  show  the  existence  of  the  Arizona  estab- 
lishments. Hamilton  states  thai  they  "were  finally 
abandoned  by  a  decree  of  the  government  in  1828;"'''' 
and  though  I  have  not  found  the  original  record,  I 
have  no  doubt  that  such  was  practically  the  truth. 
The  order  of  expulsion  against  Spaniards  probably 
caused  the  departure  of  some  of  the  friars  in  1827-8, 
the  management  of  the  temporalities  was  taken  away 
from  them,  and  some  of  the  establishments — includinti- 
all  in  Arizona — were  abandoned.  South  of  the  line, 
however,  the  Queretaranos  still  remained  at  several 
of  the  missions  in  charge  of  spiritual  interests  for  many 
yeais;  and  even  in  the  north  the  Pimas  and  Papaoos 
continued  to  live  more  or  less  continuously  in  conmiii- 
nities  at  Bac,  Tumacacori,  and  perhaps  some  (jf  the 
other  pueblos. ^^ 

The  only  explorations  of  Arizona  in  Mexican  times, 
besides  those  eftected  by  the  military  detachments  in 
pursuit  of  Apache  raiders,  vv'ere  those  of  foreign  trajt- 
pers,  chiefly  Americans  from  New  Mexico.  The  ad- 
ventures of  some  of  these  parties,  as  described  by 
James  O.  Pattie  in  a  published  narrative,  have  already 
been  noticed.  The  Patties  first  trapped  on  the  (lila 
and  its  branches  in  the  autumn  of  1825,  again  visitiny; 
the  region  in  1820,  and  in  the  same  year  going  down 
to  the  junction  and  up  the  Colorado  in  the  track  of 
Garces.     In  the  autumn  of  1828  they  again  foUowid 


■^,'i' 


'Itr 


'^  TiiUr,  Lib.  Mis.,  MS. 

^"  J/aiiiiltn>rs  Ri'mnrrci,  20;  also  ^IWs.  IlUt.  (Elliott  &  Co.),  52. 

'''  III  1828  P.  Groiizaloz  at  I'ahorca  asks  tlie  ayuntamieiito  of  Altar  if  it  is 
true  the  padres  must  go  at  once  as  onlered  liy  the  com.-geu.,  or  await  oi'ilcis 
of  civil  authorities.  J'inart,  Dor.  JJhL  Son.,  MS.,  i.  122.  lu  KS4-4  a  iiaiho 
sjieaks  of  the  missions  having  lieen  destroyed,  and  the  teiiiiioralitits  takfii  hy 
the  govt.  /(/.,  iii.  181.  Ziifliga,  as  we  have  seen,  in  ISIij  roeoinmeuili'i!  that 
the  missioii.s  he  re.stored  to  tiic  padres;  and  there  are  other  sueh  alhisinMs. 
Still  the  mission  hooks  of  most  of  tlie  estahlishments  of  Piiiieria  Aha  show 
the  friars  still  in  eharge,  perhaps  practically  as  curates.  In  1843  there  was  a. 
decree  perniittiug  the  Jesuits  to  estahlish  luiasiuus  iu  Souora. 


m^\ 


PATTIE  AND  THE  TRAPPERS. 


407 


the  Gila  down  to  the  Colorado,  and  made  their  way  to 
Calit'"inia.'"  The  narrative  is  devoted  mainly  to  per- 
sonal adventures  and  encounters  with  bears  and  In- 
dians, having  more  fascination  than  real  value.  Of 
the  i'i'W  traj)])ing  parties  which  may  have  preceded 
thuso  with  which  Pattie  was  connected,  and  the  many 
that  followed  them,  very  little  is  known;  but  there 
were  few  of  the  later  3'ears  in  which  the  Arizona 
streams  were  not  trapped  to  some  extent.  Pauline 
Weaver  was  a  famous  pioneer  who  traversed  the 
country  as  early  as  1832,  as  did  Kit  Carson  perhaps 
still  earlier.  In  1829-32  the  parties  of  Ewing  Young 
antl  David  Jackson  crossed  Arizona  to  California,  as 
did  a  party  of  New  Mexicans  under  Jose  Antonio 
Vaca;  and  many  of  the  early  trapping  and  trrding 
pioneer.s  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  California  had 
visited  tliis  country  sooner  or  later,  though  the  regular 
route  foi-  trading  parties  and  immigrants  from  Wolf- 
skill's  trip  of  ]831  was  bv  a  route  north  of  tiie  Colo- 
rado.'''  Down  to  about  183G  the  Apaches  are  said  to 
have  been  friendly  to  the  Americans;  but  about  that 
time  the  famous  chief  Juan  Jose  was  treacherously 
killed  with  many  of  his  people  by  one  Johnson,  and 
the  Apaches  immediately  attacked  and  killed  Charles 
Keni[)'s  party  of  22  tra[)pers  on  the  Gila,  as  well  as 
othei'  parties  farther  east  in  New  Mexico."* 

'•'- /'"///('x  Personal  Nai~rative;  see  also  this  vol.,  p.  337-8,  and  Ifisf,  Cal,, 
iii.  lil-J  :•_'. 

■'Sic  /lint.  Cnl.,  iii.  172-5,  and  chap.  xiv. 

•'lii'iij.  I).  Wilson,  Olm'rv'ttioii.%  MS.,  2-18,  gives  the  most  cnm])lete  ac- 
emiiit,  having  lioun  oncainpod  on  thu  (iila  at  tho  time.  Ilia  party  was  al.so 
attaki-il,  and  several  men  were  killed,  Wilson  heing  captured  and  barely 
escaping  with  his  lite.  James  Johnson  di  I  not  get  the  rewanl  t'rdia  tlie  Mexi- 
cans tliat  he  had  lioped  for,  and  came  to  Cal.,  where  he  died  in  great  poverty. 
His  iKciiiiipUeo  was  a  man  named  (Uisson.  Gregg,  Com.  Pr(iirtr.<,  i.  'JlJii-H, 
also  mentions  this  atl'air.  An  exploration  of  tiie  Colorado  moutli  hy  Lieiit. 
Hardy  in  lS'Jo-8  is  mentioned  in  Uarilclt'f  I'i'r.i.  Xan:,  ii.  17tl  I;  and  in  (V- 
tnrs  llinr  (i/  till'  !(>.<<,  1"),%  we  are  told  tliat  in  ISIU  a  trapi)ing  party  of  2tK) 
men  i\\  the  Roeky  Mt  Fur  Co.  crossed  from  Bill  Williams  Koik  to  tlu'  Moipii 
towns,  «  here  several  trappers  plundered  the  gardens  and  shot  lo  or  "JO  peace- 
ful .Miicpiis  who  objected  to  such  treatment. 


Ii 


luuuumiiiii 


CHAPTER   XYII. 


Ih'l 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

184G-1S47. 

The  Mexican  War — Kearny's  Army  of  the  West— The  MaiiiiiMis- 
sioN  OF  Cooke  and  Macokfin — Plans  for  Blooolkss  Convii;si  Alt- 
MiJo's  Phei-akations  and  Flicht — From  Bent's  Fout  to  Las  \'i;i,\s_ 
Santa  Fe  Occupied — Kearny's  Proclamation — Tocr  in  imi.  Sm  ik 
— Doniphan  in  Command— Turhu lent  Volitnteeks— Pi;i(  k  anu  hie 
Mormons  —  Navajo  Tkeaiy — Chihuahua  Campaign — Civii.  dm  ikn- 
MENT  and  Kearny  Codf; — Plots  of  Ortiz  and  Akchilkia— tlnoiNns 
OF  Complaint — Revoli  uf  1847— Murder  of  Govep^nop.  Hkn  r  lus- 
asi'ers  at  Taos,  Arroyo  Hondo,  and  Moka — Pkice's  Ciimi'ah.n  — 
FiiiHTs  AT  Canada,  Emhudo,  and  Taos — Fuutuek  Trouiu.ks  wiiii  L\- 

.'jUROENTS  AND  INDIANS — EXECUTIONS. 


In  184G  the  Unitocl  States  began  a  war  a<»iiiii.st 
Mexico  for  the  acquisition  of  territory.  This  war 
and  its  causes  are  treated  fully  in  other  parts  of  this 
series  devoted  to  the  history  of  Mexico,  of  Texas,  and 
of  California.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  except  in 
the  mere  fact  of  being  parts  of  the  territory  to  ho 
acquired,  figured  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  in  the  [trchiii- 
inaries  of  the  proposed  conquest.  There  was,  it  is 
true,  a  claim  that  Texas  extended  south  and  west  to 
the  Rio  Grande,  by  which  shallow  pretence  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  northern  republic  managed  to  atlniil 
some  comfort  to  the  national  conscience,  on  the  |iK'a 
that  the  defence  of  this  'disputed'  tract  by  Mcxicn 
was  the  first  act  of  war.  It  should  1)e  remarkrd, 
however,  that  the  field  of  the  first  hostilities — of  the 
Mexican  invasion! — was  not  on  the  New  ]\[exic',in 
frontier,  but  farther  south-east.^ 

1 1  have  the  CmifdcnUal  Cirrultr  of  :May  l.Sth,  with  the  aiitograpli  of  Janus 
Buchanan,  containing  the  ileolaratiou  that  war  'exists.'     'The  triitli  is,  tluit 

(108) 


KEARNY  S  ARMY. 


War,  or  its  'existence,'  liavirii^  been  declared,  an 
ariiiv  «if  tlie  west  was  organized  at  Fort  Ijeaven- 
\\vy\\\  ill  June.  Its  commander  was  Colonel  Steuhen 
W.  Kearny,  its  mission  the  oceu]>atioii  of  the  broad 
territtirv  stri>tchin<^  from  Xew  ]\Iexieo  to  California, 
and  also  if  practicable  cooperation  with  other  branches 
of  the  army  in  operations  farther  south.  The  advance 
divi-ioii  of  this  force  consisted  of  300  rei^ulars  of  the  first 
United  States  drao-oons  under  Major  b]dwin  X.  Sum- 
ner, a  regiment  of  mounted  volunteers  called  out  by 
(Jiivt  iiior  Edwards  of  Missouri  for  this  campaign,  and 
conmiandcd  by  Colonel  Alexander  W.  ]3oniphan,  and 
five  additional  companies  of  volunteers,  inckuling  one 
of  infantry  and  two  of  light  artillery,  or  a  total  of 
nearly  1,700  men.  The  second,  or  reserve  (hvision, 
(oniprisfd  aiujther  regiment  of  Missouri  ^•olunteers 
under  Colonel  Sterling  Price,  a  battalion  of  four 
(•(unjtanies  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Willock,  and  the 
Moinion  Hattalion,  in  all  about  1,800  men.  The  ad- 
ViMiee,  or  army  of  conquest,  left  Fort  Leavenworth 
late  in  June;  the  long  sup[)ly  train  of  over  1,000 
nndes  was  soon  augmented  by  the  400  wag(jns  of  the 
annual  Santa  Fe  caravan;  and  all  the  companies, 
except  the  artillery,  were  encamped  at  the  beginning 
of  August  near  Bent's  Fort  on  the  Arkansas,  after 
a  tt'dlous  but  uneventful  march  of  some  650  miles 
across  the  plains. 


An  advance  guard  of  four  com- 


wc  had  c'Miliiieil  so  iiiaiiy  insults  ;iu(l  grievous  wrongs  from  Mexico,  witli  siicli 
uiicxaiiililLNl  jiatiuncc,  tliat  at  tlio  last  she  must  have  mistaken  our  furliuar- 
aiicc  f  .r  imsillanimity.  Encouragt'il,  probaMy  l»y  tliis  misapinoluMision,  jier 
aniiy  lias  at  k'ligtli  crossed  tlie  Del  Norte  lias  invaded  the  territory  of  our 
cmuitry  ami  has  shed  American  hlood  uiion  the  American  soil.'  Lurkiii's 
]>'«•.  ilU.  Cni,  MS.,  iv.  IL'I.  Prince,  llUtorirnl  Sb-trhi'x  of  Xeir  Mr../ro, 
ll'.IO  '>'2~,  devotes  two  chapters  to  tlie  'American  Occuiiatiou  '  and  'Revolt  of 
]N47.'  Mis  treatment  of  the  suhjeet  is  excellent,  and  in  almost  every  res[iect 
satisfactory;  but  I  can  hardly  agree  with  his  preliminary  statement,  'suffice 
it  to  say  that  the  origin  of  the  hostilities' — that  is,  of  the  Mexican  war  as 
sliiiwii  Ity  the  context — 'was  found  in  the  dispute  as  to  the  ownership  of  the 
teiritory  hetween  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Nueces  River.'  This  is  also 
allinued  on  p.  'J40. 

•  l/iit/lie-i'  />oiiiphnn's  Expedition:  rontainimj  an  acroiint  of  the  Coiii/iii'»(  of 
New  Mexico:  Oeiieritl  Keoniei/'s  oeeriinil  expedition  to  ('(difoniia:  J>oiii}i/i(in'.i 
cniiipniijH  iuinin-<t  the  Nnnijox;  /li-t  unpartdleleil  niitirh  npon  Cliiliuahwi  mid  Dii- 
raiiifii:  mid  the  openttiona  of  Genend  Price  at  Smitd  Fe.  With  n  nketch  of  the 
Uji'  tf  Col  JJoiiiphan.     Illuntraled  with  plans  of  battle  fieldn,  a  map,  and  Jine 


H  J    Si' 


ri 


ms: 


Mrtun-w 


I  :•'';;:! 


r    I 


410 


AMKRICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


panics  liad  iiiado  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  ovntfike 
a  pai'ty  of  traders  believed  to  have  in  their  jiii^sis- 
siuri  anus  and  ammunition  for  the  enemy. 

From  Bent's  Fort,  Lieutenant  Deeourcy  was  sriit 
with  twenty  men  to  Taos  to  learn  the  disijo-itldii  of 
the  people,  rejoining  the  army  later  with  soiut;  luison- 
ers  and  a  report  that  resistance  might  be  ex[)(!(ti(l  at 


eiidrnviiH/x.  Ih/  Joliii  T.  Iluijhes,  A.  li  ,  of  the  FirH  rei/inn'iif.  of  MU<i:iiri  nn>- 
(tin/.  CiiiciniKiti,  KSriO,  liJiiio.  I  li;i\  :  also  ed.  of  Ciii.,  IM'.t,  8v(i;  ninl  lln.Te 
an;  0(1.  of  ('ill.,  1848,  and  apparently  1847.  Tliia  work  i.s  a  .stiiinliinl  iiullnprity 
on  tlio  canipaigii,  written  in  a  clear  and  pleasing  style,  and  with  an  ai  cuiai'y 
that  lias  not,  I  lielieve,  been  questioned,  thouyli  the  author,  like  othi  is  nt  hia 
time  and  class,  takes  an  ultra-American  view  of  most  que.4ioiis,  and  Iju.s  no 
doubt  of  the  entire  riyliteousne.s.s  of  the  war  against  perlidious  .Mexicans. 

There  were  apparently  5  companies  of  the  1st  U.  S.  dragoons.  1  have  Imuid 
no  record  of  tlie  eonipany  organization,  but  the  officers  were  captains  Ivlvviu 
V.  Sumner  (act.  major),  I'hilip  St  George  Cooke,  Thomas  Swonls  (asnt.  Q, 
M.),  Benj.  IJ.  iMoore,  Joliii  H.  K.  IJurgwin,  Henry  S.  Turner  (adj.  giii), 
Abraham  R.  .Jolinston.  and  Philip  R.  Thompson  (some  of  whom  wiir  pinli- 
ably  lieutenants  at  the  start);  and  lieut.  Patrick  Noble,  Tiionias  (.'.  liaiii- 
inoud,  Rufus  Ingalls,  .lohn  W.  Davidson,  Joseph  MeElvain,  C.  J.  L.  Wilson, 
au<l  Oliver  I',  li.  Taylor.  I  take  this  imperfect  list  from  the  17.  S.  ojlickd 
Bci/h/cr,  184.")  7,  and  from  occasional  mention  iu  the  different  narratives. 

OlKcers  of  the  1st  Mo.  volunteers.  Col  Ale.x.  W.  iJoniphan  (a  I  uvyer  who 
had  enlisted  as  a  private,  elected  eolof.el  June  ISth);  lieut. -eohmul,  ('.  F.  Rutl'; 
major,  Wni  (lilpin  (botii  of  whom  were  elected  from  tlie  raulis);  eapt  lins  of 
the  8  eomiianies  (8,")()  men  rank  and  tile)  each  enlisted  in  a  county  ni  .Mo., 
Waldo,  Walton,  Moss,  Reid,  Stephenson,  I'arsons,  Jackson,  and  itoilgirs; 
sutler,  C.  A.  Perry;  adjutant,  d.  M.  Butler;  surgeon.  Ceo.  Peiiii;  a.s.st  surgeons, 
T.  M.  Morton  and  I.  Vaughn. 

A  battalion  of  light  artillery,  under  Major  Clark,  consisted  of  two  cuinp.-i- 
iiies  from  St  Louis,  under  captains  Weightman  and  Fischer,  about  '2M  iiuii. 
A  battalion  of  infantry  had  14.")  men  in  two  eomiianies,  comniaiided  by  rap- 
tains  Angiiey  and  Murpliy.  There  was  also  a  troop  of  volunteer  cavalry  froia 
St  Louis;  the  Lacleilc  Rangers,  107  strong,  under  ('a])t.  Hudson,  attai'lieil  to 
the  dragoons.  Also  lieutenants  Wm  H.  Emory,  W.  11.  Warner,  .1.  \V.  Abert, 
and  W.  B.  J'eck  of  the  U.  S.  topographical  engineers,  Warner  conniiainliiig 
the  artillery  on  the  inarch  to  Sta  Fe. 

The  L'd  regiment  of  Mo.  volunteers  was  mustered  into  the  .service  at  Ft 
Leavenworth,  about  the  1st  of  August.  Its  officers  were  Sterling  I'riee  culo- 
nel,  J).  1).  Mitchell  lieiit. -colonel,  Edmondsoii  major.  It  iiumiurid  .ibuut 
1,0;K)  men.  There  was  also  a  separate  battalion  iiinler  Lieut. -enl  W'illnck, 
300  men  in  four  companies,  captains  Smith,  Robinson,  Morin,  ami  llLiuUey; 
and  a  small  artillery  detachment  under  otlicers  of  the  regular  army. 

The  Morinou  Battalion  consisted  of  about  500  Mormons,  who  entered  the 
service  as  a  means  of  reaciiing  California,  wiiere,  according  to  the  terms  of 
their  enlistment,  they  were  to  be  discharged.  It  was  organized  at  C'lun'il 
Blufl's  in  June,  by  ('apt.  dames  Allen  of  the  1st  dragoons,  who  was  to  iniii- 
maiid  the  battalion  as  lieut.-colonel,  but  died  before  departure.  Luut.  A,  .1. 
Smith  commanded  on  tlie  march  to  Sta  Fe,  and  Lieut. -lolonel  1'.  .'st  <ico. 
Cooke  on  that  to  Cal.  The  captains  of  the  5  companies  were  .lefferson  Hunt, 
Jesse  D.  Hunter,  James  Brown,  Nelson  Higgins,  and  Uaniel  C.  Davis;  -Adju- 
tant (Jeo.  P.  Dykes,  and  later  P.  C.  .Merrill;  surgeon  (Jeo.  B.  Saudei'^on.  For 
a  full  historv  of  tlie  Mormon  Battalion,  see  Hint.  CuL,  v.,  chap,  .wiii.,  this 
series;  also  Tykri  Mormon  Battalion. 


mi 


PLANS  OF  THE  UNITED  .STATES. 


411 


cvci'V  ]ioiiit.  Similar  iv{)(>rts  liacl  prcviou.-ly  boon  re- 
ccivrd  IVoiu  ^[ajor  Howard  and  the  inountaineer  Fitz- 
|(iitiiik.  From  Bent's  Fort,  also,  Captain  C'ooko, 
^vith  twelve  picked  men,  was  sent  in  advance,  iiomi- 
iiiillv  as  a  kind  of  ambassador  to  treat  with  (^lovernor 
Ai'iiiijo  for  the  j)eaceful  submission  of  eastern  New 
Mexico,''  but  really  to  escort  James  Magoffin,  the 
veritable  ambassador,  intrusted  with  a  secret  n  ssioii 
at  Santa  Fe.  To  send  an  army  of  1,700  men,  niainly 
c()iii]»"scd  of  undisciplined  volunteers,  on  a  inarch  (jf  a 
tliou.suiid  miles  over  a  desert  occupied  hy  hostile  sav- 
ages, to  conquer,  by  force  of  arms,  so  jiopulous  an 
iiittrior  province,  and  one  so  well  defended,  at  least  b}'" 
nature,  as  New  Mexico,  was  on  its  face  a  very  hazard- 
ous enterprise.  It  was  a  radically  different  nuitter 
from  the  proposed  occupation  by  naval  forces  of  a 
coast  province  like  (California.  In  the  aimals  of  the 
latter  country  we  have  seen,  however,  what  agencies 
Avero  relied  on  by  the  government,  acting  through 
Consul  Larkin  as  a  confidential  agent,  to  insuie  a 
bloodless  victorv,  thouixh  the  success  of  the  plan  was 
seriously  impaired  by  the  l)lundering  and  criminal  dis- 
obetlience  of  another  and  subordinate  agent.  These 
complications  of  the  farthest  west  are  now  well  known 
in  every  particular.*  That  the  jiolicy  respecting  Xew 
Mexico  was  similar  in  its  general  features,  there  can 
be  no  doul)t,  though  most  details  liave  never  come  to 
light.  During  the  past  years,  the  Santa  Fe  traders, 
both  American  and  ^lexican,  had  done  much  to  make 
tlie  condition  and  disj)osition  of  each  })eoiile  well 
known  to  the  other,  to  convince  the  New  Mexicans 

^ '  My  mission. .  .was  in  fact  a  pacific  one.  The  general  had  ju.st  issued  a 
proclamation  of  annexation  of  all  the  territory  c(iaY  of  tliv  Rio(!raiide;  the 
giiviriiiiieiit  tiius  adopting  the  old  claim  of  Texas'  (the  procl.  of  July  .31st, 
as  j^ivcn  in  CiiUh  t'onij.,4'2,  the  only  one  I  have  found,  co-  i,ains  no  such  propo- 
.siticiu),  'aiid  thus  manifestly,  in  a  statesman's  view,  a  hlooiUe.-is  process  would 
luail  to  its  confirmation  in  the  treaty  of  peace;  and  the  population  w<iul(l  he 
Siivi'ii  fi'om  the  hitterne.ss  of  passing  siihjiojuin.  The  difiiculty  of  a  half-meas- 
ure rt'iiiains;  it  cuts  the  isolate<l  province  in  two!  There  must  he  an  influential 
MitiiwliLT  in  the  cahinet.  At  a  plaintive  compliment,  that  I  went  to  plant  the 
olive',  which  he  would  reap  a  laurel,  the  general  endeavored  to  gloss  the  barren 
liulil  of  toil  to  which  his  subordinates,  at  least,  were  devoted.'  Cookc'ti  Coiiq.,  7. 

*See  IJkt.  Val.,  v.,  this  seried. 


I 


■HHHntiniT' 


n\\\\\W 


41  i> 


AMKItlCAN   OlCUrATK.'N'   Ol"  NKW    .Mi:.\l((), 


liow  I'litilc  inuHt  1h'  any  nttcmpt  to  resist  tlir  rnitid 
States,  and  tli(>  Aiiicricaiis  how  (.'usy  would  lie  the 
o«'cii|)atloii  of  Santa  Vv.  I  )oul>tli'ss,  certain  inoiiiiiicnt 
tradeis  had  Keen  at  work  virtually  as  secret,  a'^en  s  of 
the  j;'over'nin(>nt  at  Washington,  which  tVoni  their  iv- 
])oi'ts  had  come  to  helievi;  th;it  no  serious  o|i|i(isiti(iu 
was  to  he  ex])ected  to  tin;  chani^u  of  ila^.  It  was 
uiiderst  )od  that  tin;  N»'W  Mexicans,  after  Iohl;-  \i  ar.s 
of  ncLiflect  and  so-called  oppression,  liad  retained  hiu  u 
nominal  alien'iaiice  to  ^lexico;  that  many  inthinitial 
citizens,  fi'om  motives  of  personal  interest  as  tradcis 
or  land-owners,  desired  the  downfall  of  Mexican  rule; 
tliat  mr.ny  others  wi're  convinced  that  resistance  wmild 
be  useles-;,  and  nioro  tlian  half  convinced  that  the 
cliange  would  he  a  hcnetit;  that  prominent  oilicials 
were  already  dis[)osed,  or  mioht  l>o  influenced  hy  cer- 
tain app<'als  to  their  love  of  ^ain,  or  and)ition  forollicc, 
to  suhmit  without  a  struiifi^le  to  the  inovitaiile;  that 
the  masses  might  he  controlled  for  the  most  part 
tlirough  the  leaders;  and  that  Hnally,  any  o|>]>(»itiun 
based  on  pride,  patriotism,  or  prejudice  of  race  or  iv- 
ligion,  must  he  more;  than  counterbalanced  by  lack  of 
unitv,  of  leaders,  of  arms,  and  other  resourciis,  Tims 
Kearny's  army  of  the  west  was  sent  to  occupy,  not 
literally  to  conquer,  New  ]\Iexico.  Nevertheless,  the 
enterprise  was  one  attended  with  many  risks. 

Man'oftin,  or  Don  Santiago,  was  an  Ii-ish  Kentuck- 
ian,  long  in  the  Santa  Fe  trade,  a  man  of  wealth,  with 
unlimited  capacity  for  drinking  wine  and  making 
friends,  speaking  the  S[)anish  language,  and  on  friendly 
terms  with  most  of  the  leading  men  in  New  ^[exiro 
and  Chihuahua.  At  Washington  he  was  introduced 
by  Senator  Benton  to  the  president  and  secretary  et 
war,  and  at  the  re(|uest  of  the  three  agr"ed  to  accom- 
pany the  expedition,  professing  his  ability  to  pieveiit 
any  armed  resistance  on  the  part  of  Governor  Armijo 
and  his  officers."     Cooke's  party,  without  adventures 

<>  nciitniis  Thirty  Ydirfi'  V!ni\  ii.  OS'2-4.  In  tlie  Cnl.  ami  X.  Mij:,  .!/'«. 
and  Dor.,  l8-',n,  p.  Ii40-1,  are  liitter.s  of  -Iniie  18tli,  from  Sec.  Miircy  ti>  Kuaiiiy 
ami  to  tliu  coiniiiaudaiit  of  the  Cliiliualiua  ex^juditioii,  introducing  Mugutliu 


MAOOFFINS    MISSION. 


418 


rciniiriii'JC  notice,  arrivi-d  tlio  I'Jtli  of  Aujjfust  at  Santa 
Vr.  u  licii'  lie  was  liospitalily  rocinved  l»y  Aniiijo,  who, 
altliiiii!4li  \\o  "sci'Uicd  to  think  tliat  tht;  apjji'oach  of 
tliL'  iiiiiiy  was  rath«T  sudtK'n  and  rapid,"  coiu-hidt'd  to 
send  ii  connnissioiuT  in  tiiu  pijr.son  of  ])r  Connelly, 
with  wlioni  tlu'  captain  sot  out  next  day  on  his  ri'turii 
t(i  meet  the  army."  Moanwhilo,  according  to  Benton, 
our  niily  authority,  and  as  there  is  perhaps  no  reason 
to  (Idiiht,  Ma!j;dtfin  easily  prevaikul  on  th(.'  o()Vfrnor  to 
j)r(iiiiis(!  that  no  deh  nee  should  he  made  at  Aj)acho 
('.iiioii,  a  point  on  the  ap[)roach  to  Santa  Fe  whicii 
iiiii^lit  have  heeii  held  hy  a  small  force.  Ho  had  more 
(lillieulty  with  Archuleta,  the  second  in  command,  hut 
bv  ii|'|»ealing'  to  his  ambition,  and  sug'4estins2f  that  l)y 
a  pioiiunciannento  ho  mio-ht  secure  for  himself  western 
New  Mexico,  on  wliich  Kearny  had  no  designs,  ho  at 
jeiintli  overcame  that  officer's  patriotic  ohjections,  and 
thus  ,s  ;curetl  an  open  road  for  tho  army/ 

as  .1  iii;i;i  ngarik'il  Ijy  the  prasident  as  ono  who  could  romler  important  ser- 
vices. M.i^dtliii  WMs  ai'coinpaniL'd  liy  a  frieml,  <!oiizalez,  a  tradiT  of  I'hiliua- 
liiia;  and  at'tcr  aci'oii.pli.-ihiiig  his  purpuse  at  Sta  Ft',  he  went  Houth  to  prepare 
tho  way  tor  (icii.  ANUdI  as  he  liad  ihine  for  Kearny.  Here,  liowever,  he  was 
siis|i'.ctcd,  and  kejit  a  priscmer  for  a  hm^  time.  After  the  peaee  lie  returned 
til  W  ashiii;.'ton,  wliei'e  Benton,  in  a  seeret  sessiim  of  tiie  senate,  ohtaiued  for 
liiiii  (III  a|i|ii(ipriation  of  S")0,()((()  for  .seeret  serviees,  of  whieh  sum  a  nt^w  ad- 
iiiiiiistiatiiiii,  alter  mueh  iiai;gling,  paid  .s;{(),(MM),  a  sum  liarely  eoveriug  .M.'s 
cxin'iisis  and  losses.  Says  IJeutou:  ' Tile  pajier  wliieli  he  liled  in  the  war  otfieo 
iiKiy  fiiiiiisli  some  material  for  iiistory — some  insigiit  into  the  way  of  making 
c'liiKniests — if  ever  examined.  This  is  tho  seeret  history  of  Oeii.  Kearny '.s 
cxiiLditioii,  given  heeause  it  would  not  he  found  in  the  dooiimeiits."  In  tho 
C'll.  iiiiil  X.  M<:i:,  Mc.^s.,  p.  •_'.■(((,  is  another  letter  of  See.  ^larey  of  May  'JTtli 
til  Kianiy,  auiioUMeiiig  that  the  jiresiduut  has  determined  to  send  a  eatliolio 
ol  yniid  .standing,  aide  to  speak  Spauisli,  to  serve  as  a  kind  of  ehaplain,  with 
a  view  of  allayini,'  religious  prejudiees  of  the  New  ^Icxiuaiia  against  the  U.  S. 
I  liave  no  reeord  that  sueh  a  man  was  sent. 

''  The  <  '<)iii/i(rsf.  ojWcir  Mi-.iiro  niii/  ( 'tilij'urnhi :  an  hisUirinil  itml  prr.wiinl  nur- 
rni'irr.  liij  /'.  St  (I'in.  Cniib',  lirliiiii/iir,  hnnt  imijiir-iii  m  ml  I'.  S.  A.,  mitlior 
f;/'j  Sl•l^,|l'.^  iiml  A  i/ri)if'in'.<  in  tin'  A  niii/:  or,  /'tiiiidiin;  of  MiUlirij  Life, '  </c.  N.  Y., 
lNi>i.  Il-'iiio.  The  diary  of  this  advanee  trip  is  found  on  p.  0-34,  and  there 
fiillnw  1,'iiiid  aeeouuts  of  later  events,  the  mareh  to  t'al.,  etc. 

'  \\  iiil(!,  as  1  have  said,  there  may  he  no  reason  to  question  the  general 
aicuiaoy  (if  IJiiiitons  version,  or  to  doiilit  that  Magotlin  really  obtained  tiiese 
liKniiises  from  Arinijo,  Archuleta,  and  others,  yet  it  is  iirolialde  tliat  there  is 
iimrji  exaggeration  in  the  implied  opinion  that  the  U.  S.  relied  mainly  on,  (ir 
tiiiit  iveariiys  success  was  due  mainly  to,  M.'s  negotiations  at  tliis  time.  M.'s 
elinits  wiji'e  ratlier  the  su]iplenient  or  conclusion  to  a  long  chain  of  investiga- 
tiiiiis  and  negotiations  hy  iiimself  and  others.  Kearny's  immunity  from  armed 
oiiliiisitioii  of  a  serious  nature  rested  on  something  more  than  Migotlin's  abil- 
ity t(i  manage  the  N.  Mexican  leaders. 


!!■  i. 


imiiHtitu  11 ...— 


•'  t 


h; 


414 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Unfortunately  we  have  no  definite  information  from 
New  Mexican  sources  respecting  Armijo's  prejvira- 
tions,  real  or  pretended,  for  defence;  and  tlic  fra*f- 
mentary  rumors  that  found  their  way  into  cmrriit 
narratives  are  meagre,  contradictory,  and  of  no  value. 
The  governor  understood  perfectly  his  iiiability  to 
make  any  effective  resistance;  and  all  that  he  did  in 
that  direction  was  with  a  view  merely  to  'save  bis 
responsibility '  as  a  Mexican  officer,  even  if  he  did  not, 
as  is  probable,  definitely  resolve  and  promise  not  to 
fight.  The  people  were  called  upon,  as  usual  in  such 
cases,  to  rise  and  repel  the.  invader;  and  n,  considcr.vhle 
force  of  militia  was  organized  and  joined  the  two  or 
three  hundred  soldiers  of  the  army.  These  nu.x  li- 
aries  were,  however,  but  half  in  earnest  and  most 
inadequately  armed.  If  any  considerable  portion  of 
them  or  their  officers  ever  thought  seriouslv^  of  fiu'ht- 
ing  the  Americans,  their  patriotic  zeal  rapidly  disap- 
peared as  the  numbers  and  armament  of  the  invaders 
became  more  clearly  known  from  returning  scouts, 
who,  in  many  instances,  were  captured  and  released 
by  Kearn3^  With  perhaps  2,000  men — tiiough  Ameri- 
can reports  double  the  number — Armijc)  seems  to  have 
marched  out  to  Apache  Canon  with  the  avowed  inten- 
tion of  meeting  the  enemy;  but  on  the  last  day,  in 
consequt'nce  of  differences  of  opinion  between  the  gen- 
eral and  his  oflScers,  tlie  former  dismissed  the  auxili- 
aries to  their  homes,  and  with  his  presidial  troops 
retreated  to  the  south  by  way  of  Galisteo,  near  which 
point  he  hft  his  cannon.  Arniijo  was  blamed  hy 
the  many  who  were  hostile  to  the  invaders  and  who 
were  ashamed  to  see  their  country  tlius  surreiidtud 
without  a  struggle.  Doubtless  the  governor,  had  he 
desired  it,  might  nave  waged  a  Ljuerilla  warfare  that 
would  have  given  the  foe  much  trouble;  and  there  is 
much  cause  to  believe  that  his  reason  for  not  doing  so 
was  not  a  [)raiseworthy  desire  to  prevent  the  'is^h.^- 
shedding  of  his  subjects'  blood.^ 

*'In  BvMninnr)tr,  Nnrrn  Bernnl  Dim,  ii.  103-5,  is  an  account  of  the  X.  M"X. 
afifair  nu'dc  up  from  newspaper  artiuleii  founded  on  information  from  Cluliua- 


KEARNY  S  MARCH. 


415 


trasx- 


Kearny's  array  left  Bent's  Fort  on  the  2d  of  Au- 
mist.  The  route  was  nearly  identical  with  the  later 
lino  of  stage  travel,  and  differed  but  slightly  frcm 
that  (if  tlio  modern  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe 
railroad.  The  march  was  a  tedious  one,  there  being 
iiiaiiv  cases  of  fatal  illness  among  the  volunteers. 
Thr(»ui4li  some  miscalculation  or  mismanagement  of 
the  sui>i)ly  trains,  the  men  were  on  short  rations  for  a 
larger  part  of  the  way;  and  it  was  be:  i'jjs  a  season  of 
drouuiit.  Tlio  advance  was  in  seroial  divisions,  by 
sliohtly  different  routes  from  da-y  lo  day,  in  order  to 
utilizo  the  Scanty  water  and  grass.  Fitzpatrick  was 
the  guide,  Robidoux  the  interpreter,  w4iile  Be».t  coni- 
iiiaiuh'd  a  cr  nipany  of  spies.  After  the  settlements 
wei(.'  reached,  American  residents,  such  as  Towle, 
Bon  lit' V,  Wells,  and  Spry,  were  met,  and  gave  infor- 
mation respecting  the  state  of  things  at  Santa  Fe  and 
Taos.  Small  parties  of  Mexican  scouts  were  also  fre- 
quently captured,  or  came  voluntarily  into  camji,  where 
they  gave  vague  and  contradictory  accounts  of  Armi- 
jo's  ])rcparations  for  defence,  and  whence,  being  set  at 
lihei'ty,  tht\y  carried  back  exaggerated  reports  of  the 
American  force  and  cannon,  with  copies  of  Kearny's 
prochunation.  On  the  14th,  15th,  and  IGth,  respect- 
ively, the  army  reached  Las  Vegas,  Tecolote,  and 
San  ]\riguel  del  Va<lo.  At  each  of  these  places, 
Keaiiiv — now  briiiadier-ffeneral  by  a  commission  re- 
ccivcd  at  Las  Vegas — made  a  speech  from  a  house- 
top, absolving    the  people    from  their  allegiance  to 

liiui.  \\'itli  srvoral  blunders  it  contains  very  little  ilefinito  ami  at'curato  in- 
foiiiia*'Mii.  I'tuarny's  force  is  put  at  3, (KM),  with  l,0()i)  iii  tlio  rear,  giianliug  a 
cur.iwui  wliose  goods  amounted  to  S1,(K)0,0(M).  Ariuijo  retreated  liueause  ho 
ciiiilil  lidt  I'oiitrol  his  men,  wlio  sliowed  a  disposition  to  paiw  over  to  tlio 
I'luiiiy.  though  the  people  lilained  him.  He  had  gou  to  Kl  I'aso,  v  here  a 
stand  ivoiiiil  he  made,  as  400  men  from  Chili,  had  started  too  late  for  the  pro- 
IwtidM  of  N.  Me.K.  At  the  Canon  de  Peeo.s,  on  Aug.  14tli,  he  had  •.',U()0  men, 
of  wliniii  'JTO  were  regular  troops,  with  7  guns.  ()n  tlie  l.")th,  di.spiites  witli 
tlie  auxiliary  otlieers  caused  him  to  dismiss  tlie  force.  The  guns  were  spiked 
near  (iaiisteo,  and  A.  went  south  with  only  (iO  men.  Kearny  had  made 
Maiioiliii  gov.  at  Sta  F6.  Connelly,  in  the  name  of  the  new  govt,  had  written 
to  luvitc  Armijo  to  return  to  his  post  as  gov.  with  guaranties,  luit  tlie  ofl'er 
Wii.s  111  it  aecepteil.  The  caravan  will  pnu^eed  south  to  El  Paso,  witii  troops 
to  seize  the  <'Ustomdiouse.  There  arc  also  brief  notices  iu  El  Tiemiio,  April 
I'J,  l!>4();  aial  Iria  de  E<tj>ana,  Dec.  12,  184G. 


Ill 


I  i|^ 


rll 


^1'^    ; 


mi 


!l    ■]• 


I   ,-,[. 


11  ':;„!i 


'ti 


416 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Arniijo,  and  pfoniisiiig  protection  to  the  lift',  pr(i|)crty, 
and  religion  of  all  wlio  should  peaceably  suhiiiit  tn  the 
new  oi'tler  of  thintifs;  and  the  alcalde,  and  in  some 
cases  the  militia  officers  of  each  town,  heiii^-  induced 
more  or  less  willingly  to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  United  States,  were  continued  in  office.  A  letter 
was  received  from  Armijo,  makhig  known  his  purjiose 
to  come  out  to  meet  Kearny;  but  whether  as  fiiend 
or  foe,  the  vague  wording  did  not  clearly  indicate. 
Cooke  and  Connelly  were  met  at  Tecolote,  hut  tlic 
message  brought  by  the  latter  is  not  known  to  the 
chroniclers.  Among  the  men  and  subordinate  offi- 
cers, there  was  an  expectation  of  having  to  encounter 
from  2,000  to  10,000  foes  in  the  mountain  defile;  but 
the  general  is  said  to  have  borne  himself  as  coolly  as 
as  if  on  parade,  as  indeed  well  he  might,  knowing- 
how  slight  was  the  danger  of  a  conflict.  At  San 
Miguel  a  jMexican  officer  was  captured — Salazar,  son 
of  the  officer  with  whom  the  Texans  had  to  do  in 
1841 — who  reported  the  flight  of  Armijo.  On  the  1 7th 
the  army  passed  the  rums  of  Pecos;  and  on  the  isth, 
marching  without  the  slightest  opposition  through 
the  famous  canon,  the  Americans  entered  Santa  Kc 
at  G  p.  M.,  being  accorded  a  friendly  reception  by 
Juan  ]1  N'igil,  the  acting  governor.  The  flag  of  the 
United  States  was  raised  at  sunset,  and  saluted  witli 
thirteen  guns.  (xcneral  Kearny  slejjt  in  the  old 
palacio,  and  the  army  encampetl  on  an  adjoining  emi- 
nence. Thus  was  the  ca[)ital  of  New  Mexico  occu- 
pied without  the  shedding  of  blood." 

'If  Crfiicnil  Konrny  over  made  a  detailed  report  of  this  cainpaiu'u  I  Imve 
not  found  it.  A  hriiif  stateiiiont  is  fo\iiid  in  liis  letter  of  An;.,'.  '..'4tii,  on  p. 
5,1  (!0  of  C'utt.s"  'J'/ir  Coti'iWKt  of  ('iili/oriiiii  anil  Acw-  Mcvko,  hij  llif  fairr^  of  lln' 
i'lii/ii/  Sfdtr.i,  ill  till'  i/nir-'i  ISZ/d  iiiii/  /Sj7.  By  ,liiiii(>.'<  Mmlmm  Cult-',  irillim- 
iirariii-j-',  jilans  if  hitlt(i\  </i:,  I'hil.,  KS47,  l"2ino.  Tliis  is  an  exeoUeiit  iKunitivi' 
en  rtsuiiie  of  the  whole  comiuest,  the  earliest  pul)lislied,  and  suoplciiK  iitnl 
with  many  orii;iiial  doeunients,  a  few  of  wliieh  I  have  not  found  else«  lu n'. 
The  most  eomplete  oriL;inal  record  of  the  niareli  to  Sta  V6  in  to  l)e  found  on 
p.  I.")-;{'2of  Emory's  A''</(.'*(i/'((  .\f/l'liiri/  RccoiiuniifuvH'e,  fmm  Fnit  Ledi'ciiimitli, 
ill  MLsnoiiri,  /<)  S<ni  Dieijn.  in  ('nbfiniiit,  inrlw/iii'/  jiirt  <f  tin:  A  rkini'<ii'<,  0<i 
Xorti,  awl  Gilii  rlvvrx.  Bij  Lieut. -cid  11'.  If.  ICninri/.  Mmlc  in  JS.'/!-?,  vith 
till'  (ii/rim-e  i/iiard  of  thf  ''a  nil)/ of  (lie  IIW.'  Wash..  1S4S,  Xvo  {U.  S.  d'H 
Doc,  30tli  eong.    1st  scss.,   U.'  E.\.   Duo.   41,  Sen.   Ex.   Doc.  7).     This  w  » 


tm\m\ 


OCCUPATION   OF  SANTA  FE. 


417 


On  the  day  following  his  entry  into  the  capital, 
GuiuTal  Kearny  caused  the  people  to  bu  asseniljled 
in  the  plaza,  where  thrt)Ugh  an  interpreter  he  made  a 
snrceli.  Then  the  acting  governor,  secretary,  alcal- 
dts,  and  other  officials  took  the  required  oath  of  al- 
legiance, Go^'ernor  Vigil  also  delivering  a  brief  address^ 
and  I'tading  the  general's  earlier  proclamation.  The 
oxei'eisc-  were  similar,  if  somewhat  less  hurried,  to 
the  earlier  ones  at  Las  Vegas  and  San  Miguel.  The 
New  Mexicans  as  subjects  of  the  United  States  from 
this  time  were  assured  of  full  protection  for  their 
lives,  pioperty,  and  religion,  not  only  against  Ameri- 
can depredators,  but  against  the  Mexican  nation,  (lov- 
ernor  Armijo,  and  their  Indian  foes.  Three  daj's 
later  Kearny's  position  was  fully  explained  in  the 
formal  proclamation  which  is  appended.'" 

aiary  day  liy  day  down  to  and  including  the  march  to  Cal.  It  is  largely  de- 
votbil  to  a  scientific  description  of  tlie  country  visited,  and  contains  drawings. 
Eiiiunfn  Jdiiniiil  (unofficial),  extcniling  from  Aug.  '2d  to  Sept.  Rtli,  was  puh- 
liilicil  in  the  newspapers,  and  1  find  it  in  Xilef'  fieijintcr,  Ixxi.  138-40,  157-9, 
174-i).  Ill  Id.,  1H)-'J,  is  a  fragment  of  the  journal  of  some  officer  not  named, 
ciiviTing  the  period  of  Aug.  llith-'2Hd.  Cooke's  diary,  Cnwjucut,  H4  et  seep, 
also  iin'hulcs  the  march  of  the  main  army  from  the  loth  of  Aug.,  and  of 
course  it  is  described  liy  Huglies  and  the  rest.  Says  Cooke:  'I  eommauiled 
the  advance  guard,  and  held  to  the  main  road,  not  receiving  orders  to  take 
tliu  (il)suiiie  route,  known  to  the  general,  which  turned  the  position  at  the 
cafloii.  As  1  [lasscd  it  1  concluded  that  important  information  had  been  re- 
Cfivcd  ill  tlie  night.  ,So  it  proved,  and  I  found  at  the  rocky  gorge  only  a 
rude  Ijicastw  oik  of  large  trees  felleil  across  it.  It  had  evidently  proved  iin- 
[Kissildc  to  giv  e  coherence  to  the  wretclied  mass  of  our  opponents  wlio  were 
now  fur  tlie  first  time  assemhled  togetlier.  Tliey  became  panic-stricken  at 
(line  (111  tlie  approadi  of  such  an  imposing  array  of  horsemen  of  a  suiierior 
race,  and  it  aiipeared,  overestimatt!d  our  numbers,  which  the  reports  of  igno- 
laiK'c  and  fear  iiad  vastly  magnified.' 

'' '  I'loclaiiiation  1  As  by  tlie  act  of  the  republic  of  Mexico,  a  state  of  war 
exi.sts  lii'twciii  that  government  ami  the  U.  S  ,  and  as  the  undersigned,  at  the 
luad  oi  liis  troo)  ,s,  on  tlio  18tli  took  possession  of  Sta  Fe, .  .  .he  now  aiiiiouuces 
lii.^i  iiiliiitioM  to  liold  tile  department,  witli  its  original  bonndr.ric.s  (botli  side.i 
ot  the  llid  Norte)"— so  it  seems  the  original  boundaries  were  on  both  sidci  1  — 
'as  a  part  of  the  U.  S.,  and  umier  the  naiiie  of  the  territory  of  New  Mi  \ico. 
The  niid(rsiL;iii.'d  has  come  to  N.  Mex.  with  a  strong  military  force,  and  an 
i'i|iially  .strong  one  is  following  close  in  his  rear.  He  has  more  troop>;  tlian 
lactssary  to  put  (hiwn  any  opposition  tliat  can  ]>ossibly  be  lirought  against 
liiiM,  and  tlierefore  it  would  be  fidly  and  maihirss  for  any  diss.itislii' I  or 
di.fc.iiiitinted  per.sons  totbinkof  resisting  him.  Tiie  ntidersigied  iias  in-lrue- 
tioiis  lioiii  his  govt  to  respect  tlie  religious  institulion.s  of  N.  Mex.,  to  ]iiiileet 
tlio  jiro|i(rty  of  the  eliundi,  to  cause  the  worsiiip  of  tiiose  belonging  to  it  to 
lie  iiiidi>tui  Ixd,  and  their  religious  rigiits  in  the  anijili'st  niamier  piiscrveil 
to  till  Ml,  Also  to  protect  the  persons  and  jiroperty  of  all  (piiet  and  jn  ace- 
alili'  niliahitants  witiiin  its  boundaries,  against  their  (Miemies  the  Utis.  Nava- 
jo.s,  aud  oth  IS.  And  while  he  ussiires  all  that  it  will  be  his  pleasure  a.s  well 
lU.r.  .Uui.  .v.Nu  N.  Miix.    '.7 


\       { 


"■■m 


uiiillllilT 


Mwmm 


;Mf 


'.I  i;  ,  11 


418 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


From  tlie  9th  for  many  days  representatives  of  other 
towns,  of  the  Indian  pueblos,  and  in  some  cases  of 
Navajo,  Yuta,  and  even  Apache  bands,  came  to  listm 
to  the  general's  explanations  of  United  States  jxilic  v, 
and  to  offer  peaceful  submission  to  his  autliotitv. 
Many  among  the  ignorant  ])opulace  had  been  l.d  to 
believe  that  they  would  be  r<.)bbed,  outraged,  or  mur- 
dered by  the  Americanos;  and  many  of  a  higlior  class 
hail  left  the  city  with  their  families  in  fear  of  insults 
from  a  lawless  soldiery;  but  these  fears  were  to  a 
considerable  extent  removed  by  the  general's  words 
and  acts,  and  many  of  the  fugitives  returned  to  tlicir 
homes.  A  flag-staff  to  bear  the  stars  and  strijies  was 
raised  in  the  })laza.  Captain  Emory  on  the  IDth 
selected  a  site  for  a  fort,  and  four  days  later  work  was 
beo;'un  on  Fort  Marcv,  an  adobe  structure  commandiu'T 

t    '  O 

the  city  from  an  adjoining  hill.  The  animals  were 
sent  to  the  region  of  Galisteo  to  a  grazing  cam|>  guaidcd 
by  a  detachment  under  Lieutenant-colonel  llutf.  On 
the  '2;!d  and  following  Sundavs  the  ufeneral  and  staff 
attended  church;  on  express  for  tlie  states  was  de- 
spatched on  the  2r)th;  and  in  the  evening  of  the  '27t\\ 

as  liis  duty  to  comply  witli  those  instructions,  lie  calls  upon  them  to  ixcrt 
thiMnsclvi's  iu  preserving  onhr,  in  promoting  concord,  .ind  in  maiutaiiiinjf 
the  auliiority  and  efficiency  of  the  Liws;  to  recpiire  of  tiiosc  sviio  have  hit 
their  lioiiie.s,  and  taken  up  arms  against  the  trooi>s  of  tiie  U.  N.,  to  rrturii 
foi'thwith  to  them,  or  else  they  will  he  considered  as  enemies  and  traitois  (!), 
suiijeeting  their  persons  to  punishment  and  their  ju-operty  to  seizure  :iiiil 
coiitiseation  f(U'  the  hcnetit  of  the  puhlic  treasui'y.  It  is  the  wish  and  iut.-ii- 
tion  of  the  U.  S.  to  j)rovide  for  N.  Mex.  a  free  govt,  witli  tiie  least  |m>ssiI.1' 
delay,  sinnlar  to  those  iu  the  U.  S.,  and  tiio  peo[)le  of  N.  Mex.  will  tiicii  lio 
called  oil  to  exercise  tlic  rights  of  free  men  in  electing  tlu'ir  own  npiisei.ti- 
tives  to  the  tiTritorial  legislature;  but  until  this  can  he  dcin<',  the  liws 
hitherto  iu  existence  will  he  continued  until  changed  or  nuiditied  l)y  cdiiiih!- 
tent  authoritj';  and  those  persons  holding  office  will  contiinie  iu  tiie  saiiic  ini- 
the  present,  provided  they  will  consider  tliomselves  good  citizens  and  wilhiij,' 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  U.  S.  The  undersigned  herel>y  ahsolvcs 
all  persons  residing  witiiiu  the  boundary  of  N.  Mex.  from  further  alh'i^iiia'i; 
to  tlie  republic  of  Mexico,  and  hereliy  elaims  them  as  citizi'us  of  tlie  V .  S. 
Those  who  remain (piiet  and  peaceable  will  lie  considered  as  good  citizen-^  iiid 
receive  protection.  Tiiosc  wlio  are  found  iu  arms,  or  instigating  uliurs 
against  tiie  U.  S.,  will  bo  considered  as  traitors  (II,  and  treated  a<'i-oiiliiiL'l>  ; 
I)on  Manuel  .\rinijo,  the  late  gov.  of  this  deiiartinent,  lias  tied  from  it.  'Ihu 
unilersigiied  has  taken  possession  of  it  M'ithout  tiring  a  gun  or  slu'diliiig  a  ilro[) 
of  blood  in  which  he  most  truly  rejoices;  and  for  the  prest'iit  will  becoiisnKivil 
as  governor  of  this  territory.  Hiven,  etc.,  Sta  Ke,  Aug.  '2'2,  \S'M\.  I!\  ilij' 
(loveriior.  S.  W.  Kearny,  Brigadier-lleiieral.'  The  copy  in  r»//v  reads  .s.  W. 
Kearny,  lirig-geu.  U.  S.  A.,  by  the  governor,  .Fuan  HautisUi  ^  igil  y  Alarid.' 


KEARNY  AT  THE  CAPITAL. 


419 


Kianiv  s^avo  a  grand  ball  to  officers  and  citizens. 
Minor  military  niovenieiits,  sucli  as  the  arrival  of  .small 
partii  s  that  had  lagf^ud  on  the  way  and  the  stationing 
of  local  detachments,  need  not  be  noticed  in  detail. 
Tlicio  were  unfounded  rumors  of  hostile  pre[)arati()ns 
ill  tlif  south,  and  that  Colonel  Ugarte  was  approaching 
with  a  .\[exican  force  from  Chiliuahua,  which  caused 
Kearny  to  march  down  the  river  with  nearly  half  his 
army.  This  tour  extended  to  Tom^,  occupied  the  time 
from  the  2d  to  the  13th  of  September,  and  re\ealed 
no  iiKhcations  of  hostility  among  the  abajenos. 

r);ick  at  Santa  Fe,  the  general  sent  strrnig  detach- 
ments under  ]\lajor  Gilpin  and  Lieutenant-colonel 
Jackson,  who  had  succeeded  lluti*  by  election  of  the 
volunteers— to  Abiquii'i  and  Cebolleta  on  the  Navajo 
frontier;  and  gave  his  attention  to  the  organization 
of  a  civil  government  put  in  operation  on  the  2'2d  of 
Se])tember.  Then  on  the  25th,  he  set  out  on  the 
march  to  California  by  the  (;!ila  route,  with  his  300 
dragoons,  two  thirds  of  which  number,  however,  were 
jtnscntly  sent  back,  when  Kit  Carson  was  met  with 
the  inaccurate  news  that  the  conquest  of  California 
had  already  been  accomidiwhed.^'  Orders  left  were  to 
the  eli'ect  that  the  AEormon  Jiattalion  should  follow 
the  general  to  California,  and  that  Doniphan's  regi- 
ment, on  the  arrival  of  l^rice's  to  take  its  place,  should 
mai'cli  south  to  join  General  Wool  at  Chihuahua. 
Among  tlie  volunteers  f)f  both  regiments  there  was 
much  sickness,  causi'd  to  a  considerable  extent  by  in- 
(hd;^ence  in  the  various  dissipations  of  the  Xi'W  ^lex- 
icaii  metropolis.  Some  300  of  the  Missourians  art; 
said  to  have  been  buried  at  Santa  Fe.  There  \»as 
also  a  great  scarcity  of  supplies,  the  eonunissary  de- 
paitnieiit    of  the    army    of  the    west    l)eing    grossly 

Src  /lit/.  Cut.,  v..  for  till' ctitKiucst  of  Ciil.,  indiiditij^  Kraiu\".i  iiuinli 
arruvs  tlio  ci^tinviit,  ami  ilisastLT  at  S.  Pa.scual.  Emorif.H  X  ,fi  -i  is  tlio  iiio.st 
i'iiiM|ili'tu  ti«Tative  of  tlio  iiuircli.  Ci.rsoii  was  mot  on  Oct.  (itii,  aiul  .')  nl  tho 
t5  loiiiiKuiH*  wi're  s»'iit  I'ack.  It  was  on  Oct.  l.'itii  that  Kearny  kft  tlic  Kio 
•  Jraiiiir.  Ill  aliout  lat.  'X\  '20',  to  utriko  olF  wistwanl  to  tho  (Jila,  whii  h  river 
lie  fnllowrd  ilui»n  to  tho  Colorado.  I  shall  say  more  ot  \\\i  nuiroh  across  N. 
Me\.  ami  Ari/    a  little  later. 


!■    n: 


420 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


']{ 


111 


.^;;:|tiS 


misnianaged,  as  it  appears.  Provisions  must  be 
bougtit  from  fellow-citizciis,  not  seized,  as  in  an  en- 
emy's country;  and  even  the  money  fuinishtd  tlie 
troo[)s  was  not  apparently  of  a  kind  that  could  he 
utilized,  to  say  nothing  of  exorbitant  prices.  The 
men  were  profoundly  disgusted  with  the  country 
and  its  |)eople,  and  their  conn)laints  were  douijtltss 
sonievvhat  too  highly  colored.  Moreover,  the  ic- 
straints  of  military  life  were  irksome  to  the  MLs- 
Hourians,  They  were  willing  to  fight  tlie  ]Mexicans, 
hut  could  not  understand  their  obligation  a.s  soldurs 
to  work  on  the  fort,  wear  their  coats  under  a  hot  sun, 
observe  petty  regulations,  or  obey  orders  against  tlie 
propriety  of  which,  as  American  citizens,  they  could  ])re- 
sent  strong  arguments.  The  popularity  of  the  otliccis 
was  tlujrefore  in  inverse  ratio  to  their  knowledge  and 
enforcement  of  disci})line.  Brawls  and  arrests  Inr 
insubordination  were  of  not  infrequent  occurrc  ncc. 
Yet  amusements  were  not  wanting,  among  ^\lii(h 
wei-e  theatrical  performances  by  a  company  of  military 
amateurs.  ^'•^ 

Coidiiel  Price  with  his  2d  Missouri  volunteers  ar- 
rived at  Santa  Fe  about  the  1st  of  October. '■'     The 

'^lu  Xili'M  lieijiMcr,  Ixx.-iii.  j)a.ssim,  are  many  items  from  various  souroi'.s 
on  all  pluise.s  of  tlie  N  Mex.  caiupaiun,  iiichnliiig  many  coniiilaiuts  lioiu  llu; 
viihuitriivs.  Tlie  ili.sorilers  anil  in.sul>i)riljnati<iii  arc  also  uarrateil  l>y  llii:;lu's 
auil  (itlur.s,  vho  often  ilo^'end  the  volunteers  and  condemn  tlie  ollieers.  Jjiriit.- 
eol  Uiiir  was  mucli  disliked,  and  the  ijiialitii'S  tliat  made  him  iinpoiniliu'  jnn- 
eiired  liini  a  captains  eoiniiiissimi  in  the  reuulirarmy.  A  private  was  cleLtcd 
to  till  liii  place  over  the  major.  (!eo.  F.  Kuxton,  Adrvutiirix  in  Mirini  mnl 
the  A'."///  Muiiii/iini.-i,  N.  Y.,  1848,  p.  ITS  ',10,  an  English  traveller  who  wrote 
from  pcisdiial  ohservation,  pronounced  the  volunteers  'the  dirtiest,  row^liist 
crew  I  have  ever  seen  collected  to;,'ether;'  and  he  gives  a  much  more  uiita\ m- 
alile  account  of  their  lack  of  discipline  in  camp  and  lawlc'ss  conihict  in  town, 
than  any  otlier  writer — prohaMy  too  unfavorahle;  yet  he  admits  they  were 
good  tigliters.  Cutts,  ('on'iiici/,  'J'JO-l,  gives  a  programme  of  the  theatrical 
perforii'     ice  on  t  hristmas  eveniag. 

.1  ('(iiiipdii/ii  III  AV«'  JIfjiro  irilli  Cotoiiil  Don'iplinii.  Bii  Frank  S.  Ediriu-il", 
a  TrAuiit< ir.  With  a  iiKip  of  the  nmtc,  (Uni  <i  luhlc  of  tin'  <Hxli\imfi  trnrvrxnl, 
riiil.,  LM7,  I'-'mo.  This  is  an  interesting  though  brief  narrative  of  the  cam- 
jiaign  ill  \.  Mex.  and  Chiluialiiia,  though  mon^  attention  is  given  to  tiic  coun- 
try and  peojile  than  to  the  historic  seijuence  of  events.  Another  anonyiiiniis 
narrative  is  The  Vitwiurxl  of  Saiila  Fii  and  suhjujiUioa  of  y<iv  Mexico,  I'hil., 
lS-17,  Svo. 

''  I'crliaps  a  little  earlier,  as  the  arrival  was  made  known  to  Kearny  on  liis 
march  Oct.  '-M  or  .'Sd.  I  liave  found  no  narrative  or  report  devoted  especially 
to  the  inovei.icnCs  of  I'lice's  regiment. 


MORMON  TROOrS. 


421 


^fonnon  Battalion  under  Lieutenant  Smith  arrived 
ill  two  divisions  on  the  9th  and  12tli.  On  account  of 
illness  al)out  150  of  the  men  witli  most  of  tlie  families 
AVdv  detached  and  sent  to  winter  at  Puehlo,  in  wliat 
was  later  Colorado,  from  which  point  they  found  their 
^vav  the  next  year  to  Salt  Lake.  The  rest  of  the 
liattalion,  340  strong,  was  put  under  the  command  of 
LieutiMiant-colonel  Cooke,  and  started  on  the  IDth  to 
ful]i)\\'  Kearny  and  open  a  wagon-road  across  tlie  con- 
tinent. Meeting  the  returning  dragoons  on  the  2'.]d 
and  turning  off  from  the  llio  Grande  Xovend>er  l;>t]i, 
tliev  found  it  impracticable  to  find  a  way  for  their 
wagons  toward  the  west,  and  accordingly  directed 
tlieii-  course  farther  soutliward  to  tlie  San  Hcrnai'chno 
nincho  on  the  later  frontier,  and  thence  marched  i)y 
Tucson  to  Kearny's  route  on  the  (xila.  The  adven- 
tures of  the  l)attalif)n  from  its  organization  })ertain  to 
the  historv  of  California  rather  than  to  that  of  Xew 
.Alexico.'^" 

Orders  came  back  from  Kearny  that  Doniphan  be- 
fdiH!  starting  for  Chihuahua  should  undertake  a  cam- 
paign in  the  Navajo  country.  In  September,  as  we 
liave  seen,  Lieutenant-colonel  Jackson  with  three  com- 
panies had  been  sent  to  Cebolhta  on  the  frontier;  and 
from  this  point,  a])parently  before  Kearny's  last  orders 
weie  known,  Captain  lieid,  with  thirty  volunteers 
and  a  chief  called  Sandoval  as  guide,  starting  the  '20t\i 
of  October,  had  in  twenty  days  made  a  somewhat 
remarkable  entrv  far  to  tlie  west  and  north  into  the 
lii'ait.of  the  Xavajo  country.  He  met  the  head  chief 
Xaihdiia,  found  the  Indians  well  disposed  toward  tho 
Americans,  made  ari'angements  foi-  a  treaty  council  at 
Santa  Fe,  and  returned  to  Cebolleta.  Major  (iiliMii, 
who  had  been  stationed  at  Abi(|uiu  in  Septend»ei',  had 
made  an  oxpe(Htion  into  the  Yuta,  country,  and  had 
hidught  some  GO  leading  men  of  that  nation  to  Santa 
Fi',  where  a  treaty  was  made  on  Octolu'r  l;')th.      1  n- 

"Si'o  fli.if.  Ciil.,  v.,  chai).  \viii.,  this  sories.  For  tlu;  nwircli  tlie  a\itliiiiitu;8 
arc   Ti/lrr'n  Hixtonj;  Bijlci's  iJiiri/,  MS.;  Cookr's  Jminvil:    Id.,   Rfjuui:  hi.. 


hi: 


tajutunttSIf 


•*nw\i\* 


i'tHWVIlt  1  II  1 


t :, 


■■  i; 


!^    1    :!1 


A-2'2 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


der  tlio  new  orders,  Gilpin  left  Abiquiii  on  tlic  22(1 
with  his  two  conipunies,  reunforcod  by  G5  [mi^hio  and 
Mexican  allies;  went  up  the  Chama,  crossed  to  the 
San  Juan,  descended  that  river,  reached  the  Clidly 
canons,  thence  apparently  turned  eastward  and  hv 
way  of  the  Laguna  Colorada  reached  a  place  called 
Ojo  del  Oso,  or  ]^ear  Spring,  on  the  20tli  of  Xovtin- 
ber/^  Meanwhile  Donii)han  left  Santa  Fe  on  Octo- 
ber 2nth,  but  from  Albur(j[uerquc  sent  most  of  lii.s 
force  down  the  river  to  Valverde  to  })i'otect  the  caia- 
van  of  traders  and  make  pre[)artions  for  the  nuir(  h  tu 
Chihuahua,'"  With  a  small  party  he  then  went  to 
Covero,  whither  Jackson  had  moved  his  force  fiom 
Cebtdleta.  From  this  })oint,  having  received  a  de- 
spatch from  Giljdn  on  the  San  Juan,  and  sent  in  I'cply 
order's  to  ass.Mnbhi  as  many  Xavajos  as  [K).ssil)lc  at 
Ojo  del  Oso,  Jjoniplian  witJi  Jackson  and  150  men 
started  on  the  loth  toward  the  headwaters  of  the 
l^ierco  and  thence  nortli-westward,  toilin<>-  tliroui-ii 
the  dee[)  snows  and  over  the  mountains,  and  j<»iiiiiii'' 
^lajor  Gilj)in  on  the  21st.  There  were  about  JUO 
Navajos  present,  including  the  chiefs  of  many  bands. 
They  professed  friendship  and  admiration  for  the 
Aniericans,  but  had  nuich  difficulty  in  comprehending- 
why  the  new-comers  should  interfere  with  their  war- 
fare against  the  detested  Mexicans,     At  last,  however, 

'■'I  do  not  finil  this  spring  on  tlic  maps,  hut  suppose  it  was  not  far  from 
Red  Lake,  N.  K.  froui  Ft  ncliancc,  in  tliu  later  ^'avajo  roscrvation.  Itoiii- 
plian's  report  states  that  (iilpin  rtiaeheil  the  Little  ('(>l(ira<iii;  and  HuL;lies' 
narrative  indieates  a  limit  very  far  west  for  lioth  (iilpin  and  Rciil;  Imt  in  tho 
ahsenee  of  original  diaries  I  suppose  tliat  neither  went  inueh  fartlier  west 
than  the  (,'helly,  from  whieh  the  Ojo  del  Oso  was  1  day's  mareh  possilily  west 
but  prol)alily  east. 

"'The  Valverde  detachment  of  ,3  companies  was  under  Capt.  W.ilton,  start- 
ing soutii  on  Nov.  2d  from  a  point  opposite  Allmniuenpie.  ('apt.  Jiiiruuiii 
witli  his  dragoons  also  went  to  the  relief  of  the  traders.  Tiiere  was  a  rumur 
of  a  Mexican  force  a<lvancing  from  the  south.  Tlie  Navajos  had  also  hem 
raiding  Isleta  and  the  southern  towns,  and  Lieut.  (Jrier  pursued  one  p:irty, 
killing  .'i,  and  recovering  captives  and  live-stock.  Walton  I'eaehed  N'alvt  rde 
on  No\.  'J4tli.  All  kinds  of  rumors  were  current;  ,shet^>  and  cattle  were  re- 
peatedly run  off  hy  Indians  and  otliers;  and  two  viduut'H'rs  were  killeil  hy 
the  savages.  An  Eiiglisliman  came  as  ambassador  to  induce  the  traders  to 
dismiss  all  American  teamsters  and  guards,  tr.ist  the  Mexicans,  jiay  Kt  ei  nts 
per  lb.  on  their  uoods,  and  enter  Chihuahua  uuniolestiil.  Some  were  iuchncd 
to  acee]it  tliis  propositnm:  but  Walton  sent  a.  force  to  Fra  Cristobal  to  pro- 
vent  the  passage  of  any  part  of  the  caravan., 


NAVAJO  CAMPAIGN. 


428 


oo,- 


after  a  day  of  spoecli-uuikiiii;',  they  consented  to  a 
tiviitv,  wliicli  was  formally  signed  ou  the  '2-d  hy  Doni- 
jiliaii.  Jackson,  and  Gili)in  on  the  one  side,  and  t'our- 
tic'ii  chieftains  on  the  other.'"  Its  terms  included  "a 
fiiiii  and  lasting  |)eaee"  between  the  Xavajos  and 
Anuricjuis— the  latter  to  include  New  ^lexicans  and 
I'lU'hlos;  nmtual  free  trade,  including  visits  i'or  tiading 
i)uri)()scs;  mutual  restoration  of  all  captives,  and  of  all 
|)t(i|»iity  takeii  since  the  I8th  of  August.  Gifts  were 
oxciiangcd,  and  then  the  parties  separated.  The  Am(!r- 
icaiis  returned  by  difierent  routes,  one  division  with 
till'  tlirec  regimental  officers  and  a  few  native  chief- 
tains going  by  way  of  Zuni,  where  on  the  2(Jth  a 
tivaty  was  concluded  between  the  Zuhis  and  Navajos. 
All  were  reunited  at  Yalverdo  about  December  I'itii. 
Tlu!  tr'caties,  like  dozens  of  eai'lier  ones  with  the  same 
triltes,  had  but  slight  })ractical  effect;  but  the  journals 
(if  the  different  branches  of  this  complicated  campaign 
if  txtant  would  doubtless  furnish  many  hiteresting 
and  \aluable  items  of  geographical  information.'"* 

Before  the  coh)ners  return  from  the  Navajo  cam- 
paign James  ^Magoffin  with  Dr  Connelly  and  a  few 
otlieis  Acntured  southward,  but  were  arrested  at  El 
J*as()  and  carried  as  prisoners  to  Chihuahua;  tlie  trad- 
ers also  started  in  advance  of  the  army,  by  which  they 
wnv  overtaken  on  the  way;  and  a  company  of  vohm- 
treis  known  as  the  Chihuahua  Ranwrs  left  Santa  Fe 
en  December  1st  under  Captain  Hudson,  with  the  idea 
of  o|»ening  conmumication  with  General  Wool,  but 
tiny  also  turned  back  to  join  the  army  before  reach- 
ing VA  Paso.  Finally  Donii)lian's  army  of  about  900 
men   left  Valverde   in   three   divisions   on   the    14th, 

'"Tlio  treaty  of  Ojo  del  Oso  is  given  in  Huijlu'-'i'  Donqihun's  E.iyci/.,  l.SS-9. 

'^'I'licre  is  a  very  brief  undated  report  ot  the  eani|);iigii  by  Col  Doniphan 
in  th('  ihicuiiietits  aceonipanyiiig  the  president's  message  of  Dee.  7,  1847. 
r,  S.  dart  J)oi\,  liOth  cong.  1st  sess.,  Sen.  l']x.  Doe.  i.,  p.  4!M).  .A.  ditailiMl 
r('|i(irt  is  promised,  hut  I  have  not  found  it.  Tiie  most  eoiiiplete  narrative, 
and  a  vtwy  satisfactory  one  exeopt  in  certain  fieograpliic  respects,  is  that  in 
llii'i/iis'  J>,iiiipl)iiii'.i  E.rpi'f/.,  143~!)4.  The  subject  is  aUo  recorded  more  or  loss 
fully  in  the  other  narratives  already  lited  in  this  cliapter.  Collins,  in  /ml. 
■  [f.  /'ijiort,  l.S.")8,  p.  ISS,  tells  us  that  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  were  not 
ohjurved  by  the  Indians,  who  continued  to  murder  tind  steal  aa  bufuio. 


,    AVI 


iwwm 


%>: 


^ 


pi 


i 


i^it' 


1; 


I.    '  i^    !;i 


iiHl  \ 


K  i: 


1]      1    ^ 

■    'i    I 

;] 

i 

;  ■ 
j 

; 

i- 

I 

i 

:■•!'' 

k 

|,:      : 

'   .,:■  1. 

■    i- 

LI™ 

ff 

' ,!  '■  1 

] 

424 


AMERICAN   OCCUrATIdX   OF  NDW   ^rKXI(■(). 


IGtli,   and    10th    of  ])c>cc!inl)cr.      After  passing   flm 
Joniada  (lt;l  ]\Iucrto  all  were  reunited  on  the  JJ.l  at 
Dona  Ana,  including  Hudson's  company  and  tin-  trad- 
ers.    Two  Mexican  scouts  were  killed  with  oiiu  Imllet 
on  tlic  24th;  and  at  Kl  ]^racito,  sonic  30  niilos  Ik  low 
IJona  Ana,  on    (^hristnias  ai't(!rnoou  a  force  ct"  tlio 
enemy,  estimated  at  about  GOO  regulars — A^M-a  ( 'ruz 
dragoons,  witli  cavalry  and  infantry  from  C'hiliiialuia 
—and  500  El  Paso  militia,  M-as  encountered.     T!k's(3 
troops,  connnanded    by   an   ofHcer   named    ]\)n(('  do 
Leon,  made  a  charge  upon  the  Americans,  l)ut  iM'iiid- 
met  by  a  volley  of  ritlc  bullets  at  short  range  were 
forced  to  retreat,  pursued  for  a  short  distance,  and  los- 
ing perhaps  thirty  men  killed.^"     No  furtlu'r  <))>iM»si- 
tion  was  encountered,  and  on  ])ecember  27tli,  Doni- 
phan took  possession  of  El  Paso,  the  citizcMis  liaving 
come   out   to   meet  him   with   a    white   flag,  oH'ciing 
surrt^nder  and  asking    for  clemency    and  protection. 
After  a  stay  of  forty-two  days,  and  being  reenfrnved 
by  117  men  of  the  artillery  batallion  under  Clark  and 
Weightman  from  Santa  Fe,   the  army   marclicd  on 
February   8,    1847,  for  Chihuahua,  which  city  tiny 
occupied  at  the  beginning  of  March,  after  a  brilliant 
victory  over  four  times  their  own  nundjer  of  !^[exi(■un 
troops  at  Sacramento.     General  Wool  was  not  licre, 
and  after  holding  the  town  about  two  months  toawiiit 
orders  and   protect  the   traders  in   the   sale  of  tlirir 
goods,  ]3oniphan    marclu-d   on  to   Saltillo,   presently 
returning):  by  water  via  New  Orleans  to  ^[issouri  as 
the  time  of  the  volunteers  had  expired.      The  ex[)cdi- 

'^Semi-dflicial  report  of  Lieut.  ('.  11.  Kibbeu  of  tlio  artillery  in  Cn/Z-i 
Coiiq.,  77;  UrddL'fi'  (anqin'Kjn,  Hi!)  71.  K.  says  'the  immlitr  of  their  driiil  k 
saiil  to  1)0  iit  least  30;  that  of  their  wouieleil  was  slight  so  far  as  aseertaiiiril.' 
IJrooks,  p.  87,  says  the  Mexieaii  loss  in  killed  ami  woimded  was  ahoiit  '_'((() 
men!  Hughes,  J)nni]>/i(ni'.i  E.i"}iri).,  '2()(i,  puts  the  los8  at  71  killed,  5  piisnu- 
crs,  .and  not  less  than  loO  wounded  iiuluding  their  general,  I'ouee  de  Lcun. 
The  ^lexieans  also  lost  .a  cannon.     The  Ann  lieau  loss  was  7  or  8  wouinLiI. 

Some  adilitioiud  refereiiees  for  the  N.  M  x.  camjiaign  in  general  are  //<;'-. 
li'i/'.->  W'lirwilh  ih.riro,  i.  27()-S();  Fiirhcrs  Tn-ilrc  Mmillix'  Vnbinlicr,  247  li^i, 
4;'')7,  etseq.;  Jriikiih'  JIM.  Mr.,-.  W<n;  i:i.')-4:);  Miur-^jlrl.l'.i  JAr.  War,  7S  ^;;; 
Diir/K  HI  (I'ritiijri,  93  et  se(|.;  M'dlti;  in  Stu  Fi',  Cni/rninul,  'Jl— (i;  Jirm-hit'ii 
Hist,  r,  S.  ( 'iinilri/.  ()!)-71,  101-7;  also  mention  in  many  oilier  woiks  on  ile.x., 
N.  Mex.,  and  the  war. 


C'lVIT.  OOVKRNMENT. 


425 


tho 
(lat 
I'ad- 

illet 

1. 
of 

low 

the 

L    ( 

ruz 

iUa 

liua 

T! 

ICSO 

ICC 

(Ic 

Im 

■iihj: 

■cro 

1.1 

J..S- 

tldii  of  tlio  rcgiiiiont  luul  been  a  rcmarkaMo  one,  in 
Sdiiic  ivs[iccts  almost  without  parallel,  thouj^'li  its  most 
liiilliaiit  t'catui't's  do  not  pertain  diroctly  to  tho  amials 
ot'Xcw  ]\roxif'o. 

(Jciicral  Kearny's  original  instructions  of  June  3, 
184(1,  fiom  tho  secretary  of  war,  included  tho  follow- 
iiiv':  '"Sliould  you  concpier  and  take  })ossession  of  Niw 
]\lc.\ici»  and  (  alifornia,  or  considerahlu  j)laces  in  citlier, 
you  \\  111  estahlish  teiiqjorary  civil  o(»vermiients  ther'oin 
— aliolisliinf^  all  arhitraiy  resti'ictif)ns  that  may  exist, 
so  Ihr  as  it  may  bo  done  with  safety.  In  perform- 
iiii^'  tills  duty  it  would  bo  wise  and  prudent  to  con- 
timu!  ill  their  employment  all  such  ot'  the  existing 
olliccrs  as  are  known  to  be  friendly  to  tlic  I'nited 
States,  and  will  take  tho  oath  of  allegiance  to  them. 
You  may  assure  tho  people  of  these  [)rovinccs  that  it 
istiie  wish  and  designoftlu!  United  States  to  provide 
for  tlicm  a  free  governnumt  with  tho  least  possible 
delay,  similar  to  that  wdiich  exists  in  our  territories. 
Tlicv  will  then  be  called  u])on  to  exercise  the  riuhts 
of  free  men  in  electing  their  own  rei>resentatives  to 
the  t(,'rritorial  legislature.  It  is  foreseen  that  what 
relates  to  the  civil  o-overmnent  will  bo  a  difficult  and 
uii|il(asant  part  t)f  your  duty,  and  much  must  neces- 
saiily  be  left  to  your  own  discretion.  In  your  whole 
(Olid net  you  will  act  in  such  a  manner  as  best  to  con- 
ciliate the  inhabitants,  and  render  them  friendly  to 
the  Tnited  States.""'  Kearny's  proclamation  of  Au- 
,<:;ust  2ild,  more  or  less  in  accordance  with  these 
instructions,  though  going  in  certain  respects  far 
l-Hyond  their  letter,  has  already  been  presented  in 
tliis  (liapter.  From  the  first  day  of  oe<'upation,  Cap- 
tain \\  aldo,  of  the  volunteers,  was  si^t  at  work  trans- 
h'Ji  !  ;•  a"  tho  Spanish  and  ^Mexican  laws  that  could 
hi'  rniiiid  at  Santa  Fe;  while  Coh»nel  J)oni[>han,  a 
lawv  r  hv   ])rofesHion,   aided   by  Willard   P.    Hall — • 

II  '^  *^  » 

ec!r([  to  conn-ress  durinir  this  absence — busied  lum- 


m 


'!,:;■ 


■M'lusi!  iiistructioiia  may  lio  ooiiveiiicuitly  consulted  in  Cutts'  Conquest, 
-l!i  /,  Ihiiiinli  (iftfii  n'lH-'atud  lil.suwliuri!. 


t:' 


Sill;]- ; 


m 


Mimm 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


IE 


2.5 
2.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

.^ 6"     - 

► 

V] 


<? 


/^ 


■ew 


^a 


^>#^  >-'^ 


-^  >■ 


v> 


o 


// 


/ 


yss 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


73  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  072-4503 


i.'^ 


426 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


self  with  the  preparation  of  a  code  of  laws  foundid  in 
part  on  Waldo's  fragmentary  translations,  hut  mainly 
on  the  laws  of  Missouri  and  Texas.  Finally,  on  the 
22d  of  Soptemhcr,  the  general  published  this  code  - 
still  in  force  in  New  Mexico  down  to  1886 — |)iiiitr(l 
in  English  and  Spanish  with  the  old  press  and  ty|ie 
found  at  the  capital,  and  at  the  same  time  his  a|>[i(iiiit- 
nicnt  of  governor  and  other  officials,  thus  (»rgaiiiziii(r 
the  civil  government  deemed  nccessary.^^  With  tlic 
code  was  submitted  to  the  government  at  Waslnii^^tdii 
an  "organic  law  of  the  territory  of  New  Mexico," 
which  provided  for  a  permanent  territorial  (»rgaiii/;i- 
tion  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  namiii«f  tlie 
first  Monday  in  August  1847  as  the  day  fur  eUctiiii; 
a  delegate  to  congress.^"'* 

It  was  noticeable  that  Kearny's  proclan»ati(»iis  ii;- 
nored  the  old  theory  that  eastern  New  Mexico  be- 
longed to  Texas.  A  still  more  notable  feature  was 
the  clearly  announced  intention  of  retaining  the  coun- 
try as  a  permanent  possession  of  the  United  States. 
This  was  the  first  open  avowal  of  the  administrations 
real  purpose  to  make  tip  war  for  the  acquisition  of 
territory,  and  not,  as  h;i       een  pretended,  for  the  pro- 

'■"  Sept.  22,  1840,  Kearny '.s  rcjiort  on  the  cmle  and  its  publication;  alsn  liin 
apnointnient  of  ofiieer.s,  in  Ciitt'i'  Vonquvd,  (>4~5.  The  latter  reads:  '  IViii;^ 
duly  autliorized  by  the  pres.  of  the  U.  >S.  of  America,  I  hereby  iiiakf  tlu'  tul- 
lowing  appointments  for  the  government  of  N.  Mex.,  a  territory  ot'  tiu'  I'.  S. 
Tlie  officers  tiius  appointed  wdl  be  obeyed  and  respected  accorilingly.'  fiuv- 
ernor,  Charles  Bent,  iiart  owner  of  Beat's  Fort,  married  to  a  native  of  'I'jns; 
secretiiry,  Uonaciano  Vigil,  a  nativeof  New  .Mexico,  of  long  official  ex ihtIciicl' 
in  various  civil  and  miliUiry  positions;  niarslial,  Richard  Dallam,  an  .\iiii n- 
can  mining  operator  at  Los  Placeres;  di.strict  attorney,  Francis  1'.  IJIiir',  .Ir, 
in  later  years  somewhat  famous  as  congressman  iind  politician;  treasiii'ii', 
Ciiarles  Blumner;  auditor,  Eugene  Leitzendorfer,  a  Sta  Fe  trader,  niiiri  ;t  4  to 
a  daughter  of  the  former  go\ernor,  Sanlifigo  Abreu;  judges  of  tlie  miipriior 
court,  Joab  Houghton,  a  lawyer  of  Liter  i>roniinence  in  the  territory.  ,\iitnmi) 
Jose  Otero,  of  a  prominent  and  inlluential  Spanish  family,  and  Cliarli  s  l^iaii- 
bien,  a  j)ioneer  ol  1827,  married  to  a  native  wife.  Ihe  biographic  items  iiie 
from  I'riiicvH  IliMt.  SkclrlieH,  3(57-8.  The  Kearny  code,  with  the  pn  rtiUiit 
bill  of  rights  issuetl  on  the  sivmo  date,  may  bo  found  in  Xcw  Mvdko,  Voiniiinl 
Lawn,  SU  Fe,  188i>,  p.  82-129. 

'"U.  S.  Gov.  Dnc,  21tth  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  19.  I  have  nnt  s.ni 
this  document  in  its  original  form.  Most  of  the  papers  ;!.'e  reprinti'd  in  ')///<' 
Cniii/.,  and  elsewhere,  but  not  the  organic  law,  which  was  not  approvi'd  at 
Washington.  Cooke,  Vow/iii'Mt,  iVa,  gives  the  date  fixed  for  the  election;  also  m 
Allen'  lieij.,  Ixxii.  48,  where  it  is  stated  that  the  whole  doc.  as  printed  lill'd 
115  pages. 


NEW  MEXICO  IN  CONGRESS. 


427 


toct'iHii  of  Texan  boundaries,  the  avenging  of  past 
wKHius.  iiiul  tlie. obtaining  of  indemnity  for  just  claims. 
This  luDii^lit  the  subject  before  congress,  wliich  body 
ciilltti  "11  the  president  for  all  the  instructions  that 
liad  Ik* H  given  respecting  civil  government  in  New 
;M(\i((»  and  California.  In  the  debates  this  subject 
was  utilized  chiefly  as  a  basis  for  attacks  on  the  ad- 
iiiiiiistration  and  denunciations  of  the  war  for  conquest. 
Xolxidy  cared  what  was  done  at  Santa  Fe  except  as 
itn»ul(l  furnish  material  for  arguments  on  one  side  or 
the  other  of  the  gi'eat  and  complicated  national  strug- 
gle f<»r  political  supremacy  between  the  north  and 
south.  i^elligerent  rights  were,  however,  pretty 
thoroughly  discussed;  and  it  was  clearly  shown  that 
a  temporary  civil  government  might  be,  if  the  people 
were  submissive  and  friendly,  a  legitimate  and  proper 
fiatuio  of  a  concjueror's  military  rule.  This  whole 
siiliject  and  others  clos<dy  connected  with  it  have  been 
soiiuwliat  fully  presented  in  the  History  of  California, 
ami  rr|)etition  is  not  deemed  necessary  here.'^  (ijen- 
eral  Kearny  as  a  con<[Ueror  had  al)solute  power,  lim- 
ited only  by  the  requirements  of  humanity  and  justice, 
or  international  usage.  He  might  enforce  strict  mar- 
tial law,  or  protect  the  people's  rights  and  interests  by 
civil  methods,  as  he  saw  fit.  He  had  no  power  to  make 
New  Mexico  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  or  the 
peo[)le  citizens,  or  non-submissive  enemies  traitors, 
iini'  could  he  in  a  sense  exact  an  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  United  States.  All  these  matters  would  be  set- 
tled by  the  final  treaty  closing  the  war.  Hut  he  might 
))erlia]»s  promise  or  threaten  these  things,  or  almost 
any  others,  and  he  might  exact  from  officials  any  oath 
tlirv  could  be  induced  to  take.  His  itromises  the  i^ov- 
enimeiit  at  Washington,  if  the  treaty  should  cede  the 
territory,  would  be  in  ecjuity  under  obligation  to  fulfil ; 
hut  it  would  have  no  right  to  carry  out  his  threats. 

"S,M>  J/isi,  Crf/.,  v.,  chap,  xxii.,  especially  pp.  (K)l  et  simj.  with  rof.  to  r.  S, 
(htri.  I),ir.  iiiiil  Couij.  d'tolii'.  C';»l.  auil  N.  Mex.  were  ii-  preeiNt^ly  the  wiiiie 
jiiiMtiDii,  siiRo  the  preteuJeil  rights  of  Texas  were  at  this  time  practically 
Ignored. 


428 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NKW  MEXICO. 


,' . 


The  president  in  his  reply  of  December  2'J(1,  ftiinish- 
ing  tlie  desired  information,  declared  that  K(aiiiv'.s 
acts,  so  far  as  they  purported  to  establish  a  pcnnaiiJiit 
territorial    gov^ernment,  and  to  give  the  inhuliitants 
political  rights  as  citizens,  under  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  had  not  been  recognized  or  jn»j)i()vid; 
but  that  otherwise  his  acts,  and  the  instructions  on 
which  they  were  based,  "were  but  the  amelionitioti  of 
martial  law,  which  modern  civilization  requires,  and 
were  due,  as  well  as  the  security  of  the  coiKjuest,  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  conquered  territory ;"  and  more- 
over, "it  will  be  apparent  that  if  any  excess  t»f  [xtwer 
has  been  exercised,  the  departure  has  been  the  ofl'- 
si)ring  of  a  patriotic  desire  to  give  to  the  inhabitants 
tile  privileges  and  immunities  so  cherished  by  the  pfo- 
ple  of  our  own  country,  and  which  they  believed  cal- 
culated to  improve  their  condition  and  promote  their 
prosperity.     Auy  such  excess  has  resulted  ui  no  |>ra(- 
tieal  injury,  but  can  and  will  be  early  corrected  in  a 
manner  to  alienate  as  little  as  possible  the  good  feel- 
ings of  the  inhabitants  of  the  concpiered  countiv." '* 
As  I  have  remarked,  congress  paid  very  little  atteii- 
tention  to  the  matter,  except  as  indicating  the  intention 
of  permanent  occupation,  which  the  president  did  not 
pretend  to  deny.     Kespecting  the  actual  operations  of 
the  civil  government  in  184G-7,  practically  notliiiii,'  is 
recorded;  })robably  there  was  very  little  to  rect)rd. 

From  the  first  there  had  been  occasional  rumors  of 
intended  revolt  amonu  the  natives  as  well  as  of  attack 
by  forces  from  the  south,  but  such  rumors  could  he 
traced  to  no  definite  foundation,  atid  at  the  time  (tf 
])oniphan's  departure  no  danger  was  apineheiuled. 
l*rice  had  nearly  2,000  men  with  whose  aid  to  k(  ep 
the  ])rovince  in  subjection,  though  many  of  them  we)e 
on  the  sick-list.  The  main  force  was  stationed  at 
Hiinta  Fe,  but  detachments  were  posted  at  otlur 
points,  including  the  dragoons  under  Captain  ]3uig- 

''*  U,  S.  (iwL  Doc,  aiid  Cutis'  ComfieM,  as  in  note  22. 


TROUBLE  IMMINENT. 


429 


win  at  Alburquerquo,  a  company  under  Captain 
Hcik1I<v  in  tiie  Mora  valley,  and  another  near 
('(liollt  ta  on  the  Navajo  frontier.  Soon  after  ])oni- 
nliiiii  It  It  the  capital,  disquieting  rumors  again  hecanie 
iinvalt'iit,  and  in  December  these  became  of  so  defi- 
nite a  nature  that  many  arrests  were  made.  The 
ifsult  >>\'  lui  investigation  is  affirmed  to  have  been  the 
(lisclosuie  of  a  carefully  devised  plot  to  regain  possts- 
sioii  (if  till'  country  by  killing  the  Americans  and  all 
iiativt  s  who  had  espoused  their  cause.  The  leaders 
ucro  Tniiuis  Ortiz  and  Diego  Archuleta,  who  under 
the  11"  NV  regin^e  were  to  be  governor  and  comandante 
tri'iKial  I'espoftively ;  several  of  the  j)riests  were 
|inijiiiiunt  in  the  plot,  notably  padres  Juan  Felipe 
Ortiz  and  .lost^  ^[anuel  Gallegos;  and  manv  K'adinjx 
citi/tiis  of  the  northern  sections  were  involved. 
Mcttiiigs  were  held  at  the  house  of  Tonuls  Ortiz; 
jilaiis  were  minutely  discussed  and  arranged  ;  ])arts 
Will'  assigned  to  the  leatlers,  who  secretly  visited 
till,'  (lirttient  towns  to  incite  the  lower  classes  of 
Mi'xicaiis  and  pueblo  Indians;  and  the  IDth  of  J)e- 
ci'iiilxr  was  fixed  for  the  rising.  This  date  was  sub- 
scijiHiitly  changed  to  Christmas  night,  when  the  town 
wiiiild  ho  crowded  with  natives,  and  the  Americans, 
hy  i(  asoii  of  the  festivities,  would  l)e  off  their  guard. 
IVtuic  tliis  time,  however,  the  plot  was  revealeo, 
|Hihajis  by  the  mulatt(>  wife  of  one  of  the  c()ns])ira- 
tnis,  and  many  of  the  alleged  leaders  were  arrested 
ii\  older  of  Colonel  Price,  thou<j:h  Ortiz  and  Archu- 
k'ta  esca[)ed  to  the  south."' 

•'TliiH  vcrKiou  i:s  given  with  a  few  uuiinportaiit  variations  in  all  tlio  gen- 
eral Miii'iat  ivc  s  tlKit  liavo  been  eitrd.  Aiiiiing  tlic  licst  Ih  tliat  in  Priiiirx  //i:t. 
•'<bi(-/(i-,  wliii,  liowcver,  mainly  follows  I)avisanil  ll\it,'hi's.  I'rince  sa.ys:  'It 
Mas  a-iceil  tliat  on  the  night  <if  the  ajiiiointetl  day  tiiose  en;^a^fil  in  the  eoii- 
^liiraiy  in  Sta  I"e  were  to  gatliir  in  tlie  parochial  ehuri-li,  and  remain  eon- 
0  ilnl.  -Ml  aiiwhil(!  friends  from  the  surrounding  eountry  under  the  lead  of 
AicliuKt.i  were  to  lie  lirouj;lit  intti  tlie  cily,  anil  ilistriliuteil  i;i  various  housia 
vlnie  tiny  wmdd  he  unoh.serveil.  At  midnight  the  ehureli  hell  was  to  sonnil, 
ami  thru  the  men  M'itliiii  the  cliureli  M'ero  to  sally  for'.h,  and  all  were  to  reii- 
'i.'zvciiis  immeiliately  in  the  pla/a,  seize  the  cannon  tlu're,  and  aim  them  so  as 
til  (iiiiiiiianil  the  leading  itoints,  wh.le  detachments  nmhr  special  orders  were 
til  attark  the  palace  and  the  quarters  of  the  American  eoinmundant,  ami 
iiiaki  them  jirisonei's.  The  l>eople  throughout  the  wliolo  north  of  the  terri- 
ti)r)  Jiad  Iiee.i  bucrelly  notitied,  and  wore  only  uwaiting  news  of  the  rising 


Ml  Ji 


490 


AMKRICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


From  tlic  meagre  details  of  testimony  extiiut,  as 
repeattid  in  substance  by  tlie  difierent  writ*  is.  fVoui 
tlic  faet  that  no  positive  evidence  could  be  found  against 
the  parties  arrested,  and  from  the  confidence  IVlt  by 
the  authorities  that  all  danffer  ended  with  the  iwi  la- 
tioii  of  the  plot,  it  would  appear  that  not  veiv  inurli 
was  broUjL^tii  to  liu^ht  by  the  inve.sti*2^ation,  (tr  ratlur 
that  the  conspiracy  had  not  assumed  any  verv  for- 
midable jiroportions.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt, 
liowever,  from  this  testimony  and  later  developiiRnts 
that  Ortiz  and  Archuleta  had  really  plotted  a  lisinn-, 
and  had  found  many  adherents,  though  nothinij;  liku  a 
general  consent  of  the  leading  men  of  different  sections 
and  dirterent  classes  had  been  secured.  Perhaps  the 
only  wonder  under  the  circumstances  is,  that  tli(!  iimvc- 
ment  was  not  more  witle-s))read.  Xo  blame  <>r  taint 
of  treason  could  be  imputed  to  the  New  ^[exieaii  peo- 
ple— except  to  individual   officials  who  had   itroiiiised 

at  Sta  Fe  to  join  in  the  ruvolt  and  make  it  a  sure  succeas,'  Says  Col  i'ricx', 
in  his  n'liort  of  J-'cl,.  1."),  1847:  'About  the  l.")th  of  l>ec.  last  I  rutiiviil  inidr- 
inatioii  of  ail  attcniiit  to  excite  the  jieojile  of  this  territory  against  tiie  Annri- 
can  govt.  This  rehi'llion  was  headed  liy  Thomas  Ortiz  and  l)iego  Arc  liiilit:u 
An  ollii'or,  formerly  in  the  Mexican  service,  was  seized,  ami  on  his  inrsoii 
was  found  a  list  of  all  the  diahamled  Mex.  soldiers  in  the  vicinity  ot  St.i  Ki'. 
Many  otiier  jiersons  supposed  to  ho  iin[)licated  were  arrested,  and  a  tiill  in- 
vestigation proved  that  many  of  tiie  most  intluential  citizens  in  tiie  iiorthi  ru 
part  of  this  territory  were  engaged  in  the  rehollion.  After  the  arrest  almve 
mentioned  and  the  tlight  of  Ortiz  and  Archuletii,  "the  rebellion  appeared  to  In; 
suppressed;  but  this  ap[tearance  was  deceptive.  Std  Fi,  Cimi[.,  '27-8.  Oa 
Dee.  2(ith,  (Jov.  l?ent  M'rites:  'On  the  17tli  uist  I  received  information  from 
a  Mexican,  friendly  to  our  govt,  that  a  conspiracy  was  on  foot  aiiioTig  the 
native  Mexicans..,.!  immediately  brought  into  requisition  every  humus  in 
my  power  to  a.scertain  who  were  the  movers  in  the  rebellion,  and  iiavi!  kikv 
ceedeil  in  securing  7  of  the  secondary  conspirators.  The  militaiy  and  oivil 
ollicers  are  now  botli  in  pursuit  of  the  two  leaders  and  prime  moveivs. . .  .So 
far  as  I  am  informed,  this  conspiracy  is  confined  to  tlie  4  northern  eountioa 
of  the  territory,  and  the  men  considered  iis  leaders  cannot  be  said  to  he  intu 
of  nuK'h  standing.'  After  secu;ring  information,  etc.,  tiio  gov.  turned  tho 
the  matter  over  to  the  military  authorities.  A'.  Mi.r.  oiid  C'lL,  J/<.<<.  mid 
Doc,  July  t>4,  1848;  U.  S.  Oort  Dor.,  3()th  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc  70, 
p.  17.  Tlie  only  di'tinite  and  literally  preserved  testimony  of  tiie  time  is  that 
of  Jose  Maria  Sanchez.  He  says  that  on  Pec.  I'jth  (from  otiicr  soiircfs  it 
appears  tiiat  the  1st  meeting  had  been  held  on  the  ll'tli)  he  was  siimiuuMcil 
by  Miguel  Pino  to  a  meeting  at  tho  house  of  Ortiz.  Ho  found  there  Toiniid 
Ortiz,  l)iego  Archuleta,  Nicolas  and  Miguel  Pino,  Santiago  Armijo,  Muinel 
Chavez,  ])omingo  Vaca,  Pablo  Doniinguez,  and  Juan  Lopez.  Toiiuis  \'aca. 
Bias  Ortega,  and  the  priest  Leiva  are  also  named.  (Prince  says  tliat  sexural 
of  these  men  jtroved  their  innocence,  notiibly  Chavez  and  tho  Piiios.)  Thcu 
lie  narrates  tho  plottinga  substantially  as  given  above  in  this  note.  Siv.  /''', 
Cowj.,  27. 


CAUSES  OF  REVOLT. 


431 


all(  '^ianoo — had  they  chosen  to  rise  in  a  hoily  against 
tlie  American  invaders.  The  temptation  for  such  a 
i'Imwj:  was  strong.  The  national  pritle  of  many  leading 
titiztiis  liad  been  deeply  wounded  by  Armijo's  dis- 
(riiu'iiiil  surrender  of  their  country  without  a  struggle. 
Hio'li  (ttficials  might  naturally  feel  that  in  Mexico  they 
would  l)e  regarded  as  implicated  in  the  general's  actions 
and  regarded  as  traitors.  The  American  occupation 
liad  ;is  yet  brought  no  benefit  to  the  country.  The 
natural  bitterness  of  the  lower  and  middle  classes  had 
hccn  aggravated  rather  than  appeased  by  recent  occur- 
rt'iict'S.  The  situation  was  somewhat  similar  to  that 
in  sDutliern  California  just  before  the  Flores  revolt. 
We  luive  no  positive  evidence  of  gross  outrages  or 
(i|)|)nssi()n  of  the  natives;  indeed,  in  a  sense,  the  efibrts 
(if  tlic  American  authorities  were  constant  and  gen- 
erally eftective  to  protect  them  in  their  legal  rights; 
liut  the  volunteers  were  overbearing,  abusive,  and 
(juanu  Isome,  taking  no  pains  to  conceal  how  nmch  they 
Jispised  all  that  was  Mexican;  and  instances  of  indi- 
vidual insult  and  outrage  were  freijuent.  The  natives 
wtie  naturally  revengeful,  many  of  them  vicious, 
ii^nmiant,  and  ready  to  listen  to  the  exaggerated  charges 
and  promises  of  the  few  reckless  characters,  who  from 
nintivi's  of  ambition  or  resentment  were  bent  on  stir- 
ring up  a  revolt.  Moreover,  the  Xew  Mexicans  noted 
the  inroads  of  sickness  among  their  invaders,  their 
(lithculty  in  obtaining  supplies,  their  comparatively 
sni.dl  number,  and  their  distance  from  reenforcements. 
A'.r.iin,  they  probal)ly  n^ceived  false  news  respecting 
M'xiian  successes  and  pros[)ects  in  the  south;  and  it 
is  not  uidikely  that  they  heard  of  the  Californian 
n\  (lit.  There  was  much  jealousy  against  those  natives 
wild  had  been  given  office  on  the  part  of  tiiose  who 
li.id  lost  their  old  positions;  and  it  was  asserted  by 
Si  nai(»r  Benton  tliat  Archuleta's  hostilitv  aros(^  fi-oni 
the  {a<'t  tliat  the  Americans  had  not  k»'pt  their  prom- 
ises of  leaving  the  western  country  to  his  control. 
Y(  t  notwithstanding  all  thi.s,  so  strong  was  the  inilu* 


432 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  MFA'ICO, 


m 


ence  of  those  who  had  directly  or  indirectly  espoused 
the  Aineriran  cause,  of  those  whose  interest  ?((iuiit(l 
a  continuance  of  the  new  re^^ime,  and  of  those  who 
realized  the  impossibility  of  a  revolt  that  should  he 
permanently  successful,  that  the  masses  of  the  jHoiik' 
ooked  witli  little  favor  on  the  movement,  and  it  was 
practically  abandoned,  as  I  have  no  doubt,  on  the  tlight 
of  Ortiz  and  Archuleta. 

But  the  embers  of  revolt  were  left  smouldciiiiir 
among  the  Indians  of  Taos,  and  they  were  f;uuu(l 
into  riame  by  a  few  reckless  conspirators,  who  trusted 
that  once  begun  the  revolt  would  become  general. 
Governor  Bent — having  on  Jaimary  otli  issued  a 
proclamation  in  which  he  announced  the  discovery  of 
the  plot,  the  flight  of  the  leaders,  and  also  the  victory 
of  Doniphan  at  El  Bracito^" — believing  that  all  (huiiicr 
was  past,  went  on  the  14th  with  Sheriff  Lee  and  «>ther.s 
to  Taos,  his  home.  On  the  19th,  the  Indians  eaiuc 
from  their  pueblo  to  demand  the  release  of  two  pris- 
oners. On  this  being  refused,  they  killed  the  sheriff 
and  prefect;  then  attacked  the  governor's  house,  kill- 
ing and  scalping  Bent  and  two  others.-'  Messengers 
were  at  once  despatched  in  all  directions  to  announce 
that  the  first  blow  had  been  struck,  and  to  urge  a  gi  ii- 
eral  rising.  It  does  not  clearly  appear  that  the  Taos 
outbreak  had  been  definitely  planned  in  advance, 
though  most  writers  state  that  such  was  the  case,  as 
indeed  it  may  have  been.  Many  Mexicans  at  once 
joined  the  Indians.  At  Arroyo  Hondo,  some  twelve 
miles  away,  eight  men  were  attacked  on  the  same 
day  at  Turley's  mill  and  distillery,  and  seven  of  them 
killed  after  a  desperate  resistance  of  twi)  days.'"^     Two 

'"In  Cw^ttTom/.,  218. 

■•"  The  vietiiiis  were  Charlca  Bent,  gov. ;  Stephen  Lee,  sheriff;  Janu'  W. 
Leal,  circuit  attorney;  Corneho  Vigil,  prefect;  Narciso  Beaubien,  sou  t>  tin- 
judge;  anil  Pablo  Jaramillo,  brother-in-law  of  Bent. 

^"Tlie  victinia  were  Simeon  Turley,  Albert  Turbush  (or  Cooper),  Vm 
Hatfield,  Louis  Tol(|uo,  Peter  Robert,  Joseph  Marshall,  and  VVni  Ans  in. 
John  Albert,  thougli  wounded,  escaped,  and  reached  a  camp  on  the  Aik  ui- 
sas.  Ruxton,  Adveiu,  203,  227-30,  was  encamped  there  at  the  time,  and 
gives  the  most  complete  account  ot  the  fight  as  related  by  Albert.  Tlu'  two 
killed  at  Rio  Colorado  were  Mark  Head  and  Wm  Harwood;  at  Mora,  Waldo, 
Beuj.  Prewitt,  R.  Culver,  Isuyai,  and  others  not  named. 


REVOLT  OF   1847. 


433 


otlior  Anicricans  were  killed  at  Rio  Colorado;  and 
at  Mora,  (;ight  traders  who  hud  just  arrived  in  a 
wannii  from  Las  Vejvas,  including  L.  L.  Waldo, 
hrotlitj  (if  Captain  Waldo  of  the  volunteers.  At 
Las  \'rgas  the  alcalde  not  only  fulfilled  his  oatli  of 
alK'yiaiiet',  i>ut  induced  the  people  to  remain  quiet. 

Through  intercepted  letters  fnmi  the  rebels,  calling 
for  aid.  Colonel  Price  at  Santa  Fe  heard  of  the  revolt 
oil  tlie  "JOth.  Ordering  reenforcements  from  AUmr- 
(|iiei(jU'%  he  marched  northward  on  the  2'M  with  353 
111(11,  including  Angney's  infantry  and  a  company  of 
Santa  Fe  volunteers  under  Captain  St  Vrain,"'  and 
fiiur  howitzers  under  Lieutenant  Dyer.  The  enemy, 
1.500  strong,  as  was  estimated,  and  commanded  by 
Jesus  Tafoya,  was  encountered  on  the  24th  near  La 
Canada,  or  Santa  Cruz,  and  put  to  flight  with  a  loss 
of  30  killed,  including  General  Tafo3'a.  Price  lost 
two  men."^"  Four  days  later,  at  Los  Luceros,  reen- 
ftrceuicnts  came  up  under  Captain  Burgwin;  o»i  the 
2!)th  tile  foe  was  again  driven  from  a  strong  position 
at  the  pass  of  El  Embudo,  with  a  loss  of  twenty  killed ; 
and  tlie  3d  of  February,  after  a  hard  march  through 
(leoj)  snow,  the  army  reached  the  pueblo  of  Taos, 
within  wliose  ancient  structures  the  rebels  had  forti- 
fied thtMuselves.  A  hard  day's  fighting  on  the  4th, 
marked  by  a  continuous  carmonade  and  several  as- 
saults, put  the  Americans  in  |)ossession  of  the  church 
and  that  part  of  the  pueblo  west  of  the  stream. 
Aliinit  150  of  the  Indians  are  .said  to  have  been 
killed,  including  one  of  their  leaders,  Pablo  Chavez; 
while  the  American  loss  of  se\'en  killed  and  45 
WDiinded — many  of  them  fatally — included  Captain 
Burgwin.     Next  morning  the  Lidians  sued  for  peace, 

■^"Prince  gives  the  muster-roll  of  tliis  eoiiipuiiy.  ("apt.  Cer.iii  St  \'riiii, 
Lit'iit.  Charlfs  Metealf  and  George  Peacock;  rank  ami  iile  05  iiioii.  'J'inTc 
are  .sovcimI  .Spanish  names. 

^  Tiicc's  report  of  the  campaign,  dated  Feb.  l.')th,  as  given  in  Cutis'  din- 
ijiiiit,  •.'!•;{  .'{ I,  and  in  several  of  the  narratives,  is  the  hest  aiitliority.  In  X. 
Mi:r.  mill  ViiL,  Mess.,  July  24,  1848,  pp.  18  et  hcij.,  are  several  report^!  and 
pidLlaiiiatioiis  of  Acting  Gov.  Vigil  during  the  campaign.  Prince,  I/M.  Sk., 
SI '.I,  tells  us  that  the  .S.  Juan  Indians,  who  had  joined  the  rebels  uuder  com- 
pulsion,  surrendered  before  the  fight. 
Uiai.  Ahiz.  ahu  N.  M£X.    28 


1 


iihMu^r\>i\v 


AMKRICAN  OCCUPATION   OP  NEW   MEXICO. 


\n,  1 


whirli  was  orratitod  on  their  jjjiving  up  Tonuls.  one  ct'tlic 
Icadiiijjc  conspirators,  wiu)  was  soon  killod  in  tlu-  i^u.ird- 
lioUHc  hy  a  private.  Paldo  Montoya,  anotlur  I.  .nl.i. 
also  fell  into  tlio  hands  of  Price,  and  was  liaiii^nl  o,, 
tlu^  7th,  after  which  only  one  of  the  chief  conHpiiiiturs, 
Manuel  Cortes,  survived.  The  anny  returtied  tu  tlio 
capital,  whei'i!,  on  the  llJth,  occurred  the  funeral  crrL'- 
monies  of  (Governor  J^entand  Captain  Bur^'win." 

*' IViii's  ri'iiort  iH  found  in  iV/Vri'  AV^.,  Ixxii.  121;  ami  then'  is  ,ii>o 
anntluT  diary  of  the  (;iini|>ai){u  in  /(/.,  llU-'20.  I  hiivn  jilans  ol  tliu  tiirii- 
liuttlcs  of  L'l  CiiAiida,  Kiiiltudo,  and  T;uin,  in  Mr.r.  U'nr  Cni,  v.  uu,  'ji;. 
Ilosters  of  troops  in  I84»i  7,  witli  Iohhcs,  etg.,  in  U.  S.  (l<irf.  1>(h:,  Hist  vnug, 
1st  Hess.,  H.  Ex.  l)oc, '24.  Also  lists  of  easuiiltius  in  Xili/  I'lj.,  l.wu.  I'JH. 
Tilt;  roniains  of  Hurgwin,  Ht'iidlcy,  iiiid  otiiiT  oliiccrs  were  liter  in  tlw  year 
ri'inovi'd  from  Sta  Fe  to  their  Iioimuh  in  tliu  Htates.   Iluijlici,  WXi. 

Unfortuiiiitely  on  tiic  revolt  as  on  tlic  American  occuitation  v.i-  Ihm' 
praetii':illy  nothing  of  real  value  from  Mexican  sources.  Must  it( m-i  m 
Klexican  newsjiapers  nnd  otiier  ]iuhlioations  are  niero  inaccurate  icttTciircs 
to  tiie  fact  tiiat  a  revolt  had  taken  place.  Others  dwell  on  and  |iii'liiji<4 
exavKcrate  the  oppressive  conduct  of  the  Americans  jirovoking  the  revult; 
and  generally  cxagjerato  its  succes.s  throughout  tlic  year  1747.  Si>^  Busta- 
niarite,  /iiiir^inn  ite  lo.i  Aiiii rirmios,  MS.,  Oti;  'Con  l>;ist;int(!  tciiior  cstiiy 
respec-to  de  N.  Mex.,  donde  so  frustro  un  al/.:imieuto  cpio  estal)a  ii  pmitd  dc 
reali/.ai'so  y  lo  evitd  ini  nuevo-mexicano  denunciante;  halnan  ya  toiiiiidn  dos 
cai'iones  y  tuvieron  (pie  devolverselos.  Han  conietidii  crimencs  hiiiiilili.'i 
exigiendolcs  taudiie'u  una  contrilmcion  de  SO.OlK)  iiesos.  El  alma  dc  esti  .sidi- 
Icvai'ion  file  el  cura  Ortiz  de  Sta  Fe.  A(plel  puelilo  lui  recihido  un  tn.ste 
di.seiigauo  de  lo  nue  son  y  dehcn  proineterso  de  tales  inalvados,  a  i|iiirn  > 
tenian  aleccioiies  por  un  comercio  proveyendose  de  cuanto  necesitalp;iu,  y  (|iir 
no  son  lo  niismo  comerciantes  ipio  con({iii3tadores  orgullnsos."  Niitiie  of 
(iov.  Bent's  death  in  Jif.,  Mn,i.  ///■.(!.,  M.S.,  March  11,  1S47.  In  I'I..-M1, 
Apr.  l.'ith,  it  is  announced  that  the  N.  Mexicans  hail  killed  l/Jntl  "i  tliu 
A;nericans.  '  Ksto  esel  verdadero  modo  de  recolirar  la  lilnirtad.'  In  /■' .  vii. 
II  ]•_',  May  4tli,  the  ontlireak  is  said  to  have  oiiginated  in  the  kdliiif,' liy  a 
N.  .Mex.  of  his  wife  whom  a  Yankee  hiul  seduceil  and  carried  to  thf  ciiarti;!. 
A  moll  formed  to  support  the  native;  the  troops  brought  out  '2  oanmm.  Imt  did 
not  lire  tiiein  from  fear  of  killing  Amer.  in  the  crowd,  and  made  a  cliar;.'e; 
tiien  a  hy-stander  fired  the  cannon  in  their  rear  into  the  crowd  of  frieiidi  and 
foe-i;  and  the  ('//lo/rw  ttwk  advantage  of  tiie  slaughter  and  frigiit  to  enter  the 
cuartel,  seize  tiie  arms,  and  kill  'a  cuanto  ])int'il>a  en  Yankee.'  'It  is  .Mnl 
that  I'adre  Orli/.  is  mareliing  on  t'hiiiualiua  with  4,(HK)  Ind.  and  N.  Nhxi- 
oans  ' !  In  A/.,  May  8tli,  it  is  said  that  the  Yankee  invaders  of  I  hih.  i  I'hmI- 
piian's  army)  are  retreating  on  account  of  the  news  of  a  general  .sl.iiii^litiT  ni 
the  north.  The  N.  Mi.jx.  were  aideil  by  the  Navajos.  And  on  .Inly  'Jstii, 
A/.,  lt)4,  more  of  the  triinij'o  en  A'.  Mijico,  where  only  300  Amcr.  win'  ictt 
who  Would  soon  be  cxtiM-minated.  The  Sonorcime  of  March  ;">.  I S47,  copies 
from  the  h'cgiMro  Ojirial  of  Diirango  an  account  of  the  failure  of  tin-  ist  plot, 
revealed  l)y  a  friend  of  the  '  infamous '  Vigil  y  Alarid.  However,  a  new 
niovcment  w;us  daily  exixicted,  which  would  wipe  out  tl\e  Yankees,  who  iiad 
lost  their  liorses  and  wagons,  and  hail  no  money.  Conllicts  art'  liciiiKiit, 
caused  by  the  outrages  of  tlie  soldiers,  wiio,  except  .IIK)  veterans  (tlie  dr.igiMiiis), 
are  chiefly  Irish  and  Ifcilians !  Hie  N.  Mexicans  are  very  Bad  at  heing 
deemed  allies  of  the  Y^ankees,  whom  they  detest.  They  carrieil  otl  '2  (11111(111 
from  the  plaza,  but  had  to  give  them  up.  See  also  A/.,  May  28th,  Aui:  -IHli, 
Nov.  12th;  El  Ifnzomdor,  Oct.  30th,  Dec.  11th;  Iris  EipMlol,  May  Stii,  'uiw 
12th;  Arco  Iria,  Aug.  Ttii. 


.hM\i\n  >'.\v 


A  GUERILLA  WARFARE. 


435 


Witli  tlio  exception  of  Prico's  report  of  tliis  caiii- 
])ai.;ii,  tlitre  does  not  exist,  and  euiuiot  l>o  fornu'd,  any- 
tliinu  like  a  continuous  record  of  tiiu  insurrection,  or 
(4' tilt'  siibscMjuent  ainials  of  tlie  year.  After  tlie  defeat 
iit  Taos,  it  was  oidy  east  of  tluj  mountains,  and  cliictly 
iiiidi  r  tin-  direction  of  Manuel  Cortes,  that  li(»stilitie3 
\\\\v  continued.  At  the  first,  as  we  have  see',,  ^^'aido 
iind  party  had  heen  killed  at  AIt»ra,  hut  Las  \'i;.;;as 
had  lutn  kept  in  subjt'ction  by  the  eftbrts  of  the  al- 
caldf.  and  the  presence  of  Captain  Isaac  K.  Hendley 
with  his  company,  lie  occu[Med  Las  Vejjfas  on  Janii- 
aiv  "JOth,  concentrated  his  s^razinji^  guards,  and  on  the 
•_'4tli  appeared  with  2'J5  men  before  .Mora,  w  luir  ho 
uttuckcd  several  hundred  insurgents,  killinj.^  2.')  or  ;?0 
and  capturinjjf  fifteen  prisoners,  but  was  himstlf  killed 
with  a  few  of  his  men,  and  the  party  was  repulsed. 
.\  little  later  Captain  Morin  reni'Wed  the  attack,  and 
drove  the  inhabitants  into  the  mountains,  destrovins^ 
the  town  and  a  large  suj^ply  of  j^rain.  In  Mi  y  a  Ljraz- 
iiii*'  partv  and  also  a  waijon  train  were  attacketl,  one 
(U-  two  men  killed,  and  a  largo  number  of  horses  and 
mules  driven  oft*.  Following  the  marauders'  trail, 
Major  Edmonson  overtook  them,  .'500  or  400  strong,  in 
a  deep  canon  of  the  Rod  River,  but  after  a  fight  of 
several  hours,  in  which  he  killed  manv  of  the  Mexicans 
and  Indians,  and  lost  only  one  man,  ho  was  forced  to 
I'etire.  Next  morning  the  enemy  had  fted.  Late  iu 
June  there  was  trouble  at  Las  Vegas.  Lieutt-nant 
Jioltert  T.  Brown  and  three  men,  pursuing  liorso- 
thieves,  wore  killed ;  whereui)on  Edmonson  made  an 
attack,  killed  ten  or  twelve  men,  f()und  indications  of 
a  new  revolt,  captured  the  town,  and  sent  some  fifty 
]iiisoners  to  Santa  Ee,  also  burning  a  mill  belonging 
to  the  alcalde,  who  was  charged  with  complicity.  In 
July  a  party  of  3 1  soldiers  was  attacked  at  La  ( 'ionega 
not  far  from  Taos,  Lieutenant  Larkin  and  five  others 
being  killed.  On  the  approach  of  reonforcenients, 
however,  the  enemy  ftcd.  In  the  same  nionth,  Ed- 
nitjusun  is  said  to  have  destroyed  the  town   of  Las 


..M«!\^\'>V 


43n 


ANrKIUCAN  (XH^UrATIOX  OF  NKW  MIIXKO. 


Pins(?)  M'ith  considoral)!*^  loss  to  the  fo**,  and  to  Imvo 
inurcliotl  l)y  way  of  Anton  Cliioo  to  La  Cucsta,  win  n- 
were  HoiM«^  400  insurjL^onts  under  Cortes  and  ( Jon/al,/,. 
Fifty  eaptives  were  taken,  tlic  rest  Hoj'iiijjf  to  tlic  iimnn. 
tains,  and  many  Ijors^'s  were  rec(  vered.  After  .lulv 
we  liave  no  definite  re<'(»r«l  of  liostilities. 

Of  tlic  prisoners  hroui^lit  to  the  eapital   \>y  I'ricc. 
and  sent  in  later  by  hisotHeers,  some  fifteen  or  twt  iitv, 
|»erhai)s  more,  were  tried  by  court-martial,  scntmnd 
to  death,  and  exeeuted.      These  inclu<led   six  of  tin- 
murderers  of  Brown,  who  were  Jianj^ed  ou  the  .'.d  nt 
Auu^ust.     Many  others  are  said  to  have  heen  tl(.'4-v(| 
and  set  at  liberty.     Others  accused  of  coniplicitN  in 
the  (►riginal  plot  wer«^  turned  over  to  the  civil  uutliui'. 
ities.      I»i  !March  four  «»f  these  were  indicted  hy  the 
<,'ran(l  jury  for  treason,  'J')  bein;^-  discharged  \nr  want 
of  evidenc(>,  and  one  of  the  four  convicted   and  .sen- 
tenced to  <leath.      This  was  Antonio  Maria  'frujilld, 
father-in-luw  of  J)ic|iifo  Aivhuleta,  an  infirm  old   man 
of  hiufli  standiiiLif.  in  wliost-  behalf  a  j)etition  for  jiaidnn 
was  Sent  to  Washint^ton  by  Oovernor  Vij^jil  and  otlu  ts. 
At  the  same  time   District  Attorney  Blair  asked  for 
instructions,  since   the   ac  used   had  pleaded  lack   nt' 
jurisdiction  on  the  part  of  tne  court.      In  rej>ly  the  src- 
retary  of  war  for  the  g()vernment  took  the  yroiuul 
that,  while  the  New  Mexican  insurgents  miiLfht  |»ini>- 
erly  be  punished  even  with  the  death  penalty  for  tlu  ii- 
offence  aj^ainst  the  constituted  authorities,  tluy  cniild 
not  bi!  prosecuted  for  treason  against  the  United  States, 
since  tliey  were  not  yet  citizens.     For  similar  reasons 
the  j)resident  declined  to  pardon  Trujillo,  but  counselled 
mercy  in  his  case.     Apparently,  he  and  others  con- 
victed at  the  May  term  were  discharged  or  jiardomd 
by  I'rico  or  the  governor;  but  not,  as  is  stated  by  soiae 
writers,  by  the  president.^" 

While  Indians  from  some  of  the  pueblos  were  aid- 
ing the  insurjjent  Mexicans  in  their  jfuerilla  warfare 

'^Corrcsp.  in  X.  Me.r.  and  Cnl,  Mfxi^.,  .July  24,  1848,  p.  2G-34.     rriiicB 
status  that  15  weru  uxccutcd  in  all,  8  Mexicans  and  7  Indiaus. 


IN1)1AX   HOSTII-ITIKS. 


487 


aiji'iii'^t  till'  Aiiioricans,  with  ai<l  from  varioiiH  ItaiMls 
ot  Ajiaclit'S  and  others,  tlio  trihos  of  the  jdaiiis  the 
('(iiiiiiiKluH.  I'awuees,  and  Arapahocs,  incited  and 
ai(l<  d,  as  the  Aint^r'ranH  heheved,  l)y  Mexicans  lic- 
caiiM  liouhh'sonie  iV  n  A)»ril  to  Aujj;u.st  on  the  Santa 
Ft'  trail.  Hardly  a  i>.  *ty,  hui^e  or  snudi,  traders  or 
Mildirrs,  crossed  the  |tlai.;s  without  sufrerint?  iVoni  their 
(it  [H'cdations.  Many  were  killed,  and  ]ar«jf(!  nuini)tMH 
(if  lioist  s,  mules,  and  oxen  wi'ie  lost.  Jji«'Utenant 
L(»vc.  with  a  company  of  <lra!j;oons  es<'ortin_,  <)v<'rn 
UKiit  t'nnds,  liad  five  of  his  men  killed,  and  1>  st  Ids 
jiiiinials  in  June.  J^ater  in  the  year  com]»aTative  se- 
curity was  I'estored  l>y  the  statioinni;  of  ■»  tops  at  <lif 
t'tniit  points;  an<l  then  the  Indians,  in  theii  turn, 
wt'Je  liti.tl-  the  o)tje<!ts  of  outrai^e,  as  when  a  pi.t'y  of 
I 'awneos  were  treacherously  massacred  at  hnrt  Maim. 
ill  the  west  and  n«)rth-west  the  Navajos  had  yn'nl  no 
1r(<1  to  their  treaty  with  Doniphan,  hut  continued 
tlieir  )ai(is  fur  plunder  on  the  .settlements  of  the  Jlio 
Graiide.'''' 

"Oil  Indian  trouMca,  wliidi  I  in.-ikc  no  attempt  to  prenont  in  ilot:iil,  sen 
Cntt*  ('iniipi,:st,  •_':{4  .">,  '-'40  S;  //iiu/n:^'-  Diiiiiyliiin'x  Kijm/.,  4():{  "i;  Aiti^'  A''  /., 
Ixxii.  iii.;  |ia.s,sini;  J/imolitlu  I'liljinisinti,  iv.  fS!);  Airo  Irk,  .lu!y  "i,  lti47;  linl. 
Aif.  Ii'i'l,  IN.">H,  1).  1,S8.  (!(iv.  Mont  liatl  liucn  ex-otlicio  «upi'riiiti'iiih'iit  of 
linl.  ali'airs;  ami  lii.s  report  on  tlie  varioiiH  trilius  and  nieauM  to  keep  tlii'in  in 
sulijtctioii,  dated  Nov.  I((,  lS4t»,  i» given  in  Col.  (iiul  X.  Mfx.,  Mis^.  iinil  /tor., 
|.S.'p(l.  pp.  I'.tl  et  seij.  lie  e.itiiiiatos  tlieir  niiiidier  ;im  H(1,1K")0,  Init  this  iiiuludes 
triluv*  whose  range  oxtunihtd  far  heyond  N.  Mcx.  proper. 

Siiiiu'  additional  refereiiees  for  tlie  U.  S.  occupation,  ami  the  revolt  in 
iNTt'i  7,  areas  follows:  /'a/toii's  llUt.  U.  S.,  'J'AH-A\;  S.  F.  r,ili/'iir)iliiii.  May 
'.".I,  IM7:  /'/rW'.,  Mcj:  U'nr,  1.'17.  'JIH,  L'-S.-)-l»0;  7'-f«w  Co.  J/>;;ti<l,  Aug.  I'l', 
1\S4;  IIiiiioIhIk  l^olyiir.Miii),  iv.  4.'i;  Miii/ii'm  Mr.r.  Az/n;  i.  'S-l'\,  'i'hi;  Frost's 
lii'l.  \\'<ir*,  'J!»l  :i;  Youiiii's  J/ixf.  Mr.r.,  -2S~,  4'M>~40;  Anii/'s  Criitri).  Onitioii, 
i!4-7;  ,S]>iiHi((rilK  ill  X.  J/cc,  .MS.,  I,'};  Jtiinrrri/'/'.i  Xnr  Mc.r.,  Miirrl.,  M.S.,  Iti; 
>•.  /■'.  r,  /.  S/,r,  Apr.  '24,  May  •_'•_',  -Jit,  Oct.  it"  If.,  IM7;  Jlnryrr's  Ma,,.,  July 
IS>S(t,  p.  I'.tl  '1;  Mitrnii/'x  I'h-t.  Hist.  U.  S.,  474-5;  O.-oniltl,  Cnli/or'ni'ii,  ^'2; 
Aiiirr.  \hiiir.  Ilrij.,  i.  14;  Jiitrrisoii's  Jiiittlrfirli/.i,  4.'{.")-7,  44i)  iS;  Slii  Fr  Crtilrii., 
'J4-(i:  Lox-<iii;,'.H  J/ist.  ('.  .v.,  4SG-7;  }i\Ul/ .Ski  Fa  Afuirs,  MS.,  11-14;  J'dir- 
miii'ii  Mil.  Ikrovs,  ii.  GO-73. 


i'M»«««T'\\'.\Hi\iur 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 

MILITARY  RULE  IX  NEW  MEXICO. 

1847-1850. 

A  Bap  State  of  Affairs — Vouin'tekhs  Olp  ant>  New— REnri-An  Tnoors— 
Civil  Okveknment-  Treaty  of  1848 — Governohs  VuiiL,  Washinc  ion, 
AND  Monroe — Petition  to  Coxhress — Salaries — Tekrit(ikiai,  (us- 
VENTioN    OF   1841)— State   Convention   of    1850-^Stai'k   Ai'iii((1!iiii.s 

not     RkI'OUNIZED    by    the     MiLITARV    OoVERNOR — CoNFLICIIVi;      I'lild- 

KIE9 — Dekates  in  Conoress— Texan  Boundary — New  Mk.mio  Mauk 
A  Territory — Indian  Affairs — Caluoun  as  Agent — Raiks  hf  Sav- 
A(iE.s— Washington's  Xavajo  C'AMPAKiN  and  Treaty — Exflokations— 
WisLiZENus,  Emory,  Jonhston,  Cooke,  Auert,  Fremont,  Simi-hon— 
The  Boundary  Sirvey  of  1850-1— The  Line  as  Surveyed— Mai  — 
Mexican  Citizens  undeb  the  Treaty. 


i'l 


At  Santa  Fd  and  in  the  sottlcinonts  generally  for 
six  montlis  after  the  revolt,  the  state  of  atfairs  was 
far  from  satisfactory,  worse  in  every  respect  tiiaii 
before.  For  a  time,  indeed,  a  greater  degree  of  vigi- 
hmce  and  disciphne  was  observed;  but  the  fornitr, 
with  its  accompaniments  of  severe  punishments,  habit- 
ual distrust,  and  oppressive  regulations,  rapidly  de- 
stroyed the  confidence  and  friendliness  befi)ie  sliown 
by  large  portions  of  the  native  population;  while  tb.e 
latter  soon  became  relaxed,  and  the  soldiers  iiioro 
turbulent  and  unmanageable  than  ever.  The  New 
]\Iexicans  were  regarded  as  at  heart  deadly  foes,  and 
were  treated  accordingly.  Sickness  continued  its 
ravages;  supplies  were  still  obtained  with  difficulty; 
the  Indians  constantly  attacked  the  caravans  on  the 
plains;  Navajo  raids  on  the  settlements  never  ceased, 
there  being  some  reason  to  believe  tha.i  they  were  imt 
discouraged    by  the  Americans  so  long   as  directed 

(438) 


'!■!•  ;:! 


IIIJ 


A  BAD  STATE  OF  THINGS. 


489 


af,'alnst  tlic  natives;  and  the  situation  was  still  further 
cumi'liti^ted  by  disagreements  between  military  and 
civil  authorities,  and  by  serious  dissensions  among  mili- 
tarv  otiieers,  there  being  much  dissatisfaction  with 
('(liiiiitl  Price's  management/ 

The  volunteers'  terms  of  enlistment  expired  at 
(iitl'iicDt  dates  from  June  to  August,  causing  I'eai'.s  that 
tlic  country  would  be  left  without  sufficient  protection 
auaiiist  a  new  revolt.  At  the  same  time,  however,  a 
new  volunteer  force  was  organized  in  Missouri  for 
tliis  st'i'vice.  On  the  Gth  of  August  a  company  of  the 
1st  Dnigo'nis,  Lieutenant  Love,  reached  Santa  Fe 
with  3;')j0,000  of  government  funds.  On  the  17th 
Colonel  Price,  leaving  besides  the  three  dragoon 
coiiijiaiiies  a  battalion  of  reenlisted  volunteers  under 
Litutenant-colonel  Willoek,  started  with  his  men  for 

'  It  is  fair  to  state  that  there  was  a  strong  political  element,  and  therefore 
pn^iiir  liiiy  iiiore  tiian  one  aide  in  the  Price  controversy.  ''J'lio  soldiery 
Livi'  drgi  iieriiteil  into  a  military  nioh,  are  the  most  open  violators  of  law  and 
(irilcr,  and  daily  heap  insult  and  injury  upon  the  people.'  No  protection 
agiiiiist  Indians  as  promised  by  Kearny.  'One  half  the  captains  do  not  know 
tlio  iiuiiilierof  tlieir  men  nor  where  they  are  to  he  found;  and  tiicy  theniselves 
aio  t(i  lie  sci'u  ni;.;]itly  in  fandanijos  and  even  less  reputable  places  of  dissipa- 
tion. The  soldiers  are  never  drilled  or  mustered;  all  is  insubm-diiiation,  niis- 
nde,  ami  confusion.  About  one  tiftli  of  tlie  whole  command  have  ilied  from 
the  etlrits  of  dissii)ation. .  .The  want  of  ability  and  military  knowledge  in 
tlie  cdiiiMiandcr,  added  to  his  inability  to  control  his  otlicers  or  soldiers,  can 
only  |iroiluec  the  strongest  feelings  of  disgust  and  hatred,  and  desire  to  rel)el 
among  the  native  inhabitants. .  .It  is  certain  that  if  such  a  state  of  things 
Wile  to  lie  fouml  in  any  of  the  territories  of  the  U.  S..  neither  the  civil  nor 
inilituy  govt  W'otild  exist  for  a  week.'  Letter  in  A'/Y<w'  liaj.,  Ixxii.  'llS'l. 
Sinee  the  suppression  of  the  revolt,  '  I  regret  to  say,  nearly  the  whole  terri- 
toiy  has  been  the  scene  of  violence,  outrage,  and  oppression  by  the  volunteer 
soldiery  against  all  alike... The  civil  authorities  tind  tliemselves  ntti'rly 
jiowerless.  .  .The  mil.  authorities  are  incapable  of  controlling  this  lawless 
soliliery  or  are  entirely  indifferent.'  Hy  the  Navajos  over  'oO  citizen.s  have 
hit  II  killed  or  carried  into  captivity,  and  more  than  (iO,OiK)  head  of  horses, 
nuilcs,  and  sheep  carrietl  off  from  tiie  Rio  Abajo. '  The  Amer.  therefore  aj)- 
piar  to  the  N.  Mi'x.  as  practically  allies  of  their  .savage  foes.  Id.,  Ix.xiii.  1.").'). 
'AH  is  liulibub  a!;d  confusion  here;  discharged  volunteers  leaving,  (!"unk; 
anil  Volunteers  not  discharged  remaining,  drunk.'  Anotiier  letter  in  Id.  New 
Mex.  under  neither  U.  iS.  nor  Mex.  laws;  '  los  ca2)riehos,  los  rencoros,  y  el 
aunanliente  estaii  posesionados  del  goi)ierno  civil  y  militiir.'  Snnoroi.ii;  Nov. 
1:.',  1S47,  from  El  Faro  of  Oct.  '2(ith.  Hughes,  Dniiipl.rii'.t  Krprd.,  'A'M^iH), 
tells  ns  that  the  Mex.  could  no  longer  carry  arms  f)r  ride  a1)out  tlie  enuntry 
villi  impunity.  The  soldiers  ' scarcely  spared  the  innocent  and  unoU'ending,' 
tliiiiij,'li  there  were  no  acts  of  violence  (1)  and  a  'suspicious  quietude  '  pre. ailed. 
•Innt:  'Jiith  the  sec.  of  war  writing  to  Price  alludes  unoiHcially  to  rumors  of 
lax  ilisiipliire,  which  of  course  ai'e  not  believed;  still  it  would  be  well  for  P. 
to  'liiaee  up  '  somewhat  and  be  very  careful.  A'.  Xex.  and  CiiL,  Jlcn.i.,  July 
'2i,  ILS,  p.  34. 


i 


l<liR«U\|tt  tW^I 


440 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


¥   I 


the  states,  meeting  on  the  way  various  bodies  of  tlie 
new  troops.  These  included  two  regiments  df  vuhiii- 
teers,  one  of  infantry  under  colonels  Ncwltv  and 
Boyakin,  the  other  of  cavalry  under  Ralls  und  Joius; 
also  an  infantry  battalion  under  Lieutenant-culiiiK.l 
Easton,  and  later  another  battalion  of  cavali  y  and 
artillery  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Gilpin,  known  as 
the  Indian  Battalion,  and  at  first  stationed  ou  the 
plains  to  keep  hostile  tribes  in  order.  There  is  notliintr 
of  importance  recorded  respecting  military  allliiis  at 
Santa  Fe  after  August;  but  in  December  Price  came 
back  as  a  brigadier-general  to  resume  the  coniiiiaiid. 
The  force  was  now  nearly  3,000  men,  witli  a  part  of 
which  tiie  gejieral  marched  south,  and  in  March  1848 
fought  the  last  battle  of  the  war  at  Santa  Crnz  dc 
Rosales  near  Chihuahua."  On  their  return  north  and 
the  announcement  of  peace,  the  volunteers,  except  two 
companies,  went  home  to  the  states,  starting  in 
August  or  Septeml)er.  At  the  same  time  the  foire 
of  regulars  was  slightly  increased  by  reenforcenunts 
from  Chihuahua.  In  1849  the  force  was  still  further 
increased  till  it  numbered  885  men,  including  a  garri- 
son at  El  Paso.  Four  companies  of  volunteers  were 
also  called  into  service  in  March  1840;  and  a  eoni- 
pany  of  Mexicans  and  pueblo  Indians  served  in  a 
Navajo  compaign.  During  Price's  absenci'  the 
military  cctimnand  had  been  held  by  Colonel  E.  \V. 
B.  Xewby  in  1847,  and  by  ^lajor  Benjamin  ]j.  I  nail 
in  1848.  Major  John  M.  Washingt<m  assumed  the 
connnand  in  September  of  that  year,  and  in  Octo- 
ber 1849  was  succeeded  by  Lieutenant-colonel  John 
Monroe.^ 

'■'Oil  luilitary  movements  and  (listrilnition  of  troops,  sec  X.  Xcr.  lunli^il, 
AfpKx.,  .Inly  24,  1848,  p.  '28;  A'/7<n'  lit'ijiKltr,  Ixxii.  37");  Ixxiii.  7(1  7,  l.">.'i,  -lii, 
2&6,  SO.");  Umilu'x'  Ihinp/ian's  Kijxd./'MH,  4{)'>1 ;  Ct(tf..t'  Coiii/..  240;  /!r'"irtl's 
U.  S.  Caviilrii,  122;  and  cwpecially,  on  the  Cliihualiua  canipaigii  ami  Maj. 
(lilpiii's  operations  against  the  Iiulians,  U.  >'.  Goot  Doc,  30th  cong.  2(1  »(.'.■-!<., 
H.  Ex.  D.io,  1,  p.  113  .-)1. 

^We  have  but  few  details  of  military  m.-vtters  in  1848-0,  except  cert-iiii 
Ind.  eani])aigns  and  exph)rations  to  l)e  noted  later.  One  eonip.  of  horse  art  ill. 
and  one  of  2il  dragoons  eanie  with  Washington  from  Chih.  in  Sept.  IM"^. 
Co.  (J  1st  dragoons,  Lieut.  ^Vllittlcauy,  was  statioued  at  Taos  in  Oct.     In 


THEORIES  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


441 


AVi-  ]iavc  seen  that  the  government  at  Washington, 
while  not  ostensibly  recognizing  General  Kearny's 
acts  so  far  as  they  made  New  Mexico  a  territory — 
and  its  people  citizens — of  the  United  States,  did 
recognize  his  right  to  establish  a  temporary  civil  gov- 
crnnu'iit  for  the  management  of  territorial  afliiirs. 
Cliailcs  Bent  as  governor,  and  other  officials  as  already 
named,  were  appointed  in  September  184G,  the  native 
pr  I'tcts,  alcaldes,  and  other  local  authorities  being 
for  the  most  part  continued  in  office  on  taking  the 
oatli  of  allegiance.  During  the  last  months  of  1846 
very  little  for  good  or  bad  was  done  by  the  new  civil 
authorities;  and  after  the  revolt  their  powers  were 
ht  11  further  subordinated  to  those  of  the  military,  a 
state  of  things  causing  many  complaints  on  the  part 
(if  the  people.  On  the  death  of  Governor  Bent  in 
January  1847,  Secretary  Vigil  became  acting  gover- 
nor, lie  desired  the  appointment  of  a  successor, 
rcconmiending  Ceran  St  Vrain,  but  the  authorities  at 
Washington  disclaimed  all  powers  in  the  matter,  and 
in  December  Vigil  himself  was  appointed  governor 
by  <  ienoral  Price.  In  the  same  month  a  legislative 
assembly  met   at   Santa  Fe,   accomplishing  and  at- 

of  importance,  so  far  as  can    be 


trm[>tn]g 


nothing 


Xdv.  t!io  force  was  .Scotnp.  Ist  rlragoons,  1  cotnp.  2<1  drarroons,  and  1  battery 
;i'l  iiitilk'iy.  Ill  lS4i),  4  coinp.  Sd  inf.,  aixl  2  coiiip.  2d  artill.,  arrivfd  in 
Jiiiir:  1  ciniip.  2  1  dragoons  came  from  Vt  Luavonwortii  July  lltli;  2  coni[).  of 
thi'  saiiii!  Uit  C'al.  to  relieve  the  1st  dragoons;  4  coiiip.  'AA  infantry  and  2 
loiiiii.  'Jd  artill.,  Lieut. -col  Alexander,  came  from  Ft  Leavenworth  July  2Hd; 
and  i!  cmiip.  3d  inf.,  Alaj.  Van  Horn,  arrived  at  El  I'aso  Sept.  8th.  Tlius  in 
Nov,  )iS4i),  tJiere  wa.s  a  fitrco  of  SHiy  men  statione<l  at  7  posts,  as  follows:  Sta 
I'l-  1  cniiiii.  2d  artill. ;  Taos  1  conip.  2d  drag.;  All>urr|uer(|ue,  ditto;  J)ona  Ana, 
ilittn;  S.K'orro  jiart  of  1  coinp.,  ditto;  El  I'aso,  (i  comp.  'M  inf. ;  for  posts  to  ho 
(■-taMi.>lii(l  1  comp.  2d  artill.,  and  4.  comii.  lid  inf.  N.  Mexico  formed  tlie 
'.•til  military  department.  Adj. -pen. 's  reports,  etc.,  in  f.  S.  Gort  /'or.,  30th 
n.Mg.  -Jd  .sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  i.,  101-2,  Km,  22.");  Jd.,  Slst  cong.  l.st  sess.,  H. 
Kx.  l»oe.  1,  pt  i.,  p.  182,  184;  I<L,  31st  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  E.\-.  Doc.  1,  i.tii., 
|>  -Jltl  -;i')l;  also  Aiaj.  W.'s  reports  lS48-!»,  in  /r/.,31st  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex. 
lioo.  o,  p.  104-1(3.  Oct.  13,  1S48,  sec.  war  to  Maj.  Washington,  presumes 
the  volimtcers  will  "nave  departed;  cannot  send  more  regulars  before  Juno 
Mil.  Id.,  31st  cong.  1st  se.ss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  17,  p.  2(;3.  The  payment  of 
vnluntoers' claims  fort^erviees  against  Ind.,  etc.,  in  N.  Mex.  in  48  et  seq., 
V  IS  still  hcfme  congress  in  '()(t-3.  Id.,  M)t\i  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Com.  no.  r)37; 
;>yii  cong.  3d  seas.,  11.  Com.  no.  iVJ;  al.so  in  1S70-1.  Coinj.  Ololn;  1870-  I,  p. 
<i:i;i;  and  in  '74,  43d  cong.  1st  sess.,  11.  Ex.  Doc.  272.  See  also  military 
item  i  in  Aden'  Jiiy.,  Ixxiv.-v.,  passim. 


||: 


iu 


442 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO 


h 


known.*  Vigil's  rule  seems  to  haVe  continued  nomi- 
nally until  October  11,  1848.  A  newspaper,  the  Santa 
Fe  Republican,  was  published  from  the  4th  of  Sep- 
tember. 

By  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  finally  ratified 
on  May  30,  1848,  and  proclaimed  at  Santa  Fii  in 
August,  New  Mexico  became  part  of  United  Statis 
territory,  the  boundary  on  the  south  being  tlio  Ku) 
Grande,  the  Uj)per  Gila,  and  a  line — of  which  inDie 
will  be  said  later — uniting  these  rivers  just  abovi-  tlio 
latitude  of  El  Paso.  The  people  were  given  a  choice 
of  citizenship  between  the  two  republics,  and  pcncHiina 
decision  were  assured  of  full  protection  for  tlieir  ji.r- 
sons,  property,  and  religious  faith.  Xews  of  the  tr-caty 
produced  practically  no  innnediate  clianges  in  tlio  itr- 
ritory,  except  the  departure  of  the  volunteer  troops. 
In  the  matter  of  civil  government,  the  new  status  of 
the  country  involved  some  perplexing  questions,  wliicli 
seem,  however,  not  to  have  greatly  troubled  the  New 
Mexican  mind  at  first.  The  military  regime  was 
properly  at  an  end,  and  the  civil  government  organ- 
ized as  a  temporary  phase  of  the  military  occupation, 
strictly  speaking,  ended  with  it;  but  the  ])()sitioii 
assumed  by  the  administration  at  Washington,  and 
carried  out  by  the  military  commanders,  was  tiiat 
**the  termination  of  the  war  left  an  existing  govcin- 

*Ritch,  L.-ijisliifUv  Blne-hnoh  of  the  Territory  qf  N.  Me.rirn,  Sta  Fc'',  ISS7  -an 
exccUont  odinpoiKlium  of  oHieial  aiiiials— gives  on  p.  IKS-K  tlie  iiR'iuliiir.s  ot'  tliu 
asseiiil)ly  which  met  on  Dec.  Otli,  ami  an  extract  on  educational  inatlers  frnm 
Gov.  Vigil's  niessaijc.  Of  the  council  Antonio  Sandoval  was  presiileiit,  liriii y 
Heurie,  clerk,  and  James  Hul)l)le,  doorkec[(cr.  Meinburs,  central  ilistrirt, 
Jose  Fran.  Vaca,  J.  A.  Sandoval,  Juan  Tullis;  northern  di.strict,  iSiinLw 
Lucero,  Pascual  Martinez;  southeni  ilistrict.  Ant.  Sandoval,  Juan  Oturn; 
house-.><peaker,  Wm  Z.  Angney;  clerk,  James  Giddings;  doorkeeper,  K.  J. 
Vauglian;  memliers,  Sta  Fe  county,  Manuel  Alvarez,  Angney,  Aiit.  M. 
Ortiz;  Sta  Ana  co.,  Tomas  Vaca,  Jesus  Sandoval;  S,  Miguel  co.,  .Miguel 
Sanchez,  Ant.  Sais,  Levi  J.  Keithlay;  Rio  Arriba  co.,  Jose  R.  Vigil,  •Ihsc 
Ant.  Manzanares,  Mariano  Lucero;  Taos  co.,  Jose  Martin,  Geo.  Gold,  Aiit. 
Jose  Ortiz;  Bernalillo  co.,  Juan  Perea,  Rafael  Armijo;  Valencia  co.,  Win 
Skinner,  Juan  Cruz  Vaca,  Juan  C.  Chavez,  Jiafael  Luna,  Juan  Sancluz.  Ai- 
cording  to  /(/.,  C/iron.  Anwdx,  11),  (iov.  Vigil's  appointment  was  on  I't. 
17th,  and  P.  Jose  Ant.  Martinez  headed  a  petition  for  U.  S.  citi/ciishiii. 
According  to  Nil<'i<  lii'ij.,  Ixxiii.  305,  a  hill  was  passed  to  authorize  i\v  elec- 
tion of  (lelegates  to  consider  annexation  to  the  U.  S.  In  the  Sta  .t'o  A't'Ui 
Mexican,  Aug.  28,  1877,  is  a  syuopaia  of  Gov.  V.'a  message. 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION. 


443 


mont,  a  government  de  facto,  in  full  operation ;  and 
this  will  continue,  with  the  presumed  consent  of  the 
pecjple,  until  congress  shall  provide  for  them  a  ter- 
ritorial government."  Accordingly,  Governor  Vigil 
rulid  for  a  few  months,  and  after  him  the  command- 
ants \\'asliington  and  Monroe,  there  heing  no  attempt 
to  ai)i>niiit  a  purely  civil  succes-(or  to  Vigil.  The 
.state  of  things  was  like  that  in  California,  in  the  his- 
tory of  which  country  the  reader  will  find  some  addi- 
tional matter  on  the  general  subject/  This  solutioai 
lit'  the  difficulty  was,  perhaps,  as  satisfactory  as  any 
that  t'ould  have  been  devised;  and  the  New  Mexicans 
(lid  well  in  following  the  advice  of  the  president  "to 
live  jxaecably  and  quietly  under  the  existing  govcrn- 
iiHut"  for  a  "few  months,"  until  congress  should 
attend  to  their  civil  needs.  Senator  Benton,  how- 
ever, took  it  upon  himself  to  give  contrary  advice.® 
DccLiiing  all  that  had  been  done  by  the  military 
autli<»rities  to  be  null  and  void,  he  counselled  the 
]ii'o[)le  "to  meet  in  convention — provide  for  a  cheap 
and  simple  government — and  take  care  of  yourselves 
until  congress  can  provide  for  you."  And  they  did 
hold  a  convention  at  the  cull  of  Governor  Vigil  on 
October  10th;  which  body,  however,  contented  itself 
with  sending  a  memorial,  or  petition,  to  congress, 
asking  for  the  "s})eedy  organization  by  law  of  a  ter- 
ritorial civil  government;"  and  at  the  same  time 
protesting  against  dismemberment  in  favor  of  Texas, 
vnd  against  the  intr.  ductiou  of  slavery.^ 

■St'c  IfiH.  Pal.,  v.,  chap,  xxii.,  this  Herics.  In  C;il.,  howcvor,  the  treaty 
fdiiinl  tlie  military  governor  alroady  in  possession  of  tlic  civil  powur.  J  have 
foiiinl  no  (iiliiiite  orders  or  reasons  assigned  for  not  iiaving  eontinuetl  X'igil  in 
jinwi  r,  or  appointed  a  suecessor;  l)ut  I  suppose  there  were  onlers  siniiliar  to 
tlui>c  sent  to  Kearny  and  Mason  in  Cal.,  Itut  of  later  date. 

'Hiiiton's  li'tter  of  Aug.  '2S,  1848,  to  people  of  Cal.  and  N.  Mex.,  in  A'i'fcs' 
Ri'ij.,  hxiv.  244-."). 

'Utccird  of  the  convention  in  liMi's  Blw-bonk,  09-100.  Ant.  Jose  .Marfci- 
npz  \v;is  pres.,  J.  M.  friddings  clerk,  Henrj'  ili\nrio  intcri)reter,  and  Thus 
White  doorkeeper.  Kx-gov.  Fran.  Sarracino,  iiov.  Vigil,  J.  H.  Qniun.  ,iiid 
.liiim  I'erea  wtTe  appointed  as  a  committee  to  prepare  a  memorial,  whiciv  was 
fiu'ind  Oct.  14th,  by  A.  J.  Martinez,  Elias  P.  White,  .Tuan  Pirea,  Ant.  .viis, 
SiutiiL'o  Archuleta,  .Tames  H.  (iuinu,  Manuel  A.  Otero,  Don.  Vigil,  Fran. 
Siiricluo,  (Iregorio  Vigil,  liamon  Luna,  ("has  Boauhieu,  and  .lose  I'iey. 
Tile  inein.  was  sent  to  Beutou  and  Joliu  M.  Clayton,  with  a  request  to  repre- 


444 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


;  J' 


ffl'il: 


Ml'  ((; '  II  I 


The  expenses  of  the  civil  government  wore  partlv 
paitl  during  the  mihtary  regijne  by  the  duties  on  jiu- 
ports;  and  after  February  1848,  General  Price  or- 
dered a  duty  of  six  per  cent  to  be  still  colltctud  on 
imports  from  the  United  States.  Tlie  citizens  uiid 
traders  lield  meetings  in  August  to  protest  auainst 
such  illegal  exaction  on  goods  introduced  from  mu' 
part  of  the  United  States  to  another.  Price  (ledincd 
to  modify  the  order,  which  he  regarded  as  a  ineasure 
of  absolute  necessity,  the  only  source  of  revenue;  Itut 
the  government  at  Washington  sustained  the  jji'oplc, 
and  in  October  ordered  the  refunding  of  all  duties  cnl- 
lectcd  since  the  30th  of  May.  Consequently,  sjiluiies 
and  other  expenses  went  for  the  most  })art  unpaid,  and 
in  1851,  when  the  old  regime  came  to  an  end,  there 
was  a  debt  of  $31,5G2.*^ 

sc'iit  the  territorial  interests  at  Washington.  It  was  received  in  tlui  senate 
J>cc.  l.'Uh,  evoking  a  littlo  storm  of  comment,  especially  from  southern  iiitu 
Mho  were  astoniuled  at  the  'insolence  '  of  the  N.  Mexican  claim.  A/7'.-t'  //<;/., 
Ixxiv.  407.  Nov.  8th,  Maj.  Washington  to  sec.  of  war,  mentioning  thf  iduvi'ii- 
tiou,  stating  that  the  Kearny  code  was  still  in  force,  and  representing  tin'  im- 
portance of  tixing  a  permanent  system  as  soon  as  po.ssil)le,  C  S.  '.'<"•<  />.«■,, 
'Mst  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  5,  p.  104.  Davis  version,  El  (•riii,/o,  lii'.l, 
is  as  follows:  'In  the  fall  of  1848,  Wni  Z.  Angney,  a  lawyer  of  very  (•oll^ill■ 
erahlo  talent,  and  late  a  captain  in  the  army,. .  .returned  from  Missnuri  lull 
of  the  idea  set  forth  in  Mr  Renton's  letter,  and  endeavored  to  iiidiioi'  the 
people  of  N.  Me.x.  to  follow  the  course  he  recommended.  Col  \V;i.shini,'tuii, 
.  .  .finding  that  an  excitement  was  growing  up  on  the  subject,  issucil  a  pnic- 
lani.'<tion,  dated  the  '2',id  of  Nov.,  1848,  commanding  the  inhabitants  to  ulistain 
from  "participating  in  or  being  movers  of  seditious  meetings;"  after  which 
public  meetings  ceased  for  a  time,  and  all  things  went  on  quietly.  In  l>eo. 
of  tiie  same  year '  (the  dates  must  be  wrong)  'ji  convention. .  .assenililrd  in 
Sta  Fe,  and  memorialized  congress  for  a  territorial  govt,  but  none  was  j.'i-.iMte(l 
during  that  session.  . .  .N.  Mex.  not  having  a  repres.  in  Wash. . .  .the  peoplo 
resolved  to  send  an  agent  there.  A  movement  to  this  effect  was  put  nii  foot 
in  May  ]84!t,  which  resulted  in  Hugh  N.  Smith  being  sent, ..  .his  expenses 
being  borne  by  an  association  of  private  individuals.  This  begat  an  oppusi- 
tion  on  the  part  of  certain  gentlemen  who  coveted  the  position  for  one  ef 
tiieir  own  nundjcr, . .  .mainly  Maj.  Weightman  and  Mr  Anifiiey,  who  stiireil 
up  the  public  mind,  and  held  several  meetings  at  Sta  Fc.  Then  followed 
Keall's  proclamation,  and  the  convention  which  elected  Smith  as  a  delegate,  as 
narrated  a  little  later  in  my  text. 

"Meetings,  etc.,  at  Sta  F6.  Xilfs'  /?(v/.,  Ixxiv.  259-GO,  from  St  Lmm  U<]'v'>- 
liran  ami  Std  /■'<!  Itcpvhlkan.  Order  of  sec.  war,  Oct.  I'Jth,  in  I'nL  aii'l  V. 
M<:i:,  Mcsx.,  1850,  p.  '201.  In  his  message  of  July '24tii,  the  president  said 
the  civil  govt  had  been  supported  out  of  military  exactions  and  contrilnitioiis 
from  the  enemy.  '  No  part  of  the  expense  has  been  paid  out  of  the  trensurv 
of  the  U.  S.'  (Jov.  Wasliii;gton  on  Nov.  Stii  wrote  that  there  would  be  no 
govt  funds  unless  Price's  order  was  enforced.  A  report  of  the  see.  war,  May 
o,  185'2,  is  devote<l  to  the  '  'atter  of  civil  expenses  and  the  debt.  C.  S.  i!">'t 
JJoc.,  3'2d  cong.  1st  boss.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  71..  It  coutaina  several  couimuuicatious 


!'  U  ■ 


rTai»*w\u\\»"A« 


CONVENTION  OF  1849. 


445 


Tn  Si'i^tomber  1841)  another  convention  asseniMcfl 
at  Siiiita  Fo,  eonsintinjjf  of  nineteen  delej^ates  elected 
Itv  tlie  jx'ople  under  a  ju'oclaniation  issued  hy  IJeu- 
triiMiit-enlidiel  Bcall,  actin<^  as  ij^overnor  in  NTajor 
Wasl.piiu'ton's  al)sence.  Tliis  body  proceeded  to  elect 
Jluyli  N-  Smith  as  a  delej^ate  to  congresrs,  to  a(lo})t  a 
pliiii.  er  hasis,  for  the  territorial  jj^overnnient,  tlie  es- 
taidisliiiHMit  of  which  he  was  to  ur<i^(!  at  Washiiii^jton, 
and  t'l  ]irepare  a  series  of  instructions  for  his  j^uid- 
aiirc.  A  notable  feature  of  these  documents,  as  (lis- 
tiii'iuislied  from  the  petition  of  1848,  was  the  absence 
of  pretests  against  slavery  and  Texan  encroaehments. 
Till'  territory  was  siinj)ly  to  be  bounded  on  the  cast 
1)V  Texas.''  (Tovernor  Washington,  it  appears,  (Ic- 
on tiii^uiiicct,  iiipluding  a  talnilar  statement  cxtotuliiig  from  Sojit.  '2"J,  lS4ii, 
to  M.inli  :!1.  IS.m  The  amount  alrea<ly  pai.l  to  \hv.  '22,  ]SM,  was  .*1'J,0'.I.S; 
aiiiiiiint  iliK'  !*'_'(), r)t)4,  or  with  estimate  to  Marcli  '2'2,  1851,  jySI.oti'i.  The  otliei.il 
l!^t  siriiis  worth  jirenerviiig,  ami  is  as  foUowa:  (iov. — salary  .*'_',0IM1  --( 'liarle.s 
liiiit  Irom  Sipt. '2'2,  '4(),  i)onaciano  Vigil  from  Jan.  19,  '47,  J.  M.  Washington 
friim  Oct.  II,  '47,  John  Monroe  from  Oct.  '2'.i,  '49;  judges  of  suiireme  court 
— saliiiy  .'<I..')(M) — .Foal)  Hougliton,  Ant.  J.  Otero,  ami  t'iiarles  lleauhii'U  from 
Si'jit.  --,  4l>;  secretary— salary  §1,200— iJonaeiano  Vigil  from  Sept.  '_''2,  '41!; 
:milit>M-  salary  !<'2iiO — Eugene  Leitensdorfer  from  Sept.  '22,  '40;  .losepli  Xautilo 
trill, 1  ,linie  1,  '4'.(,  Kiehanl  Owens  from  July  20,  '.">();  treasurer  -ij"J.")0 — ('has 
lihiiiiiui-  tr.  Sept.  22,  '40;  attorney-general— ?2.")0—Hugli  N.  Smitli  fr.  Oct. 
1,  4ii,  Murray  F.  Tuley  fr.  June  2r>,  '49,  Merrill  Ashurst  fr.  Oct.  2,  TiO;  at- 
tiirmy  ot  southern  (list. — SI2.")— James  H.  t^uiun  fr.  Oct.  19,  '4(i,  Klias  1'. 
\\\>t  ir.  Aug.  21,  '49,  M.  F.  Tuley  fr.  Nov.  29,  '49,  M.  Ashurst  fr.  Oct.  2, 
."ill;  aiiiirii.y  of  north  dist.— .?12.")— ,Tau)os  W.  Leal  fr.  Dee.  10,  '40,  Theo.  1). 
Wiuatiiii  fr.  .Mar.  29,  '47;  U.  S.  aLlorncy— .^oOO— F.  F.  Blair  and  H.  Dal- 
lam Ir.  Si|it.  22,  '40,  to  June  22,  '47;  prefects — S2tK)— Sta  Fe,  Ijicien  F. 
Tliiirstdii  fr.  Aug.  18,  '4(i,  Fran.  Ortiz  fr.  Feh.  18,  '48;  Sta  .'Vna,  Fran.  Sando- 
vilfr.  jiic.  1,  40,  Miguel  Montoya  fr.  .Se))t.  22,  '48;  S.  Miguid,  .Manuel  A. 
\'aia  fr.  I>cc.  1,  '40,  Herman  (irolmau  fr.  Sept.  22,  '48;  Rio  Arriha.  Salvador 
l.iu'rro  fr.  1  >ec.  1,  '40,  Jose  P.  (jallegos  .'r.  Sept.  2,  '48;  P.  Jo.se  A.  .Man/.a- 
narcs  fr.  .'Vpr.  29,  '49.  Salv.  Lucero  fr.  Aug.  12,  '50;  Taos,  (^ornclio  \'igil  fr. 
Idc.  1,  '40,  N'icente  Martin  fr.  Feb.  10,  '47,  Jose  M.  Valdes  fr.  Sept,  22,  '48, 
S.  II.  (.luinn  fr.  Apr.  10,  '49,  Roht  Carey  fr.  June  19,  '49,  J.  .M.  N'aldes  fr. 
Fill,  l.'i,  '50;  \'alencia,  Jose  M.  Sanchez  fr.  Jul.  16,  '47,  ilamcs  L.  Huliliell 
fr.  S<iit.  22,  '48,  Manuel  A.  Otero  fr.  June  15,  '49,  Kanu)n  Luua  fr.  Apr. 
]~\  ."ill;  Hcrnalillo,  Fran.  Sarracino  fr.  Sept.  22,  '40.  Tlie  terms  end  Dec. 
'2'1,  '."lO.      I  he  salaries  are  as  tixed  liy  the  Kearny  code. 

'Miir  Ml  j-iro,  Journal  of  the  roiir:'iifioii  of  the  Territnnj,  JS'/D,  in  LL  S. 
dnrl  J)„r.,  .'ilst  cong.  1st  sess.,  11.  Kx.  Doe.  17,  p.  93-104.  Rather 
Ktrangi'ly  Mr  Ritch  doe.s  not  mention  this  convention  at  all.  Ilitrh',^  Leijh. 
lilni-liiiiik,  l(K).  The  meetings  were  held  Sept.  24-2()th.  The  nu-iii'icrs  were, 
frmii  Bernalillo  co.,  Manuel  Armijo,  Amiirosio  Armijo,  Rio  Arriha,  Jos. 
Naiiu'lr,  Salv.  Lucero;  S.  Miguel,  (Jreg.  Vigil,  Manuel  A.  Vaca;  .Sta  Ana, 
.Mi;:iul  Montoya,  Fran.  T.  Vaca;  Sta  te,  Manuel  Alvarez,  K.  V.  Dci'oiu,  W. 
Z.  Aiigncy;  Taos,  Ceran  St  Vrain,  Ant.  J.  Martin,  Ant.  Leroux;  VahMicia, 
.liiaii.l.  Sanchez,  Win  C.  Skinner,  Mariano  Silva,  Ant.  J.  Otero,  Maimel  A. 
Utt.ru.    The  president  was  the  cura,  Ant.  JosiS  Martinez,  sec.  J.  H.  Quiuu, 


1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

i 

B 

■mn 


i^Mi 


446 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEVV  MEXICO. 


ll(!  ■:'  :  ■  f 


|M 


•trf  1 


uy 


m 


Ni;i 


g|l 


clinod  to  rccof^nize  officially  tho  acts  of  this  eonvon- 
tioii;  but  Smith  soon  started  for  Washington,  where, 
ill  July  1850,  tho  house,  by  a  vote  of  92  to  80,  attor 
a  long  discussion,  refused  to  admit  him  as  a  delegatt.'.'' 
But  even  before  Delegate  Smith's  failure  to  ssuoiin; 
recognition  for  New  Mexico  as  a  territory,  vet 
another  experiment  had  been  tried  in  the  form  of  an 
att(!m|tted  organization  as  a  state,  this  being  in  accord- 
ance with  advice  from  Washington."     By  proclamaioii 

doorkeeper  E.  J.  Vaughn.  The  com.  to  report  a  jilan,  etc.,  was  I'luniKi^iil 
of  W.  Z.  Anjiiu-y,  Jos.  Naiigle,  Win  C.  Skinner,  F.  T.  Vaca,  r.nd  A.  J.  Otfrn. 
(!ov.  Wasliiugton,  Justiee  Hiiiighton,  and  See.  Vigil  aeoepteil  .seats  in  thu 
convention.  On  plan  there  was  a  majority  report  by  Skinner  ami  a  ininniity 
report  hy  Naugle,  both  of  which  are  given.  Fran.  Sarraeino  wa.s  iljoseu  m 
substitute  delegate  uO  congress.  The  final  'instructions, '  as  ado[itLMl,  tuok 
the  form  of  a  series  of  modest  requests  for  aid  and  protection. 

'"Oct.  IGth,  J.  S.  Calhoun,  Ind.  agent,  to  see.  interior.  Cal.  niiil  X.  Mi.r., 
^Vm.«.,  KS5(),  p.  90-1;  debate  in  Con,j.  Ohh,;  1849-50,  p.  1370-1408.  A  dele- 
gate from  Utali,  or  Deseret,  was  refused  admission. 

"  Nov.  19,  1849,  Sec.  War  Crawford  to  Lieut. -col  Geo.  A.  MoCall,  <n\  \m 
way  to  join  his  regiment  in  N.  Mex.,  in  V<d.  and  N.  Mex.,  M<:i.i.,  ls.")(j,  |i. 
i2S0-l.  'Since  their  annexation  these  territories,  in  respect  to  tlu-ii-  tivil 
jiiivt,  have  in  a  great  measure  depended  on  the  officers  of  tiie  army  tlu're  in 
command;  a  duty  it  is  considered  as  falling  beyond  their  appropriate  spluTu.i 
of  action.  .  .This  condition  has  arisen  from  the  omission  of  congress  to  jini- 
vide  suitable  governments,  and  in  regard  to  tho  future  there  is  rea.sim  to 
believe  that  the  ditlicnilties  of  the  past  are  still  to  be  encountered. .  .It  is  luit 
«loul)ted  that  the  people  of  N.  Mex.  desire  and  want  a  govt  organized. ,  .The 
question  readily  recurs,  how  that  govt  can  be  supplied.  I  have  already 
adverted  to  pa.st  and  still  existing  difliculties  that  have  retarded  •and  may 
continue  to  retard  the  action  or  the  U.  S.  in  respect  to  tiiis  necessary 
and  first  want.  To  remove  it  may,  in  some  degree,  be  the  part  of  the  ihity 
of  otJicers  of  the  army,  on  whom,  under  the  necessities  of  the  ca.sc,  has  liecii 
devolved  a  partial  participation  in  their  civil  affairs.  It  is  therefore  ilifimil 
proper  that  1  sluiidd  say  that  it  is  not  Jjelievcd  that  the  people  of  N.  Mtx. 
are  required  to  await  tho  movements  ofthe  Federal  govt,  in  relation  to  a  plan 
of  govt  for  the  regulation  of  their  own  internal  concerns.  The  constitution 
of  tlie  U.  S.  and  the  late  treaty  with  Mexico  guarantee  their  admi.ssion  into 
the  iniion  of  our  states,  subject  oidy  to  the  judgment  of  congress.  Slmuld 
the  people  of  N.  Mex.  wisli  to  take  any  steps  toward  this  object,. .  .it  will 
be  your  duty,  and  tho  duty  of  others  with  whom  you  are  associated,  not  to 
thwart  but  to  advance  tiicir  wishes.  It  is  their  right  to  appear  betorc  ron- 
grcss  and  ask  for  admission  into  the  union.'  Doubtless  similar  inatriu'tious 
were  sent  to  other  oilicers. 

Davis,  El  Orinijn,  111-12,  gives  the  best  connected  narrative  of  political 
events  of  this  period  in  N.  Mex.  He  says:  'About  this  time  two  oiiimsito 
parties  sprang  up,  one  in  favor  of  a  state,  and  the  other  a  territorial  govt, 
which  engendered  a  deal  of  excitement  aiul  ill  feeling.  Several  largo  jnililic 
meetings  were  held  by  the  respective  parties  in  Sta  Fe...At  one  of  these 
meetings  the  excitement  ran  so  high  that  it  almost  led  to  bloodshed  (on 
account  of  Texan  complications,  of  which  more  presently).  'The  ai;itatioii 
of  the  ((uostion  of  a  state  govt  originated  with  the  national  administration. . . 
In  the  .spring  of  1849,  James  S.  Calhoun  went  to  N.  Mex.  as  Iml.  agent,  but 
upon  his  arrival  he  declared  that  he  had  secret  instructions  from  the  i.'ovt  at 
Wash,  to  induce  the  people  to  form  a  state  govt.    For  a  time  the  plan  received 


ni«*H\ri»\u\H 


STATE  CONVENTION  OF  1830. 


447 


of  Oovornor  Monroe,  issued  in  April  1850,  a  conven- 
tion assembled  at  Santa  Fo  tlio  loth  of  May,  under 
tlic  presidency  of  James  H.  Quinn,  and  after  sessions 
often  days  framed  a  constitution  for  the  state  of  New 
]ilcxii<).  This  document  prohibited  slavery,  and  fixed 
as  tho  eastern  and  Avestern  boundaries  the  lOOtli  and 
11 1th  meridians  respectively.^" 

It  was  submitted  to  the  people  by  the  military 
(jovornor's  order  of  May  28tli,  requiring  an  ek'ction 
to  he  held  on  the  20th  of  June,  at  which  the  electors 
were  tt»  vote  on  a  separate  ballot  "for  o()vernor,  lieu- 
teiiaiit-o'overnor,  representatives  to  congress,  and  for 
senators  and  representatives  to  a  state  legislature  to 
convene  at  tho  capital  on  Monday,  the  1st  day  of  July 
next.  It  being  provided  and  understood  that  the 
election  of  all  officers  can  only  be  valid  by  tlie  adop- 
tion of  the  constitution  by  tho  people,  and  otherwise 
null  and  void;  and  that  all  action  of  the  gov'ernor. 
lieutenant-governor,  and  of  the  legislature  shall  re- 
main inoperative  until  New  Mexico  be  admitted  as 

Imt  little  sniipnrt,  but  in  the  course  of  tlie  .«mininer  ami  fall  an  oxciteiiieiit  was 
nisi'.l,  and  '  itli  parties,  state  and  territorial,  piil)lislied  aildressus  to  tho 
[iidiile,  the  former  being  headed  by  Calhoun,  Alvarez,  and  Pillans,  and  the 
^ltt^  r  i)y  St  Vrain,  Hougliton,  Meauliien,  and  others.  The  matter  eoiitiinied 
t(i  lie  (lisc\is«ed  without  niueh  etl'eet  in  favor  of  the  state  until  the  spring  of 
KS.'iO,  wi\en  Col  (ieo.  A.  MeCall  arrived  from  the  states,  upon  a  like  mission 
n^  Culhoun.  He  informed  the  people  that  no  territorial  govt  would  be 
(.'ranted  by  congress,  and  that  I'res.  Taylor  was  determined  that  N.  Mex. 
slmnM  lie  ereeted  into  a  state  govt,  in  order  to  settle  tho  fpiestiou  of  slavery, 
and  also  that  of  boundary  with  Texas.  Tho  delegate  iu  congress,  Mr  Smith, 
wnite  iionie  to  the  same  efl'eet.'  In  view  of  the  neglect  of  congress,  threats 
cif  Texas,  and  disgust  of  military  rule,  '  the  territorial  party  at  last  yielded 
anil  juined  in  tlie  advocacy  of  a  state  govt.  Accordingly,  resolutions  to  that 
elleet  Were  adopted  at  a  meeting  at  Sta  Fc,  Apr.  '2ihU,  and  also  requesting 
(ill  Miiiiroe  to  issue  a  proclamation,  calling  up<in  the  people  to  elect  delegates 
til  a  oonventiou  to  be  convened  on  the  l.">tli  of  May.'  The  proclamation  is 
found  in  L'.  S.  GortDoc.,  31st  eong.  1st  .sess..  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  00. 

'-Tins  constiliition  in  its  essential  2>:o-ts  is  given  in  the  Aiinr.  Qimrf. 
Ihijlitri;  iv.  582  et  se(j.  I  have  not  found  the  journal  or  list  of  mendiers,  ])ut 
in  iiniiiliir  and  personnel  this  convention  was  probably  similar  to  that  of 
INI'.'.  The  constitution  was  dated  May  2.")th.  The  Imundai-y  as  detiiied  was 
iis  tnll(]\\.s:  I'rom  the  irrigating  dam  of  the  Hio  Crrande  just  above  IT  I'aso, 
ei^t  to  lOOth  parallel,  north  to  Arkansas  River,  up  the  river  to  its  source, 
til' ini;  liy  a  .straight  line  to  where  the  Kio  Colorado  is  intersected  by  tho 
lllth  pMrallel,  south  to  the  Gila,  up  the  Cila  to  the  intersection  of  the  west 
line  (if  N.  Mex.  as  it  shall  be  determined  by  the  boundary  com.,  along  tho 
natiiiTial  boundary  to  the  Rio  CJrande,  and  doM'u  that  river  to  tlie  place  of 
starting.  Davis  tells  iia  that  tho  constitution  was  drafted  by  Joab  Houghtou 
amUM.'F.  Tuley. 


^ 

W' 

'  1 

mKi: 

.  1 

Ec^ '- 

!   ( 

m 

■\ 

wj 

;  r  ■ ' 

si^*' 

I4M|^'' 

r  ■          [ 

Jff'^ 

i 


ilit«u\tun\\t\ 


44S 


MILITARY   HULK  IX  KF:\V  MKXICO. 


n,  state  undor  said  constitution,  except  such  jut-;  ns 
may  l)o  nocessuiy  for  the  |>riinary  steps  of  oriranjza- 
tiou  and  tlic  [)resontation  of  said  constitution  jdojuilv 
before  tlie  congress  of  tlio  United  States.  Tlu'  pies. 
ent  o(>vernn)ent  shall  remain  in  full  fore(>  until,  l»y  the 
action  of  conjjj'ress,  another  shall  he  substituted."  '^  At 
the  election  of  June  20th,  the  constitution  was  adojitrd 
by  a  vote  of  8, .'371  to  30;  while  Henrv  C'onncllv  iiiid 
Manuel  Alvarez  were  elected  governor  and  liiUttii.int. 
govt'rnor  by  a  large  majority  over  the  opposing  candi- 
dates,  Vaca  and  St^'rain.  William  S.  Messervy  wu:^ 
chosen  as  representative  to  congress." 

The  newly  elected  legislature  assembled  at  Santa 
Fe  at  the  beginning  of  July,  Alvarez  acting  as  ;^'(>v- 
crnor  in  the  absence  of  Connelly,  Francis  A.  Cuii- 
iiingham  and  Kichard  H.  Weightman  were  ek-ctid 
United  States  senators;  appointments  were  made; 
and  eli'ctions  for  local  officials  were  ordered  for  August. 
The  intention  at  once  became  apparent  to  put  the  state 
government  into  inmiediatc  and  full  operation,  without 
waiting  for  aj»])roval  from  Washington  ;  to  put  an  end 
to  the  existing  regime,  without  regard  to  the  condi- 
tions clearly  expressed  in  Monroe's  proclamation.  Tliis 
led  to  a  controversy,  into  the  developments  and  merits 
of  which  it  is  not  necessary  for  us  to  enter  minutely. 
The  military  governor  declared  the  election  proclama- 
tion, and  anv  others  emanatiu'j:  from  the  new  authoii- 
ties,  to  be  null  and  void,  instructing  ])refects  that  "the 
state  <j'overnment  of  New  Mexico  lias  no  leijal  exist- 
once,  until  New  ISIcxico  shall  be  admitted  into  the 
union  as  a  state  by  the  congress  of  the  United  States; 
and  that,  until  otherwise  determined  by  competent 
authority,  the  present  government  continues  and  will 

"<rov.  Monroe's  procL  of  May  28,  IS.'O,  in  X.  Mex.,  Cnrtrsjy.  on  Cn-H 
Affair-i,  1S.")0,  p,  '.(;{^4.  In  Cal.  the  date  anil  niannor  of  tlie  eleutinn  were 
fixetl  in  tliL!  Hclieilulo  of  tlie  constitution  itself,  and  (iov.  Riley  in  liis  procla- 
ination  clearly  announced  his  intention  to  surrender  his  powers  to  the  niw 
governor  if  the  constitution  should  he  ratified.  L'al.  and  N.  Mex.,  Mtsg.,  ISJU, 
p.  858-!). 

1*  U.  S.  Ooi-t  Doc,  31st  cong.  2d  sesa.,  Sen.  Doc.  26,  p.  IG;  HUch's  Le<jis. 
Blue-book,  lUO. 


l'|i|lB*H\t»\\V,\\V.\Ui 


roLK'V   OF  flOVKRNOll  MOXilOK. 


449 


III'  sii>tiiin('(l."  And  this  position  lio  suct'cssrully  iiiiiin- 
taiiii'l  to  tlic  ciul,  notwitlistuinliiiL^  tlio  pi-otcsts  uiitl 
iii^iiiiH'iits  of  his  iulversjirics,  who  rathrr  lorcihly  cittMl 
as  ii  iMvccdi'iit  for  MoiiroL'  the  siihiiiission  of  llilcy  in 
Ciililniiiia  under  similar  cij-cuinstaMcts.'' 

||(  >|it(tiii!jf  tlie  civil  wtatus  of  the  newly  ncquired 
tciriioiirs  after  the  treaty  and  hefore  eon^-rtssional 
artii'ii.  there  wer(>  sui)stantially  tlii-ee  theories,  in  sonu; 
])lia>(  s  toK'T'ahly  distinct,  in  others  ]>eri)lexin;4ly  in- 
t.ilaii  (].  Fiist,  that  the  treaty  ])ut  an  end  to  the 
Mtxican  system  anil  to  the  tempoi'arv  svstem  of  the 
iiiilltaiy  regime,  leavini^  no  jj^overninent  at  all,  hut  a 
li^lit  oil  the  [tart  of  congress  to  im[»ose  a  govc^rnnieut, 

'.V'"'  Mrrini,  Ciirri'sjiDiti/nii'i'  nil  lli(>  sn'ijift  nf  ciril  iiif'tir-i,  l>>"i!),  in  ,'tlst  coiii;. 
•Jil  .M'^s,  S,ii.  I'A.  Dcic.  I,  \K  !f_'  l()!t.  Tl'iis  (•('.!!. ■ctioii  iiii'lii.li.'s,  1st,  .Minimo 
tii.nlj.  i;tii.,  .Iiiiv  llitli,  ii  n'|i(irt  of  tlu;  wlmlc  iiiattir';  "Jil,  .\!.'.s  i)tci(l.  oc  May 
'.Nth;  "i.l.  M.  to  It't'l^l.,  thily  4lli,  lias  inn'iiiiiiiiuiiiv.itiou  tolii.ikc;  Itli  ami  oti., 
Ileitis  III  M.  ami  Alvariz,  .hily  lltli,  I'.'tli;  (itli,  Alvaii'/  to  M.,  a  inn,'  ilrtuiieo 
(if  Ills  I'liurse,  111' of  tiio  stato  govt,  llu  claims  tlio  iiimi]i1i3  hi. I  a  rij;lit  to  or- 
g.iiiizi' a  ciN  il  pivt  without  coiistiltiiig  the  mil.  ;;ov.;  that  any  inivatc  citizen 
iiii;.'lit  li  ivc  issu  il  the  )irocla;iiatioii;  that  in  the  ahsoiice  of  coiii^icssioiial  Icgis- 
l.itiun.  tlii;  iii'ii[ilu  of  X.  .M"\'.  hail  as  ^ooil  a  riuiit  to  foiiii  or  rcmoili  1  their 
(ijil  system,  or  cstalili.sh  ;i  \u--ff  one,  as  tliu  jieuiile  of  N.  Y,  or  Va;  that  Moil- 
rue  s  civil  jiiiwer  coiilil  Ik;  no  greater  than  that  of  tho  jiresiileiit;  ainl  that  the 
imsiilciit  hail  never  iiretemleii  to  have  the  jinwer  to  iiiaki;  a  govt  fur  N.  Mex., 
er  iii.-i~t  on  the  ohl  one;  hut  that  tho  jiresiJeiil's  instructin  is  ami  all  others 
friuii  \\'a<h.  Kim[ily  iulvisoil  temjiorary  sulmiissioii  to  tiiu  oM  gov  t  as  exist- 
iiii;  liy  presiimeii  consent  of  the  iieojili!.  That  consent  hail  lueii  witliilrawii, 
an  I  ,1  iiiw  i_'iivt  orgaiii/.eil;  which  must  he  recogni/.e  1,  until  cmigrcss  .should 
iifii^e  til  sanction  it;.  7th,  .M.'s  reply  to  A.,  .Inly  I'Jth,  insisting  on  ailherelice 
til  tlie  terms  of  his  original  jirocl.,  ainl  on  a  cnutiMuance  of  the  oM  r<  giiiic 
lieiiiliiig  coiigressional  action;  8th,  A.  to  M.,  .luly  l"_'tli,  ili|iliiri!ig  the  cimtro- 
viMsy.  Imt  asserting  that  the  iieople  cannot  surreinler  thi  ir  iharest  rights, 
iti'.;  '.lt!i.  mem.  of  legislative  action,  on  a  state  seal,  county  of  Socorro,  cen- 
sus 111  l.^.VJ,  election  of  alcalilcs,  etc.,  election  of  senators,  nieiiinrial  to  coii- 
grc-s.  etc.  A  sec.  state,  4  juilges,  auditor,  and  treasurer  were  iiumiiiated  and 
ciiiiliriiiid  liy  liiith  houses.  lOlli,  M.  to  adj. -gen.,  July  IJist,  eiulusing  doc.; 
lltli,  M.  and  t  alhoiiii  to  local  Indian  authorities,  assuring  them  that  no 
('111  I  It;-  is  til  ho  made,  JuiK^  'J'.ltli;  i'Jth,  M.  liy  Sec.  Vigil  to  jireficts,  .luly  'l'.\d, 
(liiviimi  t!i,it  no  attention  ho  paid  to  Alvarez' orders,  etc.;  l.'Uii,  .\."s  proel, 
(if  .Inly  '.'Oth  for  elections;  14th,  extract  of  tin;  legislature's  law  mi  i  lections; 
l"itli.  .\1.  to  adj. -gen.,  Aug.  '2(>th,  transmitting  the  following  iiqiers;  Kith, 
icsiihitiiiiis  of  tlio  house  and  .•■•CMate,  signed  liy  \V.  Z.  Aiigney,  .^inaker,  and 
.Iiisr[ih  MaiiLile,  spealier,  duly  l.">tli,  a|niriiviug  tlie  position  taUcni  liy  .\lvarez; 
17th.  Lewis  I ».  siiutz,  sec.  stat ',  .Inly  17th,  transinitting  the  inecedilig  to 
.Miiiiiiic;  iMh,  ■■\lvarez  to  people,  Aug.  Slh,  no  otlicer  elected  or  a|>pointe)l 
uiiilir  the  slate  govt  will  attein[it  to  exercise  any  jiirisdietion  until  after  Nov. 
Ijt,  iir  until  duly  coinmissioiie  I  to  act  as  siieli.  (This  is  liy  a  joint  resolution 
lit  the  legislature,  and  may  indicate  a  kind  of  compromise.!  I'.lth,  M.  hy 
Vigil  to  prefects,  Aug.  lltli,  no  olistruction  to  lie  otfc^red  to,  and  no  ]iart  to  he 
taki  M  ill,  the  stato  elections  of  tlu;  I'Jth  Aug.,  hut  ollicials  .liM'ted  are  not  to 
lie  ivciigiiized;  '_>()th,  .see.  war  to  -M.,  Sept.  lOtli,  in  reply  to  M.'d  loiter  ui  July 
lot.i,  ilic  dilliculty  removed  by  act  of  cougrusa. 
Hist.  Aiiiz.  and  N.  Mex.    2'J 


1^  'ii^ 


li(i«*«H\«U\>««ira 


480 


MILITAKY    mu:   IN    N  KW    MKXK'O. 


^ 


I'ijM 


i    1 


!:il 


!| 


jukI  (til  till'  |»art  of  tlu5  |k'(i|»1i>,  |)('n(rni<j^  ('"MiLfrrssioiial 
Ufti<»n,  to  or^atiizi!  oiio  for  tlu'iuHflvcH.  This  wns  ih,. 
Hi'ttlii's'  tlii'ory.  Sci'oiid,  tliat  tluj  laws  of  New  Mi  xicn, 
tiiat  is,  tlu'  ^Icxicaii  laws,  not  iiiconsistrnt  witli  tlic 
fonstitutioii  and  treaties  (»f  tlie  Ignited  Statt  >.  wdv 
still  ill  foiv(>,  and  must  still  continue  in  torn'  till 
(•luin'''ed  l>v  eoinpetent  authority;  that  is,  hv  tli;it  n\' 
congress;  meanwhile  the  military  rominaiidant  was 
civil  inovernor.  This  was  the  position  assuiihd  tur  u 
time  l»y  (Jovi'rnor  Uiley  of  (alifornia."'  Third,  that 
the  tein[»orary  system  (A  the  militaiy  interrcLj'imiii. 
virtually  tlu)  Mexican  law  as  modified  l»y  luccssity, 
remained  in  force  as  a  do  facto  government  with  tlic 
C(tnsent  of  the  people,  a  consent  presumed  as  an  ;ihti'- 
nativo  of  a  state  of  anarchy,  and  coidd  he  chaiiLivd 
only  hy  compress.  This  theory,  in  a  practical  sinso 
not  diflerinj^  nmch  from  the  second,  was  that  In  id  la- 
the administration  at  Washinjifton,  and  inculcatrd  in 
various  instructions  to  otHcers  in  New  Mexico  and 
California,  and  it  was  virtually  the  one  maintained  to 
the  end  in  the  former  territory.  Kespectinj;'  the  merits 
of  these  confiictin<^  theories  no  final  decisiftn  was  tvci- 
ronderi'd  hy  competent  authority.  In  a  practical  st  use, 
most  differences  wore  sli<ifht.  No  one  seems  evri-  t(t 
have  seriously  questioned  the  rii^lit  of  the  people  to 
oruanize  a  (government  and  submit  it  to  con<>'ress  tor 
approval.  The  administrati«)ii  at  first  sim}»ly  advised 
them  to  submit  to  the  do  fact(.  o-overnment  restiu'j,  on 
their  presui  \vd  consent,  but  a  later  administration 
favored  the  ithdrawal  of  that  consent  and  the  aj)- 
plicatioii  fo,  admission  as  states.  In  both  sections 
of  the  new  i  Titory  this  was  done.  As  to  the  iv;d 
status  of  tht  nc^v  governments  as  organized  hotore 
approval  or  di  ipproval  by  congress,  the  only  ini})ortaiit 
practical  question  at  issue,  there  was  no  decision. 
Riley  in  California,  under  instructions  from  Washiiiof- 
ton,  though  expressing  grave  doubts  on  the  legality 

"■'Royt-e,  Citli/oriiin,  24G  ot  seq.,  the  host  treatment  of  the  whole  siilijoct 
extant,  is  'ailvised  by  gooil  authority  that  Riley's  position,  in  so  tar  iu  iio 
oousiiituatly  held  to  it,  waa  no  duuht  sounder  than  the  opposing  views.' 


rli(it«flH\\u«u» 


I 


LA(  K  OF  PUBMC  SKNTIMKNT. 


4ol 


(,f  tlii:^  (•()urs(\  HurrciHh'ivd  his  civil  autliority  nnd 
|i(iinitft'(l  tlu!  iu!\v  j^ovcrmiH'iit  to  i,n>  at  oik-c  into 
iiiii  Tiitii'ii,  as  iiick-cd  lie  had  |H()iiiiscd  to  do  in  his 
nvdiV  tor  the  rlrction ;  this  heiii'j;  in  a  sense  approved 
|,y  till'  adinissioii  of  (jihrornia  as  a  state.  M(»ni"oe 
in  N. w  Me.\i('<»,  more  consistetitly  hut  also  under  in- 
stiiutmns,  inserted  iti  his  eleetion  or<ler  a  condition 
wliicli  wiis  suhseijueiitly  I'ntoired.  The  pe(»|ile  as  ivp- 
ivsriiti  (I  hy  Alvarez  made  out  a  veiy  plausiMe  casi', 
liiit  the  Washinufton  plans  luust  not  he  disturhed,  and 
aiiv  rlian;40  from  a  state  govennnent  in  full  operation 
to  a  territorial  system  mi^ht  liav((  heen  awkward. 
Fill'  it  iiHist  h<'  understood  that  the  whole  matter  was 
iiiiniii»iilated  hy  a  few  men  at  Santa  Fe.  In  (alifor- 
iii;i.  the  gftld-setsking  new-comers  included  a  iimltitude 
of  pnjiticians,  with  'a  right  smart  sprinkling'  of  men 
wlio  he]ieve<l  themselves  statesman,  so  that  there  was 
a  strong  puhlic  sentiment  on  various  matters;  hut  in 
XfW  Mexico  tiie  Uiasses  took  little  or  no  intei'cst  in 
tlicories  as  to  civil  government.  Tluy  had  a  digree 
(if  |iiviiidiee  against  the  existing  military  rule,  and 
iKirtially  realized  the  desirahility  of  a  j)ermanent  civil 
systiin;  hut  the  various  conventions  and  petitions  and 
plans  in  no  sense  emanated  fnMU  the  New  JMexicans, 
lit'iiig  the  work  of  a  few  Americans  who  acted  for 
their  own  personal  interest  <»r  that  of  their  party  or 
SLctioii  in  the  states,  and  aroused  poj)ular  enthusiasm 
only  sliglitly  l)y  false  appeals  to  native  fc^ars — notahly 
that  of  Texan  encroachment.  A  lew  of  those  })oliti- 
ciiuis  thought  they  saw  an  opportunity  to  serve  them- 
S('lv(S  hy  interfering  with  the  plan  and  putting  the 
state  government  into  immediate  operation,  as  had 
hceii  (lone  in  California  ;  hut  their  attempt  was  not 
successful. 

Turning  from  Santa  Fe  to  Washington,  I  find  it  hy 
no  means  necessary  to  follow  congressional  del)s„tes, 
or  even  to  chronicle  the  many  successive  measures 
]irop(tsed  for  the  government  of  the  new  territories. 
Even  a  brief  resume  would  extend  far  beyond  the 


litlM«\U«\U\V 


HrV:»niiir>  I -««■ 


If 

i    i 
1 

1 

! 

i 

i    ' 

. ; 

f    ■ 

'■ 

■    '     i 

452 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


spacG  at  my  disposal  liorc,  and  tlic  subject  doos  not 
properly  belong  to  New  Mexican  history  at  all. 
Somewhat  more  attention  is  <>-iven  to  it  in  other 
volumes  of  tliis  series  on  California;''  hut  tlie  whole 
matter  belongs  to  the  great  national  controversy:  and 
nothing  that  was  done  or  left  undone  in  Xew  ^lexico, 
nothing  in  the  needs  or  wishes  of  the  people,  had  any 
real  weight  in  congress.  The  territory  belonged  to 
the  United  States,  and  the  necessity,  or  at  least  pro- 
priety, of  providing  for  it  a  regular  system  of  govern- 
ment was  obvious  to  all.  Neither  was  the  task  in 
itself  a  difHcult  or  comi)licated  one.  The  south  pro- 
posed simply  to  extend  n;iti<jnal  laws  over  the  new 
territories  by  the  organization  of  territorial  govern- 
ments. This  was  on  its  face  a  natural  and  projjer 
course,  and  under  ordinary  circunistan(;es  all  ch  tails 
might  have  been  readily  arranged.  But  a  controlling 
element  in  tlie  north  refused  to  admit  the  territories 
under  any  system,  except  with  conditions  prohil»iting 
slavery.  The  south  had  made  the  war  expressly  to 
gain  new  southern  territ(jry,  and  conse(|uent  extension 
of  south(?rn  power  in  the  national  councils.  The  north 
had  oj)i)osed  the  war  mainly  because  of  the  geographic 
position  of  the  territory  to  be  accpiired.  This  ojiposi- 
tion  had  failed,  as  had  the  attempt  to  make  the  ae([ui- 
sition  of  territory  conditional  on  the  Wilmot  })rovis() 
j)rohibiting  slavery;  but  now  the  north  was  stiouger 
and  more  fully  arouscxl,  and  Avas  resolved  to  take  a 
firm  stand  against  the  exti'nsion  of  the  peculiar  insti- 
tution. Southerners  maintained  their  right  umirr 
th<>  constitution  of  holding  slaves  in  the  territories, 
tliougli  many  dt)ubted  that  any  considerable  |)ortiou 
of  the  country  in  question  would  naturally  become  in 
the  end  slave  territory;  they  hekl,  nn)reover,  that  it 
there  was  any  doul)t  respecting  their  position,  or 
respecting  particular  ]K)ints  -such  as  the  etlect  of  old 
^Mexican  laws  ai)olishing  slaveiy — the  question  sli<»uhl 
be  decided  by  the  courts;  they  favored  compronii>e, 

'"Sou  J/ist.  i'ld.,  v.,  c'liap.  xxii. ;  vi.,  chap.  xiii. 


[i(i(l4«*»\»\(V 


SLAVERY  IN  THE  TERRITORIES. 


453 


fdUiidod  on  mutual  concessions,  such  as  the  admission 
(if  I'll  (•  and  slave  states  in  e(jual  numbers,  or  a  geo- 
rrrjipliif  line  like  that  of  the  Missouri  compromise;  and 
thcv  ])rotcsted  against  an  aggressive  and  oliensive 
policv  on  tlic  part  of  the  northerners,  who  would  lis- 
tiii  to  no  compromise,  and  would  give  southern 
institutions  no  standing  w^batever  in  the  newly  ac- 
(|uii('il  domain.  And  mdeed,  the  northern  position 
was  nulicallv  ao'oressive ;  but  if  on  the  face  of  tlie 
matter  and  o'l  the  points  innnediately  at  issue  there 
was  a  degree  of  unfairness,  it  was  believed  to  be  justi- 
fied bv  the  political  trickerv  on  the  other  side  that 
had  led  to  the  present  complication,  by  the  irrepres- 
silile  nature  of  the  great  sectional  contlict  tiiat  had 
heyuii,  and  especially  by  the  great  moral  question  at 
is>ue  between  slavery  and  freedom.  The  fight  in  con- 
oT'Ss  was  a  lonu'  and  bitter  one,  most  ablv  fought  on 
l)oth  sides;  but,  as  I  have  said,  the  record  of  its 
details  and  the  discussion  of  its  merits  do  not  belong 
ill  this  work.^" 

There  was,  however,  one  phase  of  this  controversy 
that  did  directl}'  affect  Xew  ]Mexico,  and  in  which 
lur  people  took  a  real  interest,  though  their  wishes 
liad  very  little  w^'ia^ht  in  congress;  and  this  was  the 
qiu'stion  of  eastern  boundary.  As  wo  have  seen, 
Texas  had  claimed  since  1H3G  the  Rio  Grande  from 
its  ;i!outh  t  '  its  source  as  her  western  bound,  relvinu', 
so  far  as  it  was  deemed  necessarv  to  rely  on  anvthing 
hut  repeated  asseverations,  on  the  treaty  signed  by 
Santa  Anna  as  a  prisoner — a  tieaty  never  confirmed 
l)ut  al\va3's  repuchateil  by  ^Texico,  and  never  entitled 
to  the  slighest  consi(hjration  from  any  point  of  view. 
For  two  centuries  and  a  half  New  Mexico  had  been 
ruhil  continuously  as  a  Spanish  and  ^[exican  province, 
and  Texas  had  never  for  a  day  exercised  any  sort  <»f 
jiuisdiction  over  any  jiortion  of  the  province,  but  Juid, 
on  the  contrar}',  been  disastrously  defeated  in  her  oidy 

'"Sci' r()»(//v.sw;o»'r/  Gliihe,  184.")-r)0,  2!Uh  to  .Slst  coiig.,  as  per  iiulox'  liuail- 
ings,  \.  Mexico,  Calil'oniia,  Utah,  Texas,  Slavery  in  the  Territories,  L'ompro- 
iMisf  liill,  eto. 


l>lin«H«(t\Ul\l 


454 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


ii'M 


f'*il 


ri!! 


i!  "' 


attempted  invasion.  As  I  have  before  stated  or  im- 
plied,  the  claim  of  Texas  as  against  Mexico  or  Xuw 
Mexico  never  had  any  real  foundation  in  fact  or  jus- 
tice. But  against  the  United  States  ufter  the  tieatv 
of  1848,  the  claim  assumed  in  some  respects  a  didiiin't 
aspect.  In  annexing  Texas  the  United  States  liad  m 
a  sense  taken  her  side  in  the  boundar}'  dispute  agaiii.it 
Mexico ;^^  and  they  had  still  more  definitely  assuuicd 
that  ground  by  regarding  the  crossing  of  the  lilo 
Grande  by  the  Mexicans  as  an  invasion  and  declara- 
tion of  war.  Again  during  the  military  occupation, 
while  from  motives  of  policy  the  Texan  claim  was 
virtually  ignored  by  Kearny  and  his  successors,  vet 
in  repl}^  to  the  complaints,  or  inquiries,  of  Texas,  the 
president  explained  that  the  civil  government  organ- 
ized as  a  temporary  expedient  at  Santa  Fe  was  hy  uo 
means  to  be  considered  as  interferinac  with  i\\v  uhi- 
mate  rights  of  Texas;'""  and  the  military  governor  was 
a  little  later  instructed  definitely  not  to  interfere  with 
the  exercise  of  Texan  authority  east  of  the  l\io 
(jrande."-'  Thus  while  the  administration  gradually 
assumed  the  ground  that  there  was  a  question  to  he 
settled  l)y  congress  and  the  state,  yet  in  an  ini[)ortant 
sense  the  national  government  was  committed  to  the 
justice  of  the  Texan  claim.  Meanwhile  the  Texaiis 
at  home  and  at  Washington  constantly  asserted  their 
claim  with  an  earnestness  that  almost  leads  tlie  n-adcr 

'"True,  in  the  act  of  anncxatii.-i  tliorc  was  an  adjustnicnt  of  iKntmlaricH 
left  to  conuivss;  Iiiit  tins  ailjustnu'it  might  naturally  and  proinrly  !](>  ir- 
gardcd  as  aU'tetiug  the  riglit-i  of  Moxii'o  t)nly.  It  furnished,  however,  a  sonn'- 
what  jilausililt!  iiasis  for  a  diii'erent  view. 

■^"X.  M<:,:  1111,1  Mi'.'^s.,  .July  '24,  l.s4S. 

'^'  '  With  resjieet  to  that  portion  of  the  instructions  which  is  in  the  follciw- 
ing  Words:  "In  rciiard  to  that  jiart  of  what  the  Mexicans  called  N.  Mcmco, 
lying  east  of  the  llio  (iraude,  the  ci\  il  authority  whicii  Texas  has  estaliiished 
or  may  estahlisli  there  is  to  lie  respected,  and  in  no  manner  interfered  wiili  liy 
the  mditary  force  in  that  deiiartnient,  otherwise  than  to  lend  aid  on  jiio|iir 
occasions  in  sustaining  it,"  I  have  to  remark  that  it  is  not  expected  Texas 
will  nndeitake  to  extend  her  civil  government  over  the  ri'mote  region  di  ^ig- 
nateil;  hut  should  she  ilo  so,  you  will  eonline  your  action,  under  the  claiiso 
aliove  cited,  to  arranging  your  command  in  sucli  a  manner  as  not  to  eonieinti) 
eontlict  with  the  ivutlioritii^s  so  constituted.  On  the  claim  of  Texas  to  any  or 
tiie  whole  of  N.  Mexico  east  of  the  llio  Orandc,  it  is  not  necessary  to  give  an 
opinion,  as  eongiess  anil  that  state  alone  have  the  power  of  adjusting!  it.'  .Vc, 
war  to  com.  N.  Mex.  March  '20,  1S4"J,  in  Col.  and  X.  M(.r.,  Mi\<n.,  1S.')0,  p.  '.'7-. 


Ittfl4ttw>»\v.»l 


THE  TEXAN  BOUNDARY. 


4B& 


to  tliiiik  they  really  believed  it  a  just  one;  and  the 
state  liad  also  contracted  a  debt,  based  on  the  'full 
oxti'iit"  of  its  domain,  so  that  the  interests  and  ri<^lits 
of  'iiiiiorent  tliird  parties'  became  involved.  To  dis- 
imini)(i"  Xew  Mexico  would  be  an  outrage;  still,  some- 
tliiii.u"  was  due  to  Texas, 

I  find  no  very  definite  record  of  what  occurred  in 
this  ((iimection  at  Santa  Fe;  but  it  appears  that  the 
Tfxau  legislature  went  so  far  as  to  organize  a  county 
gu\ (riunent  for  New  Mexico,  to  give  that  county  a 
li^Iit  to  one  representative,  to  pass  acts  regulating 
the  militia,  to  establish  a  judicial  circuit,  and  to 
aiipoint  a  judge  to  hold  court  in  the  Rio  Grande 
valley."  Says  Davis:  "Early  in  the  spring  of  1850 
Texas  sent  a  commissioner,  Robert  S.  Neighbors,  into 
Xew  Mexico,  with  instructions  to  divide  the  country 
east  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  into  several  counties  of  that 
stati',  and  to  liold  elections  in  them  for  county  officers. 
Uiiou  the  mission  of  Neighbors  beinjjr  known,  it  was 
loudly  denounced  in  public  meetings  throughout  the 
territory,  and  a  very  strong  opposition  was  raised 
against  him  and  the  objects  he  had  in  view.  He 
issued  a  proclamation  fixing  time  and  i)laces  for  an 
election,  but  nobody  went  to  the  polls,  and  the  matter 
to  the  ixround."^     In  congress,  while  Texan  re[)re- 


^ ^„  — ^. 

■-  Sfc  \ilcs  /'<//.,  Ixxiv.  211,  224,  with  reference-i  to  the  St  i  Fe  Rcpidilicaii, 
wliirli  jdiirnal  tliiiik.s  Texas  would  do  well  to  go  slow  if  she  wishes  to  avoid  a 
i(iat  iif  tar  and  tuaihers  for  her  representatives. 


The  judge  who  started  for 
!^ta  F(''  to  liol  1  court  is  called  Beard. 

'■-  />irM  El  (I'riiii/o,  110-11.  He  adds  that  the  state  party  favored  Neigh- 
Imrs  and  the  Texaa  sclieiiie,  whili!  the  territorial  party  took  tiie  opposite 
viiw;  liut  this  SL'eins  hardly  jiossilile,  as  tliere  was  nothing  west  of  the  river 
to  make  a  state  of.  I'rohalily  tiie  territorial  party  ti'ied  to  make  capital 
ngiirist  their  oiiponents  hy  charging  theiu  witli  secret  favor  to  Texas.  Ace. 
to  Furl  ill  ('irir.'iiiur'/i  fioiUi:  t)  (  iil.,  4,  Maj.  Neighbors  was  accoiupau  ed  liy 
li.  e'.  Sidlivau,  A.  1).  Ncid,  and  l)r  .loliu  S.  Ford,  with  a  party  of  lii.iians, 
."tinting  ill  March  l.S4;».  Says  Thrall,  ///s/.  Tc.nis,  •.Hi):  'In  1847  (io.-.  Hen- 
il(  isciii  liad  called  the  attention  of  the  legislature  to  our  claiiu  to  St.'  Fe;  and 
ill  I^IS  a  hill  passed  the  legislature  extending  the  laws  fif  T^  .,as  over  that 
liiirtinii  of  N.  Mex.  east  of  the  llio  (iramle  River,  and  Judge  Beard  was  sent 
tliiie  to  hold  district  court.  Col  Munroe  paid  no  atte.itiou  to  the  'I'exas 
jiiiliic,  and  proceed, mI  to  order  an  election  of  a  territorial  delegate  to  tiu'  U.  S. 
ciiiigrrsi.  (idv.  Wood  re(iucsted  the  legislature  to  put  the  whole  military 
Imurr  of  the  state  under  his  control,  tiiat  he  migt'.o  enforce  the  claim;  liut  in 
■I  iiHiesp.  witii  the  state  dept  at  Washington  he  w;is  notitied  that  if  Texaa 
att(  iiiiitt  il  a  forcible  posseasiou  of  Sta  Fe  the  Texaus  would  be  treated  aa 


hlitl«U\|(t\r,l1 


456 


MlLITAllY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


^\y':i 


m 


m- 


mv  'i 


it'i;' 


sentatlvos  never  lost  can  opportunity  of  dofljiiniiiio-  on 
tlie  uncjiK'stionable  validity  of  their  claim,  tlitiv  \v-,s 
much  difference  of  opinion,  even  among  SdWiiitin 
members,  on  its  original  merits;  but  in  tliis.  ;i>  in 
every  phase  of  the  whole  matter,  all  was  nici^vd  in 
the  slavery  issue.  Texas  was  a  slave  state,  jiiid  ciist- 
ern  New  Mexico,  if  decided  to  be  a  p;nt  of  Texas, 
would  be  an  immense  territory  gained  at  once  Wiv  the 
south,  whatever  might  be  the  final  ri'sult  I'aitlier 
west.  This  was  the  ordy  real  strengtii  of  the  Tt  xan 
claim  in  congress  beyond  the  zealous  efforts  ef  the 
Texans  tliemselves,  among  whom,  however,  as  we 
shall  see,  a  new  motive  soon  became  jtoteiit  in  the 
matter.  This  phase  of  the  slavery  question  also 
caused  northern  mend)ers  to  favor  a  ti-rritorial  gov- 
ernment in  New  ^NLexico,  as  a  choice  of  evils,  even  if 
slavery  could  not  be  })rohibited. 

Earlv  in  1850  tiie  ^reat  battle  in  contjress  readied 
its  heiu'ht.  and  so  hot  and  bitter  had  the  struu'jle  he- 
come  that  conservative  leaders  on  both  sides  wiie 
seriously  alarmed  at  the  possibility  t>f  a  scn'tional  cuii- 
flict,  which  might  disrupt  the  union.  Tlu'refoic  the 
idea  of  compromise  gradually  gained  gi'ound.  excii 
among  noithern  members.  A  new  and  wou(h!t'iil  in- 
dustrial development  and  growth  of  po[)ulation,  nsult- 
ing  from  the  discovery  of  gold,  had  not  only  fitted 
California  for  innnediate  statehood,  but  had  iiia(h'  it 
aj)parent  tliat  slavery  could  never  exist  in  the  nmtli, 
though  the  south  still  made  a  struuule  for  a  possiMc 
slave  state  of  the  future  in  southern  California.  In 
Texas,  the  idea  of  relinquisiiing  the  claim  to  New 
Mexico  for  a  money  consideration  from  the  Ciiited 
States  rapidly  grew  in  favor,  being  powerfully  sup- 
ported at  Washington   by  a  lobby  representing    the 

iiitni  Icrs.  Ill  the  lientof  the  controversy  some  of  our  writers  cdiiteiKlcd  tliat 
if  tilt!  ili'li'i;,ite  tiom  N.  Mex.  was  ailmitteil  to  liis  seat  lu  cDiiiXiess,  tlio  'l'i'\;is 
(leleifuttM  sliimli]  witlidriiw,  ami  tlie  state  resume  lier  sc|iar,ite  ii.itiniiality. 
Tl''s  (nicstioii,  like  that  of  the  settlement  of  the  puMie  (lei)t,  was  left  tiii  tin; 
next  adniiuistratioii. '  In  the  "Jd  sess.  of  the  .SOth  eoiig.  there  was  eoii-^idii'- 
able  disuusaiuii  of  this  Texau  matter  without  deliaite  ro.iults.  Ofiij.  (I'lo'ii; 

I84b-y. 


,;fi«*««\»\k'.»«»» 


FINAL  ACTION  OF   CON'ORESS. 


457 


state  creditors.  In  JanUcary  Mr  Clay  introduced  in 
the  senate  a  series  of  compromise  resolutions,  tlie  con- 
tents of  which,  in  variously  modified  i'onus,  atlorded 
itiiitti  r  for  a  complicated  and  excitin^*  dehate  of  six 
iiiduHis.  These  resolutions  were  not  adopted,  and 
various  eompromiso  bills,  embodyinii^  provisions  of  a 
soinewliat  similar  nature,  were,  as  a  whole,  defeated; 
l)Ut  nevertheless  the  ideas  involved  hecanie  tirndy 
rrioted,  and  enough  conservative  votes  on  each  side 
were  i;ained  to  adopt  se[)aratt'ly  the  compromise  nieas- 
un  s,  wliieh  became  laws  in  September. 

1)V  this  action  the  south  gained  a  mon^  satisfactory 
fugitive  slave  law  than  had  before  existed;  while  the 
iidith  secnred  the  proliil)ition  of  slave  trade  in  the 
])isrriet  of  Columbia.  California  was  admitted  as  a 
free  state.  Xew  ]\[exico  and  Utah,  endn-aciuLT  all  the 
rest  of  the  newly  acquired  domain,  were  admitted  as  ter- 
ritoiies,  without  conditions  prohibiting  sla\-ery.  And 
tinally,  Texas  was  paid  $10,000,000,  abont'  half  of 
whicli  amount  may  bo  regarded  as  having  gone  to  pay 
iny  her  New  Mexican  claim.  Thus  eacli  jjortionof  the 
region  wrested  from  Mexico  got  the  gt)\'eniment  best 
suited  to  its  condition,  and  so  far  as  local  interests, 
ri^;!;ts,  and  needs  were  concerned,  the  solution  \vas  emi- 
nently a  satisfactory  one.  It  was  hardly  K  ss  .so  as  a 
t(in[>orary  compromise  of  the  great  sectional  struggle. 
The  south  won  the  main  point  at  issue  by  defeating 
nil  measures  designed  to  prohibit  slaveiy  in  the  terri- 
tories, but  lost  a  possible  chance  of  making  southern 
California  a  slave  state;  while  the  north,  though 
fiiiccd  to  recede  from  its  original  uncompromising  po- 
si(ion,  gained  a  free  state,  and  mad(^  ik)  ]>ei'manent 
con  t'ssion  to  slavery,  since  the  great  (piestitm  oi'  the 
light  to  hold  slaves  in  the  territories  was  left  open- 
to  he  fought  out,  to  the  ultimate  triumph  of  freetlom, 
ill  the  greatest  war  of  modern  times. 

The  senate  passed  the  Texas  boundary  l)ill  on  the 
7tli,  and  the  bill  providing  a  territorial  government 
foj'  Xew  Mexico  on  the  15th  of  August;  the  two  bills 


Wi 


m 


iiin«u\i\\\uut») 


vrjthiiiu'^tv 


458 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


If 


were  joined  by  the  hfdse,  came  back  to  tlic  senate  on 
September  Dth,  and  were  signed  by  the  piesidtut  ou 
the  same  day.  The  act  was  not,  however,  to  go  into 
effect  until  the  general  assembly  of  Texas  should  li;iv<j 
formally  accepted  the  boundary,  which  was  ihnw  on 
the  'iotli  of  November.'^  The  territory,  as  thus  oi^au- 
ized  in  1850,  included  substantially  the  New  ^Icxicu 
and  Arizona  of  later  years,"^  with  a  small  part  of  Colo- 
radi>.  Congress  rcserv^ed  the  right  to  divide  tliL- 
territory,  or  to  attach  any  portion  of  it  to  any  otJKr 
territory  or  state.  When  admitted  as  a  state,  Xiw 
Mexico  was  to  be  received  with  or  without  slaveiy  as 
her  constitution  might  prescribe.  The  new  gcnern-, 
ment  did  not  go  into  actual  operation  at  Santa  Fc 
until  March  1851;  and  it  may  be  notc^  here  tliat  a 
memorial  of  the  legislature,  received  in  coniiTcss  after 
the  passage  of  the  territorial  bill,  excited  some  tVars, 
real  or  pretended,  of  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the 
north  to  admit  the  state  after  all;  also  that  Senator- 
elect  AVeiglitman  made  his  a|)pearance,  and  vainly 
tried  to  collect  his  mileage  of  $2,000  on  the  plea,  sup- 
ported by  several  in  the  senate,  that  his  position,  so 
far  as  mileage  was  concerned,  was  identical  with  tliat 
of  the  senators  from  California."'' 

^*I  take  this  iliito  from  T/,mll'.H  Hist.  Texn.<>,  307.  In  U.  S.  Corf.  /)'<'•., 
.31.st  t(iiii,f.,  '2(1  soss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  8,  is  tlie  message  from  Texas,  foi-iiially  a,i- 
nouiK'iiig  the  iigreumeiit. 

'■'■'  Tlio  Ixmiiiliiry  was  as  follows:  '  Beginning  at  a  point  in  the  Colorailo  liiMi- 
where  the  boundary  line  witli  the  republic  of  Mux.  crosses  the  same;  ihi  iul' 
eastwariUy  witli  the  said  boundary  line  to  the  Rio  Grande;  tlienci!  tdUnu  iiii; 
the  main  channel  of  said  river  to  tlic  parallel  of  the  32^  nortli  lat. ;  tluiiCL- 
east  witli  said  degree,  to  its  intersection  with  the  103"  long,  west  of  (iriuii- 
wich;  t!ience  north  witli  said  dc{,'ree  of  long,  to  the  parallel  of  38'  north  lat.; 
thence  west  with  .said  parallel  to  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  M.idrc;  thiiKU 
south  with  the  crest  of  said  inountaiiis  to  the  37°  north  lat. ;  thence  we.st  with 
isaid  parallel  to  it.-i  intersection  with  the  l)ound:iry  line  of  the  state  of  ('alifnf- 
jiia;  thence  with  said  boundary  line  to  the  place  of  Iicginning.'  Tuat  part 
lying  west  of  long.  10!)' was  detached  in  18(53  to  form  Arizona;  and  that  pait 
above  lat.  37'  in  I8fi7  was  attaelied  to  Colorado.  There  was  also  a  lirge  a  '- 
dition  in  IS,")-!  by  the  tJadsden  purchase,  iiKist  of  which  was  dctachtd  wii.i 
Arizona.  Utah  as  organized  in  IS.'iO  included  the  later  Nevada,  lltali,  and 
those  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  which  lie  south  of  lat.  4"_*'  and  west  nf 
the  mountains.  There  was  a  little  strip  of  the  territory  ac(juired  tmni  Mi  \- 
ico,  lying  between  lat.  .38°,  the  mountains,  ami  the  Arkansas  River,  tliiit  d(ns 
not  seem  to  have  been  ])rovided  for  in  the  tinal  settlement  of  IS.h). 

•■'"ro/;-/.  Olol,,',  1849-50,  p.  1808,  KS'JH,  l'.»33-.'),  V.USS).  See  also,  ou_ the 
general  subject  of  the  debate  and  liaal  settlomeat,  Bcutoiia  Ddialcs,  xvi.  u'J-- 


iilitt«Wrt«\U»V 


INDIAN   AFFAIRS. 


459 


Tlif  treaty  brought  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States  about  120,000  Indians  as  was  estimated  at  the 
time,  over  one  fourtli  of  whicli  number  were  in  New 
Mexiio,  or   a  still  greater  proportion    if  all    on  the 
froiitici's  were  included.     The  government  liad  assumed 
the  ol 'ligation  of  ])rotecting  the  province  from  the  in- 
oursiniis  of  hostile  tribes,  an  obligation  it  could  by  no 
iiicaiis  fulfil,  especially  in  the  first  years.     The  military 
fiirce  was  altogether  inadequate,  the  local  authorities 
had  Httle  skill  or  experience,  and  the  failure  of  the 
Aimricans  was  even  more  complete  than  that  of  the 
Mexicans  in  earlier  times.     Never  had  the  condition 
(if  the  province  in  this  respect  been  worse  than    in 
1848-50.     Doubtless  this  unfortunate  state  of  thinjjfs 
was  clue  largel}^  to  unavoidable  results  of  the  late  war, 
to  the  presence  and  acts  of  the  Missouri  volunteers  in 
11S4G-  7,  to    delays  in  substituting  a  ]>roper    force  of 
rei^uhirs  in   1848-9,  and  especially  to  bitterness,  dis- 
.SLtisiniis,  and  lack  of  confidence  between  the  Americans 
and  Mexicans  growing  out  of  the  revolt  of  1847.      The 
Xa\aj<)S  and  Apaches  were  as  always  the  country's 
oliief  terror,  and  their  raids  for  nnirder  and  plunder 
were  unceasing.     The    Navajos,  who  were  rich  and 
pio.s[)erous  at  home  as  well  as  valiant  warriors,  made 
the  stealing  of  live-stock  a  reijfular  business  bv  which 
tit  increase  their  wealth,  openly  declaring  that  they 
Would  long  ago  have  exterminated  the  ^lexicans  had 
it  not   been  deemed   more  profitable  to  use  them  as 
sho[)herds.     The  Apaches  came  to  regard  their  raids 
as  a  legitimate  occujiation,  their  only  means  of  gain- 
ing a  livelihood;  and  they  were  generally  on  friendly 
terms  with  a  disreputabk^  S^^^^%  <^^'  Mexican  and  Amer- 
ie.in  traders,  through  whom  they  carried  on  a  ))r()fitablc 
trade  in  stolen  articles,  including  women  and  children 
captured  in  the  Sonora  towns,  they  being  sometimes 
at  ))eace  with  Chihuahua,  and  drawing  regular  supplies 
at  Janos.     The  pueblo    Indians  were  peaceable  and 

"i;   I"-'/'.  ()uar.  Reiiister,  iv.  r)4-()0;  v.  <.)-31,  86-7,  5.17-9:  North  Amer.  Ih'view, 
Ixxi.  •-'•.'! -:>!;  Aowi/y'.v  HiM.  U.  S.,  4yy;  Cbuikcy'ii  Pol.  Text-book;  117-1<J. 


m\nmiHiii!« .«»» 


!lfi^:'l; 


I'l 


i    .,ii! 


;: 

{  /■  \  [  ^ 

•:  ■  •  ^h  ■ 

i".  ■'.    i'  m'  ';■  '}   ■ 

1'. \^'-'.\  ii ■'  i  ■ 

1 

1 

1'. 

460 


MILITARY    UULK   IN    XKW    .MKXUO. 


well  disposed  toward  tlie  Aniciiciiiis,  hut  tlitii'  status 
invo]\('(l  ninny  }H'ri)l('xin'i-  proM'  uis  to  \h-  sohi  d  uiKhr 
conditions  tli;it  were  tar  tVoni  i;.  .oraltlr. 

James  S.  (allmiin  arri\(  d  .",t  Santa  1"\'  in  ,liilv 
184D,  with  a  connnissiou  as  Ini.ian  aj^cnt  fur  tlic  h  r- 
ritory.  Jle  seems  to  liave  hecn  a  zealou-;  Jind  inti  lli- 
gent  oHicial,  who,  wlnle  lie  eould  do  little  tow  aid 
putting"  an  end  to  the  de])redations  of  savaps.  per. 
formed  well  his  duty  of  reporting'  to  the  e<)\i.i'iiiiniit 
the  exact  state  of  atlairs,  and  the  measures  and  incaiis 
required  for  the  country's  ]»rotectiou  1  lis  coirespdiid- 
€>nee  of  IS4I)-  51  contains  a  larij^o  amount  of  Aahiahlc 
information  respectinuj  the  numl)ers  and  (hsposiii'Mi  of 
the  dillerent  trii)es,  advice  as  to  the  appointnieiit  of 
suba-^ents  and  stationing-  of  garrisons,  earnest  apjx  als 
on  the  most  urgent  necessity  of  innnediately  increasinn- 
the  military  force,  and  a  mention  of  many  excnts  et' 
Indian  warfare.""     Besides  Calhoun's  correspondeinf, 

'^'  Ciil/ioiin's  /I'rpnr/.'i  r.f'  (1)1  hiilhtn  iriici/t  ill  S/n  Ft',  IS'iO—'il.  'I'lu'  ('oiTf-]), 
of  1S4'.>  is  touiid  ill  ;Ust  fdiiii.  l-*t  Hcss.,  H.  V.\.  ])<ic.  17,  y.  liM  'I'^f^;  tlmtuf 
184;>-.")0,  ill  .Hist  f  iiig.  I'll  soss.,  Si'ii.  Ex.  J)nc.  1,  ]i.  1"J.')  4;i,  .iiid  thiit  ni 
ISriO-l,  ill  .'<'J(l  coiiif.  1st  suss.,  II.  lv\.  l)iie.  '1,  ji.  44S-(i7.  Tlu'so  rt'Uicint's 
al.si)  iiu'liidu  Calliouir.s  iiistnictiims,  etc.,  and  a  U-.w  coiiiiiiuiiiuaticms  Iiumi 
otluT  nun  (III  liid.  airaii's.  Ho  was  apiminti'd  Aj)ril  7,  l.S4!t,  at  a  salary  nf 
.*!I.r)OI>,  the  wiuvlt'  L'Xpoiiso  of  tlic  agciioy  not  to  oxccuil  .s;{,,S.>().  (inv,  \\:\\\\ 
report  of  liS4()  was  fiirnisliod  as  a  sort  of  hasu  on  wliifli  to  liiiild  ii|i  iiituniii- 
tion.  }Ie  arrived  at  Sta  Fu  ■Inly  'J'.'d.  In  Ids  report  of  Get.  4tli  he  ;,'ive>  tlic 
Pueblo  pojmlatioii  as  (),r)24  above  .")  years  of  ai;o,  not  inelndiiig  tliu  M(M|iiis,  \u 
per  eensiisof  1n47:  and  in  this  and  other  reports  lie  dwells  on  the  iinportiiMLO 
(if  protecting  and  improving  these  superior  natives,  both  as  a  matter  oi  justici' 
.and  of  policy.  Tlie  Pueblos,  by  reason  of  their  thrift,  weix;  favorite  victiius 
of  the  savage  raids.  Oct.  oth.  Bent's  Fort  has  bi'cii  buriie<l  by  the  owiurs; 
Ind.  more  troublesome  than  ever;  'this  whole  country  recpurcs  a  thonnigh 
purging,  which  can  be  accomplished  only  by  a  thorough  exiiloration  of  every 
hole  and  corner  in  it. .  ..Military  roads  should  lie  oiicned,  and  posts  aiul 
depots  established."  Oct.  ISth,  'But  a  short  time  since  a  band  .said  to  he 
coniinanded  liy  an  Euglishmaii,  well  known  in  Sta  Fe,  ordered,  in  the  naiin; 
of  the  L'.  S.,  the  pueblo  of  Laguna  to  furnish  them  with  '1'^  lior.ses  and  to  call 
upon  the  ([uarteriiiaster  in  Sta  Fe  for  [layment.  The  order  was  promptly 
olieyed,  and  the  Ind.  do  not  yet  understand  the  contrivance  by  wliicii  tlicy 
lost  their  horses.'  Oct.  15th,  the  Zunis  are  conlident  of  tiicir  aliility  to  foriu 
a  condiinatioii  of  Pueblos  which  can  defeat  the  Navajos  and  Apaches  if  arms 
are  furnislie<l  by  U.  S.,  and  especially  if  the  operations  of  the  roving  tradcr.s, 
who  sell  arms  and  circulate  false  report's,  etc.,  can  be  stopped.  Calhoiiii  has 
much  to  say  of  the  harm  done  bj-  tliese  traders  wiio  are  never  mohstcd  by 
the  savages;  and  he  thinks  thero  is  a  class  of  Me^ieau  citizens,  inelndiiig 
some  priests,  who  stir  up  trouble  deliberatily  with  a  view  of  keeping  Aiiicri- 
can  settlers  out  of  the  country.  l)itii(ulties  arising  from  the  fact  tiiai  the 
Apaches  live  on  both  sides  of  the  Mex.  lioundary  are  also  noted.  '  i;x|iciiil 
your  iiiUUon  now,  if  ntcedsury,  that  you  may  avoid  the  expenditure  of  iMllhuii 


lm*ttW\l\U»Ul 


TYPICAL   WARFARE. 


461 


tlic  records  on  this  subJL'ot,  if  far  from  complcto,  arc 
soiiKwliiit  voluminous,  and  not  without  interest;  hut 
it  is  almost  impossihlo  to  make  any  adequate  use  of 
tln'in  liere,  sineo  I  liave  no  s[)ac'e  for  a  chronoh»fific 
catalogue  of  depredations  and  resulting'  eani[>aign.s. 
Iiidcfd,  the  histt)ry  of  Indian  warfare  in  these  coun- 
tries for  centuries  is  made  up  of  items,  for  all  of  which 
one  iveord  mioht  almost  suliice  if  blanks  were  left  to 
1)0  tilK'd  in  with  dates,  names,  find  localities.  VVatch- 
iii<f  tor  an  opportunity,  the  savages  attack  some  rancho 
or  settlement,  kill  few  or  many  of  the  inhabitants, 
accordinn'  to  the  resistance  offered,  and  run  off  as  many 
stolen  animals  as  possible.  The  alarm  is  i^iven  at  the 
ikarest  post,  and  a  party  of  rej];'ulars,  <:»'enerally  reiin- 
fdiriil  by  volunteers,  sets  out  in  pursuit.  Often  the 
savau'es  caimot  be  overtaken  before  the  horses  of  the 
[uusiun-s  are  worn  out  ov  their  sui)plies  exhausted.  If 
overtaken,  they  lose  ])art  or  all  of  their  plunder,  and 
oeiicrally  a  few  lives;  but  they  also  kill  a  few  soldiers, 
and  charn'e  the  difference  to  profit  and  loss,  hopiuij;'  for 
hrtter  luck  next  time.  Occasionally,  by  a  combined 
iiiiiveinent  of  troops,  or  a  rapid   succession  of  mo\e- 


r'l 


u    ^ 


lii  r(;iltii'. '  Tlu!  Iml.  slioulil  lie  confined  to  certain  limits,  and  niaile  to  realize 
tliij  strniyth  of  the  U.  S.  Il'  allowed  to  roain,  tliey  will  never  keep  tlieir 
treaty  [iidinisei-;.  Agencies  should  lie  e.stablisiied  at  Taos,  to  ineluile  tlie 
Viitas,  at  Ziini  for  the  Navajos,  ami  at  .Soeorro  to  look  after  Apaelies  and 
C'liiiiaiK  lies.  For  a  year,  at  least,  there  sliould  be  a  sul)agent  in  every  pueblo. 
Xiiv.  I  Till,  sULtgeslious  on  aniendments  of  tlie  aet  of  congress  on  trade,  etc., 
with  hid.  Mai'ch  "J'.t,  IS.jlt,  explanation  of  a  map  showing  Ind.  tribes  and 
piililns.  Mai'cli  ;^Oth,  plans  and  linaniial  estimates.  March  31st,  four  re- 
tiiiiu'd  captives  ami  their  stories.  In  Oct.  tlie  Mo(|uis  sent  a  deputation  to 
Lain  tlie  views  and  purposes  of  the  govt  toward  thcni,  complain  of  Navajo 
ilt'|iiedations,  claim  tliat  their  pueblo  of  Oraibe  can  turn  100  warriors.  In 
tiie  autumn  of  18.')0  tlie  savages  were  somewhat  less  troublescune,  but  in  the 
.■^]iiiiig  of  KS.jI  were  worse  than  ever.  The  losses  of  live-stock  in  Sta  Ana  and 
iVriKiiillii  counties  in  lS4(i  .50.  exclusive  of  govt  animals,  ai'C  given  as  l.")0,*2.'il 
sliccp,  Mt.'J  horses,  Tlil  mules  and  asses,  and  l.L'.'U  cows.  (In  Bnrtlitl'n  /'cr-i. 
X'lrr.,  ii.  'ASH,  tlie  total  losses  in  18411-50  are  given  as  4.");{,'JSt.'5  slicep, 
1-.^n7  mules,  7,0r)0  hr>rges,  and  .S1,.")SI  cattle.  See  also  3.")th  cong.  1st  seas., 
11.  Hx.  Doc.  1'2;^.)  There  is  mucii  complaint  from  natives  rt'spccting  tiie  in- 
elHi'ient  manner  in  which  the  troops  p\irsue  the  raiilers.  In  1851  Calhoun 
was  governor,  l)ut  continued  to  re]iort  many  details  of  Inil.  afl'airs,  and  on 
All,'.  ,'{lit  writes:  'Without  a  dollar  in  our  territorial  treasury,  without 
iiiuiiitioiis  of  war,  without  autliority  to  call  out  our  militia,  without  tiie  eo- 
(iliciitioii  of  the  military  authorities  of  this  territory,  and  with  numberless 
ciiiiiplaiiits  and  calls  for  protection,  do  you  uut  perceive  I  niUot  be  sa  lly  em- 
barrassed iuid  disciuietcd '! ' 


rj! 


I  'k  ,J 


402 


MILITARY   HULK   IN   NKW   MEXICO. 


ir! 


ments  in  some  particular  direction,  a  triUc  is  foiccd  to 
make  a  treaty,  wliieli  is  obscrvi'd  as  long  as  the  intor- 
cst  of  the  Indians  seems  to  retjuire  it.  It  must  lie 
adtlcd  that  outra«i,e  and  had  faith  were  hy  n»»  incaiis 
eonfined  to  tiie  Indians;  but  were  fre<|Uent  on  hntli 
sides,  so  far  as  individuals  and  small  parties  were  coii- 
eerncd,  neither  side  having  to  go  far  hack  for  |ilausihlt! 
j)ret('xts.  The  Americans  had  better  arms  than  the 
^lexicans  of  earlier  times,  and  there  was  less  red  t;i|>o 
in  the  fitting-out  of  their  expeditions;  i»ut  ior  snino 
years  tluy  had  less  experience  in  this  kind  of  warfare, 
their  movements  were  slower  and  more  in  accoidaiue 
with  militai'V  rules,  thev  did  n(<t  know  tlie  couiitrv  so 
well,  and  their  general  sucei'ss,  ascom])ared  with  tliut 
of  their  predecessors,  was  not  remarkable.'-"^ 

''"  W(xshimjfnn.t  lioportx,  1849,  .Slst  cong.  1st  scss.,  H.  Y.\.  ]).i(\  .',  y.  Iil4 
-1-1,  j^ivo  many  items.  On  May  .30th  tliu  Ajiaches  kilhi'l  III  imrsmis  in  WA- 
qiiiii  v.illfy,  and  eajit.  Cliapniau  pursninji  killfd  'JO,  losing  two.  Also  /r/.,  pt 
i.,  p.  91,  0V4,  ropt  of  sue.  war;  hi.,  pt  iii.,  ]..  iC)!-!,  !t!t4-lI0L';  /(/.,  acts  ami 
rcsol.,  'J'J'J-U.  A  campaign  of  Maj.  Stucn  in  .Inly  is  descrilied  in  A'oi/i ;,/«,»,//,',■ 
Ercr^ldi/c  to  Canon  irit/i  the,  Jil  Dnuinnns,  \{V.\  \.  Somu  itonis  of  1S48  in  .\  //>  <' 
y.V;/.,  Ixxiv.  68,  2*24,  2.Jl;  Ixxv.  340.  luspector-gunoral  (ieo.  A.  .McCall's 
Li'KcrnJ'ioin  (he  Front'nra,  I'hil.,  18GS,  p.  400  et  H14.,  contains  two  very  valiialik' 
rc'port.s  of  Jnly  and  Doc.  1850  011  the  general  condition  of  the  coiuitiy,  in- 
cluding much  information  respecting  the  Indians,  an<l  the  liest  nutiiiHls  nf 
controlling  them.  The  author  believes  that  the  future  prosperity  of  N.  Mix. 
'will  depend  ill  great  measure  oil  the  impression  now  to  he  made  011  tliesu 
Indians.  It  may  he  .apprehended  that  if  they  ire  not  in  the  lieiziiiiiini,'  iiii- 
presseil  with  the  ability  and  the  settleil  purpose  of  the  U.  S.  to  chastise  those 
who  plunder  anil  murder  its  citizens,  if  acts  of  this  kind,  now  of  alinust 
monthly  occurrence,  and  xitterly  beyond  the  power  (if  the  present  military 
force  to  check,  are  continued  longer  unpunished,  the  Intl.  will  hold  lis  in  the 
contempt  with  which  they  now  look  upon  the  Mexicans,  whom  tiny  have 
wantonly  robbed  and  murdered  for  two  centuries.  And  the  inevitabl  ■  eimse- 
(juenees  will  be  sooner  or  later  a  war  with  the  surrounding  tribes.'  Tnward 
the  I'ueblo^i,  10,000  in  number,  a  mihl  and  conciliatory  and  hel]iful  ]iolicy 
should  be  shown,  to  inspire  them  with  confidence  and  make  thorn  friiinls  ami 
allies.  The  Navajos,  lO.SOO,  the  richest  of  all  and  most  civilized,  oxct'iit  the 
Moguls,  might  probably  by  a  strong  military  force  in  their  country,  to  show 
that  a  treaty  is  something  more  than  idle  talk,  be  iniluced  to  settle  perma- 
nently like  the  Pueblos,  and  thus  in  time  bo  controlled,  in  which  ease  tiny 
would  bo  invaluable  as  allies.  The  Moquis,  thought  to  number  '_'.4.'iO,  are 
fricndlj',  and  their  friendship  should  be  cultivated  in  every  way.  The  \  iitas, 
4,00,»  or  r),()00,  do  not  extend  their  raids  far  south,  though  they  often  ai.l  the 
Jicaiilla  Apaches.  They  might  easily  be  held  in  check  if  the  Xavajos  w(ie 
friendly.  The  Comanches,  over  12,000,  rarely  commit  depredations  in  N. 
Mex.,  but  join  the  Apaches  in  raids  for  live-stock  and  captives  in  e'liihnahiia, 
also  trading  tlicir  plunder  with  N.  Mexicans.  The  Apaches,  some  4,01)0  ex- 
clusive of  the  Gila  bands,  seem  to  be  incorrigible  robbers,  and  have  no  etiier 
moans  of  living.  Possibly  they  may  be  improved,  but  it  will  take  time,  ami 
at  first  they  must  be  fed  while  some  scheme  is  being  devised  and  jiut  in  prac- 
tice.    The  leoat  force  that  can  suffice  for  the  pruaeiit  protection  of  the  country 


NAVAJO  CAMPAIGNS. 


4G3 


rdoiu']  Donii)lian's  treaty  witli  the  Navajos  in  1 840, 
a  treaty  wliicli  had  no  effect  whatever,  lias  hccii  noted 
in  tlif  precedint^  clia])ter.  Colonel  Xe\vl)y  made  a 
similar  expedition  and  treaty  in  1848."''  In  1841> 
^lajor  Washington  repeated  the  operation,  starting 
from  Jcnies  on  August  22d  with  .350  men,  and  lu'ing 
accinnpanicd  hy  Inilian-agent  Calhoun.  On  the  30th 
at  Tuiiiclia  several  hundred  Navajos  were  met  who 
imifessed  a  willingness  to  submit  to  the  Ignited  States, 
attriltuting  recent  depredations  to  bad  and  uneo!»trol- 
labli'  men  of  their  tribe.  They  gave  up  some  animals 
ami  Iii'^an  the  negotiation  of  a  treaty;  but  thei'e  was 
a  dispute  about  a  horse,  and  when  Washington  ordered 
itssei/Aire  the  Indians  ran  away  and  were  fired  at,  los- 
ing several  men,  hicluding  their  great  chief  Narbona. 
Oil  tlie  nth  of  September  the  army  reached  the  ( 'lielly 
Cafioii,  where  on  the  9th  a  treaty  of  'lasting  jn'ace' 
Mas  signed.  The  Indians  gave  up  three  captives  and 
SOUK!  jiroperty,  agreeing  to  surrender  the  rest  at  Jemes 
a  imiiith  later.  The  return  march  was  by  way  of  Zuni, 
Laguiia,  and  Alburquerque.  The  Navajos,  it  is  m-ed- 
k'ss  to  add,  did  not  appear  at  Jemes  as  agreed,  but 
they  had  a  good  excuse,  having  been  iidbrmed,  as 
they  said,  by  Mexican  traders— after  they  had  col- 
lected the  plunder  and  set  out  for  the  rendezvous — 
that  the  Americans  were  coming  to  attack  them.^'^ 
Aiiioiig  the  most  notable  of  Indian  outrages  was  the 
killing  of  White  and  party  of  seven  or  eight  at  J*oint 
of  Rocks  on  the  way  from  the  states  to  Santa  Fe,  in 


is  2,'_'II0  men,  of  whom  at  least  1,400  should  ho  mountod.  Stations  are  sug- 
gested i'(ir  the  detachments,  includin:,'  4.")0  men  in  the  Navajo  eountry,  4J0 
a:iKi;ig  t]\c  fa.-iteiM  Apaches,  and  .'{01)  on  the  (iihi.  See  also  on  Ind.  all  lir.s  of 
I8.'i),  njioi-ts  of  see.  int.  and  com.  ind.  atl'air.s  in  31st  eong.  'Jd  sess.,  H.  Ex. 
Doe.  1,  ji.  L'fS-IW,  4-2:{;  1(1.,  pt  ii.  07-7."),  '21>'2-:J(X);  /</.,  Sen.  Doe.  L'O,  p.  5,  10- 
11);  .'5;iili  eong.  l.<t .«'';».,  Sen.  Mis.  Doe.  4.");  J/mjes'  Srrcps,  /nil.,  iii.  no.  4."),  47; 
iv.  14-i();  V.  (")-(>,  10-14;  Bmckvti'a  i\  S.  Car.,  127-S;  and  Vvciiiomj.i  Li/e 
uiiiiiiij  lid'  Ap'ir/ir.<,  passim.  This  author  spent  some  (j  mouths  at  the  Copper 
luiiir  Mr;ir  the  (iila,  with  the  houtulary  commission. 

■"Jir/.  Aff.  /,'<j)t,  1858,  p.  188. 

'"  U'lis/iliiiitoii's  1,'vports,  111-15,  including  the  treaty;  Cal/inuii'.''  Jirpnrts, 
2t)'_'-l(l;  and  especially  Siiiipmn'x  Jouniitl.  In  the  Itul.  .{ff.  li'ipf,  iJSoS,  p.  188, 
it  is  stilted  that  after  this  treaty  the  Navajos  reached  the  settlements  hefore 
tile  ftuldiers,  and  stole  iiiuluij  almost  in  sight  of  the  Sta  Fe  Hag-staft". 


464 


MILITAUY    HULK   IN   NKW   MKXICO. 


■C   1,1 


f: 


I'i,     '■■:'    l> 


Of't()l)(r  I  SH).  Mi'H  White  and  (.hiu^^'itcr  of  ton  viars 
wore  at  first  spared  hy  the  Apadies,  but  tlie  Iniiu.  r 
was  sixtii  kiilfd.  Ciilhoun  made  cvorv  ixJSsihK;  i\]\>\\, 
and  etMi^nss  voted  ,*$1,jOO,  t  clleet  the  giiTsi  icxuf, 
but  witJHtut  sueeess."' 

The  annals  of  Xew  ^fexieo  in  the  early  years  (if 
Anierit'.in  occupation  would  not  he  complete  witlieut 
mention  of  the  geoj^raphical  and  other  scientitic  in- 
t'ormalion  ai»out  the  country  ac((uire(l  and  piihli>lii(l 
at  this  pei'iod — oi'  rather  of  the  various  explorutimis 
by  which  this  information  was  gained  and  of  tlic 
books  where  it  may  be  found,  for  obviously  my  space 
will  pei'mit  nothinj^  more.  A.  Wisli/enus  left  IikIl'- 
penchMicein  May  1840,  with  Si)eyer'8  trailin;^' cara\aii, 
and  from  S.inta  Fe  went  to  El  Paso  and  Chihuahua, 
finally  joining'  Doniphan's  army  as  physician.  His 
tour  was  mainly  srientiHe  in  its  purposes,  and  the  w- 
sultin^'  memoir  contains  a  considerable  amount  of 
tiriginal  and  valuable  data  on  New  ^[l'\ico  as  well  as 
the  rei.;ions  farther  south."''  In  all  the  narrativi's  that 
have  been  citi.'d  on  the  c<Mi(|uest  and  followin;^'  evi nt-, 
there  is  more  or  less  matter  of  a  descriptive  nature, 
but  particularly  in  Emory's  diary  of  the  march  from 
Fort  Jjeavenn'>)rth  by  Bent's  Fort  to  Santa  Fe  ami 
thence  dow.i  t!ie  Rio  Grande  and  to  California  hy 
the  Cila.'"  Captain  Abraham  K.  Johnston's  [iiiiited 
journal  also  covered  the  iparcli  from  Santa  Fe  to  the 
California  frontit'r.'"  l^Iii'ip  St  (k'orge  Cooke  de- 
scribed  tlu!  march  to  Sauta   Fe  and  the  later  one  to 

^^  Citl/i'iini's  AVjj/s,  2'2();  MrCill.t  Liflcr.t,  49;$-4;  U.  S.  (,'(>•'(  Jhr.,  ."Ust  cting. 
2.1  SONS.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  1,  p.  •»)-'M,  i'2  .i. 

•"^  Mciiiiiir  iif  (I  Tour  to  \or{liirii  Jl<:ii<'n,  cnuucrtiil  irith  Col  ])oiii]iliiiii  ■■>' 
cj'pedition,  in  JS.}(j  and  IS/f7.  By  A.  \\'i-ilizciiu-<,  M.  I),  [with  a  xriiiilinc 
nypnidi.r  iiirl  lima  mii]t.i\.  Wash.,  1S48,  8v(i,  141  \i.  (I^Otli  eiini,'.,  Istst'ss. 
iSi'ii.  Misfi'l.,  no.  20.)  Al>:o  translation,  Jh'iitii'/iri/t  iilrr  vim:  lliisf  um-h 
^ofd- Mc.i iL\),  etc.  Aiii  i/i'iii  Kii;/li-si'/ii'ii  i'dnrlrivjuH  ron  di'orji'  M.  von  /i''«-^,  tte. 
Braun-icliwuiu,  1S,")0,  Svo,  211  p. 

^^  A' /(()/■// "s'  Xo/i.'i  (if  a  MiUt'inj  I'fcon no/Kin nrr,  Wash.,  1S4S,  with  iilatcs, 
scientilio  apiu'n.,  ami  talikts;  also  Aliurt's  notes  of  the  jouruoy  as  far  as  Brut  d 
Fort,  as  a  hrit'f  noto  l>y  -Maj.  C'ookc. 

'■^*  Jo/iii.-tiiii'.-i  Jouiiiol,  attached  to  Emory  s  jN'o^c'' as  i>art  of  IWth  coiig.  \>X 
8CSS.,  E.x,  L>uc.,  no.  41.     It  cuutaius  Dointi  cuts  of  auti(|uitie:i. 


EXI'LOUATIONS. 


46S 


Clllig.  1st 


Calirnniiiv,  in  which,  with  the  ^[ormon  Battahon,  ho 
(tptiH  (I  a  wat^on-rcmd  by  a  routo  iaithrr  south  than 
Kearny's.  Ills  writin{<s,  howovir,  contani  somewhat 
Icriri  ot'scicntitic  ilos('ri|)tion,  if  more  of  j)liiloso|)!iy,  tlian 
those  of  the  otlier  oilicers.^^  Lieutenant  J.  W.  Ahert, 
of  tlio  t()|»o|^rapl ileal  cnji^liuiers,  was  liift  ill  at  lieiit's 
Fort  ly  ivearuy  j  nd  Kmory  at  the  end  of  July,  184G. 
The  fij'^t  part  of  his  report  includes  the  results  of  his 
(iliscrvaLlons  at  the  fort,  on  the  journey  to  New  Mex- 
ico, and  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe,  where  he  arrived 
nil  the  'jrtli  of  September."''*'  Kearny  had  left  instruc- 
tions for  a  survi-y  of  the  country  to  be  made  by  Abert 
and  IVik,  which  was  made  between  October  8th  and 
the  2od  of  JJecomber,  with  results  constituting  the 
socond  part  of  the  report.  The  route  was  south-west- 
ward to  the  junction  of  the  Jemes  and  Rio  Grande, 
San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Santa  Ana  being 
visited;  thence  down  the  main  river  past  Albunjuer- 
quL',  and  westward  to  the  Puerco  and  to  CeboUeta. 
After  exploring  the  Laguna  group  of  pueblos,  includ- 
ing Acoma,  they  returned  to  the  Rio  Grande  and 
went  down  to  the  Isleta  region,  and  eastward  to 
Ciiillli  and  Tajique,  thence  soutliward  to  Quarra  and 
Ah('),  and  back  to  the  river,  down  which  they  went  to 
Valverde  and  returned  to  Santa  Fe.  The  third  part 
of  the  report  is  the  diary  of  the  return  from  New 
^lexico  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  Deceml)er  28th  to 
March  Ist.^'  The  author  added  to  his  text  valuable 
engravings  of  towns,  ruins,  landscapes,  and  native 
types;  and  he  also  gave  attention  to  the  fauna  and 

'^('Mh's  licjiort  0/  his  march /ram  Santa  Fe,  Knw  Mexico,  lo  Sun  Diego, 
Vpjiir  Vnlifortiia,  184G.  Attached  to  Eiiinry^s  Koies,  p.  549  et  scq.,  with  a 
111:41  "'  thij  rimte;  Vookes  Journnlof  the  viareh  of  the  Mormou  liattJtlinu,  etc.,  in 
U.  S.  (I'oH  Ihc,  30th  cong.  special  suss.,  Sen.  Doc.  2,  85  p.;  Coake's  ConqueH 
o/Mnn  ^l,.■  iro  ami  Cali/ornia,  fSomu  descriptive  matter  is  also  to  be  found  in 
tlio  (it  her  narratives  of  the  march  of  the  Mormons,  Tyler's  Hist,  and  Bvjlcra 
Dhir;i,  MS. 

'''Tliid  part  includes  also  a  tour  to  the  gold  placers  and  the  notes  of  Lieut, 
Peck  (lU  tlie  reg:  in  north  of  Sta  Fe  to  Taos,  examined  by  1'.  and  Warner  be- 
fore Aliert's  arrival. 

^''  lleyort  of  Lieut.  J.  W.  Ahert  of  his  examination  of  New  Mexico  in  the  i/ear3 
1840-47.  With  Emory's  Notes,  417-548.  Also  a  resume  in  Warren's  Memoir, 
63-1, 

Hist.  Akiz.  and  N.  Mex.    30 


466 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


rf'ii 


Hora  of  the  country,  and  to  luitivo  vocabularies  and 
traditions  with  other  ethnograpliie  uuittcr,  proiku'iii'r 
on  the  whole  a  most  excenont  report. 

The  campaign  of  Doni])]ian  and  the  others  a^niiist 
the  Navajos,  though  involving  the  first  American  ( x- 
ploration  of  a  broad  region,  has  left  in  ])rint  but  little 
of  geograi)hic  or  descriptive  value;  and  the  sanu-  may 
be  said  of  the  campaigns  resulting  from  tlie  insuncc- 
tion  of  1847.  In  this  connection  may  be  mcntinntj 
a  rc^port  of  Thomas  Fitzpatrick,  describing  a  tri]»  from 
Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  Fe  in  the  suinnur  of 
1847,  though  it  is  mainly  devotcnl  to  Indian  all'airs.''' 
For  1848  we  find  very  little  of  recorded  exjiloralioii, 
but  may  note  the  narrative  of  an  overland  trip  with 
Kit  Carson  from  Los  Angeles  to  Taos  and  Santa  Fo, 
the  author  being  perhaps  Lieutenant  J^reworton  of 
Stephenson's  regiment,  and  the  story  of  slight  valiio.'^ 
It  was  also  in  the  winter  of  1848-9  that  Ca[)tain  ]nv- 
mont,  in  his  fourth  exploration,  attempting  to  cross  tJio 
mountains  at  the  head  of  the  Kio  Grande,  in  Avliat  is 
now  Colorado,  met  his  great  disaster,  attribiitid  by 
liini  to  the  inct)mpetence  of  his  guide,  the  famous  Dill 
AVilliams,  losing  eleven  of  his  men  bv  cold  and  stai\a- 
t'lon.  With  the  rest  he  succeeded  in  reacliing  Tao-, 
where  the  company  was  broken  up,  and  hiiusi'll'  pid- 
ceeded  early  in  1849  to  California  by  a  soutliem  ovn- 
land  routi'.""  In  1849-50  the  reports  of  Callioim,  tlir 
Indian  agent,  as  already  cited,  contain^'d  a  limited 
amount  of  general  information  not  pertaining  directly 


!■.■ 


!   '• 


iuMii 


'"Datod  Rent's  Fort,  Sejit.  IStli.  The  autlior  wn.s  ■with  T/u'iil.  Ldnt's  jiirty 
vluiii  attackoil  by  the  Iiuliaus.  IT,  S.  Hovt  Ihic,  ;JOtli  coiig.  Ist  sl.ss.,  .'"^ 'u. 
Ex.  J)(>c.  1,  aiip.  p.  2;{8-10. 

■"  Vim  Traiiip  (John  C),  Prniric  (Did  J^orl'if  Montitnin  Ailrrnt'inn,  or  J.i/i'  in 
the  Far  Wist,  tic.  St  Louis,  liSOO.  Tliis  is  a  Honu'wliat  trashy  colii'i'l ion  of 
material  from  various  soiirees.  Rrewirtou';;  narrative  is  uu  ji.  17-  ~"'ti,  hut 
it  i.-s  not  (juito  ilear  how  luueli  tif  it  is  11. 's  M'orlv,  nor  is  it  stateil  fmui  MJiat 
Boureu  it  was  olitaiueil.  It  is  called  an  ahriilguient.  The  route  was  liy  the 
regular  Sta  V6  trail  north  oi  the  Colorado. 

'"Mrs  Freuumt's  Ycir  o/  Anur.  Tnnrl,  (iO  et  soq.,  contains  the  cai>t'nu's 
letters  from  N.  Mex.  narrating  this  disaster.  S(^o  i\\m\  Jii<iiloii'i<  Mi  in.  fix- 
iiioiit,  ;C)7-7S.  T!io  diarii's  of  the  Sil  and  4th  exjiiditions  have  not  been  [luh- 
lislied,  though  in'ol)a1ily  ineludeil  in  Fri'iiioiit\'<  jlcinoira  of  iiii/  Lij'<;  the  early 
publication  ol  which  i^  announced  as  I  write,  iu  Juno  ISSG. 


m 


;,r  ipt  . 


|l(Hl»«Htt\UJ*\UUt 


SIMPSON'S  Toua 


467 


star\a- 
'j;  Tan-;, 


to  tlio  author's  special  subject;''*  and  the  same  may  bo 
said  of  the  correspoudcMico  of  Qf()V(>rn(»rs  Wasliiimtoii 
ail  I  ^Toiiroi!,  aiul  of  other  otBeials  in  the  same  yt^ars. 
Ill  Ajiiil  184U,  Lieutenant  Jaiiu>s  Jl.  Simpson  made 
an  txiiloring"  tour  from  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  Avest- 
Avard  to  Santa  Fe;  and  hiter  in  the  year  Captain 
^laiiv,  comiui^  from  Fort  Smith  by  tlie  same  route, 
Mint  down  the  river  to  Dona  Ana,  and  tluMice  crossed 
an  unex])k)red  country  eastwai'd  to  Pn'ston,  Texas.''' 
J]ut  by  far  tlie  most  notable  and  valuable  of  the  ex- 
jilonition  records  to  be  mentioiu-d  in  this  connection 
is  tlmt  of  Lit'utenant  Simpson's  tour  to  the  Navajo 
country  and  Chelly  Canon,  returning  by  wa}'  of  Zuni. 
The  author  accompanied  Governor  Wasliington's  ex- 
pedition of  1849,  and  his  journal  is  filled  ^vith  tlu; 
most  interesting  and  valuable  descri[)tions  of  physical 
featun'S  of  the  country,  towns,  natives,  and  relies  of 
anti(|uity,  being  illustrated  with  excellent  drawings, 
Avliicli  are  especially  important  as  showing  the  won- 
derful ruins  of  the  Cliaco  and  Chelly  and  i\u)  records 
at  Inscription  llock.'^  It  should  be  added  that  in 
184D-50  tiie  California  immigrants  crossed  Xew  ^[ex- 
ico  ill  considerable  numbers,  both  by  the  old  Santa 
Fe  trail  and  by  the  new  southern  routes. 


Tlie  survey  of  a  bouiidary  line  between  the  United 
Statt'S  and   Mi'xieo   nndi'r   tiie   tri>aty  of  Cuadalupe 

"(^i//ir-.;,)i  ,s  ffrporM,  p.usiin.  Ii>  Oi-t.  1S40  \h'  sw'iit  to  Wasliinfitnti  Miijur 
II.  I..  lv>  iidrick's  Tuldi'  <J'  nitirrheii  iimilv  in  tin'  auiinin  r  of  IS  i^,  Jrom  i't  l.c'inii- 
voii/i  /,)  Saii/.i  Fe,  ill  l\ii.  iiinl  X.  Mr.i:,  J/cs.i.,  IsrH).  p".  '.Ml'. 

'•■/'.  -"i.  <!ort  J)i,c.,  :\Ut  ci)>;g.  1st  scss.,  SiMi.  Kx.  I».ic.  12,  iiiul  H.  Kx. 
]''H'.  I.'i,  witli  iiiapn;  also  W'ttrnn'n  Ji'iimir,  .'>(>  J.  In  the  .s[nin^' <it'  \SV.)  I>r 
J'lhii  S.  Fiiril  aw'oiiiiiaiiioil  M-ij.  UoIh  rt  S.  Nfii^lilioPH,  tlu;  Tcx.-m  lummis- 
siciiicr,  from  Austin,  Tixas,  t(i  l'"l  I'as  ),  liy  a  [laitially  lii'W  iniito.  Find,  in 
(':■( ni'^mr'.s  Riik/c.  to  Ciil.,  4-5.  Ni'i!  alsn  nports  (if  niuti's  friim  Tixas  tn  I'jl 
I'asK  Ml  KIst  I'diii,'.  1st  m!ss.,  II.  K\.  l><ii'.  5,  |it  1,  |>.  '2Sl-'Jit;  olst  coug.  2(1 
f  1.  I'.x.  J)oL'.  1,  jit  ii.,  11.  'M'2  2;i;  also  Lieut..  MirliUr'.s  iciiort  "ii  rnuto 

tiiim  St;i  l''o  ninth  in  ;tlst  corn;.  1st  si'ss.,  ]|.  i'lx.  \hn-.  tJT;  aihl  a  rconniuiis- 
.s;mii!  (if  till!  Rii)  J'coim  in  IS.'iO  hy  It.  11.  Ki'rn,  in  U'lirnn's  M<  .n.,  t>2. 

''' Sinip^iii  {Jdiiii.^  J/.),  Journ'il  of  a  li:il/liiri/  rii'diin'-ifnn 'irr,  j'ruiii  Siiiilil 
/V,  J^Vll' J/.M'/,'o,  to  tlir  SuHljo,  iii'"'i'  iritk  the  tri»>)).-i  Uiuli  r  i-oiilli'i!i>'l  ■</  Jinn  I 
LinilnMiil-i;,imd  John  M.  \yoxliiiiijtoii,  ilr.,  in  IS'/'.  Jh/JniiK.i  II.  .iiiiiy--<on, 
A.  .\l.,jiist  liiiitriiitnt  (•();•;«  o/  toj^oiiraji/iirnl  vii'iiiioft.  VhW.,  )S,V2,  Nvn,  1  10  ji., 
lil;itr.s.  Also  in  C^.  S.  f.'iW  7>( «<•.,.'<  1st  eong.  lau  acsn.,  bi.:i.  I'lx,  Doc.  Hi,  m  itli 
iiMC;  r('sniin3  in  W'lirnn'n  Mtmoii;  CU-7. 


iklHMUUUAU 


468 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  XEW   MEXICO. 


Hidalgo  Is  properly  noticeu  here,  so  far  as  it  affocts 
New  Mexico,  though  it  extends  chronologically  beycmd 
tlie  limits  of  the  chapter.  In  the  west,  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Colorado  the  line  was  surveyed  bi  fore 
February  1850.^*  ^In  November  of  the  same  j^our  the 
new  commissioner,  John  Russell  Bartlett,  arrived  with 
his  party  at  El  Paso,  having  crossed  Texas  from  tliu 
coast;  General  Pedro  Garcia  Conde,  the  Mexican 
connnissioner,  soon  made  his  appearance;  and  before 
the  end  of  the  year  several  meetings  were  held  at 
which  the  initial  point  and  other  preliminaries  were 
decided.  Active  operations  in  the  field  began  enrr.' 
in  1851  ;  the  American  party  had  its  headquarters 
for  several  months  at  the  Santa  Rita  copper  mines, 
Colonel  Craig  conunanding  an  escort  of  85  men;  and 
though  there  were  sonic  vexatious  delays  and  contro- 
versies, resulting  in  part  from  the  tardy  arrival  of 
Gray  and  Graham,  by  September  the  region  from  El 
Paso  to  the  San  Pedro  had  been  explored  and  the 
boundary  line  partly  surveyed — to  its  full  extent,  in- 
deed, by  the  Mexicans.  Then  Bartlett  went  to  Sonora 
and  California,  returning  cast  to  publish  his  narrative 
in  1854."     Lieutenant  Whipple  went  down  tlie  Gila; 

**,Tohu  B.  Wdlor  was  the  first  U.  S.  commissioner,  and  the  Cal.  survey 
wa«  made  from  June  1849  to  Feb.  18.")0  hy  Andrew  B.  (iray  as  surveyor  ami 
A\'iii  H.  Emory  as  astro'iomer.  Tlie  commi.ssiou  then  adjourned  to  meet  at 
El  Pa.so  in  Nov.  John  V.  Fremont  was  appointed  to  succeed  Wellcr.  hut 
resiuiiiMl,  and  John  Russell  Bartlett  war  appointed  in  June.  Uniler  Hartli'tt 
(iray  was  still  surveyor  till  sueeeeded  hy  Emory  in  Nov.  ISol;  Col  Joliu  Mi- 
Clellaii  was  astronomer— succeeded  hy  Lieut. -col  J.  1).  (iraham  in  Oct.  IS."(), 
and  he  hy  Emory  in  Oct.  ISol — aud  Lieut.  A.  \V.  Whipple  assistant  astrua- 
onier. 

*■'  P)'r.ionnl  \arr(ifire  of  E.rplonifions  anil  iiiridoitu  in  Ti.rnn,  Ki'ir  Mi.ncn, 
Ciill/orni'i,  >'So)ior(i,  (iml  Cliiloiiilain,  eomwcU'd  irii'i  the  United  Stule'i  (nnl  Mc.n'oiii 
lioiiiit/ari/  cii)iiiiiif:.iioii,  diirimj  t/if  i/>'itrs  IdoO,  ';'>!,  'oJ,  and  '5.1.  By  J  nil  ii  Ji'iii-:ill 
Biirflcft,  Viiifi'd  »SVi'/(>'  coiiiniissifiiii'r  dttniiij  tluit  jtcriod.  In  tiro  roliiiiii:i,  irilh 
iii<i]>  mid  illHstmtioiis,  N.  Y.,  1S54,  8vo,  2  vol.  This  has  always  been  regarded 
as  a  standard  work,  containing  in  pleasing  form  much  original  and  valiiahle 
information  on  tlie  countries  visited  as  well  as  the  author's  personal  aiiveii- 
tures  and  a  history  of  the  survey.  Bartlett  hecau.e  the  author  of  se\ei:d 
other  Works  of  good  repute  esiiecially  some  of  a  hihliographic  nature.  He 
was  for  many  years  in  charge  of  tiie  famous  Carter  Brown  collection  of  Aiiuri- 
cana,  aud  as  I  write,  in  ,luue  1)S8(>,  news  conies  of  his  death  at  an  aclv.iiK'cd 
age.  John  C.  Cremoiiy  was  interpreter  for  the  U.  8.  commissioner,  ami  his 
//{/'('  AnioKij  the  Aixir/ii's,  S.  F.,  1808,  is  tlevoted  to  a  considerahle  extent  to 
his  experiences  in  this  exploratiou,  which,  however,  he  erroucouslv  dates 
1840-50  instead  of  iSoO-l. 


Tiitili»wtt\»«»"' 


^m 


m" 


THE  BOUNDARY   SURVEY. 


Mixiro, 

„  llw<.<:  a 
nils,  irilh 

viiluiililo 
I  ;iilvi'ii- 

St.' V  oral 
IV.     Hu 

AiiK'i'i- 
haiu'cil 
anil  lii.s 

itt'llt    to 

V  ilatus 


Garcia  Conde  died  in  Sonora;  and  the  survey  was 
siLsneiided  for  a  time,  to  be  resumed  and  completed, 
oil  the  Rio  Grande  at  least,  in  1852-3  by  Robert  H. 
Caiiii)l>cll  as  commissioner  and  W.  H.  Emory  as 
astronomer  and  surveyor.^"  Particulars,  whether  of 
exploration  or  adventure,  can  of  course  find  no  place 
here.  Still  less  is  it  possible  or  necessary  to  chronicle 
tlie  cf)niplicated  series  of  quarrels  between  Bartlett, 
]\IcClellan,  Graham,  Gray,  and  others,  which  seriously 
retarded  practical  operations,  and  the  record  of  which 
fills  tlie  larger  part  of  two  volumes  published  by  the 
government.*^  Then?  was,  however,  one  question  re- 
specting the  boundary  itself  that  merits  further  notice. 
By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 
of  1848,  the  line  was  to  follow  the  Rio  Grande  up  "to 
the  point  where  it  strikes  the  southern  boundary  of 
New  Mexico ;  thence  westward  along  the  whole  south- 
ern boundary  of  New  Mexico  (which  runs  north 
of  the  town  called  Paso)  to  its  western  termination ; 
thence  northward  along  the  western  line  of  New  Mexico 
until  it  intersects  the  first  branch  of  the  river  Gila 
[ov  if  it  should  not  intersect  any  branch  of  that  river, 

*''  r.  S.  and  Mcx.  Bouvdary  Survri/  {/S'i4-o).  Report  of  Win  If.  Emory, 
\\'\A\.,  IS")?,  4to,  3  vol.  This  ia  a  report  of  a  later  survey  under  a  new  treaty; 
lat  iu  his  1st  chapter  Emory  gives  au  outline  liistory  of  operations  under  the 
tnaty  if  1848,  with  severe  critieisms  of  Bartlett's  acts.  He  says  that  when 
ho  a'-rived  in  the  field,  Nov.  1851,  'the  commissioner  was  absent  on  an  cx- 
peiiit:.iu  iiito  Souora,  the  commission  was  in  debt,  and  not  one  cent  M'as  at 
n:y -I'sposal  to  prosecute  the  survey.  Beycmd  running  an  erroneous  line  a 
di'i^ri  ■'  c!!'!  .1  half  west  of  tlie  del  Norte,  and  starting  a  party  with  limiteil 
II  11.1  under  Lieu*  Whipple  to  survey  the  (Hla,  and  another  to  survey  the 
T<i  del  ■*. I/. te,  nothing  had  lieen  accomplished.'  After  his  arrival,  surveys 
.sci'n  tc  have  been  cfiulined  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  I  find  no  recortl  of  any 
8ulise(jU(,'nt  survey  under  the  old  treaty  between  that  river  and  the  Gila. 

*'  J/'.c.  Olid  U.  S.  Boundary  Sunty.  Report  of  the  Serretnnj  of  the  Interior, 
etc.,  .Inly  ISiVi,  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  3'2J  cong.  1st  sess..  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  II!), 
8v'i,  TjI,')  p.,  with  maps.  See  also  an  earlier  report  and  doc.  of  1850  in  .'n.st 
colli;.  I.st  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  34.  In  3iJd  cong.  1st  sess..  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  121 
('J.">ilp.),  is  a  report  of  Aug.  1852,  containing  Orahanin  Report  on  Bonndiiry 
Line  liiiii'ien  the  U.  S.  and  Slexieo,  with  a  nia.ss  of  accompanying  iloc.  Graham 
j!:vis  a  diary  of  proceedings  after  Bartlett  s  departure  till  the  survey  was 
suspi'iided.  See  also  Warren'n  Memoir,  82  et  seij.  The  quarrel  was  a  dis- 
gra  litiil  one,  growing  mainly  out  of  jealousies  between  the  military,  civil,  and 
Hc'ieiiiidc  branches  or  the  commission;  also  to  some  extent  founded  on  unlit 
Hi[i(iinttiients  by  political  inlluence.  Bartlett  blames  Graham  chiefiy,  and 
vice  >  ersa.  I  da  not  meddle  with  the  merits  of  the  matter.  The  volumes 
cited  contain  also,  if  life  were  long  enough  to  search  out  the  items,  a  tolerably 
coinplcti:  record  of  exploring  operations. 


m 


MUmmW 


470 


MILITARY  RULE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


then  to  the  point  on  the  said  hne  nearest  to  such  branch, 
and  thence  in  a  direct  hne  to  the  same);  thence  clown 
the  middle  of  said  branch  and  said  river  until  it  eniptiis 
into  the  Rio  Colorado."  The  southern  boundary  of  New 
Mexico  had  indeed  been  somewhat  definitely  fixed  at 
one  point  as  just  above  El  Paso,  leavin<,'  that  town  in 
Chihuahua;  but  I  have  found  no  evidence  that  any 
western  boundary  had  ever  been  fixed  at  all,  or  even 
thought  of  There  may  have  been,  however,  a  kind 
of  tacit  agreement,  as  on  a  matter  of  no  practical  iui- 
pcntar.'o,  that  the  line  between  Chihuahua  and  Sonora. 
that  its,  ■  between  Janos  and  Fronteras  in  aKoiit 

longitude  S°  30',  extended  northward  indefinitely, 
lu  no  other  sense  had  New  Mexico  a  western  boundary ; 
and  in  equity,  had  the  treaty  gone  no  further,  tliis 
should  have  been  the  line  adopted.  But  the  treaty 
contained  an  additional  provision  that  "the  sontliein 
and  western  limits  of  New  Mexico,  mentioned  in  this 
article,  are  those  laid  down  in"  Disturnell's  map  of 
Mexico,  edition  of  New  York,  1847.*^  This  map  shows 
an  irregular  dotted  line  extending  westward  from  the 
river  just  above  El  Paso  about  180  miles,  and  tlicnce 
northward.  To  locate  this  line  was  therefore  the  uidy 
duty  of  the  boundary  commission;  but  in  locating  it, 
should  its  latitude  and  longitude  be  considered,  or  its 
distance  north  of  El  Paso  and  west  of  the  Rio  Grande? 
This  was  the  question,  and  an  important  one,  for  on 
the  treaty  map  the  town  was  some  30  minutes  too  far 
north  and  the  river  some  two  degrees  and  a  half  too 
far  west.  The  com[)lication  will  be  more  clearly  under- 
stood from  the  appended  map.  Garcia  Conde  of 
course  claimed  the  determination  by  parallels  as  most 
I'avorable  to  his  nation,  while  Bartlett  for  like  reasons 
favored  the  other  basis  of  settlement.  I  think  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  latter  was  technic  lly  in  the 
right;  but  he  yielded  one  point  by  consenting  to  fix  the 
initial  monument  in  latitude  32°  22'  on  the  river;  wliile 

*"  A  copy  of  part  of  this  map  is  included  in  the  volume  cited  iu  note  45; 
also  in  various  etlitious  of  tlio  treaty. 


I  llt'.ftN«tt\tUU» 


CONTROVERSY  AND  MAP. 


471 


the  .\[exican  commissioner  yielded  the  other  by  con- 
seiitiii^"  to  the  extension  of  the  Hne  180  miles  westward 
from  the   river.     Bartlett's  concession  was   severely 


E    X ;  I    c    o 


Fronteras 


Janos„ 


The  JBoundaky  Question. 

A  B  C  is  the  line  as  rtetermincd  by  distances  from  the  town  and  river,  the 
cxtri'iiio  claim  of  the  U.  S.  commissioner.  1)  E  F  is  the  extreme  Mexican 
cliiiiM,  or  the  line  as  fixed  by  lat.  and  long.  D  O  C  is  the  line  adopted  as  a 
cniii]iroiiiise.  A  H  I  would  have  been  the  eqiiital)lo  bounihiry  if  DisturneU'a 
Ilia]]  had  not  been  mentioned  in  the  treaty.  A  I.  M  is  the  line  said  to  have 
lieuii  liiially  fixed  by  the  U.  S.  surveyor,  under  the  treaty  of  1848.  A  H  J  K  ia 
tliu  huuiulury  under  tlie  later  treaty  of  1853  and  survey  of  1854-5. 

criticised ;  but  if  his  solution  of  the  difficulty  is  rcj^ardcd 
as  a  compromise  it  was  a  wise  one,  since  the  tei'ritory 
galiKul  would  have  been  more  valuable  than  that  lost. 
But  i^artlctt's  line  is  said  to  have  been  rejected  by 
his  government  and  a  new  line  adopted  on  latitude 
31'  54'  40"  from  the  Rio  Grande  west  to  longitude  10!)" 
37',  and  on  that  meridian  north  to  the  Santo  Domingo 


'irMi»«H«tl\IUUUU 


fci'  'i 


471 


MILITARY  RULE.  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


0  y,       1 


River,  though  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  the  record 
of  such  an  agreement  or  survey.*'' 

Under  the  treaty,  citizens  of  New  Mexico  iiiicrht 
leave  the  territory  or  remain  either  as  citizens  of  the 
United  States  or  of  Mexico,  but  such  as  should  not 
within  one  year   make  known  their  choice  wore  to 
become  citizens  of  the  United  States.     Althougli  I 
find  no  very  definite  records  on  the  subject,  it  appears 
that  many  declared  their  intention  of  retaining  their 
Mexican    nationality,   some   of  these    departing  and 
others  formally  withdrawing  the  declaration,  wliilu  of 
those  who  departed  some  came  back.     It  was  esti- 
mated that  in    1848-9   the  territory  thus  lost  only 
about  1,200,  though  in  1850  a  considerable  number 
of  wealthy  hacendados  withdrew  with  their  peones  and 
possessions  to    Chihuahua. '^°     The   Mexican    govern- 
ment made  an  appropriation  to  aid  its  migrating  citi- 
zens, and  in   1849  Padre  Ramon  Ortiz  and  Manuel 
Armendariz  were  sent  as  connuissioners  to  promote 
the  movement.     Ortiz  claimed  that  in  the  first  county 
visited,  that  of  San  Miguel  del  Vado,  900  out  of  1,000 
families  cigerly  agreed   to  go,  and   that  the  whole 
number  of  emigrants  was  likely  to  reach  80,000;  but 
that  the  territorial  authorities,  frightened  at  the  pros- 
pect, threw  obstacles  in  the  way.      For  this  reason, 
or  because  of  financial  difficulties,  or  because  the  peo- 
ple became  on  reflection  less  desirous  of  quitting  the 
land  of  their  birth — to  say  nothing  of  the  possibility 
that  the  honest   presbitero  greatly  exaggerated  the 

*•  It  is  so  stated  in  Warren's  Memoir,  84,  a  good  authority,  but  without  the 
author's  usual  reference  to  his  sources;  and  Emory,  U.  S.  and  J[Ie.r.  Hound., 
16,  also  says  that  Rartlett's  line  was  'finally  repudiated  l)y  the  government.' 
Later  records  connected  with  the  new  treaty  of  1853-4  simply  show  a  dispute 
but  no  settlement.  I  think  tliat  B;irtlett's  opponents  may  have  surveyuil  the 
new  line  and  reported  it  to  the  govt,  which  did  not  perhaps  formally  approve 
either.  Besides  the  survey  of  a  boundary  line,  the  commissioners  wurc  to 
explore  the  country  for  a  railroad  within  one  league  north  or  south  o(  the 
Gila,  this  railroad  to  be  the  subject  of  subsequent  agreement  between  the  two 
republics.  Neither  of  the  lines  .  considered,  however,  would  have  given  tlie 
U.  S.  a  railroad  route.  Bartlett's  work,  published  in  1854,  seems  to  imply 
that  his  line  was  the  one  approved. 

'^  McCaWs  Letters,  496. 


iiSHH',n\«H'>Vi\« 


MEXICAN  CITIZENS. 


473 


original  enthusiasm — very  little  was  actually  accom- 
plished." 

•"■i  Ortiz'  letter  of  June  9,  1849,  to  Gov,  Mila  of  Chih.,  in  Pino,  Not.  HmL, 
92-S,  vitli  other  correop. ;  Mexico,  Mem.  liel.,  1849,  p.  14;  JiL,  1850,  p.  22. 
Tlie  prooeedings  were  under  the  colonization  law  of  Aug.  19,  1848  Mexico, 
Cut.  LiijM  ij  l>ecretos,  IS^S,  p.  309.  It  appears  that  the  governor  obliged 
Ortiz  to  suspend  his  personal  visits  to  the  different  counties,  alleging  that 
there  was  danger  of  a  revolt  or  popular  tumult.  He  consented  at  first  to  the 
aiipointiiicut  of  suljagents,  but  suspended  abo  this  privilege  as  soon  as  it 
bcciiiie  clear  that  the  desire  for  emigration  was  so  g'-'ueral.  These  orders  are 
given  in  Pino's  work  as  cited.  Ortiz  also  claims  that  previous  to  his  visit, 
iiiifiiir  means  had  been  taken  to  prevent  the  citizens  from  making  the  formal 
(k'clarations  required  by  the  treaty.  I  am  inclined  to  think  there  i.s  much 
truth  in  his  statements,  as  well  as  a  degree  of  exaggeration.  Mexico  had 
aiiprnpriatod  §200,000,  of  which  only  §25,000  was  available,  and  Ortiz  esti- 
mated tliat  Sl,()53,.342  would  be  needed  !  The  allowance  was  ?25  for  an 
ailult,  and  §12  for  children.  There  was  also  some  trouble  about  the  transfer 
of  property,  and  about  Ortiz'  official  status.  lu  1850  a  Mexican  consul  was 
tiuut  tu  attend  to  this  and  other  matters. 


■m 


yuyim 


""""*""■"■■ 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


liU- 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 

1846-1854. 

Affairs  ik  Pimeria  Alta  —  Apache  Raids  —  Turac  Abandoneii  — The 
Mkxic'ax  War— Exi'lokations — Kearny's  March — Cooke  ash  tiik 
Mormons — Wagon  Road — Graham's  Dragoons — Treaty  and  Bdis. 
DAHY— Whipple  and  Bartlett — Sitgreaves — Railroad  Sikvkys— 
Parke's  Explorations — Overland  Emigration  to  Cai.iiokma— 
Hayes'  Diary — Indians — The  Oatman  Massacre — Colorado  Ki.i:i:v 
AND  Camp  Calhoun — (Ilanton's  Octrages — Fort  Yuma  EsiAiii,isiii:ii 
— Colorado  City — Navigation  of  the  Rivek — Derby's  8ukvey— Tiik 
First  Sieamers. 


.4,, 


in 


nlH,  itiiiJ 


That  part  of  the  country  known  later  as  Arizona 
remained  a  Mexican  possession  down  to  the  siuiiing 
of  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  in  1848,  and  all 
soutli  of  tlie  Gila,  the  only  portion  inhabited  by  any 
but  Indians,  for  five  years  longer,  or  until  the  siiiiiiiiif 
of  the  treaty  of  December  1853,  or  its  approval  in 
1854.  The  annals  of  this  southern  region,  the  an- 
cient Pinierfa  Alta,  might  almost  be  disposed  of  ly 
adding  'et  cetera'  to  tlie  chapter  in  which  the  record 
has  been  brought  down  to  1845.^  That  is,  the  ^Nlexi- 
cans  under  the  Sonora  government  barely  maintained 
a  precarious  possession  of  Tucson  and  a  few  otlier  es- 
tablishments in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley.  The  A[)ac]us 
continued  their  raids,  sometimes  driving  off  live-stock 
from  under  the  very  walls  of  the  presidios,  lietalia- 
tory  raids  of  the  soldiers  became  less  and  less  ellVct- 
ive,  though  the  Piipago  allies  were  somewhat  more 
successful  in  repelHng  and  pursuing  the  savages. 
There  was  a  constant  diminution  of  the  population, 

'See  chap,  xvi.,  this  volume. 


(474) 


Ml<i«tt«««tt»«i 


w 


GENERAL  DESOLATION. 


475 


and  most  of  the  few  remaining  ranchos  were  al)an- 
(loiuil.  A  census  report  of  September  1848,  gave 
Tucson  7()0  inhabitants,  and  Tubac  241).^  In  Deceni- 
],vv  of  the  same  year,  after  an  attack  in  whicli  nine 
persons  were  killed,  Tubac  and  the  adjoining  settle- 
ment of  Tamacdcori  were  abandoned,  the  peo[)lo 
transftn'ring  their  residence  to  Tucson.^  Between 
this  })i(-'sidio  and  that  of  Santa  Cruz  pouth  of  the  line 
it  does  not  clearly  appear  that  a  single  Mexican  es- 
tablishment of  any  kind  remained,  though  before  1852 
a  small  garrison  had  reoccupied  Tubac*  In  tlie  mea- 
crre  and  fragmentary  record  of  Mexican  annals  down 
to  I8r)4,  I  find  only  an  occasional  complaint  of  impend- 
iiii;'  ruin,  as  in  earlier  times,  with  appeals  for  aid,  men- 
tion of  a  few  Apache  depredations  and  campaigns,  and 
the  names  of  a  few  officials,  but  nothing  from  whicli 
to  form  anything  like  a  continuous  narrative,  or  to 
form  any  more  definite  idea  of  the  general  condition 
of  affairs  than  that  expressed  in  this  paragraph." 

-  PiiKirf,  Col.  Doc,  print,  no.  980.  This  is  a  list  furnished  by  Gov.  Ganilara 
for  tL'itioii  purposes. 

'  ,S'i)iiu-('itM',  Fel).  21,  1849.  Some  details  of  Apache  wars  in  those  years 
are  fouml  iii  JJmL  North  Mc.r.  StdtcK,  ii.,  this  series.  The  Mexicans  belieVed 
tliut  the  Indians  were  incited  by  Americans.  Doubtless  the  unfortuiuite  state 
of  all'airs  in  N.  Mex.,  and  the  acts  of  disreputable  American  and  Mex.  traders, 
liiul  iimch  to  do  witli  Indian  troubles. 

*  liii'llitl's  Pcrs.  N(in:,  ii.  302  etseq.,  where  a  very  good  account  of  the 
state  uf  things  in  the  Sta  Cruz  valley  is  given. 

■'1  fiive  some  items,  cliielly  from  the  ^onoreme  and  MS.  records  of  the 
Piiiiirt  collection,  omitting  many  more  of  similar  nature  but  of  even  less  iin- 
Iiiirtance.  In  Sept.  1847  the  Pinaleno  Apaclies  pretended  to  desire  peace  at 
Tiisciin,  hut  continued  tlieir  attacks  on  Tubac.  A  combined  exped.  from  the 
tilled  presidios,  consisting  of  77  soldiers  and  a  force  of  1.33  citizens,  Pimas, 
anil  fricudy  Apaches,  marched  against  them,  killing  17  and  capturing  14, 
with  a  loss  of  two  men.  Son.,  Get.  8th.  A  year  later  Capt.  Comaduran  re- 
ports a  successful  exped.  of  the  Papagos,  bringing  in  tlie  ears  of  many 
Aji:ulies.  III.,  Dec.  1st.  In  March  1849  the  iidiab.  appealed  for  lid  to  the 
SoiiiiiM  congress,  declaring  their  purpose  if  not  aided  to  go  and  live  among 
tiie  Oila  triljes  !  Id.,  Sept.  2StIi.  Congress  promised  arms  jvnd  ammunition, 
ami  the  cou;.-gen.  assured  the  people  of  his  desire  and  power  to  allord  full 
pidtcitioii.  PiiKirt,  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  113.  Sept. -Oct.,  Col  Elias  made  a  .suc- 
cessful campaign  to  the  (iila.  Iil.,  Doc  Jfi.st.  Son.,  MS.,  lC(i-70,  with  many 
details.  .Jan.  18i50,  over  100  cattle  driven  off  from  Tucson.  Smi.,  Feb.  1st. 
Fell.  7th,  decree  of  gov.  fixing  ))ouiids  for  tiie  presidios  of  the  'dilonias  niili- 
tarcs  de  Occidente,'  including  Tubac  and  Tucson.  Id.,  Feb,  l.'itli.  The 
ahaiidiinment  of  Tucson  in  Ma,rch  1850  was  reported  in  the  Cal.  papers,  but 
diivilitless  without  foundation.  Aug.,  the  paymaster  with  fumls  for  the  c(do- 
iiists  at  Tucson  fVom  Arizpe  was  attacked  and  lost  several  men,  Imt  saved  Ids 
money.  Son.,  Sept.  20th.     In  Dee.  the  presidio  was  assaulted  iu  the  daytime, 


i  IdiliftHHUMUUUi. 


470 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


/.[ 


The  war  of  184G-8,  except  in  the  treaty  that  ended 
it,  had  hut  .slight  bearing  on  the  history  of  Arizona. 
The  plans  of  the  United  States  did  not  include  tlio 
occupation  of  the  Pinieria  towns  south  of  the  (jlila, 
and  north  of  that  river  there  were  no  towns  to  he 
occupied,  though  in  a  certain  jense  the  conquest  of 
California  on  the  west  and  New  Mexico  on  the  east 
may  be  rt^garded  as  having  included  that  of  tlu;  broad 
region  lying  between  the  two.  The  war  also  led  to 
the  crossing  of  this  region  in  the  southern  parts  by 
several  parties,  thus  involving  its  first  exploration  by 
Americans  but  for  the  previous  exploits  of  l*attie 
and  other  trappers  and  traders.  In  August,  I.san, 
General  Castro,  driven  from  California,  found  his  way 
by  the  Colorado  and  Papagueria  to  Altar  in  Sonera, 
accompanied  by  a  small  party;"  and  at  the  end  of  the 
same  month  Kit  Carson  went  east  by  the  Gila  route 
as  the  bearer  of  despatches  from  Commodore  Stockton, 


all  the  live-stock  outside  the  walls  carried  ofif,  and  3  or  4  persons  killed;  then 
tlii;  foe  siuid  fur  i)eaoo(I),  offering  to  give  up  all  their  booty,  and  usseitiuf,' 
that  tlieru  was  a  division  in  their  ranks  as  to  peace  or  war.  Wliile  nui.'(itiii- 
tioiis  were  in  proi^Tess  I'apago  rei'nforeenients  arrived,  and  the  Apache.s  were 
attacked  and  driven  off.  ,S'oh.,  Jan.  10,  1851.  June  1851,  mil.  coiiiandaut* 
ace.  to  instruc.  of  this  date  had  no  authority  over  vecinos  except  in  ca.su  of 
an  attack.  Id.,  June  27tli.  July,  friendly  Apaches  attacked  by  iiostiles,  and 
59  either  killed  or  carried  off.  Id.,  Oct.  24th.  Pay  of  tlie  colony  for  Oit.- 
Nov.,  §2,077;  paymaster,  Jose  M.  Elias  Carrillo.  /r/.,  Nov.  14th.  Full.  April 
1852,  campaign  of  Lugucz  with  Pimas  and  Papagos.  P'tmirt,  Doc.  Hi-il. 
Son.,  MS.,  v.  21-2.  In  March  an  exped.  from  Tubac  was  defeated  by  tlie 
Ind.  /(/.,  14-15.  June,  Tucson  .again  attacked  and  cattle  driven  oil',  but  by 
the  prompt  action  of  Capt.  Agustin  Romanos,  now  com.,  aidetl  by  tlu'  juuz 
de  i)az  and  his  vecinos,  and  also  by  Apaches  and  Papagos,  and  by  20  French 
settlers,  the  plunder  waa  recovered.  In  following  the  foe,  tracks  of  '  Anieii- 
can  shoes  '  were  found,  perhaps  not  on  the  feet  of  Americans.  Id.,  v.  .'17-41. 
The  French  settlers  were  57  in  nund)er,  who  this  year  became  citizen.s,  prob- 
ably witii  a  view  of  cooperating  with  Raousset  de  BouUton  in  his  tilibu.stering 
project  in  Sonora,  as  most  of  them  joined  his  party.  LI.,  (iO-9,  99.  In  Nov. 
Capt.  Andres  Zenteno  was  put  in  command.  Id.,  34-6.  In  1853  similar  items 
on  Apache  warfare  appear;  no  indication  of  any  radical  change.  In  July 
there  were  112  friendly  Apaches  living  at  Tubac.  Piiiart,  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  118. 
See  items  of  1853-4,  in  Phiart,  Doc.  Hist.  Son.,  MS.,  chierty  from  El  Sonorcii'^e, 
V.  I7G-8,  180-1,  186-90,  192,  212-13,  252-.3.  Jose  Paredes  was  com.  at  Tu- 
bac in  Sept.  1853.  Id.,  Col.  Dnc,  MS.,  no.  130.  Americans  join  the  Mex. 
against  Apaches  in  Oct.  1854,  killing  21. 

*//i.s<.  Cnl.,  V.  277-8,  this  series.  The  crossing  of  Arizona  between  Cal. 
and  Sonora,  both  by  the  Tucson  and  Sonoita  routes,  was  in  this  and  the 
preceding  years  not  a  very  unusual  or  dangerous  matter,  the  Indians  being 
generally  well  disposed. 


KEARNY  AND  COOKE. 


477 


announcing  somewhat  prematurely  the  conquest  of 
the  ft)ast  province/ 

]\Ieeting  Carson  and  inducing  him  to  turn  hack  as 
jTuido,  General  Kearny,  with  a  force  of  200  dragoons, 
It'ft  tlie  liio  Grande  in  the  middle  of  October,  reach- 
in<j  the  Gila  by  way  of  the  copper  mines,  and  on  the 
'22il  crossed  what  was  later  the  Arizona  boundary. 
The  march  of  some  400  miles  across  the  entire  width 
of  the  territory,  following  the  river — except  at  the 
bitf  Ijcnd — down  to  the  Colorado  junction,  occupied 
exactly  a  month.  The  journey  was  marked  by  no 
startling  adventures  or  hardships,  except  the  exhaus- 
tion of  the  mules  and  horses.  The  few  Apaches  met 
were  suspicious  and  would  sell  no  mules ;  the  Pimas  far- 
ther down  the  river  were  altogether  friendly  and  eager 
for  trade,  but  had  no  animals  for  sale  ;  but  near  the  Colo- 
rado the  army's  needs  in  this  respect  were  supplied 
from  a  band  of  horses  that  a  party  of  jMexicans  under 
Cai)taiu  Segura  were  driving  from  California  to  Sonora. 
The  narratives,  especially  that  of  Captain  ^  '»ory, 
contain  a  good  description  of  the  country  traversed, 
with  its  plants  and  animals;  and  relics  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants,  in  the  form  of  ruins,  pottery,  and  rock- 
inscriptions — now  for  the  first  time  examined  by 
Americans — attracted  much  attenticm.  This  may  be 
regarded  as  the  first  in  the  scries  of  scientific  trans- 
continental surveys  in  the  south.** 

Following  Kearny,  but  taking  a  more  southern 
route  that  a  way  might  be  found  for  wagons,  came  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Cooke  with  the  Mormon  battalion,  ar- 
rivino-  on  the  2d  of  December  at  the  rancho  of  Sao 
Bernardino  near  the  south-eastern  corner  of  what  was 
later  Arizona.  Cooke's  route  from  this  point  to  the 
intersection  with  Kearny's,  also  a  new  one  to  any  but 

'/'/.,  280,  330.  There  were  several  subsequent  ernssings  of  Arizona  in 
ISH  It  liy  buarers  of  desijatchos,  which  I  do  not  deuni  it  iiucossary  to  record 
ill  tliis  vohuuc,  as  not  belonging  properly  to  Arizona  aiinaLs. 

*' Emon/'-i  Kotci  of  a  MUiUiry   I'(/rnniioinn.uirt',  03-94;  ./nhnnfmiK  Journal; 


Griiliii'si  Jnurniil,  MS.     Names  used  by  Emory,  and  apparently  applieil  at  tliis 

tiiMo  (111   the  uppei   "  "  "" 

Turnbull,  Saddle-back  Mt,  and  Mineral  Creek. 


tiiMo  (111   the  upper  G-ila,  were  Nii;ht  Creek,  Steeple 


jparentlj 
kock,  i 


I!   t 


r  1 1^ 


Mt  Graham,  Mt 


478 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


Indians  and  Mexicans,  was  west  to  the  Rio  San  Ptxlrn, 
down  that  river  nortliward  some  fifty  miles,  tluncc 
across  to  Tucson  hy  the  hne  of  the  Uiter  raih-oad,  and 
nortli-wcstward,  still  not  far  from  the  railroad  loutc, 
to  the  Gila.  The  march  of  the  Mormons,  hy  rcasdn 
of  their  duty  of  oi)ening  a  wagon  road  and  their  cluir- 
acter  as  infantry,  was  nmch  more  difficult  than  tliat  of 
the  dragoons;  but  they  were  under  a  special  (livinu 
protection  pn-sumahlj'-  not  accorded  to  the  less  saintly 
branch  of  the  service.  Their  only  active  foes  were  a 
herd  of  wild  Lulls  on  the  San  Pedro,  with  whicli  tluv 
had  a  battle  on  the  11th  of  December,  several  nun 
being  wounded,  one  of  them  Lieutenant  Georgt;  Stone. 
man,  since  governor  of  California.  Six  days  later  the 
army  camped  at  Tucson.  Captain  Comaduraii  liad 
sent  a  request  to  the  Americans  not  to  puss  tlin»UL.'li 
the  town,  as  he  had  orders  to  prevent  it;  and  Co' 
had  in  turn  proposed  the  turning-over  of  a  few  arm 
a  token  of  surrender,  binding  them  not  to  fight  during 
the  war.  This  was  declined,  and  the  comandante  with 
his  garrison  abandoned  the  presidio,  as  did  most  of  the 
inhabitants.  Accordingly,  Cooke  left  a  frientlly  lettir 
for  Governor  Gandara,  reminding  him  of  Sonera's 
wrongs  at  the  hands  of  Mexico  and  the  Indians,  and 
suggesting  that  "the  unity  of  Sonera  with  the  states 
of  the  north,  now  her  neighbors,  is  necessary  eli'eet- 
ually  to  subdue  these  Parthian  Apaches;'"'  tlicn  lie 
marched  on,  reaching  the  Gila  on  the  21st  and  the 
Colorado  on  Jarmary  9,  1847.  The  wagon  road  thus 
opened  was  not  only  utilized  by  the  California  emiurants 
in  the  following  years,  but  as  a  possible  railroad  route 
it  was  a  potent  element  in  prompting  the  later  purchase 
by  the  United  States  of  territory  south  of  the  Gila.''' 

•Dec.  17th,  Capt.  Coiiiaduran  wrote  to  the  com.  gen.  of  Sonora  tliat  nn 
Anier.  fcirce  of  oOO  men  had  arrived  at  Tucson.  Deo.  28th,  the  com.  ui'ii. 
i.isued  a  circular  stating  that  on  receipt  of  the  news  he  liegan  oij,';iniziu^  a 
force  to  repel  the  invaders,  but  soon  lieard  that  tho  enemy  had  evaLiiatnl 
Tucson  anil  marched  '  precipitately  '  for  Alta  California.  Soinn-ciim',  .laii.  1, 
1847.  There  was  in  the  night  of  the  17th  a  false  alarm  of  attack  from  the 
Mexicans,  which  eaiised  nuicli  excitement  in  camp. 

^^('rioke'iiJonriinl,  in  LL  S.  Govt  Doc,  30th  cong.  spec,  sess.,  Sen.  Poc.  -;  II, 
Bcport,  iu  Einorij6  Xotcs,  5'l'J-(32,  with  maps  of  route;  Id.,  ConnucM,  VAS-li, 


tifc«m«w««»»i 


•««u 


GRAHAMS  DRAGOONS. 


479 


J^'-^,  thciict. 
ilrojul,  and 
oiid  route, 
hy  r<'iis()n 
^ln'ir  fliiif- 
I'lii  tliat  of 
•lal  divine 
L'ss  sjuiitly 
3es  wore  a 
'liioli  tlify 
►'oral  iiirii 
'g-c!  Stone. 
'  Ijitcr  the 
umii  had 
3  tlirou'di 

1(1    Cor'' 

vv  arm 

hi  dui'inc 
ante  with 
ostot'tho 
Lily  Icttrr 
Sotiora's 
iaiis,  and 
he  states 
y  effcct- 
tlicn  lit' 
and  the 
>ad  thus 
nigraiits 
ad  route 
)urrhasc 
o  (^ila 


10 


>ra  tliat  riii 
com.  urii. 

r^'aniziiiL,'  a 
L'vaciiati  il 

'■•<(',  .(an.  I, 

\i  from  tliu 

:)oc.  '2:  /./., 
s/,  138-72, 


Purhifi!'  the  war  there  were  no  more  explorations 
or  marches  across  Arizona  to  be  noticed  here;  hut  in 
1S4S.  after  the  treaty  of  peace,  a  battalion  of  di'aijfoons 
iui(hr  Major  Lawrence  P.  Graham  marched  from 
C'hiliuuhua  to  California.  Comin:n^  from  Janos  this 
party  reached  San  Bernardino  the  4t]i  of  Octtdjer,  but 
instead  of  following  Cooke's  trail,  Graham  kept  on 
snuth  of  the  line  to  Santa  Cruz  presidio,  and  thence 
fnllowed  thq  river  down  to  Tucson.  The  Gila  was 
reached  at  the  end  of  the  month,  and  the  C(jlorado 
en  the  22d  of  November.  The  Americans  were 
deli^lited,  as  had  been  those  under  Kearny  and 
Cooke,  with  the  hospitality  of  the  Gila  Pinias, 
and  the  thrift  displayed  at  their  villajTfcs  exceeding 
anythini:?  elsewhere  seen  in  the  transcontinental  jour- 
ney. Owing  to  the  drunkenness  and  consetjuent  in- 
comjietence  of  the  leader,  this  party  endured  greater 
jiardships  than  either  of  the  preceding.  No  narrative 
of  tliis  march  has  ever  been  published,  but  I  have 
Ca})tain  Cave  J.  Coutts'  manuscript  diary,  which  con- 
tains an  excellent  account  of  adventures  on  the  way, 
and  many  valuable  notes  on  the  country.^^ 

Tlic  treaty  of  1848  adopted  tlie  Gila  as  the  inter- 
national boundary,  so  far  as  Arizona  is  concerned, 
except  that  the  Bartlett  line  on  latitude  32°  22'  and 
longitude  about  lOt)''  50' — and  the  corrected  line  on 
latitude  Sr  54',  longitude  109"  20',  and  the  Santo 
Domingo  River — gave  the  United  States  a  small  tract 
soutli  of  the  Gila.  The  survey  in  1851,  under  com- 
missioners Bartlett  and  Garcia  Conde,  has  been  re- 
corded in  the  preceding  chapter. ^^  The  river,  as  a 
natural  boundary,  hardly  required   a  formal  survey, 

witli  map;  Ti/lcrs  Hist.  Mormon  Bnltalion,  211-40;  Bhjlcra  Dhirii  of  a  Mor- 
iiinii.  MS.  Leroux  and  Charboiinoau.x  wore  the  principal  guulcs;  Stephea 
C.  Foster  served  as  interpreter.  Saya  Tyler,  wlicn  at  the  Pima  villages  on 
tiiu  (Jila:  'Colonel  Cooke  very  i<indly  suggested  to  our  senior  oilieers  that 
this  vieiaity  would  be  a  good  place  for  the  e.xded  saints  to  locate.  A  propo- 
siticin  to  tliis  effect  was  favorably  received  by  the  Indians.'  The  Mormons 
take  much  pride  in  having  thus  been  the  pioneer  surveyors  of  the  Southern. 
Pacitic  Railroad,  M'hile  their  companions  at  Salt  Lake  were  'paving  tlic  way 
fertile  Union  Pacific' 

^[('oiitti'  Diary  of  a  March  to  California  in  IS4S,  MS.,  p.  62-98. 

'-(ice  p.  407  et  seq.,  this  volume,  and  maps. 


iitifi«KtfUlitt» 


[MnuiiiBBn 


480 


ANNA.LS  OF  ARIZONA. 


especially  after  Emory's  reconnoissance  of  184G;  still 
the  most  complete  possible  exploration  of  the  regior, 
for  general  purposes,  and  particularly  the  search  for  a 
railroad  route,  were  deemed  essential.  So  far  as  can 
bo  learned  from  the  confused  records,  the  results  were 
not  very  important.  Mr  Bartlett,  departing  from  tlie 
copper-mine  region  in  September  1851,  for  Sontjia, 
and  not  returning  on  account  of  illness,  left  on  the 
San  Pedro  a  party  under  Gray  and  Whipple  to  com- 
plete the  survey  of  the  Gila.  Gray,  with  two  men, 
subsequently  crossed  the  country  to  Tucson,  went  up 
the  river,  and  met  Bartlett  again  at  Santa  Cruz, 
returning  to  the  San  Pedro  on  the  2d  of  October. 
Next  day  the  whole  party  started  for  the  Gila,  reaching 
it  on  the  0th  at  a  point  just  below  the  San  Ciirlos 
junction;  and  by  December  24th  the  survey  luid 
been  completed  to  a  point  within  about  GO  miles  of 
the  Colorado,  w^hen  it  was  suspended  for  want  of  sup- 
plies, and  the  explorers  found  their  way  to  San  Dici^o 
in  January  1852.  Here  they  met  Bartlett  again, 
who  in  May,  with  Whipple  and  party,  started  for 
the  Gila  to  complete  the  survey.  Before  reaching 
the  Colorado,  Colonel  Craig,  conmianding  the  escort, 
was  killed  by  deserters  whom  he  was  trying  to  arrest. 
The  Yunias  were  found  to  be  hostile,  but  an  escort 
to  the  Pima  villages  was  furnished  from  the  garrison 
at  Fort  Yuma.  The  journey  through  Aiizuna,  up 
the  Gila  and  Santa  Cruz,  was  accomplished  bitwccn 
June  18th  and  July  24th.  This  seems  to  be  all  that 
is  necessary,  or  possible  In  the  space  at  my  comuiaud, 
to  say  about  tlie  boundary  survey  under  the  creaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  so  far  as  it  effects  the  subject  of 
this  "olume,  though  there  were  many  com])licutions 
of  some  interest.  It  should  be  added  that  Bartktt's 
narrative  contains  an  excellent  description  of  the 
country  visited,  with  notes  on  early  history,  and  the 
aborigines,  and  views  illustrating  physical  features, 
and  especially  ruin^  and  relics  of  antiquity." 

"  BartleU'i*  I'ermnal  Narrativt.,  i.  .3.')5-405,  from  copper  mines  to  Sta  Crnz; 
map  ot  the  regiona  surveyed;  ii.  156-313,  return  from  Ft  Yuma  iu  Ibi'.', 


■■■■■■■iiafll 


"Win 


GOVERNMENT  EXPLORATIONS, 


481 


IL  was  in  1851  that  the  first  government  explora- 
tion ^\  ;is  made  across  northern  Arizona.  Captain  L. 
Situ'rc.ivos  was  ordered  to  follow  the  Zufi'.  Colorado 
riii(|nito,  and  Colorado  rivers  down  to  the  gulf. 
With  a  party  of  twenty  he  left  Zufii  in  September, 
but  did  not  attempt  to  follow  the  river  through  the 
oreat  canons,  turning  off  to  the  west  on  the  oth  of 
Octohtr,  crossing  the  country  just  above  the  parallel 
of  ;>.V,  approximately  on  the  route  followed  by  Padre 
Ganes  in  177G,  reaching  the  Mojave  region  on  the 
Colorado,  November  5th,  and  following  the  main 
riwr  south  to  Fort  Yuma,  where  he  arrived  at  the 
end  of  November.  The  condition  of  the  anhnals  and 
lack  (if  supplies  had  not  permitted  this  expedition  to 
accomplish  all  that  had  been  expected  of  it,  but  the 
result  of  this  first  exploration  was  an  interesting  iiin- 
erary,  a  map  of  the  route,  and  various  scientific  reports 
on  a  new  region.^'* 

Sitgreaves'  exploration  was  followed  in  1853-4  by 
the  3ath  parallel  Pacific  Railroad  survey  under  Lieu- 
tenant A.  W.  Whipple.  With  Lieutenant  J.  C.  Ives 
as  chief  assistant  in  a  corps  of  twelve,  and  an  escort 
of  the  7tli  U.  S.  infantry  under  Lieutenant  John  M. 
Jones,  Whipple,  liav'ng  completed  the  survey  from 
Fort  Smith  across  New  ]Mexico,  left  Zuiii  on  Noveni- 
ber  23,  1853.  His  route  was  for  the  most  part  some- 
what south  of  that  followed  by  Sitgreaves,  tliough 

ainl  ji.  .")'.l7-t)02,  Lieut  Wliipplo's  report  of  the  trip  down  the  Gila.  Another 
iviKiit  (it  \\'hipple  ia  attacliod  to  Grd/iam'n  Reyort,  32(1  cong.  1st  sess.,  Sen, 
Kx.'l)nc,  I'JI,  p.  221-5.  See  also,  on  tlie  killing  of  Craig,  Webb's  report,  etc., 
in  r.  .V.  Clort  Doc,  special  sets.,  1S5.S,  Sen.  Doc.  121),  p.  125-36.  Sue  also 
M'.c.  iiwl  U.  S.  Botiudiirij  Siirrq/,  32(1  eong.  1st  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  119, 
iiassiiii,  L'spocially  reports  of  A.  }J.  Gray,  on  p.  267-S),  300-7,  and  that  of 
riiiis  II.  \Vehl),  sec.  of  the  commission,  p.  405-8.  (iray  states  that  mouu- 
muiits  -Here  erected  all  along  the  line. 

'*  Sili/ri'iivci,  report  q/  an  E.ipedition  dimi  the  Zuiii  and  Colorado  rirrr.'i,  hy 
Cii]itiiin  L.  Sitgreatvn,  corps  tnjyoi/nip/ikni  cnginci'rs.  Accompanied  liij  maps, 
di''i'li'.<,  rli'ici,  and  illustrations.  \Vaah.,  ISJ.",  8vo,  198  p.,  80  pi.  and  map. 
Till!  iiiiix'iidicea  are  Wood/iouse  {S.  IV.),  Report  on  the  A'utural  JlLitori/,  with 
chapters  on  zoology,  botany,  etc.,  by  ditfereut  men;  and  iVoodhousp,  Medical 
R(']x\rt.  The  plates  are  many  of  them  colored.  The  party  consisted  of  C'apt. 
Sit^iciivos,  Lieut.  J.  G.  Parke,  Dr  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  physician  and  naturalist, 
K.  11,  Kern,  draughtsman,  Autoine  Leroux,  guide,  5  Americans,  and  10 
Mexicans,  packers,  etc.  An  escort  of  30  men  of  the  2d  artill.  was  com- 
luauJeJ  by  Maj.  H.  L.  Hcndrick. 

lIisT,  Abiz,  and  M.  Mix.   81  


,,t 


i  llll««««\l«HU 


i*Vt  Iiiiiiinivi 


482 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


3',  i 


ri!'- 


I  il 


'  -it 


his  survey  covered  the  same  region.  Descondino;  the 
Zuiii,  and  Colorado  Chiquito,  and  later  the  Santa  Maria 
and  Bill  Williams  fork,  this  party  reached  the  Colo- 
rado the  20th  of  February,  followed  that  river  up  to 
latitude  34°,  50',  and  thence  in  March  continued  the 
survey  across  California.  The  resulting  report  as 
published  by  government,  though  of  similar  nature,  is 
very  iimch  more  elaborate  and  extensive  than  tliat  of 
Sitgreaves,  containing  an  immense  amount  of  the 
most  valuable  descriptive,  geographic,  and  scientific 
matter  on  northern  Arizona,  profusely  illustrated  by 
fine  colored  engravings  and  maps." 

The  Mexican  government  having  permitted,  a  little 
in  advance  of  the  new  treaty,  the  survey  for  a  rail- 
road route  south  of  the  line,  Lieutenant  John  G. 
Parke  with  a  party  of  about  30  and  an  escort  under 
Lieutenant  George  Stoneman  left  San  Diego  Januiiry 
24,  1854,  and  began  his  survey  at  the  Pima  villages 
on  the  Gila.  He  reached  Tucson  the  20th  of  Febru- 
ary, thence  proceeding  to  the  San  Pedro  and  eastward 
by  a  route  somewhat  north  of  Cooke's  wagon  road  for 
a  part  of  the  wav,  known  as  Nuo-ent's  trail.  Coniinir 
again  into  Cooke's  road  on  March  7th,  he  followed  it 
to  the  Rio  Grande.^*     Again  in  May  1855  Lieuten- 

"  Whijyido,  Report  of  F.rploratinnn  for  a  railway  route,  near  the  thirty-jifth 
■paralldof  north  latitude,  from  the  Mixdnsippi  Rixvr  to  the.  Pacific  Orenu,  h;/  f.iru- 
tenant  A,  IT.  Whij'ple,  coz-jw  of  tojioi/raphieal  ewjineers,  lustiiMefl  lnj  Liiuiinant 
J.  C.  Irei,  etc.,  ISoo-4-  WasJi.,  ISoti,  4tt),  being  vol.  iii.  of  the  /'iirijir  Utiil- 
rmul  Jiejiorti,  33il  cong.  2(1  sess.,  Sun.  Ex.  Doc.  78.  Tliere  is  .in  intriMliiction 
consisting  of  extnieta  from  Whipple's  preliminary  report,  IH\  pages;  tliun 
Parti.,  Itinerary,  13Gp.  (the  Arizona  matter  being  on  p.  G7- 1'20);  I'art  ii., 
Report  of  Topograpliical  Features,  77  p.;  Part  iii.,  Whiypl",  EirhdnL;  ami 
Turner,  J^iport  upon  the  Inilian  TriheK,  127  p.,  a  standanl  anthority  (in  tlie 
subject,  with  many  colored  plates,  resumes  of  aboriginal  traditions  ami  Span- 
ish history,  etc.;  Part  iv.,  Report  on  the  geology  of  the  route,  17.")  p.,  maps. 
Whipple's  preliminary  report  may  be  found  in  33d  cong.  1st  sess.,  Ex.  I>i)i\ 
129,  with  maps.  Also  in  Pac.  R.  R.  h'e]it.i,  i.  1-134,  passim,  is  some  iutdrina- 
tioii  on  this  route  in  doc.  attached  to  the  report  of  the  ^c.  war,  Fili.  -'7, 
1855.  E.xeellont  resumes  of  this  and  other  surveys  may  ..o  found  in  Wnrrt'ii'.i 
Memoir.  Tlie  principal  members  of  tlie  corps  were  J.  M.  Rigelow,  siii-jzeon 
and  botanist,  Jules  Marcou,  geologist,  C  B.  R.  Kennerly,  physician  ami 
naturali.st,  A.  H.  Campbell,  railroad  engineer,  H.  B.  MtiUhausen,  topovTapher 
and  artist.  The  'l\me1nich  einer  Retire  inn  MisaixHijrpi  nar.h  den  Kiidcn  iler 
Sitdxer  ron  lialdwin  Mollkinfen,  Leipzig,  1858,  4to,  499  p.,  colored  plates,  map, 
is  an  excellent  narrative  of  the  same  exploration. 

"■/'('/•/•<',  Report  of  Explorationx,  etc.,  hetween  Dolla  Ana  and  Pinias  ViUaijn 
on  the  t.lila,  iu  Pac,  R.  A'.  Ueptu,  ii.,  no.  (3,  28  p, 


CALIFORNIA  IMMIGRATION. 


483 


ant  Parke  with  another  party  started  from  San  Diego 
for  the  Pima  villages,  and  made  a  more  careful  survey 
hv  several  routes  of  the  country  stretching  eastward 
from  the  San  Pedro." 

After  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  emigrants 
in  larujc  numbers  began  to  cross  southern  Arizona, 
froin  Sonora  and  other  Mexican  states  in  1848,  and 
from  tlie  eastern  United  States  in  1849.  Of  this 
movement,  which  continued  for  many  years,  we  have 
naturally  no  records  except  for  a  few  parties.  The 
route  followed  was  by  the  Santa  Cruz  and  Gila  val- 
leys, though  some  Mexican  parties  preferred  to  cross 
Papa^ucrfa;  and  the  Americans  reached  Tucson  from 
the  Kio  Grande  for  the  most  part  by  Cooke's  wagon 
road  of  1846,  though  various  cut-offs  were  likewise 
attempted.  It  was  a  journey  of  much  hardship 
always,  and  especially  so  in  seasons  of  drought,  though 
not  more  difficult  apparently  than  on  other  routes. 
The  experiences  of  the  gold-seekers  on  any  of  the 
great  lines  of  travel  to  California  would  supply  ma- 
terial for  a  fascinating  volume,  but  only  a  few  of  the 
diaries  are  extant,  and  not  even  one  of  them  can  be 
closoly  followed  here.  The  journal  kept  by  Benjamin 
Hayes  in  1849  is  the  most  complete  that  I  have  seen, 
minutely  describing  the  events  of  each  day's  progress 
of  his  largo  party  from  the  end  of  October,  when  they 
left  the  Rio  Grande,  to  the  end  of  December,  when 
they  (•'  on.'Crl  the  Colorado  into  California.  The  tedious 
march,  novel  features  of  the  country  and  its  products 
notetl,  the  search  for  grass  and  water,  petty  accidents 
to  men  and  mules,  occasional  meeting  with  Indians, 


f' 


Hf 


'■  Pin-he,  Report  of  Erploratiniis  from  f/ic  Pirnn  Villnqes  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
18ri4  .'i,  in  Pur.  If.  R.  liefti),  vii.,  pt  ii.  \\\\.  I'J  42,  witli  maps.  Dt'scriptioii 
of  tliu  iMuiiitry  and  colored  plates  of  aceiicry.  See  also  Wttrreus  Memoir, 
l^ll  I.  In  El  Nnciomtl,  March  24,  1854,  is  a  coiiirniinication  from  Ayud.  Iii- 
spt'itcir  Beniabe  Gomez  at  Tucsou,  dated  March  2d,  reporting  Parke's 
airiMil  to  survey  houndaries. 

In  Ih-oirti's  Afiaclie  Country,  18-10,  is  a  mention  of  exploring  expeditions 
in  tlic.-n'  years,  which  is  repeated  substantially  in  Hinton  s  Jinnd-hook,  ;<2-H, 
Uiiiii'dtoii'.^  ReKources,  21,  Arizona  Hid.  (Elliott  &  Co.),  62-3,  and  in  other 
^Vdrks.  Tliis  would  seem  to  be  a  carelessly  prepared  record,  omitting  some 
explorations  and  adding  others  that  did  not  reach  Arizona, 


i-    I  ' 


■'■5i^M' 


«ii)i«iiiau 


'M 


i'.:'-  ■'  I 


4S4 


ANNALS  OF  AKIZONA. 


the  frequent  and  careful  perusal  of  records  kft  an 
trees  and  rocks  by  precediniJj  parties,  delays  taused 
by  illness  and  occasional  deaths,  passing  the  graves  uf 
earlier  emigrants,  discussions  on  the  route  and  specu- 
lations on  the  prospects  offered  by  the  land  of  gold, 
and  the  thousand  and  one  petty  items  that  make  up 
this  journal  and  hundreds  of  others  written  and  un- 
written— all  give  a  strong  fascination  to  the  nionoto- 
nous  record,  but  all  resist  condensation,  or  if  condensed 
show  simply  that  an  emigrant  party  once  on  a  time 
passed  that  way.  The  parties  numbered  hundi-eds, 
and  the  emigrants  tens  of  thousands,  but  details  nuist 
and  may  safely  be  left  to  the  imagination/** 

Both  exploring  and  emigrant  parties  had  occasional 
troubles  with  the  Apaches,  who  could  not  always 
resist  the  temptation  to  steal  animals,  thougli  thi'ir 
chief  fury  was  directed  against  the  Mexicans,  and  tlioy 
often  professed  friendship  for  the  Americans,  and  even 
aided  them  for  compensation.  Large  parties  with 
due  vigilance  had  no  serious  difficulty  in  Apacheiia, 
but  small  and  careless  companies  were  sometimes  less 
fortunate;'''  and  after  1854  depredations  seem  to  have 
increased.  The  most  notable,  or  at  least  the  best  re- 
corded, of  their  outrages  before  that  date  was  the 
Oatman  massacre  of  1851.  Roys  Oatman,  with  his 
wife  and  seven  children,  left  Independence,  Missouri 
in  August  1850,  with  a  party  of  about  50  emigrants, 
part  of  whom  remained  at  Tucson  and  the  rest  at  the 

"  Hayes  { lienj. ),  Diarji  ofajournetj  oi-erlniid  from  Socorro  to  Warner  k  lianrh, 
1840-50.  Autograpli  MS.  preseutcil  by  the  author.  Tliere  arc  many  .'■cut- 
tered  items  in  books  and  newspapers  about  individuals  and  parties  who 
crossed  the  plains  by  the  southern  route,  but  none  of  tliuse  seem  to  niiuire 
notice  in  connection  with  Arizona  history.  Information  about  the  cciuutry  is 
better  derived  from  the  ofticial  surveys.  The  journals  of  the  explori'is,  Iidw- 
ever,  often  note  the  meeting  with  an  emigrant  party. 

''•Tn  liitrlliiCs  Peru.  Narr.,  and  Creinonyn  LiJ'e  aiiioihj  the  Apae/ien,  as  well 
as  in  the  journals  of  other  railroad  and  boundary  surveyors,  are  found  many 
items  of  Indian  affairs;  others  are  given  in  such  works  as  ('r,z:.rii.\'  Mi'rrillniis 
Countri/;  and  many  more  in  newspaper  records,  thoug!;  tlie  latter  arc  otti'ii 
indefinite  in  respect  of  date  and  other  details.  Arizona  was  in  those  yc'arsa 
part  of  New  Mexico,  and  much  that  is  recorded  of  Iiid'an  affairs  in  the  :iiiii.i1h 
of  that  territory  as  given  in  governnietit  reports  may  be  applied  to  tliis  west- 
ern region.  April  11,  1840,  John  C.  Hays  is  appointed  sub-Iudiau  agent  for 
the  Gila  tribes.  Cal.  d:  N.  Mex.,  Mesa.,  iSoO,  p.  230-1. 


dli 


liiUVVWll* 


THE  OATMAN  MASSACRE. 


48S 


Pima  villaf^es,  while  Oatman  and  his  family  went  on 
alone  in  February  1851.  He  was  passed  on  the  15th 
bv  John  Lecount,  by  whom  he  sent  a  letter  to  Major 
Hiiiitzoluian  at  Fort  Yuma,  asking  for  aid.^"  A  few 
(lavs  later  while  encamped  on  the  Gila  just  below  the 
h\cr  bend,  at  a  place  since  known  by  his  name,  he  was 
visited  by  a  party  of  Indians  who  seemed  friendly  at 
first  l)ut  soon  attacked  the  family,  and  killed  father, 
iiiotbcr,  and  four  children,  leaving  one  son,  Lorenzo, 
a^ed  14,  stunned  and  presumably  dead,  and  carrying 
ott'as  captives  two  daughters,  Olive  aged  IG,  and  Mary 
Aim  a  girl  of  10.  The  Indians  are  said  to  have  been 
Toiito  Apaches,  though  there  was  some  doubt  on  this 
point  not  yet  entirely  removed,  I  think.  Lorenzo 
()atnian  recovered  and  found  his  way  back  to  the 
Pima  villages,  thence  going  with  the  other  emigrant 
families  to  Fort  Yuma,  and  to  San  Francisco.  The 
commandant  of  the  post,  on  the  receipt  of  the  letter, 
sent  two  men  with  supplies ;  but  on  hearing  of  the 
disaster  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  pursue  the  savages 
or  atteni])t  the  captives'  recovery,  because  the  mas- 
sacre hatl  been  committed  on  Mexican  soil."^  The 
captive  girls  were  carried  northward  into  the  moun- 
tains, and  after  a  time  sold  to  the  Mojaves.  The 
younger  died  after  a  year  or  two,  but  Olive  was  kept 
as  a  slave  until  1857,  when,  chiefly  by  the  efforts  of  a 

^'I  have  thin  ori(;inal  letter,  furnishoil  by  Capt.  Cr.  C.  Smith,  U.  S.  A.,  at 
Ciiiiii  (liiiiit,  A.  T.,  ill  1877.  MmU.  Hixt.  P<tp.,  MS.,  18;  also  a  letter  of 
Hi'v.a/chiiau  of  Mareh  27th  in  which  he  says  he  h;is  heard  from  a  party  of 
ftnigrauts  that  O.  had  been  killed  on  Feb.  18th,  probably  by  Maricopas;  also 
till-  ti'stiiiKiiiy  of  Lorenzo  1).  Oatmaii  on  the  occurrence. 

-'  Tin;  excii.se  seems  to  me  insvillicient  under  the  circumstances.  Stratton 
ami  yciuiig  Oatman  bitterly  complained  of  Heintzelmans  refusal  to  succor  tlio 
emigrants  or  pursue  tlie  murderers,  stating  that  he  brutally  disregarded  the 
eiitniitius  of  his  men  and  others.  Tliere  is  probably  much  exaggeration  in 
tilt'  diarges.  It  .seems  that  Hewitt  and  Lecount  wrote  to  the  newspapers  on 
the  .subject,  but  Heintzelmau  answered  in  tiie  S.  F.  Altd  of  July  L'4,  1851, 
cl.iiiiiiug  tliat  he  could  not  have  prevented  the  disaster,  since  it  occurred  two 
(lays  lictore  he  received  Oatnum  s  letter,  giving  his  reasons  as  in  my  text  for 
nut  jmrsuing  the  Iiulians,  and  stating  that  Hewitt  and  Lecount  were  acting 
ill  a  spirit  <it'  revenge  because  ho  had  refused  to  furnish  an  escort  for  tlieir 
giililliunting  operations.  Bartlett,  Peru.  Nan:,  ii.  20.'J-4,  who  was  at  the 
fort  ill  I8,V2,  says:  '  The  major  immediately  despatched  a  party  of  soliliers  with 
pi'ii\i.sii)us  for  those  still  beliinil,  and  with  orders  to  scour  the  country,  and 
I'liiliaviir  if  possible  to  recover  the  missing  girls.  But  they  saw  no  Indian.s, 
uur  iiaa  it  yet  been  ascertained  by  what  tribu  the  outrage  waa  committed. ' 


'1,1 


Si. 


i\t 


; 


« 


I'l    '' 


486 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


Mr  Grinell,  she  was  ransomed,  brought  to  the  fort, 
and  joined  her  brother,  the  two  soon  going  cast  to 
Hve  in  New  York.  Her  sufferings  as  a  captive  liad 
of  course  been  great,  though  her  fate  was  in  some 
respects  less  terrible  than  might  have  been  expected. 
A  volume  founded  on  her  statements  and  those  of  her 
brother  had  a  very  wide  circulation.^^ 

The  number  of  emigrants  crossing  the  Colorado 
near  the  Gila  junction  before  the  end  of  1851  has 
been  probably  overestimated  at  60,000,  but  they 
were  very  numerous.^^  They  and  the  Indians  and  the 
soldiers  made  this  the  most  bustling  point  in  the 
country  for  several  years.  The  Indians  were  not  at 
first  openly  hostile,  though  they  required  constant 
watching,  and  the  dift'orent  tribes  were  often  at  war 
with  each  other,  but  rendered  the  emigrants  some  aid 
in  crossing.  Lieutenant  Cave  J.  Coutts,  commanding 
an  escort  to  the  boundary  surveyors  under  Whi[iple, 
established  Camp  Calhoun  on  the  California  side  at 
the  end  of  September  1849,  and  for  two  montlis 
greatly  aided  the  worn-out  and  hungry  gold-seekers, 

'''^  Strattoi),  Captivity  of  the.  Oatman  girls;  being  a»  interesting  narratirn  nfUfi 
amomj  the  Ayuche  and  Mohave  Im/ian.^;  containing  nko  an.  interesting  aecotiiit  ij 
the  massacre  of  the  Oatman  family  Inj  the  A\niche  Indians  in  1851;  the  nnrnur 
e.-icajie  of  Lorenzo  D.  Oatman;  the  capture  of  Olive  A.  and  Mary  A.  Oatman:  Ilia 
death  by  starvation  of  the  latter;  the  Jive  years'  suffering  and  captivity  of  (Hire  A. 
Oatman;  aluo,  her  singular  recapture  in  16'')0;  a-i  given  by  Lorenzo  D.  anil  'llire 
A.  Oatman,  the  only  surviving  members  of  the  family,  to  the  author,  R.  B.  Strut- 
ton.  S.  F.,  IS.IT,  12mo,  231  p.,  portraits,  map,  and  cuts.  Also  the  .same,  liil 
eil.,  2()tli  thousand,  N.  Y.  (1858),  12ino,  290  p.  The  suhject  was  a  iiui.st  fas- 
cinating one,  as  shown  by  the  large  sale;  but  the  intrinsic  interest  was,  or 
should  liavo  been,  wellnigh  destroyed  by  the  dress  of  literary  fustian  in 
which  it  pleased  the  Rev.  Strattou  to  present  the  narrative  of  the  captive 
wonuin.  The  Oatman  massacre  is  mentioned  in  nearly  all  Arizona  l)0()k.s  ami 
articles.  Coniilin,  Picturesque  Arizona,  lOo-G,  says  that  Olive  (■.  tmaii  dioil  in 
•a  N.  Y.  insane  asylum  before  1877.  I  have  a  daguerreotype  likeness  taken 
just  after  her  release,  belonging  to  the  Hayes' collection.  In  the  .V.  D'h'io 
Union,  April  25,  18,")t5,  is  a  narrative  founded  on  an  interview  with  tin;  re- 
leased captive.  See  also  a  letter  of  Capt.  Nauman  to  Capt.  Jones,  in  U.  S. 
Govt  Doc.,  34th  cong.  Istsess.,  Sen.  Doc.  66,  p.  67-8;  act  of  relief  liy  (.'al. 
legislature.  Cal.  Jour.  Ass.,  1856,  p.  923;  Jour,  Sen.,  906;  JJ ayes'  Scraps,  Iwl., 
ii.  75-81:  Id.,  Angelc.<>,  xviii.  11-15. 

^^  An  excellent  guide-book  for  emigrants  by  this  route  was  the  Route  friwi 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley  to  California  and  thel'ncijic 
Ocean,  illustrated  by  a  general  map  and  sectional  7naps;  vith.  tHrections  to  /'•'"'- 
eliers.  Compiled  by  Robert  Crenzbaur,  ISp.  N.  Y.,  1849,  16mo,  40  p.  This 
book  is  made  up  ciiiefly  of  extracts  from  official  diaries  of  the  explorers;  huucc 
its  comparative  excellence. 


H***%* 


FIRST  CHILD  BORN  IN  ARIZONA. 


487 


the  fort, 
?_east  to 
•tivo  liad 

in  Some 
L'X|xrted. 
'SO  of  lier 

Colorado 
l8ol  has 
)ut    they 

and  the 
it  ill  the 
'e  not  at 
constant 
n  at  war 
some  aid 
mandiiio- 
iVhipple, 
I  side  at 

niontiis 
-seekers, 

iTatirr  nf  life 
'I'J  iircouiil  of 
;  the  iKinriii' 
Odtiiiiiii:  tin 
'/of  ( Hire. I. 
D.  mill  Olive 
R.  B.  Strat- 
lie  siuiiu,  M 

a  iiuLst  fas- 
rest  was,  or 
r  fustian  iu 

tlie  captive 
1  booivs  anil 
nan  died  in 
enuss  taktn 
ho  S.  JJii  '10 
I'itli  tiu;  re- 
us, in  r.  S. 
[ief  liy  Cal. 
'crtxyn,  liuL, 

liontcfrmi 

I  (/icl'il'-ijic 
)//.•(  lo  h-ili'- 

0  p.  This 
rers;  hence 


whose  arrival  is  noted  almost  every  day.^*  The  1st 
of  Xoveinber  there  arrived  a  flat-boat  wliicli  had 
made  the  voyage  down  the  Gila  from  the  Pima  vil- 
laijes  with  Mr  Howard  and  family  and  two  men,  a 
doctor  and  a  clergyman,  on  board.  During  this  voy- 
ao-c,  also,  a  son  was  born  to  Mrs  Howard,  perha[)S  the 
first  child  of  American  parents  born  in  Arizona,  and 
named,  as  Coutts  tells  us,  Gila.  The  lieutenant  is 
understood  to  have  purchased  the  craft,  which  plied 
as  a  ferry-boat  during  the  remainder  of  his  stay,  and 
was  then  transported  to  San  Diego,  where  it  was  used 
on  the  bay.  Such  was  the  history  of  the  first  Colo- 
rado ferry."^  After  the  departure  of  Coutts,  the 
Mexican  surveying  party  remained  till  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  the  ferry  service — perhaps  with  another  boat 
— was  continued  by  the  officer  commanding  the  es- 
cort."'" 

Early  in  1850,  Lincoln  seems  to  have  engaged  in 
the  business  of  running  the  Colorado  ferry,  soon  fbrm- 

■i*  Cvii/s'  Dinni,  MS.,  128-C7,  cxteniling  from  Sept.  14th,  when  lie  left  S. 
Diego,  to  Nov.  'J'Jd,  not  long  liefore  he  left  the  Colorado  on  his  return,  the 
diary  terniinating  ahruptly.  It  is  a  very  interesting  and  amusing  narrative 
of  the  otlicer's  experience  in  attending  to  the  complicated  wants  of  tiie  scien- 
tists, the  emigrants,  and  the  various  hands  of  Indians.  Several  parties  of 
U.  S.  (illicials,  in  ditl'erent  hranehes  of  the  service,  also  passed  that  way,  and  one 
of  these,  ('apt.  Tiiorn,  was  drowned  with  three  companions  on  Nov.  IGth,  by 
t!ie  upsi^ttiiig  of  a  canoe. 

''('oiillti  l>iary,  MS.,  165.  The  author  does  not  mention  the  purchase  or 
any  ferry;  but  many  pioneers  remember  crossing  the  river  on  his  ferry,  E. 
H.  Hdward,  in  tiio  S.  F.  Bulktin,  July  8,  1885,  gives  the  most  complete 
record.  He  says  the  boat,  16  ft  long  by  5  ft  6  in.  wide,  was  built  for  tlio  trip, 
and  lii'st  launehed  on  Lake  Michigan,  being  mounted  on  wheels  for  land  ser- 
vice, hut  used  to  cross  rivers  on  the  way.  The  writer  sailed  in  her  later  oa 
S.  Ihego  Bay;  and  he  says  the  boy  born  on  the  (iila  is  still  living  in  Lake  Co., 
Cal.  See  other  letters,  in  Id.,  July  10th  and  Aug.  '24tii.  One  writer  thinks 
the  iustiuition  was  not  properly  a  ferry,  because  skilFs  and  canoes  liad  lieen 
used  at  tiie  crossing  before.  Some  writers  imply  that  Coutts'  hoat  remained 
at  the  (.'iilorado  for  the  next  season.  I  tliink  there  may  be  some  doulit  about 
its  having  lu^'ii  carried  that  year  to  S.  Diego. 

-''  lliniis  Dhtnj,  !MS.,  143-0.  11.  crossed  on  Dee.  31st.  He  found  a  rope 
strett  heil  across  tlie  river,  by  which  the  boat  (n<it  described)  was  guided.  Tiie 
ciiaiLie  was  .S'J  for  a  man  or  mule,  which  caused  some  swearing  among  the 
Missdiirians;  but  Iturbide  (son  of  the  ex-emperor),  who  was  interpreter  for 
the  boundary  commission,  had  been  educated  at  the  same  school  as  Hayes, 
an  1  (ilitained  a  reduction  in  the  ferry  rates.  Col  Carrasco  estimated  the  emi- 
grants of  tiie  season  at  12,000.  It '  as  complained  that  Coutts  had  collected  a 
tax  trom  all  Mexican  emigrants  ^.  in  his  diary  mentions  that  he  was  advised 
to  do  so,  l)ut  does  not  tell  us  if  lie  followed  the  advice.  It  was  understood 
that  the  Indians  had  a  ferry  for  emigrants  farther  down  the  river. 


i 


i?     'i 


mm. 


M  ill 


«ll)l««« 


l'.l.l.llillriB°m« 


ii' 


\m 


1 


488 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


ing  a  partnership  with  one  John  Glanton,  tlesciihcd  as 
leader  of  a  gang  of  cutthroats,  who  had  been  c;ii«j,au(J 
in  huntnig  Apaches  for  a  scalp  premium  in  Scjiiora 
and  Chihuahua,  but  had  been  driven  out  by  tli(^  i(()v- 
ernnient,  when  it  was  discovered  that  they  biminlit 
in  the  scalps  of  friendly  Indians  or  even  of  jSltxicaiis. 
On  the  Colorado  these  villains  continued  tlicir  ivil 
ways,  plundering  emigrants  and  attributing  their  dep- 
redations to  the  Indians.  The  Yumas  were  at  first 
friendly,  but  soon  became  hostile,  especially  wlicii  the 
manager  of  their  opposition  ferry — said  to  have  been 
a  deserter  from  the  army — was  killed  by  Glanton; 
and  they  attacked  their  white  rivals,  killing  about  a 
dozen,  including  the  leaders."^  A  little  later,  in  July 
of  the  same  year,  we  are  told  that  another  party  under 
Jaeger  and  Hartshorne  reestablished  the  ferrv,  briny;- 
ing  lumber  from  San  Diego  for  the  construction  of 
their  boat,  and  continuing  the  business  profitably  for 
over  a  year.  On  November  27,  1850,  Hcintzelnian 
arrived  from  San  Dieo;o  to  establish  a  garrison  and 
protect  the  emigrants.  His  post  was  called  at  first 
Camp  Independence,  but  was  transferred  in  March 

1851  to  the  site  of  the  old  Spanish  mission,  and  was 
soon  named  Fort  Yuma.  There  was  much  trouble 
about  supplies,  but  the  Indians  were  not  hostile,  and 
in  June  the  fort  was  left  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  L. 
W.  Sweeney  with  ten  men.  Soon  the  Yumas  becanio 
troublesome,  killing  some  immigrants  and  even  attack- 
ing the  post;  the  scurvy  also  became  prevalent  and 
supplies  exhausted;  Cai)tain  Davidson  took  command 
in  Xovember;  and  in  December  fort  and  ferry  were 
abandoned.      Heintzelman   came    back    in    February 

1852  to  rebuild  the  fort  and  permanently  reestablish 

"  Yimm  Sentiiifl,  Aug.  1!,  1877;  .?.  Dieno  World,  Feb.  1,  187.S;  Arr..  in.< 
(Elliott  &  Co.),  '24");  Utiiniltoii's  Ke^ounra,  So.  It  is  generally  iini>liLMl  tliiit  all 
this  occiirruil  in  1849,  which  is  hardly  possible.  Three  men  arc  saiil  to  luU  t- 
escaped,  e".  0.  Brown,  Joe  Anderson,  and  another.  In  the  Ariz.  ll'iM.,  (iO-1, 
John  ( Dilantin  is  named  as  leader  of  the  scalp-linnters,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  engaged  in  driving  sheep  from  N.  Mux.  to  Cal.,  being  killed  by  the  Fu- 
rnas with  all  liis  gang,  and  iJl  other  Americau  sheep-drivers.  There  is  evi- 
dently some  coufusiou  here. 


Tlllf.«K)l««i 


lUW" 


AFFAIRS  AT  FORT  YUMA. 


480 


lie  irov- 


the  <j,aiTison.  Coniplioatctl  Indian  hostilities,  cliicfly 
on  tiie  California  side,  eontinued  until  late  in  the  same 
year,  wlien  a  treaty  was  made,  though  the  Yumas  and 
CIoc'e|i;is  still  fought  occasionally  among  themselves.^'* 
Foit  Yuma  was  in  California,  and  across  tlie  Colo- 
rado tliere  seems  to  have  been  no  permanent  settle- 
ment until  1854,  though  temporary  structures  may 
liavc  stood  there  at  times  in  connection  with  the  ferry. 
Ill  1854  a  store  was  pei-haps  built,  and  a  site  for  Col- 
orado City  was  formally  surveyed;  but  in  ISGl  there 
were  still  only  one  or  two  buildings,  which  were 
waslied  away  in  the  flood  of  18G2;  and  the  real  growth 
of  the  ]>lace,  later  called  Arizona  City  and  finally 
Ynnia,  seems  not  to  have  begun  until  about  18G4.""^'' 
The  early  navigation  of  the  Colorado  is  a  subject 
demanding  notice  in  this  connection.  When  Maior 
Hriiitzelman  was  ordered  to  establish  a  military  post 
at  Vuina,  an  exploration  of  the  river  was  determined 
on  with  a  view  to  the  furnishing  of  supplies  by  that 
route.  Lieutenant  George  H.  Derl)y,  of  hiter  fame 
as  a  liumorist  under  the  name  of  John  Pluenix,  was 
]iut  in  charge  of  the  survey,  and  sailed  fron^.  San 
Francisco,  November  1,  1840,  on  the  schooner  I)n'i)i- 
ciblc,  Captain  A.  H.Wilcox.  The  month  <if  January 
1851  was  spent  in  the  river,  up  which  the  schooner, 

-"  The  I'.'uly  anujila  of  Ft  Yuma  are  given  with  apparent  care  and  .".cturiicy 
ill  .1  stric's  (if  artich's  pnMi.slietl  in  tiie  Yutna  Sculiufl,  May  4,  II,  18,  L',"),  iSTS. 
Ill  Oct.  IS.J'J,  the  Yuiiiiiu  are  saiil  to  have  numbered  1(72.  Oct.  UOtli,  a  lire 
ik'atiiiyccl  most  of  the  buihlinj;^.  In  l)ec.  an  earthquake  made  some  chanjies 
ill  tlic  river.  In  1853  tliere  was  imich  lighting  between  tliu  Indian  tribes. 
Ill  Aiiiil  1S54  some  of  Walker'.s  lihbii.sters  arrived  from  the  mouth  of  tlie 
C(ili)i;ido.  In  July  Capt  (ieo.  11.  Tlioiiias  took  command.  lu  Jan.  185i)  a 
new  treaty  with  Ynmasaiid  t'ocopa.s.  Changes  in  comiiiamlers,  etc.,  down  to 
ISlil  aie  given.  It  should  he  iioteil  that  in  Jan.  ISoI  the  proprietors  of  the 
ferry  iie  named  by  Lieut.  Derby,  who  met  them  on  the  river,  as  Ogdeii  and 
Ht'iirhrlwiiod.    Dcrliy's  Jt'ijioit,  IS. 

■^.Si'e  references  in  two  preceding  notes.  Also  Lof  Anijch:^  Slur,  Nov,  Ki, 
1S."4;  II  ii/i.-i'  Si-nipn,  Ariz.,  V.  10'.);  LI.,  S.  r>ii<jo,  i.  18;  Jlin/oii'.i  Jliiml-Iiook; 
247.  l'iiiiip(!lly,  Across  America,  (iO,  fouinl  but  one  house  in  ISOl.  He  heard 
fmiii  a  friend  (0.  D.  Postoii)  that  the  town  .survey  in  1854  luul  been  simply  a 
device  to  pay  ferry  charges.  The  friend  and  party  we'  uouiid  i,'  California 
and  had  no  money;  the  engineer  (Elireiiherg)  was  set  to  v.nk  on  the  survey, 
anil  the  Oerman  feri>-«r.;iii  (Jaeger)  became  so  enthusiastic  over  the  prospect- 
ive rise  <if  his  property  that  he  gladly  took  city  lots  for  ferriage.  Lieut. 
Michlcr,  in  Yuma  Sentinel,  Feb.  10,  1878,  also  uieutious  the  city  ou  paper  ia 


$' 


ifl!i 


r.««)i««ii 


l^n^ftltllltinn 


490 


ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


dravviiiij  eight  or  nine  feet  of  water,  could  only  ascend 
some  25  miles  to  latitude  30°  50',  but  in  liis  Ijoat 
Derby  went  up  GO  miles  farther,  meetinu;  Heintzi  Imaii 
and  a  party  from  Yuma.^"  It  appears  tliat  also  in  tliu 
spring  of  1851  George  A.  Johnson  arrived  at  the 
river's  mouth  on  the  schooner  Sierra  Nevada  Avith 
supplies  for  the  fort,  and  lumber  from  whicli  were 
built  flut-boats  for  the  trip  up  the  Colorado.  In  1H52 
the  first  steamer,  the  Uncle  Sam,  was  brought  by 
Captain  Turnbull  on  a  schooner  to  the  head  of  the 
gulf,  and  there  put  together  for  the  river  trip.  She 
reached  Fort  Yuma  at  the  beginning  of  Deceniher, 
but  had  been  obliged  to  land  her  cargo  of  su[i[ilies 
some  distance  below.  After  running  on  the  river  for 
a  year  or  two,  the  Uncle  Sam  grounded  and  ?sank, 
being  replaced  in  January  1854  by  the  General  Jct^up, 
under  Captain  Johnson,  the  new  contractor,  but  ex- 
ploding in  August.  The  Colorado,  a  storn-wliocler 
120  feet  long,  was  put  on  the  route  in  the  autuiim  of 
1855,  and  from  this  time  the  steam  navigation,  with 
an  occasional  opposition  line,  seems  to  have  been  con- 
tinuous."''^ 

^^  Derliy  (Geo.  IL),  Rcronnomanre  of  the  Cfulf  of  Cnliforvin  ami  thr  ('alnrmlo 
RiiHt;  1S5()-1.  Wasli.,  18.")'2,  Svo,  28  p.,  cuts  and  inapd,  being  report  ot'  Ktc. 
M'ar,  June  15,  1852,  32cl  cong.  l^t  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doe.  81. 

^'  Yuma  Soiti net,  May  4,' 25,  1878;  J.  A.  Mellen,  in  Ariz.  Hklorii,  ;{18-19, 
245;  Jfintonn  Jlnnd-hook,  247-8.  In  J/iti/i-.t'  Scrup.^,  Miminj,  v.  (it)-'.'.  1  liiid 
the  articles  of  incorporation  of  the  trila  Mining  aud  Steam  Navigation  ( 'uiu- 
pauy,  orgauizcd  at  S.  Francisco  iu  Nov.  1853. 


illl<,««S««»» 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE   GADSDEN   PURCHASE, 
1853-1863. 
Treaty  of  1853— Soithkrn  Arizona  Added  to  the  United  States— New 

]}|)(M)AHY  SlIlVEY — BeAI.e'.S  IlOAD — IVES  ON  THE  Col.OUAIH)-   SorrilERM 

Ko.M)  AM)  Overland  Stage — Military  Po.sts — Minisu  Develoi'mknts 
— KoKT  Yuma — Gila  Placers— Indian  Affaiks — Ai'aiiie  Raids — 
('(iciiisE  ON  THE  War-path — Crarb  and  the  Filirlsteks— Sonuuan 
Vvi;Ai!t)NDS — Outlaws  from  Texas  and  Califounia — Politics— Kf- 
KiKTs  for  a  Territorial  Organization — Cook  and  Mowry  at  Wash- 
iNdioN— Bills  in  Conoress — Constitutional  Convention— Th'^  Fikst 
Bo<piv  -Arizuma — Final  Success — War  of  the  Rehellion— Secession 
OF  Arizona— Troops  Withdrawn — Triumph  of  Apaches— Confeder- 
Ai !>»  Take  Tucson— But  Retreat  before  the  C.vlifoknia  Column — 

lilllLKKJRAPHY  OF  THE  PERIOD. 

On  December  30,  1853,  James  Gadsden,  United 
States  minister  to  Mexico,  concluded  a  treaty  by  which 
the  boundary  line  was  moved  southward  so  as  to  give 
the  United  States,  for  a  money  consideration  of 
$10,000,000,  all  of  modern  Arizona  south  of  the  Gila, 
ail  ttlbrt  so  to  fix  the  line  a 5  to  include  a  port  on  the 
oiilf  hoing  unsuccessful.^  The  treaty  was  first  con- 
cluded on  the  13th  of  December,  but  in  consequence 

'Tcjxt  of  the  Gadsden  treaty  in  A'cc  Mv.ricn,  Compiled  Lnir.i,  38-44;  U.  S. 
llmiDof.,  33d  coug.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  109;  47tli  coug.  2d  isoss.,  H.  Mis. 
I'lic.  4.");  ihxicQ,  Leijidacion  J/yVcnc/,  Jiiiiu-Doc.  lS.>t,  117-3'2;  Duhlan  and 
Ijoum,  Li-(jMacion  Jlej.,  vii.  2()l-4;  Ariz.,  JlnirrU  Cndr,  482-");  iiiid  eluewheru 
iiitfii  I'cpeatud.  Tlie  boundary  as  fixed  by  tiiis  treaty  was  the  Rio  Grande 
up  to  lit.  31°  47',  due  west  100  miles;  s<")uth  to  lat.  31"  20';  west  on  that 
jiunilU'l  to  hmg.  Ill';  thence  in  a  straiglit  line  to  a  point  in  the  Colorado 
Uivfr  20  miles  below  the  Gila  jiinotioii;  up  the  middle  of  the  Colorado  to  tlu 
iiit('i\si!(;tioa  of  the  former  line  (that  is,  to  mouth  of  the  Gila);  and  thence  on 
till'  I'lirnier  line  to  the  Pacific.  Tins  is  the  line  as  it  still  exists  in  1887.  Be- 
siili's  tlie  boundary  changes,  the  U.  S.  gained  by  this  treaty  two  important 
ailviiiitiiues:  1st,  by  art.  11,  a  release  from  the  responsibility  for  outrages  by 
U.  S.  Indians  in  Mex,  territory,  art.  12  of  the  former  treaty  being  abrogated; 
and  'Jil,  by  art  8,  free  railroad  transit  across  the  isthmus  of  Tehuautepee, 

(491) 


I.'  .'  'i 


■.i 


Pl't  I'llllllllllll 


tm 


% 


1 4^  lit 


li 


n 


492 


THE  GADSDEN    rUUL'HASE. 


of  HOW  instructions  from  Wnsliinijjton  was  iiiddifiid 
on  tlio  JiOtli.  A<;fiin  it  was  flianiL;»Ml  -  iiotaMy  liv  iv- 
diK'inj^''  tlio  ])ri('u  from  twenty  to  ten  millions  l.\-  ih,. 
United  States  senate.  In  Juno  IH54  it  eanif  luick 
with  ^[oxican  aj)i»roval  to  Wasliini^ton ;  on  tin  I'^ih 
and  2i)tli,  after'  nnich  debate  in  the  houst>,  a  hill  apjuo- 
priatinj;'  the  money  was  passed  hy  conujress;"  on  tlio 
30th  the  treaty  was  j)uhlished  hy  J?resident  ricicc, 
and  hy  I'residont  Santa  Amui  on  tho  2()th  of  .liilv. 
Of  tlio  ])reliminary  negotiations  and  the  successive 
modifications  of  terms,  not  much  is  definitely  known; 
hut  the  latter  may  probahly  have  included,  not  oulv 
tho  reduction  of  prii-o  anil  the  introduction  of  tlio 
Tehuantepe(!  concession,  hut  also  a  reduction  of  terri- 
tory—])erhai)s  involving  tho  cession  of  a  gulf  jiort — 
and  the  omission  of  an  article  making  the  I'niitd 
States  responsihlo  for  filihustering  expeditions  across 
tho  line."' 

On  the  face  of  tho  matter  ti:ts  Gadsden  treaty  was 
a  tolerahly  satisfactory  settlement  of  a  boundaiy  dis- 
puto,  and  a  jiurchasc  by  the  United  States  of  a  mutu 
for  a  southern  railroad  to  California.  Under  the 
treaty  of  1848,  the  commissioners,  as  we  have  seen, 
had  agreed  on  latitude  32"  22'  as  the  southern  houn- 
dary  of  New  Mexico,  but  the  United  States  surveyor 
had  not  agreed  to  this  Hnc,  had  perhaps  surveyed 
another  in  31"  54',  and  the  Xow    Mexicans  claimed 

2 See  (lol)atcs  in  Con;/.  Olnhc,  1853-4,  p.  U()G,  1470,  l.")19-()8,  ]i;issiiii. 
Tlie  treaty  huil  to  lie  ratiliud  hoforo  Juin;  3l)tli,  ami  as  it  was  iprcscincil  to 
con^ri'ss  (111  tlio  'Jlst  the  appropriation  bill  had  to  bo  passfil  in  a  linny. 
Frionds  of  tliu  muasuro  would  not  permit  tlie  passage  of  a  resolution  cdhng 
on  the  president  for  instructions  to  (iadsden  and  correspondence  mi  tliu 
treaty;  and  opposition  was  based — nondnally  at  least^^on  nnwillingiu'ss  tn 
vote  money  for  a  treaty  whose  true  inwardness  was  not  known,  espeiially  ;m 
many  mysterious  rumors  were  current  of  stocii-jolibing  schemes  and  farniu  h- 
ing  political  intrigues  of  the  administration  and  of  the  south.  Tlio  lull  was 
passed  in  the  house  by  a  vote  of  101$  to  G2,  and  in  tho  senate  by  34  to  (i. 

^In  JUirni,  Hist.  Jaln])<i,  iv.  418-19,  4r)8-9,  487-9,  499,  is  given  what  \n\v 
ports  to  bo  a  resume  of  the  treaty  in  its  original  form.  Art.  4  provi'Kil  idr 
a  junta  to  decide  on  Mcx.  claims  not  in  the  final  treaty;  art.  8  bound  Imtli 
governments  to  prevent  tilibustering,  replaced  finally  by  the  Teluiaiitnitc 
clause,  'llie  original  boundary  is  not  given.  Santa  Anna,  howcvc^r,  .1  .>«* 
('oiii)ititriotii.f,  April  \'2,  ISoS,  in  a  defence  of  his  policj',  says  that  tiie  Imuu- 
dary  was  moditieil,  and  that  hu  rejected  ( iadsden  s  propositions  for  a  ccssinn 
of  Jiaja  t'al.  and  parts  of  Chili,  and  Soiiora. 


««II««R 


THE  MKSILLA  VALLKY. 


498 


tlio  ^[('silla  valley  l)etwiH'n  the  two  linos  as  part  of 
their  tiifitory.  Tliu  United  Status  were,  to  some 
extent,  hound  by  the  aet  of  their  eoniini.ssioner;  hut 
Mexico,  Ijesides  beinij  wrong  on  the  original  })roposi- 
tioii.  ^vlls  not  in  condition  to  quarrel  about  so  unini- 
pnrtaiit  a  matt<;r.  On  the  other  hand,  the  northern 
repuMic  could  afford  to  pay  tor  a  railroad  route 
tlin)Ui,fh  a  country  said  to  be  rich  in  mines;  and 
^Icxico,  though  national  pride  was  strongly  op})osed 
to  a  sacrifice  of  territory,  was  sadly  in  need  of  money, 
and  sold  a  region  tliat  was  practically  of  no  value  to 
her,'  In  both  C(»antries  there  was  much  bitter  criti- 
tisiu  of  the  measure,  and  a  dis[)osition  to  impute  hid- 
den iiif)tives  to  the  respective  administrations.  I  am 
not  prci)ared  to  say  that  there  were  not  such  motives; 
hut  1  find  little  su})[)ort  for  the  common  belief  that 
the  (iadsden  purchase  was  effected  with  a  definite 
view  to  the  organization  of  a  southern  confederacy, 
tlioiigh  this  theory  was  entertained  in  the  north  at 
the  time.  It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  in 
Mexico,  both  by  the  supporters  and  foes  of  the  meas- 
ure, it  was  treated  as  a  cession  of  the  Mesilla  val- 
ley ill  settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute,  though 
that  valley  was,  in  reality,  but  a  very  small  and  unim- 
portant portion  of  the  territory  ceded. 

AVilliam  H.  Emory  was  appointed  United  States 
conunissioner  and  surveyor  to  establish  the  new 
houndary  line,  Jose  Salazar  Ilarrcgui  being  the  Mexi- 
can commissioner,  and  Francisco  Jimenez  chief  en<;i- 
neer.  The  commissioners  met  at  El  Paso  at  the  end 
of  1854,  and  the  initial  monument  was  fixed  on  Janu- 
ary ;U,  1855.     In  June  the  survey  had  been  carried 

*As  tn  the  abrogating  of  art.  11  of  the  treaty  of  1S4S,  Santa  Anna  do- 
claroil — .(  HU.H  Cniiij).,  8-11 — that  lie  liad  never  for  a  moment  exijecteil  the 
U.  S.  to  koc:ii  their  agreement  hy  paying  for  damages  done  by  t'le  Indians; 
vhilc  ill  the  U.  S.  this  was  held  out  as  a  great  gain  in  view  of  immense  prospec- 
tive il  liins  on  tlic  part  of  Mexico.  It  was  at  least  a  release  from  embarrassing 
pruimscs  which  never  would  have  been  kept.  On  the  Gadsden  treaty,  see 
also  /'umicois,  Hid.  Mfj.,  xiii.  770;  Domenech,  Hist.  Mej.,  ii.  202-6;  Jlex., 
Ml  III.  Ilrlnc,  1870,  p.  410-11,  43.*?;  and  most  other  histories  of  Mexico;  also 
iiiiiitiiiii  in  most  works  on  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  including  Johmoiia 
Hid.  Ariz.,  24. 


■■•  r 


KauoiiiiMillTA 


1 

illllii 

1 

I  i. 

1 

' 

V 

1, 1 

i 

■  i      ' 

1'  I 

i  i 

k\ 

\r 

if; 

31  ■> 

1 1 

1' 


r} 


494 


THF  GADSDEIN  PURCHASE. 


westward  to  Los  Nogales,  or  longitude  111'.  ^Foan- 
wliilc  Lieutenant  N.  Michler  arrived  at  Fort  Yuina 
at  the  end  of  1854,  and  was  occupied  until  May  1855, 
with  Salazar,  in  fixing  the  initial  monument  (ni  tlie 
Colorado  and  surveying  the  line  for  a  short  distiuiee 
eastward  toward  Sonoita;  but  they  were  obligod  to 
suspend  operations  for  lack  of  water,  and  proceeded 
by  the  Gila  and  Tucson  route  to  Nogales,  whore  thty 
met  Emory  in  June,  and  before  the  end  of  Aii^nist 
completed  the  survey  westward.  There  were  no  con- 
troversies in  connection  with  the  operations  under 
Emory  and  Ilarregui,  the  Mexicans  and  Americans 
working  in  perfect  harmony  for  a  speedy  and  economi- 
cal termination  of  the  work,  and  all  being  in  marked 
contrast  to  the  disgraceful  and  costly  wranglhigs  of 
the  former  commissions.  There  was  nothing  in  tlie 
personal  experiences  of  the  surveying  parties  that 
calls  for  notice  here.  The  published  report  contains 
an  excellent  description  of  the  country  with  various 
scientific  appendices  of  great  value.^ 

Besides  the  boundary  survey,  there  are  but  few  offi- 
cial explorations  to  be  noted,  though  by  prospectors 
and  Indian  fighters  the  whole  country  was  ])retty 
thoroughly  explored  in  these  years.  In  1857  Ed- 
ward F.  Beale  opened  a  wagon  road  on  the  35tli  ]iar- 
allel,  following  nearly  the  route  of  Whipple  and  Sit- 
He  left  Zuni  in  August,  and  reached  the 


greaves 


11; 


*  United  States  and  .Vextcan  Boundary  Siin-ey.  Jieport  of  ]Villlan>  If.  Einnn/. 
Major  Ji rut  carnlry  and  U.  S.  comtnminm  r.  Wach.,  1857,  4t(),  .'}  vol..  iiiiiiiy 
fine  eiigniviiigs  au<l  colored  plates.  Tliu  narratives  of  Emory  ami  Miiiil'r, 
with  other  matter  directly  connected  with  tho  geographic  survev,  iill  'J."i'J  p. 
of  vol.  i.,  the  rest  of  the  woiii  being  devoted  to  the  geology,  botany,  and  zo- 
ology of  the  expedition.  Along  the  lino  aa  surveyed,  monuments  of  st.)in3  or 
iron  were  erected  at  frequent  stations,  from  each  of  which  careful  ski'lcliis  nf 
the  topography  in  different  directions  were  made,  in  order  that  the  siti's  nt  the 
monuments,  if  destroyed  by  the  Indians— as  they  often  were— niiyiit  be 
easily  found  without  a  repetition  of  the  complicated  observations  aii<l  (ilou- 
lations.  Tlu  IcMieans  were  eager  to  complete  the  work,  because  .^.i.OiMt.oO.) 
of  the  purchase-money  was  payable  only  on  such  completion.  At  tlie  i:c,L'in- 
ning  of  JSi'w  there  was  some  complaint  in  Mexico  that  the  U.  S.  had  taken 
possession  at  one  or  two  points  without  waiting  for  a  formal  survey  or  tr.uis- 
ler,  and  it  was  feared  they  might  delay  operations  to  prevent  piiyiniut  ni  tho 
money.  Correo  ile  Espaila,  .Tan.  17,  18.')").  There  was  also  much  trouble  :il'oiit 
the  collecticu  and  disposition  of  the  funds;  but  this  docs  nut  couccru  us  hero. 


t,««««M 


BEALE  AND  IVES. 


405 


•  ^Foan- 
'ort  Yuma 
V%  18J5, 
■nt  oil  tlie 
t  distance 
y'»li,L,^o(l  to 
proceeded 
liore  they 
•f  August 
re  no  eon- 
>ns  uudcr 
Lnicrieans 

cconoini- 
n  marked 
iglings  of 
ig  in  the 
•ties  that 
I"  contains 
li  ^■arious 

}  few  nffi- 
ospectors 
.s  pretty 
857  Kd- 
5 5 til  par- 
and  Sit- 
died  the 


"  //.  Eiiinri/, 

Vol..   many 

:ul   Miflil.  r, 

,  iill  L'.VJ  p. 

my,  aiui  zd- 

of  .st.iiic  (ir 

skt-'trln's  ipf 

!  sitt'unt'  the 

—iiiiglit  l)e 

and  (mIou- 

!  .•;<.(, 0( Ml, I H).) 

tiio  l)i'f;in- 

li;iil  taken 

;y  or  tr.iiis- 

lU'Ilt  ct  tlio 

mill.'  .llinut 

iiu  us  licro. 


Colorado  in  January  1858.  The  steamer  General 
Jcitiip  Avas  waiting  in  the  Mojave  region  to  carry  this 
partN  across  the  river,  but  Beale  with  twenty  men  re- 
turned to  New  Mexico,  thus  proving  the  practicabiHty 
of  his  road  for  vdnter  travel.^  Another  important  ex- 
ploration was  that  of  Lieutenant  Joseph  C  Ives.  In 
Xovembcr  1857,  he  arrived  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  on 
a  schooner  froni  San  Francisco,  which  also  brought  an 
iron  scern-whee/.  steamer  fifty  feet  long,  built  for  the 
trip  ill  Philadelphia,  and  named  the  Explorer.  On 
this  craft,  launched  the  30th  of  December,  Ives  left 
Fort  Yuma  on  January  11,  1858,  and  on  March  12th 
had  passed  through  the  Black  Canon  of  the  Colorado 
and  reached  the  mouth  of  Virgin  River.  Returning 
from  this  point  to  the  Mojave  villages,  he  sent  the 
boat  down  to  the  fort,  and  with  part  of  his  scientific 
corps,  being  joined  also  by  Lieutenant  Tipton  with 
an  escort  of  twenty  men,  he  started  eastward  by  land. 
His  route  after  a  little  was  to  the  north  of  that  fol- 
lowed by  earlier  explorers,  including  the  canons  of 
the  Colorado  Chiquito  and  other  streams,  and  also, 
for  tlio  first  time  since  tlie  American  occupation,  tlic 
Moipii  pueblos.  Ives  reached  Fort  Defiance  in  IVIay, 
and  his  report,  illustrated  by  fine  engravings  of  new 
scenery,  is  perhaps  the  most  fascinating  in  all  the 
series  of  government  explorations.^    Besides  the  Beale 

^  lii'iilf  (Edward  F.),  Wagon  .u'oad  /rom  Fort  T>pfianep  to  tlw  Colorado  H'wer. 
Rrpart  of  the  Superintendent,  April  2tJ,  ISoS,  ia  (J.  S.  Oort  Dor.,  35th  cmig. 
1st  .stss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  124,  with  map  showing  route,  with  those  of  .Sitgreuvea 
and  Whipple.  Beale  used  camels  on  thia  trip,  and  declared  them  better 
aAiptiMl  than  mules  to  the  service. 

lu  ('iiiriiiiiiitiM'  TraivlnonllicweMeni  slop'  of  the  Mexican  Cord  Ub'rn,  336-51, 
is  an  accouiit  by  H.  S.  Washburn,  deputy  U.  S.  surveyor,  of  a  trip  from  Ft 
Yuma  up  the  Clila  to  Tucson,  and  bacK  by  way  of  Altar  and  Simoita  in  IS'jG. 

'  Iri.f  f!i'jiort  vpon  the  Colorado  Jiircr  of  the  MV,s<,  cjylorcd  in.  IS57  and  JS^'S 
hi/  Lii-iiii'iinnt  Joseph  C.  hr.t,  corj^s  qf  toj>nijraphir(d  emjinecn  under  the  dirertioa 
of  tli<' iijlice  oj  eijilorations  ami  unnrtj/i,  A.  A.  Humphries,  ctiptnin  ((yiioijraphict'l 
eii;iiiiirr^  in  ehanje.  By  onlcr  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  Wash.,  18(11,  4to,  131, 
154,  3i),  ('),  3'2  ]).,  with  plates  and  maps.  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  3()th  eong.  1st  ses.s., 
H.  ];x.  Due.  IH);  see  also  3oth  cong.  2d  sess..  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  582;  Jd.,  H.  Ex. 
]>(ie.  •.',  p.  (iOS  H);  34th  cong.  lstse.ss.,H.  Misccl.  Doc.  80;  Sen.  Mi.scd.  Doo. 
30.  M.lliausen,  liei^en,  i.  116^44.3,  ii.  1-139,  144-5,  map,  who  had  been  with 
^Miijililo,  was  also  with  Ives  as  artist,  etc.,  and  gives  a  full  narrative.  Capt. 
A.  I),  nynl,  for  seven  years  a  pilot  on  the  Colorado,  published  in  1804  a  new 
cliart  of  thct  river.  Browne's  L.  Cal.,  47.     lu  the  S.  F.  Call  of  April  9,  1877, 


m 


11  imiinnw 


I'j 


;i!'''l'U 


ill! 


I,  '\ 


!'  ^1 


;« 


'A 


IM, 


49G 


THE  GADSDEN  PURCHASE. 


road  In  the  north,  another  was  opened  in  the  south  by 
Superhitendent  James  B.  Leach  and  Engineer  >'.  H. 
Huttoii.  This  corresponded  largely  with  the  Cooke 
road  of  1846,  but  led  down  the  San  Pedro  to  the  Ari- 
vaipa,  and  thence  to  the  Gila,  21  miles  east  of  tho 
Pima  villages,  tlms  saving  40  miles  over  the  Tucson 
route,  and  by  improvements  about  live  days  for  Masons. 
The  work  was  done  by  Leach  and  Hutton  froui  the 
Rio  Grande  to  the  Colorado,  between  Octobor  25, 
1857  and  August  1,  1858.^  Over  this  road  ran  in 
1858-GO  Arizona's  first  stage,  the  Butterfield  ovcilaiid 
line  from  Marshall,  Texas,  to  San  Diego,  carr^iuo-  the 
mails  and  passengers  twice  a  week,  until  the  service 
was  stopped  by  Indian  depredations.^ 

It  was  not  until  185G  that  the  United  States  took 
military  possession  of  the  Gadsden  purchase  by  sond- 
ing  a  detachment  of  four  companies  of  the  First  Dra- 
goons, which  force  was  stationed  at  Tucson  and  later 
at  Calabazas.  In  1857  a  permanent  statioii  Avtis 
selected,  and  Fort  Buchanan  was  established  ou  the 
Sonoita  about  25  miles  east  of  Tubac.  The  site  was 
afterward  deemed  to  have  no  special  advantages,  and 
no  buildings  worthy  the  name  of  fort  were  erected. 
There  were  various  other  temporary  camps  occupied 
in  the  following  years  according  to  the  domaiuls  of 
the  Indian  service,  the  force  being  from  120  to  o75 

is  an  account  by  Capt.  John  Moss  of  his  voyage  down  the  Colorado  thrmigh 
all  the  canons  on  a  raft  in  ISGl.  If  performed  as  described,  it  was  a  iiiost 
extraordinary  exploit. 

^Cdiiij'litil  {Allifi-f,  I/.),  lic-poH  vjion  the  Pactfic  Wafjon  Iioivln,  lS-'f>,  p. 
9-12,  and  lltUtoiig  Ihpo  -f,  ElPiv^oainl  Fort  Yuma  Wmjon  I?oluI,  in  /(/.,  77  100, 
with  map;  35th  cong.  'Jd  sesa.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  108. 

'••UiKler  act  of  congress  of  March  3,  1857,  bids  were  received  f<ir  an  ovtr- 
land  niail  service,  and  that  of  Jolin  Butterfield  for  a  semi-weekly  .sirvirc  liy 
the  southern  route  at  $1)00,000  per  year  was  accepted,  the  contract  luing 
signed  Sipt.  IGth.  Many  particulars  in  Ori'dand  Mail  Service  to  Cal.  (n.  p-. 
1S."7),  8\o,  45  p.;  Ovcrliihil  Mail  Co.,  Menwrial,  18G0,  7  p.;  Id.,  Ote/w/Zii//--,  5 
p.  Sec  also  Jfaycd'  S''i(i]i,%  Ariz.,  v.  247,  251,  277,  299;  S.  F.  p.iiieis  of 
lS58-()0.  Accovd'ing  to  Ariz.  J/i.st.  (Elliott  &  Co.),  31G-17,  Huicli  ami 
AVoodti  ran  the  stage  for  a  year  before  Butterfield  began;  and  from  tlie  ihw.s- 
jjupers  of  the  time  i^  appears  that  for  a  time  two  lines  were  running.  '1  li'i'o 
was  in  1859  a  branch  stage  from  Ft  Buchanan  to  Tubac,  and  th<  iv  were 
probalily  several  others  on  short  routes  in  the  territory.  Fred  Husihnan, 
P.  M.  at  Tubac,  made  arrangements  in  1859  for  a  weekly  mail  to  and  from 
Souora,  Sec  L'nii-ellu  de  Occidi:iUe,  Dec.  30,  1859. 


Biiau 


FORTS  AND  MINES. 


497 


men,  besides  that  of  parties  from  abroad  occasionally 
eiiuauiiig  ill  campaigns.  In  some  years  only  two  com- 
piuiits  are  mentioned.  Lat'^  ii.  1858  Fort  Mojave 
iKur  IJcale's  crossinrj  of  the  Colorado  was  established 
with  tlirec  companies  of  infantry;  and  late  in  18oU 
Fort  IhxM -ken ridge  at  the  junction  of  the  San  Pedro 
:  i(]  Arivaipa  with  part  of  the  garrison  from  Fort 
liuclianan.  The  soldiers  did  much  good  service  and 
had  many  hard  fights  with  the  Apache  foe;  but  the 
foico  was  of  course  utterly  inadequate  for  the  protec- 
tion (jf  the  country.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in 
1860  1,  all  the  forts  were  destroyed  and  abandoned, 
and  the  troops  removed.''^ 

The  territory  of  the  Gadsden  purchase  was  believed 
to  bo  rich  in  precious  metals.  Americans  had  long 
been  more  or  less  conversant  with  Mexican  traditions 
of  innueusely  rich  mines  discovered  in  Jesuit  times 
and  iil)andoned  in  consequence  of  Apache  raids— tradi- 
tions for  the  most  part  false  in  their  details,  and  so  far 
as  the  Jesuits  were  represented  as  miners,  but  well 
founded  to  the  extent  that  prospectors  had  actually 
found  many  rich  deposits  of  silver.  Reports  of  the 
various  government  explorers,  who  had  in  all  directions 
notud  indications  of  mineral  wealth,  corroborated  the 
curicnt  traditions,  and  made  Arizona  a  most  attractive 
pountiy  for  adventurers,  and  all  the  more  so  because 
of  tlio  recent  successes  of  ijold-seekers  in  California. 

'"I  li.ivo  followoil  the  U.  S.  ailj. -general's  reports  of  IS'iO-Gl  attaclietl  to 
till'  iu('ss,iL;t!.s  of  tlio  pri'siilont  in  the  Ist  vohunes  of  Ex.  Doc.  of  each  .sfssion, 
/  .  .V.  (oict  Doc.  Maj.  Iv  SteiMi  wa.s  iu  cdiiiitiand  at  Ft  liuchaiiaii  in  IS.'iT;  (  ajit, 
K.  II.  I'ltzjiei-ahl  in  ISo.S;  t'apt.  J.  1).  V.  lleeve  in  1S,V,);  Vn[>t.  U.  S.  Kutll  in 
ISiilt.  liitut.  ,1.  11.  CooUc  coninianded  07  men  at  Ft  Urerkenridge  in  ISdO. 
Ill  IS(il  the  re[iiirt  inentioiis  no  troo|i.s  in  Arizona,  tlionnh  Ft  Mojave.  e^tah- 
hsluil  liyCol  HiiU'nian,  is  .said  not  to  h.ive  lieeu  ahandorieil  till  .May  IS(il. 
Ill  till!  Moiitli  Col  .Morrison  is  said  to  have  snceeedeil  KwtU  in  IStil),  and  in- 
fiiitry  to  have  heen  suhstitutiMl  lor  the  eavalry,  though  1  liiid  nothing  of  this 
ill  tliu  iiiilitiuy  record,'  S.'c  also  on  forts,  with  many  dates  and  names  not 
auruiiiig  u  ith  the  original  repoii-,  n'iiiiil/oii'<  /{'■•idunr-i,  '2'2  S,  110;  //iiilnii'i 
lliihl-M.;  ;i()S  IS;  Ariz.  /l>sf.,  'Jo'.t ,'_'•_' 1 ;  Hiu/rs'Srniji'f,  Miiiiii:/,  v.  I(i  17;  /'/., 
Aii:.,  V.  '.'."I'.t- :t07.  In  /'/.,  A  iin'-l'''!,  viii.  i7'.>,  is  mentioned  a  Ft  Floyd,  tliangc  d 
to  '•'t  Ml  l.ane  in  18111;  and  in  U.  S.  Siinjinn-'ji'iii'r'il'.s  Cin'tilur,  8,  \i.  ri.VJ,  a 
Camp  \'ei'd(^  ismcntioiieil  in  IStil.  In  Sept.  IS.')'!  the  Mex.  garrison  at  Tueson. 
2(1  iiii'ii,  «as  eommauded  Ity  Capt.  llilarioa  trarcia.  I'inart,  Col.  Doc,  MS., 
uu.  loo-4. 

UisT.  AiMZ.  .\Ni)  N.  Mex.    02 


■^1 


Ii;! 

MM 
ir  i' i! 


'i.il! 


l;«Ki««t 


Mi; 


l!['i''l 


498  THE  GADSDEN  PURCHASE. 

The  Ajo  copper  mines  in  the  Sonolta  region,  wliicli 
had  been  discovered  by  ^Mexicans,  was  worked  liya 
San  Francisco  company  from  1855/^  Charles  I). 
Poston  with  Herman  Ehrenberg,  after  a  preliminaiy 
tour  in  1854-5  from  tlie  gulf  coast,  formed  a  coiiiiiaiiy 
in  the  east,  and  in  1856  began  the  development  on  a 
large  scale  of  silver  mines  near  Tubac.  Half  a  dnzeii 
other  companies  in  this  and  the  following  years  uiidcr- 
took  similar  operations  in  the  same  region,  that  is,  in 
the  mountain  rani-es  on  both  sides  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
valley  in  the  southern  part  of  the  territory.  The 
garrison  at  Fort  Buchanan  afforded  protection  to  a 
certain  extent,  and  the  laborers  employed  wore  cli icily 
Sonorans  from  across  the  line.  Fuel  and  water  were 
scarce,  apparatus  and  supplies  of  all  kinds  were  ob- 
tained only  at  an  excessive  cost  by  reason  of  the  Ioiilj 
and  difficult  routes  of  transportation,  and  the  IndiaDs 
were  troublesome;  but  many  of  the  mines  woie  ridi 
and  even  under  such  unfavoral)le  circumstances  yiel(!((l 
a  largo  amount  of  bullion.  Developments  extmdtd 
over  a  wide  region,  including  mines  of  copper  and  gold 
as  well  as  silver,  especially  in  the  cast  on  the  New- 
Mexican  border;  and  prosi>ecting  operations,  olVeii 
with  great  success,  were  extended  to  the  up] per  and 
lower  Gila  and  even  into  the  unexplored  regions  far- 
ther north.  Tucson  recovered  something  of  its  old- 
time  prosperity ;  Tubac  became  a  ilourishing  little  town 
of  some  500  inhabitants,  where  the  first  Arizona  news- 
paper was  published  in  1858-00;'""  a  few  ranchos  were 
established,  including  several  in  the  Gila  valh  y  on 
the  stage  route;  and  the  American  p(>])ulation  iii- 
creased  to  several  thousands.  Eniiefrants  continued, 
thougli  in  diminished  numbers,  to  cross  Arizona  by 

"  In  the  Yiinn  Sentinel,  March  .'?^,  1S7S,  is  an  account  l)y  ono  of  tlif  i' irfy, 
fitti^d  out  to.«c'arch  for  tlie  famous  I'lanciias  dc  I'lata  in  Soiiora,  souio  oi'  uliorse 
munil)er.s  tunicil  asiilo  to  tako  jiossossioii  of  tlui  Ajo  luiiicH. 

'■^Tliu  wuukly  Arizoriiiiii,  often  cited  iiiC'al.  new.siiapcra  of  these  yiiirs. 
S3C  liarlou-^  JUirrtori/  iif  Tiirmn,  ISSl,  )>.  |();  Tiirxmi  Stiii;  Dee.  4,  IST'.I;  iS.  /'. 
Bulletin,  Mareli  'J'i,  I's.-.O;  Hiiitajt'.-)  Hand-hmk,  40,  J8(i;  Ariz.  I/isL,  'JllO.  The 
pipiir  was  iiioveil  to  Tucson  iu  l.S(50,  ami  suHpenJed  iu  ISGl,  tlie  ollici:  furni- 
tiu-c— two  derriugers— bciug  advcxtiscd  for  aulu,_ 


[iTiii«Kl««« 


AFFAIRS   OX  THE  COLORADO. 


499 


tlie  southern  route,  and  many  of  tliem  remained  here 
for  a  while  before  uoino-  on  to  California,'^ 

Fort  Yuma,  on  the  Colorado  side  of  the  Colorado, 
Mas  occupied  continuously  by  United  States  troops, 
affording  much  better  protection  to  this  [)art  of  xVri- 
zona  than  was  enjoyed  in  the  south-east.  Steamers 
continued  to  ply  on  the  Colorado;  the  ferry  did  a 
prosperous  business;  the  f)verland  stage  had  a  station 
licie;  and  much  teaming  was  done  in  the  trans[)orta- 
tion  of  supplies  and  ores  to  and  from  the  copper  mines 
in  Papagueria  and  the  silver  mines  by  the  Gila  route. 
Tlie  settlement  on  the  Arizona  side  known  as  Colorado 
City  and  Arizona  City  is  often  mentioned  as  a  thriving 
town,  as  under  the  circumstances  it  should  have  been; 
hut  the  more  definite  of  current  items  reduce  it  to  a 
vcr}  f"W  buildings,  mostly  destroyed  in  the  Hood  of 
]8(;i-2.^*     In  1858  gold  placers  were  chscovered  on 

"()ii  Arizona  mining  hofore  lS(i.3,  including  companies,  districts,  jiurticii- 
lar  iiiiucs,  colonization  ami  prospecting  parties,  with  naturally  nmcli  on  In- 
dian trouhlcs,  tiio  cataloguing  of  the  complicated  ami  often  vaguely  recorded 
(Irt.iils  lieiiig  oliviously  inipracticalilo  liere,  see  J/ni/a^  Si'rcp.'^,  ilhiiixj,  v.,  p.i.s- 
siiii;  /(/.,  Ariz.y  i.  v.,  passim;  California  newspapers,  especially  tlie  S'i<\  i'liimi. 
Much  2-2,  Oct.  I'J,  lS."i4;  April  i'o,  May  2-),  June  ]:{,  17,  Aug.  I'.',  Nov.  2S, 
U  r.  I.-),  18.')7;  March  31,  Oct.  'Z2,  Nov.  I,  .3,  S,  II,  12,  KJ,  Dec.  11,  20,  2S, 
•211,  ;iO,  IS.'.S;  Jan.  3,  20,  March  14,  Aprd  IJ,  .May  11,  14,  UJ,  June  10,  IS.V.t; 
Kh.  24,  May  2:5,  June  2S,  July  9,  14,  Nov.  3,  17,  ISOO;  April  17,  Mav  l.'i, 
21,  Juno  27,  lS;;i;  Fell.  10,  1SG2;  S.  F.  Alia  Cat.,  Marcli  vi,  An-.  21,  is.Vl; 
-Vim.  2ri,  Oct.  14,  IS.-.d;  :\lay  29,  Aug.  21,  Sept.  (i,  ]>S.')7;  Jan,  IS.^March  12, 
27,  April  IJ,  27,  May  11,21,  Juno  3,  Nov.  2,  (i,  7,  12,  2."),  Dec.  21,  24,  27,  31, 
I-."S:  ,lan.  II,  19,  24,  2(i,  Feh.  (i,  11,  March  1,  10,  21,  April  3,  4,  «,  13,  1."), 
21,  May  11,  ]7,  22,  .June  3,  28,  July  8,  23,  2,'),  31,  Aug.  8,  Sept.  12,  Dec.  12, 
.'il,  I'^.V,!;  Juno  17,  ISOO;  .March  18,  June  27,  July  17,  IS.Il;  July  30,  (Kt.  II, 
l^ii2;  S.  F.  JliiilUin,  March  14,  ]HM;  April  13,  Mav  II,  12,  Sept.  IJ,  O.t.  .'iO, 
^'nv.  0,  11,  1.3,  17,  2(),  Dec.  9,  17,  18,  18.JS;  Jan.  3,"  10,  11,  2(),  Feh.  4,  11,  1.3, 
1 1,  2S,  M.irch  12,  April  7,  8,  27,  May  9,  12,  14,  2:'.,  27,  June  ."),  8,  24,  July  IS, 
2^  Aug.  20,  27,  18:)9;  May  24,  ,lune  10,  Ki,  18,  July  9,  14,  IS,  21,  22,  28, 
An..'.  I,  28,  Sept.  3,  10,  21),  Oct.  10,  Nov.  21,  I8vi2;  Yuma  Sdituid,  Jan.  12, 
Much  .30,  1878;  Jan.  7,  1883;  /VWom'.s  Ari-.ma,  m  /:l.,  .May  7,  1873;  Mhihn) 
M:,iiuii,<;  i.  l-I."),  243,  321-2;  ii.  83;  ix.  383-4;  x.  33.">-(i;  Jfurpcr'.i  Ma,,'., 
\\\\.  .5.")7-00,  090-2;  J/<nuiU<)ii'.^  /?i.vo«)vc.s,  22,  145-7;  Jlitid'.s  Jhir.'i.  Ma]/., 
\x\iv.  7.">9-G0;  .vlii.  117;  xl.v.  242-3;  Dii'dui  and  Lozano,  Le,ji.-i.  Mi.r,  vii, 
.■i21  2;  J/hi/nii'.t  Uanil-I»x>l;  32-42,  18,1;  Ari-Miin,  Hist.  (KUiott  &  Co.),  (i.i,  201, 
207-10,  220-2,  24-1,  ,301-2;  Arivma  8rr<i)<.%  passim;  //o<//-',s  .IW::.,  1)1-."),  (19, 
124  9;  U.  S.  Ccii.iu.^;  9th,  ji.  UG,");  Jior.f  A>l.r>ii.,  317-34;  iuMiii'.-^  Fict.  An:.., 
iMi;  Jirawiic'i  Mill,  lii-.sdutrc.-i,  13(),  ]■;■.:  l,")(i-9,  4()();  Jd.,  Apurhe  Cn'infri/,  \kih- 
•Mm;  hi'f..  AjT.  h'rjif,  I8(i2,  ]).  327:  Sonora,  Ihic.  Ili.it.,  MS.,  iv.  174  7;  Sites' 
Iti'j.,  Ixxv.  348;  Hall's  Hoiun-u,  MS.,  72-3;  lUvA  Mowri/\i  Works  on  Ariz.,  pay. 

Mill. 

"Tlio  ino.st  definite  and  most  fliattering  statement  that  I  h.ive  seen  is  that 
ill  the  .V.  /•'.  Jiiillrlin  of  Aug.  9,  1S.")9,  which  states  that  Colorado  (  ity  ha.l  huf 
cue  huuac,  of  adobe,  iiud  Uocd  aj  a  custom-huuse;  Arizona  City  had  hah  4 


!f.  M>i 


««i««i 


LLLiuimii'jv 


500 


THE  CJADSDl'^N   PURCHASE. 


11- 


:;.*■:'   i: 


ft;     i 


^  ■   I 


the  Gila  some  twenty  miles  above  the  junction,  Imt 
extending  tor  several  miles  along  the  river;  and  a  luw 
town  of  shanties  sprang  into  existence,  undur  tin;  iiitiuc 
of  (jiila  Clt}'.  Five  hundred  miners  or  mort^  were  at 
one  time  at  work  here;,  some  of  them  very  suecossfully; 
but  there  was  great  difficulty  in  getting  Mater,  tlir 
ri(dicst  digging's  hcinij:  several  miles  from  the  river, 
and  before  18G2  the  glory  of  these  i)lacers  had  de- 
])artt'd,  and  the  city  was  destroyed  by  the  Hood.''' 
There  was  no  settlement  north  of  the  Oila,  tliouL;li 
j)ros[)ecting  was  carried  on  in  different  directions,  u 
few  emigrants  came  over  the  Beale  wagon  road,  and 
Fort  ]\[ojave,  as  we  have  seen,  was  garrisoned  from 
1858.^" 

For  five  or  six  years  after  the  American  occu|)atioii, 
tlie  Indians  caused  comparatively  little  trouble,  though 
constant  vigilance  was  re(|uired,  and  petty  di'[)re(la,- 
tions  never  ceased  entirely.  The  Yumas,  not  a  nu- 
merous tribe,  Were  kept  in  control  by  the  garrison  and 
rai'ely  molested  Americans  except  as  pilferers,  though 

(Idzon  ailobo  l)uil(lin,i.'s,  including  2  stnris,  2  saloons,  and  a  imst-oflico;  \vlrli' 
at  tlio  ferry,  a  inilo  liclow  tlio  (iila  j-.'.iction,  was  tlio  staifo  station,  'J  stures, 
2  hlauksniith  .sli<i[i-;,  a  liotul,  nnd  several  iiduses,  tlio  tliruc  'cities'  Ijoing  :tll 
^^■ithintho  spac-o  vi  a  iiiile.  Most  items,  exeeiit  tlioso  that  sini|ily  sjieak  of  a 
llourisliing  town,  mention  only  one  or  two  l)uildinL;s,  Imt  ]ierl\a\is  refer  r.iily 
to  that  ]iorti(in  l^nowu  as  Colorado  City.  See/'/.,  Oct.  13,  Nov.  17,  IM.jT; 
Nov.  S,  IS.VS;  Jf.li/r.i'  Smiji.-:,  Aih/clci,  iv.":W;  /'/.,  ,S.  D'n'jo,  i.  H)2-2()();  Yuma 
l^rnthi'l,  -May  2:5.' 1S7S;  lliiiioii'.i  H'lwl-hnij,;  2lo;  .V.  F.'  Al/it,  Au'j^.  25,  1>S.")7; 
May  27,  ISr.il;  bYh.  II,  1M)2;  /Sfc.  i'nhw,  April  l>,  IS.")!);  S.  /'.  Jlci-il'l,  1»(m'. 
IS,  1S.")7;  AHzoHd,  ]ll<l.,  2k').  The  receipts  of  the  ferry  in  1S57  are  given  as 
S2,()i!0aday. 

'•"  Tlio  references  in  unto  115  ineludo  the  ( rila  mines.  See  also  on  (.!ila  (  ity, 
Jfiii/).i'  Srnip.i,  Mhihirj,  v.  7S;  ,V.  F.  Alia,  Dec.  27,  IS.kS;  S'ir.  Union,  Fell.  12, 
1)  12,  acconlinL,'  to  wliieh  (iila  City  was  also  destroyed  l>v  tiie  llood.  Coiikliii, 
I'i'-t.  Ariz.,  S4-5,  deserihes  tlio  city— which  had  had  1,2CH)  iiilial).  in  18i>I  as 
liiing  in  1877  a  stage  station,  with  stalile,  corral,  '(rila  Uoti'l,'anil  kennel, 
and  coiitainiiig  liy  a  ceusiia  made  at  the  time  'J  inhahitants,  iiieluiliiig  'S  do^^s, 
K'pKnv,  and  papoose. 

"^  Here  may  Ijo  noted  that  in  1802  Maj.  D.  Fergusson  made  a  reconiinj-i- 
sance  of  a  route  from  Tucson  to  tiio  j,'ulf,  with  a  view  to  opiniing  a  shorter 
and  cheaper  way  for  the  transiiortation  of  supplies  to  the  Arizona  mines.  He 
found  no  serious  impediment  to  travel,  and  pronounced  the  porta  of  Lih<!itad 
and  Lolios  well  titteil  for  the  purpose.  Fcnjiifi.^Dii'ti  Iti'port  on  the  roini'n/,  d''., 
lUi'l  the  nm^'  /utiriin  Tiicsnii  ami  Lolm.i  /lai/,  ISH.'.  Jjctter  of  sec.  war  in  L.  S. 
Unit  l>(ii'.,  37  Cong.,  spec,  .sess..  Sen.  K.\.  Doc.  I,  22  p.,  ma[is.  In  ISHO, 
(iov.  resi|iieira  had,  liy  decree,  permitted  the  transit  of  U.  S.  merchamliso 
through  Sonora.  y/-»//«V  Srnijix,  Ariz.,  v.  311-12;  ]</.,  .i  nyt'lc^,  viii.  21;  A'.!- 
trdLi  dc  Occidcntc,  Jau,  23,  ISOl;  H,  F,  Alta,  Mar.  8,  ISlJl. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


501 


oftcii  in  trouble  witli  their  neighbors.  In  1857,  with 
Mojiive,  Cocopa,  and  Tonto  alHes,  they  attaeked  the 
I'iinasand  IMpagos  up  the  river,  and  in  a  great  battle 
\V(ir  almost  annihilated.  The  Mojaves  were  more 
jio.stile  and  treacherous,  committing  many  depreda- 
tions on  emigrants  and  others  in  I  858  ;  but  during  this 
^ear  and  the  next  were  brought  into  subjection  by 
Colonel  Hoffman's  eftbrts,  and  by  the  establishment 
of  the  fort.  The  Pimas,  numbering  about  4,000,  the 
^[ai'i('o])as  500,  and  the  Piipagos  3,000,  were  uni- 
foimly  friendly,  and  of  great  assistance  in  keeping 
liostilc  tribes  in  check.  From  1859  John  Walker  was 
Indian  agent  for  these  Indians,  residing  at  Tucson, 
ht'ing  succeeded  by  Abraham  Lyons  in  18G2.  By 
act  of  congress,  February  28,  1859,  a  sum  of  $1,000 
Mas  appropriated  for  a  survey  of  the  Pima  and  Mari- 
(•o])a  lands  on  the  Gila,  and  $10,000  for  gifts  in  the 
t'oini  of  implements  and  clothing.  The  survey  was 
made  by  Colonel  A.  B.  Gray,  and  the  presents  were 
distril)uted  by  Lieutenant  Sylvester  Mowry  before 
the  end  of  the  year.  As  to  the  Apaches,  estimated 
at  about  10,000  in  number,  under  the  care  of  },[. 
Steck  as  agent,  and  after  a  campaign  by  Colonel 
Eoimeville  in  1857,  they  were  for  a  time,  compara- 
tively speaking,  at  peace,  thougii  continuing  their  raids 
across  the  line,  attacking  Mexicans  wherever  they 
could  be  found,  and  often  committing  petty  depreda- 
tions against  small  parties  of  Americans.  Agents 
reported  some  progress  in  inducing  the  ^lescalero 
Apaches  to  till  the  soil  and  refrain  from  hostilities; 
and  it  was  urged  by  all  fannliar  with  the  sul)ject  that 
all  the  Apaclu's  must  be  induced  to  settle  north  of  the 
Oila,  there  to  be  instructed,  aided,  and  watcluul,  while 
tliu  southern  passes  nmst  l)e  guarded  by  garrisons  at 
several  points.  Nothing  was  done,  however,  exce|)t 
the  division  of  the  military  force,  and  the  estal)lish- 
nicnt  of  Fort  Breckenridge  on  the  San  Pedro.  In 
18()0  hostilities  became  more  frequent  and  general, 
and  were  greatly  aggravated  by  bad  management  and 


\U' 


L    4 


iiiiUKiaM 


LLLUluunivi 


502 


THE  GADSDEN  PURCHASE. 


fi 


^     I 


I  '^^ 


u  ,!v; 


i^\i' 


1     !' 


injustice  on  tlic  part  of  the  officers,  by  which  Cochise, 
a  prominent  chieftain,  was  made  the  hfe-loiiij;-  t'ur  ot' 
tlie  Anu'ricans.  Soon  all  were  on  the  war-})atli,  iiiur- 
ders  and  rohhei'ies  were  of  daily  occurrence,  and  tvcu 
tlie  soldiers  were  hard  pressed.  Then  in  18GI,  wlnn 
for  other  reasons  the  staij;e  line  was  abantloiu'd.  iiud 
the  troops  recalled  from  xVrizona,  the  Indians  naiu- 
rally  regarded  this  as  their  triumph,  I'edouhled  ilnir 
efforts,  and  for  over  a  year  were  niasters  of  the  t(  iii- 
tory,  havin<(  killed  or  driven  out  all  the  white  inliaiii- 
tants  except  a  few  hundred  who  took  refuge  within 
the  walls  of  Tucson.'^ 

In  lS;">(]-7  Henry  A.  Crabb  of  California  had  at- 
tempted a  filibustero  conquest  of  Sonora  under  the 

"/()(/.  AjV.  /fcporti,  18.57-(>.3,  reports  of  agents  and  others  in  \.  Mexico 
anil  Arizona.  'Tlie  arrival  of  the  Cal.  cohunn  under  <ien.  (.'arleton  in  .lime 
lK(i'i  founil  the  country  between  tlie  Colorado  and  Rio  (Irande  a  ile.soliitiiiu 
marked  hy  new-made  irraves. '  I'os/on,  in  /d.,  18(53,  p.  ;WI{— i.  J  he  Caliloiiiia 
and  Sonora  papers  o:  ibilJl-3  contain  many  items;  also //" yes'  .*>''('i;«,  Arii.; 
and  each  of  the  general  works  on  Arizona  narrates  a  few  of  the  disasters, 
though  not  nineh  ndiance  can  be  placed  in  details,  which  I  do  not  atti'iii[it  to 
catalogue.  See  I'liinpelly's  Acros.<!  Aiiier.,  ]-()",  for  an  excellent  acunimt  uf 
Arizona  affairs  in  these  years;  also  J{(is.s  liroiriii''!<  AdirnturcK  in  Ajxtc/n'  <  'oiiiitni, 
chap.  i.  Says  Hinton,  Jfainl-lioo/,;  41-'2:  'A  few  American  miners  held  on  to 
their  locations  in  the  Cerbat  and  Hualajiai  nKumtaiiis.  In  the  S;ilt  Kivi-r 
valley  there  was  a  ranch  or  two;  and  elsewhere,  eX(e[)t  at  Tucson  ami  \  uuia, 
there  was  nothing  of  life  to  be  found  except  a  few  Mexicans,  the  I'iuiiis  ami 
Papagos,  with  the  hostile  Indians  at  every  turn.'  And  Hamilton,  /iVm/»//i  ,•, 
23;  'The  Apache  marauders  swept  down  from  their  mountain  strongholds, 
and  carried  death  and  destruction  throughout  southern  Arizona  mines; 
ranclies  and  stock-ranges  were  abandoned,  and  the  few  whites  left  in  the 
country  took  refuge  within  the  walls  at  Tucson.  The  savages  indulged  in  a 
saturnalia  of  slaughter,  and  the  last  glimmer  of  civilization  seemed  about  to 
be  quenched  in  ])lood.  The  horribly  mutilated  bodii's  of  men,  women,  and 
children  marked  nearly  every  mile  of  the  road  to  the  Rio  tirande.  I  his 
frightful  condition  of  things  existed  for  nearly  a  yeiir  after  the  withdrawal 
of  the  troops.'  In  the  i9.  /''.  Altn,  Dec.  KJ,  1872,  is  an  article  byOov.  Saf- 
ford  givi;ig  a  history  of  Cochise's  career.  Besides  Cochise,  Mangas  Coloradas 
was  the  most  famous  of  Apache  chiefs.  It  should  be  noteil  that  in  all  these 
years  a  ri'mnant  of  the  tame  Apaches  continued  to  liv<>  near  Tucson,  talking 
no  part  in  the  hostilities  of  their  people.  Hamilton,  h'cuourrt'-t,  1()J>-!),  i;ives 
a  good  account  of  the  beginning  of  the  war  in  IStiO.  Lieut.  Bascom,  a  youiig 
West  Point  graduate,  was  sent  to  Apache  Pass  to  recover  some  livt'-stock 
which  a  settler  had  lost.  Cochise,  the  chief,  said  his  tribe  had  not  taken  the 
property,  but  ho  would  try  to  find  and  return  it.  Next  daj'  Cochise  and  his 
warriiu's  were  invited  to  a  'big  talk,  '  and  having  assembled  were  surroiimliMl 
and  told  they  wonhl  be  held  as  hostages  till  the  cattle  and  a  captive  wcri'  n- 
stored.  A  desperate  struggle  ensued,  in  which  several  were  woundid  and 
six  warriors  captured,  includhig  the  ciiief's  brother;  but  Cochise  escaped 
though  badly  wounded.  He  declared  life-long  war  on  the  Americans,  and 
kept  his  threat.  The  troops  had  a  narrow  escape,  and  the  six  captives  were 
hanged. 


iM«K««««li 


CRABB'S  FILIBUSTERS. 


£503 


(Tuisc  of  colonization,  counting  on  the  support  of  one 
of  tilt!  two  contending  factions.  With  an  advantxj 
naitv  of  iOO  men  he  crossed  Arizona  from  Yuma  to 
Sdii'Mta  and  Caborca,  but  was  defeated  and  shot  with 
all  his  companions.  A  party  of  thirty  went  from 
Tucson  to  his  rescue,  but  were  too  late  and  barely  es- 
caped sharing  his  fate.^**  Crabb's  ill  fortune  prevented 
later  attempts  of  a  similar  nature ;  but  the  spirit  of 
fililnisterism  was  potent  in  Arizona,  and  the  Sonoran 
autlioiities  were  always  fearful  and  suspicious.  Sono- 
ran laborers  of  a  vicious  class  were  employed  in  the 
inities,  and  were  accused  of  many  robberies  and  mur- 
dt!rs,  l)eing  hardly  less  feared  than  the  Apaches. 
Another  prominent  and  but  little  better  element  of 
tlie  |)opulation  was  that  of  outlaws  and  desperados 
froia  (Jalifornia  and  Texas,  who  looked  with  contempt 
after  the  manner  of  their  class  on  all  of  Mexican  blood. 
There  were  public  meetings  held  to  urge  the  expulsion 
of  tlie  hated  '<»Teasers'  from  tlie  mines  and  from  the 
countr'v.  A  war  of  races  at  times  seemed  imixnidino-. 
Even  before  the  withdrawal  of  troops  enaljled  the 
savages  to  take  possession  of  the  country,  broils,  mur- 
ders, rf»l)beries,  duels,  and  outrages  perpetrated  in  the 
name  of  vigilantes  were  of  constant  occurrence,  and 
created  perhaps  a  more  disgraceful  and  disastnms 
condition  of  ati'airs  tlian  is  elsewhere  revealed  in  west- 
ern annals.  After  the  abandonment  of  the  countrv, 
Sonoran  marauders  are  said  to  have  crossed  the  line 
to  steal  or  destroy  any  petty  remnant  of  property  left 
by  the  Apa(»hes." 

xVrizona,  besides  its  Apaches  and  outlaws,  had  during 
iiig  this  period  its  politics  and  j)oliticians,  though  not 
!iiii(di  g(jvernment.  From  1851  to  1854  it  was  a  part 
of  the  territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  was  theoretically 
divided  into  five  or  six  counties;  that  is,  the  boundaries 

"■  Fur  details  of  the  Crabb  atfair,  see  //Lit.  Xorfh  M<:i\  Stnfi'.i,  ii.,  this  seiies. 

''■'1  foUow  C'al.  ami  Soiiora  iiewspaj^ier  items,  besides  the  general  acioiuit.s 
given  in  Works  that  liave  been  cited.  All  autliorities  agree  in  the  uutline  and 
ciiliirinji,  though  not  many  particulars  arc  clearly  recorded.  One  of  tlie  most 
fiuiious  duels  was  that  between  Lieut.  Mowry  and  Editor  Cross  at  Tubac  iu 
Ibj'J.     It  was  fought  with  rities,  and  uobody  hurt. 


LiUliliiiiugi 


.1 

il 

^ 

' 

: 

f'  H- 


(M 


THl:  GAUIiiDEN  PURCHASE. 


of  the  New  ^[oxiran  couiitioa  oxtciidcd  west  to  Culitor 
nia;'"^  but  as  Arizoiis — north  of  the  (lila,  the  oiilv  pari 
beloni^hig  then  to  Ne\v  Mexico  or  the  United  Stiitcs— 
liad  no  settlements,  there  existed  hardly  the  senihl.iiuv 
of  county  jurisdiction.  By  act  of  congress,  AuL;ii.>t  4, 
1854,  the  (ladsdeu  ])Ui'chase  was  added  to  Xrw  Mcx- 
ico;  and  hy  fict  of  the  legislature,  January  IS,  IS;!'), 
it  was  attached  to  J)ona  Ana  county,  a  part  of  wiiich 
it  remained  till  18G3."^  In  rcH'ords  of  the  time.  Imw- 
ever,  the  only  indication  of  county  rule  is  the  occasiun,;! 
sending  of  a  criminal  to  ^Icsilla  for  trial.  There  were 
also  justices  of  the  peace  at  Tucson  and  perhaps  else- 
where. From  the  first,  ilwrv  was  mucli  C(»m[)laint  that 
the  country  was  not  and  could  not  be;  pro])erly  govermd 
from  Santa  Fe,  with  corresponding  petitions  for  a  sepa- 
rate territorial  orefanization,  the  !^lesilla  district  makiii"' 
common  cause  in  tliis  matt(>r  with  Arizona  pioper, 
l)eing  separated  from  the  capital  by  the  Jornada  del 
^luerto. 

A  convention  was  lu^ld  at  Tucson  on  August  _',>. 
1850,  which  resolved,  not  oidy  to  send  a  nuMiiorial  to 
congress  urging  the  organization  of  a  territory  of 
Arizona,  but  to  send  a  delegate  to  Washington.  The 
memorial  was  signed  by  some  2(;0  names,  and  Xatlian 
P.  Cook  was  in  September  elected  dt>legate."  He 
was  not  admitted  to  a  seat,  but  his  mission  was  brought 
before  the  house  in  January  1857.  The  committee  en 
territories  n-ported  against  a  territorial  organizatieii. 
because  of  the  limited  population,  but  recognized  the 
unfortunate  condition  of  the  people,  and  reconnnemhd 

-"  Set!  ^V('»'  ^fv.r.,  Conip.  Liviv,  sees.  242  et  seq.,  for  the  county  liuuH.  ]>ofui 
Ana  cdunty  inchuk'd  a  .small  area  of  Ariz,  south  of  tho  Gila. 

^'('o////.  Gliilic,  lS."):{-4,  ji.  'J'-'OT;  A'.  Mcx.,  Coiiip.  Litwn,  see.  277.  <lii  l"'!'. 
.'i,  18,");"),  an  aet  tliviilcil  the  Me.silla  valli'y  into  three  priciuets,  /(/.,  sec.  -."il; 
but  tliere  is  no  mention  of  the  Arizona  settlements  proper. 

--Tlie  jiresident  of  the  convention  was  Mayor  M.  AMrieh  of  Tucson;  vicc- 
])res.  James  Douglas  of  Sojxiri,  Josii  M.  Martinez  of  .S.  .Javier;  sec.  (i.  K. 
Terry  anil  W.  N.  Honner;  N.  P.  Cook,  C.  H.  Oury,  H.  P:iircnl)erg,  Igu.  Or- 
tiz, anil  I.  D.  L.  Pack  were  tlic  committee  on  resolutions  ami  niemori^il.  The 
wliite  population  waa  estinudeil  at  10,(M)()  (1).  Oury  was  elected  niiMiihcr  of  the 
N.  Mex.  legislature.  Cook  arrived  at  S.  Diego  Sept.  22d,  and  somi  saileil  tor 
Washington,  //.///m'  Scraps,  Ark.,  v.  244-0;  S.  F.  AUii,  Oct.  27,  1S5G;  iiur.. 
Union,  Oct.  IC,  30,  I8oG;  Arizona  Scraps,  4io. 


KFFORTS   Vull  A  (lOVKKNMKNT. 


iSOS 


a  I'ill  to  oi'ijfauizo  a  judicial  district  soutli  of  tlic  Gila, 
to  iiii|ii»int  a  survi'vof-n'ciicral,  and  to  jtrovidc  for  rcp- 
ivsriitMtioii  at  Santa  Ke  as  wrll  as  [\tv  tlic  rt'L-'ulatioii 
of  i.ind  c'laiiiis  and  niinui^f  titles.  Siidi  a  l»ill  was 
]i,is>m1  l»y  tlio  scnati!  in  Fehruarv,  but  was  not  acted 
uiidii  liy  tlio  house."''  '^I'lio  ])rosidcnt,  in  liis  messages 
(if  ls."i7-8,  recouunended  a  territorial  i;'overi 'iient; 
Senator  Gwin  in  ])ereinl)er  1857  introfluced  a  liill  to 
(iruaiiize  such  a  j^overnnu'nt  for  the  (iadsden  purchase, 
under  the  name  of  Arizona;  the  leiLifislature  of  New 
M'  xiio  in  February  1858  passed  resolutions  in  favor 
(if  tlic  uieasure,  though  reconuni'uding  a  north  and 
sdiitli  houndarv  liru!  ou  the  meridian  of  101),  and  al>o 
the  removal  of  all  Xew  ^[exican  Indians  to  northeiii 
Aiizona;  several  favorable  petitions  wer-e  received 
I'lmii  (lifl'erent  paj'ts  of  the  union;  and  in  an  election 
licld  at  Tucson  in  September  1857,  tin;  ])eople  had 
]ir(  pared  a  new  j)etition  and  chosen  Sylvester  ^fowry 
as  a  delc'iite  to  congress.  The  delei»'ate  was  noi  ad- 
initted.  and  G win's  bill  was  not  passed.'-^  In  the  fol- 
InwiiiH-  vears  Mowrv  continued  his  efforts  with  much 
zeal  and  no  success,  being  reiilected  as  delegate;  other 

MfoHr/.  f!y>'\  hsr)()-7,  p.  815-21,  S:»;  V,\\\\  cong.  .^d  sess.,  II.  K.pt  117; 
H.  .Tour.  ,'>ir);  Hr)tli  ccirig.  l.t  sie.ss.,  11.  Jour.  l.'!7,  'JIO.  Tlu;  liU  jiusscil  tliu 
sciiiiti!  I'\  li.  'Jl.-it,  anil  was  .still  lirtDri:  tlio  liousc;  in  .l.m.  lbr)8.  It  was  a  Icins^ 
ami  coiriplicatcil  Mil,  tloaling  with  tlio  many  I'nniplicatioiis  of  Mexican  laml 
titles,  iti. ;  and  this  seems  to  havo  been  tliu  cliiuf  ground  of  <ipposition  in  tho 
seiiato,  led  hy  Mr  Cfitteiulon.  Then;  was  no  (liscjii.ssion  ou  its  iiu'iits  in  the 
hdUse.  M<iwry,  Mem.,  25,  .says  the  hill  pas.sed  liotli  houses,  hut  owing  to 
miiiiir  dill'erenccs  and  tho  lateness  of  tlu  session,  failed  to  heeonio  a  law. 

■Hiwin's  bill  iueluiled,  not  otily  the  Oailsden  purehaso,  hut  Dona  Ana 
county  in  X.  Mex.,  extendini;  ea^t  to  Texas.  It  wa.s  iutroilueed  l>ee.  17, 
l^'i7;  reported  with  an  aniendment  by  the  com.  on  territories  Apr.  S,  bS.S; 
]iipst|iMued  on  June  14tli  to  Dec. ;  reuonniiitted  Dec.  Kkh;  and  ad\-erselv  ro- 
l".ite.l  Feb.  8,  IS.')!*.  U.  S.  Onrt  Pnc,  'AMi  cong.  1st.  se.ss..  Sen.  Jour.  47,' :V.".), 
7111:  Coiij.  <Hn!.,\  18.")7-8,  p.  \'.\  ()•_',  15:51,  3(>4'_';  l.S.VS-'.t,  p,  4S,  IDS.  Also  on 
N.  Mex.  memorial  and  other  preliminaries.  Sen.  Miscel.  Doc. '-'08;  II.  Miscel. 
Her.  iOl;  .Sell.  Jour.  41,  52,  245,  2'.H);  H.  Jour.  524,  •'"!;  president's  ines- 
sagLs,  in  II.  Ex.  Doc.  2,  p.  2();  H5th  cong.  2d  soss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2,  p.  I'.t.  1  find 
no  authority  for  the  statement  in  ..1 /VS.,  Jonr.  1st  Lei/i.i.,  II,  that  (Jwin's  bill 
'was  defeated  by  ca  decided  vote.'  Of  the  election  in  Arizona  1  tind  no  more 
(tetiuitu  record  than  tlio  statement  in  a  letter  of  S.  Warner  from  Tucson, 
Miiirri/'.i  Mini.,  22,  tJKit  it  was  held  on  the  1st  Monday  in  Sept.  Ls57.  Mowry 
was  already  at  Washington,  whither  his  certitieate  of  election  was  sent.  This 
(Idcuiiicnt  was  presented  to  congress  in  Jan.  1858,  and  excited  some  debate, 
th(iii'.;ii  on  purely  parliamentary  points.  Com/.  Olohe,  1857-8,  p.  312.  Sec  al.so 
S.  F.  Alta,  Feb.  8,  Mar.  23,  May  13,  Aug.  15,  1858. 


!ir 


i\  I 


.i; 


[;««««««« 


\p 

BOC 


TllK  GADNDKX   rullCllAsK. 


l)il]s  of  sliiiiliir  nature  wwo  iiitriMlurcd  but  deft  ji tod; 
and  the  [U'ojtle  of  Arizona  lu'ld  other  nioetiii'^s,  iiiid 
sent  more  menioruds,  to  whieh  little  attention  \V'i>  piiid.  ' 
As  a  rule,  there  was  no  dcsbate  on  these  bills,  s. »  that 
tile  uround  of  o|)j»osition  is  not  very  t'leai'ly  indicittd; 
but  it  Mas  doubtless  founded  inaiidy  on  the  (dd  sec- 
tiouid  (juarrel  tji'rowiiijj;  out  of  tho  slavery  (jUtstion, 
thoiii^'h  the  exact  force  of  the  slavery  issue  in  Ari/t.na 
is  not  very  aj»[)arent,  or  the  j)roj»er  time  to  raise  tliat 
issue  would  seem  to  have  been  in  1(S54,  when  the  ( lads- 
den  pundiase  was  attached  to  New  IVIexico.  Hut  the 
jiundiase  had  been  a  southei'ii  measure,  the  coun- 
try was  in  southern  liands,  and  it  was  felt  that  the 
territorial  oi'^anizatit)!!  nnist  be  in  some  way  a  stliriiiv 
for  soutliern  a^;ni'andizement.  ^loreover,  the  |»n|)uiu- 
tioii  re|)resented  as  from  8,000  to  10,000 — and  thu 
country's  need  of  a  y'overnment  were  thou,i,dit  to  he 
exaggerated,  and  it  was  feared  the  whole  project  was 
that  of  a.  few  otfici'-si  f'kiuij;'  speculators  in  niiius  nr 
lands;  so  that  the  measure  could  not  command  the 
full  su])|)ort  even  of  the  democratic  party,  while  ef 
course  tlic  noi'th  was  not  stroni;'  cnounh  to  ornanizc 
tho  territory  with  any  kind  of  Wilmot  proviso. 

In  18G0,  from  the  I'd  to  tlic  5th  of  April,  theiv  was 

'■'On  iK'c.  10,  18."S,  ,1  liill  M-aa  iiilrodiu'od  in  tho  lionse  l)y  MiKiMnii, 
ami  tiuiitliir  liy  Stcjilions  .Ian.  'JO,  IS'i'.t.  'Iliis  was  laid  on  tho  talih:  \<\  a  vote 
<ii  ]■_'!  to  71),  on  I'oli.  Kitii.  During;  tiic  dohatc,  an  ainomlniont  was  (.Mcii'il 
1)V  (iidw  to  tlio  oti'oot  that  slavory  remain  aliolishcd  as  jutMox.  laws.  '"«;/. 
tilnl,,:  \S-.S-\),  11.  CmT,  10(i:{;  o'ltli  con^'.  '2d  .soss.,  11.  Jour.  SS,  •_'•_'.'{,  'JTs.  H!); 
Son.  .lour.  50  1,  'JS4.  In  jiis  niossago  of  .Tan.  ISoS,  tiio  gov,  ot  Cai.  rcioin- 
inindiil  actidu  in  favor  of  Arizona  as  a  territory.  Cdt.  Jour.  .!•<<.,  KSoS,  p  .'ill. 
On  June  lit,  |S."',t,  a  convention  mot  at  Mesilla,  presided  over  hy  Jas  A.  I.iiriis 
with  S.  W.  C'o//eiis  as  sec. ;  and  in  its  res:''!itions  reallirmed  tlu;  resnlulieMs 
of  a  similar  convention  of  Sejit.  3,  l.sriS,  ci>nq)huh'>d  tiiat  no  court  hail  he  c  u 
iield  south  ol  tlie  Jornada  del  Mnerto  for  3  years,  declared  tiiat  tiu'  .--outh 
would  take  no  jiart  henceforth  in  N.  Mc.\.  elections,  favored  an  clecticui  I'lr 
delegate  on  Sept.  1st,  apiiroved  tho  acts  of  Mowry  (wiio  addressed  the  im  it- 
ing)  and  nominated  him  tor  ri'election,  and  sent  representatives  of  eacii  toMii 
to  a  convention  to  ho  held  at  Tucson  on  Juno  '27 th.  /fi\i/t'f'  Srrii}i.i,  Ariz.,  v. 
2.')3  4.  The  Tucson  meeting  was  lu'ld  July  'M,  .lolm  Walker  presi<lent.  .1  II. 
Wells  sec,  was  addressed  hy  Mowrj',  and  adojitetl  resolutions  siiiiil.u  to 
tho.-ie  of  tlie  .Mesilla  convention.  Mowry  thought  tho  j)ro.>i>ects  goml  if  he 
were  reelected.  A/.,  '2t)4-5.  He  was  reelected  almost  unauiuiously,  reci  iviiig 
2, 1(U  votes  at  the  Sept.  election.  /</., '2t)9-71.  See  also  .Vac.  Union,  Mas  'JO, 
ISo-J;  ,s\  /''.  Bidktin,  Jan.  31,  May  18,  June  7,  1S5'J;  i\  F.  Alia,  May  ;!2, 
June  23,  ISo'J. 


t  (Ifl'r.itcd; 
«'till-s.  ;i,|,j 
IW'l>|.;ii,|-'' 
lis,  s..    tliiit 

iiidiiatcd; 
ic  (lid  sec- 
;   question, 

in  Ari/,.,iia 

I'fii.sc  tliiit 

tlic  (i;i(|,s- 

J>ut  the 

till'    Cdun- 

''  that    til.. 

'  a  si'liciii,. 

"•  p'lpiila- 

aiid   the 

^■lit  to  he 

■•)i''('t  was 

iiiiiics  (ir 
:uaii(|    the 

wliih'  (if 
'  ()i;naiiizi' 
■*o. 

liei'o  was 

-McKil.l.cn, 

il«'  liy  a  vote 

was  (illcreil 

iws.     <;„„i. 

-'•■<.  -r.s,  nil; 

('ill.     ICinlll- 

IS.'iN,  \>  .'id. 
as  .A.  l.Mcas 
rt'soliitii.iis 
t  ha<l  III  III 
t  tile  Miiitll 
C'lLTtinll   fir 

1  the  iMi  it- 

each  toMii 

'•',    A  rh  .  V. 

(lent.  J   il. 

sillllLl!'     to 

yiiii'l  if  lie 

',    I'dCilVlllg 

'*,  .Mas  L'O, 
',  -May  :% 


('()N>    :TUT1()NAL  COXVEMION. 


607 


]iel(l  at  Tucson  n  (•(•nstihitloiial  (•()nvcnti(Hi  ('(unposcd 
lit';!  I  thh'^^atcs,  wliicli  jnocccdfd  to  "(irdaiii  and  (  stul)- 
!ish  '  a  |>i'()visioMjil  constitution  to  I'cnuiin  in  lorco 
■until  cnnyi'css  shall  (»f^aniz(!  a  tcn-itorial  j^ovciiiiMcnt 
,iiiil  111  I  lonn'cf."  The  new  teiTitoiT  included  all  of 
Xt  w  .Mexico  south  of"  latitude  -VX  4</,  and  was  (livi(Ie(l 
i.v  mirth  and  south  lines  into  lour  counties.  A  ,i;(»v- 
riiiui'  was  cslcctcd  in  thu  person  of  \)y  L.  S.  ()\\inu's 
i.f  .M(>illa;  three  judicial  districts  were  created,  the 
iiidjcs  to  l»c  ajipointed  hy  the  novcrnor,  as  \\v\\\  al.x) 
an  attorney-general,  litHitenant-novernoi',  and  other 
nfhfials;  a  lei^islatun.'  of  nine  senators  and  eii^diteen 
iv|iii  .Miitativcs  was  to  bo  elected  and  convcniMl  at  the 
noMiiior's  order;  jnovision  was  made  for  orjj;ani//in!;; 
ijif  militia;  an  election  of  coiiuty  olticers  was  called 
fill'  M,iy;  the  general  laws  and  codes  of  New  Mexico 
Were  a(l(»pte(l;  and  the  recortls  of  the  con\(Mition, 
silicdule,  constitution,  and  governor's  inaugural  ad- 
divss  were  printed  at  Tucsctn  in  what  was,  so  far  as  I 
kiinw,  the  first  book  ever  imblished  in  Arizona.'"  If 
aiiytliiiig  was  done  under  this  soi-disant  government 
lieyoiid  the  (dection  and  appointment  of  olHcials,  I 
have  Inund  no  record  of  the  fact.  In  November, 
Eilwai'd  jMcGowan,  district  judge  under  the  new 
regime,  and  somewhat  n(»tork)US  in  California  annals, 

■''  AriziiiKi,  The.  Coii<tHiit'io)t  «/  (lie  Prnn.<ioiuil  Oovirvmeiit  nf  thr  Tfrritnril  of 
A  -biii'i,  mill  till'  prnrcii/iiKi.t  (>/'  t/ii'  ciilimilioli  In  1<I  nl  Turson.  TlU'Sdll,  .1.  HnW- 
aril  Wills,  imlilislicr,  hSdO,  l^iiio,  'J8  ji.  Jiiine.s  A.  Lucas  was  pivsiiltnit,  ami 
the  .sec.  wiiu  (J.  H.  Oiny  ainl  T.  M.  TuriicT.  Tin-  places  reliru.seiitcil  vtre 
Mesilla,  Sta  Rita  ilel  Colire,  Las  C'niecs,  Dona  Ana,  La  Mesa,  Slo  Tdiiiiis, 
Pieachii,  Aimile.s,  Tucson,  Arivaca,  Tuliac,  Soiioita,  (iila  I'ity,  ami  Calalia/.as. 
Ciipt.  R.  S.  Ewcll,  U.  S.  A.,  occuiiiiil  a  .scat  liy  invitation.  Tliank.s  wt  ro 
vnteil  to  Mowry,  and  to  Kwcll  ami  the  military  otiict  rs;  anil  a  protest  «as 
ailoptcd  ai,'ain.st  tliu  removal  of  any  part  of  the  troops.  The  counties  were, 
1,  JliniaAna,  all  east  of  the  Kio  (Jramle;  '2,  Mesilla,  from  the  river  west  to 
the  ('hiricaluii  Mts. ;  H,  Ewell,  from  the  mts  west  of  a  line  erossinj,'  tlio  l^ittle 
I'esert,  near  the  centre;  anil  4,  Castle  ])onie,  all  west  of  J'',well  county.  See 
.ilso  newspaper  records  of  the  convention  and  matters  connected  therewith  in 
Jl'i/i-i'  Si-rnjis,  Ariz.,  v.  20r)-3"J(),  passim.  The  governor's  ap[iointments  were 
as  tiillows:  Lieut.-gov.,  Ignacio  Orautia;  see.  .state,  James  A.  Lucas;  con- 
trulltr,  J.  }],  Wells;  treasurer,  M.  Aldrich;  marshal,  Sam.  (i.  Jlcaii;  district 
iiiii>.'cs,  (J.  H.  Oury  (cliief  justice),  S.  H.  Coz/ens,  and  Kdward  Mtflowau; 
ilistiiit  attorneys,  R.  H.  (lleun,  Rees  Smith,  Tiios  J.  Mastiii;  major-j:eueral, 
V\  .  ('.  Wordsworth;  adj. -gen.,  Palatine  Rohinsnn.  See  also  S.  F.  iiewspa- 
liors  lit  i<iie  year;  Burttr'n  Directory  of  Tucson,  18S1,  p.  11-12. 


,''i'l-  ;ii:if!-' 


li(iKi««« 


TtHiUiumnq— 


w  r 


in 


f'm 


508 


THE  GADSDEN  PURCHASE. 


was  elected  delegate  to  congress  to  succeed  ^NFowrv.-" 
Tlie  New  ^Mexican  legislature  this  year  passed  nCw 
resolutions  in  favor  of  a  division;  and  also  hy  act,  ni' 
February  1st  created  a  new  county  called  Aiiztnia, 
from  the  western  poition  of  ]Jona  Ana  county,  witli 
Tucson  as  county  seat;  but  no  attention  ^vas  j'.iiil  to 
this  act,  and  it  was  i'e[)ealed  two  years  later.  '  In 
Deceniher  a  bill  to  organize  the  territory  cauic  ii|i 
again  in  congress,  but  witliotit  ;<nccess,  ev(;n  tlinun]i 
the  proposed  name  was  changed  to  Arizuu^a  to  suit 
the  whim  of  some  theori.st.  There  was  soin"  drhati', 
but  all  on  tlu;  slavery  (juestion,  and  without  Irlinite 
reierence  to  Arizona,  as  was  indeed  natural  em  ii^li  at 
this  time  of  .secession  acts."" 

Finally,  in  March  18G2,  the  Arizona  bill  wa.s  auaiu 
introduc'-'d  and  discussed  in  congress.  Tlie  sou'lurn 
element  bi'ing  eliminated,  the  measure  was  now  a  ic- 
})ub]ie;in  one,  containing  a  proviso  against  slavery, 
though  it  met  opj)osition  from  mend)ers  of  hetl' 
jiarties.  Unlike  former  bills,  this  ad.opted  a  nertli 
and  south  boundary  on  the  meridian  of  I  ()',»",  and 
named  Tucson  as  the  capital.  AVatts,  the  Xew  Mexi- 
can delegate,  and  Ashley,  of  Ohio,  were  its  chief 
advocates  in  the  house,  and  Wheeier  of  New  \'nrk 
the  op[)osition  spokesman.  On  the  one  side  it  was 
argued  that  Arizona's  white  i>opulati<)n  of  (),a()0  and 
4,000  (dvilized  Indians  were  entitled  to  a  protection 
and  a  <  ivil  o-oyonnnoit  as  citizens  of  the  liiited 
States,  which  tliey  had  not  received  an<l  could  reeene 
under  the  territorial  lule  of  Xew  Mexico,  the  vast 
mineial  wealth  of  tlie  country  anijdy  justifying'  tlie 
neces.sary  expenditure.  On  the  other  side,  ii  was 
claimed  that  th(!  population  had  never  be(.'n  siitlieient 

■"  J  1,1 !/,.-,'  Srnip.'i,  Anz.,  v.  28;!,  28t;,  810. 

'^^U.  S.  Hurt  J)nr.,  ;-i(itll  coiij^.  1st  s.ss.,  .SiMi  Miscrl.  Doc.  21;  A.  .U'f., 
f'oiiip.  fjdii'n,  sue.  207.  Tlio  law  is  not  (.'ivi'ii,  lint  only  tin;  rcpealiiij,'  ari.  It 
is  )iiuiiti()ui!<l  also  ill  i'(iii,uressiotiaI  ilcliatcs. 

'■''■'('011,1.  Ololic,  liSCtO  1,  ]i|).  HI.')  it  sell.  .Ii'trorsdii  Davis  was  t  u  aiitlii..  "t 
this  lull.  A/..  ISdl  2,  p.  2027.  1  liavn  fouiul  ii<i  iinlicafidii  of  Mr(  i.iwan'jt 
iirosi.'iicu  at  \\'asiiinj,;t(iii,  cvci^pt  a  ivfuruuci',  Jli.,  to  tiii'Di;  iliit^atit-.  I  ivim.' 
tiufii  siiit — tliat  is,  Cook,  Miiwry,  aiid  McCiowau.  Noi"  ia  thcru  iuiy  allii-^iuu 
in  coiiyiuss  to  llio  provisional  govt. 


I 


^.*ii    .'; 


TEHIUTOUY   OF  AIUZOXA. 


50t 


fur  a  ti'ii'itory,  that  tho  (5,500  of  the  census  iiichidrd 
Mixiraiis  aiul  halt'-bruods  unfit  lor  citizens,  that  tlio 
Aineri'Mii  jxtpulation  liad  now  hcou  driven  out,  and 
the  teiritoiy  was  in  ])ossessi.'[i  of  rebt'  ]  and  liostile 
hiiliuiis.  It  was  alle^'ed  that  under  sucli  cireuui- 
stiiuci's  a  civil  Lijovernnient  would  hi;  no  real  jirotectioii, 
ami  wiiuld  he  indeed  a  mere  farce;  tliat  in  tlu^  midst 
,il'  ;i  oicat  war,  with  an  overhurdene.i  treasuiy,  con- 
nives iiad  no  r;L;ht  to  appropriate  ni'-nty  for  the  hene- 
tit  dt'  trrritorial  olfic(,'-seekers :  out  that  the  money 
.■,110111(1  he  spent,  if  at  all,  in  efforts  to  ])rotect  t\\c 
country  hy  military  methods  from  its  I'chel  and  savage 
fill's.  There  was  also  an  idea  that  tlie  measure  was 
fivnivd  hy  a,  certain  element,  Jiot  Ixu-ause  of  its  pi'o- 
[iiirty  or  necessity,  but  sokly  i;ecause  the  territory 
(duld  MOW  be  orioani/.ed  with  an  anti-slavery  proviso. 
but  it  passed  the  liouse  by  a  small  majority  on  the 
L^tli  of  May.  In  tlie  senate,  after  a  sin>ihir  d('l)ate,  the 
lijH  \v,is  j)ost|)oned  from  June  to  lJccend)er;  l)ut  cann! 
u|»  liiially  in  February  18(]3,  when,  under  the  chain- 
liioiislilp  of  Senator  Wade,  the  clause  fixing'  Tucson  as 
the  capital  beinn'  removetl,  it  was  passed  by  a  vote  of 
'2o  to  \'l  on  the  '20th,  becominu'  a  law  on  the  24th.''" 

=''r„»;,.  (;i„i,r,  is(ii~'2,  V.  VM\--2,  '2i))i:w.\(),  2:m)  7'2,  no;):?;  I'l.,  isc-j  :?, 

11.  lli'.'i  '.I,  IlliUJ.  Soiiiitiir  'i'l  Miiliull  It'll  tlio  (iiiiHi.sitidii,  jiiiil  McOoiiLiil  of 
r.il.  «■,(>  Hii  u:uMH'st  aiivdcuto  i''  llie  lull.  Sih;  text  nt'  tin:  act  in  /'.  S  Hurt 
Dm:,  .'iTtli  cdiig.  'All  SUMS.,  Acts  anil  ro.sul.,  41)  7;  /'/..  I'ulilic  Laws,  ()()4  Ti; 
Ariz..  Cii  lip.  Liiir.'i.  i;<;  lil.,  Jniir.  Li'jU.,  I  Silt,  p.  '.\  \.  Cluirlis  1).  I'n.-toii, 
Ri  ,iiiiii.<fi-ii,;ii,  gives  tli<3  fiillowiiig  acoiiimt  ot  tiiu  pri;liiiiiiiai'y  wiri'inilliiig  ol' 
iSiy  at  Wa.siiiiigtiin:  'At  tin;  moi/tiiii;  ol'  ci>ii!;i'i-s.s  in  Deo.  1S(!"_'  I  ntiiiiHil  to 
\\.i,'5hini;loii,  iiiailo  frii'inl.s  with  Liiu'olu,  ami  lll■llpll^sell  llio  or'gaTiizatiuu  of  the 
ti'ir.  (il  Arizona.  Oiiry'(\vhii  I  .sii]i|n)si!  liail  hern  eli-etocl  ili^legate  in  '(i'i  to 
siiivci'.l  MelJiAVan)  'was  in  Rielinnuiil,  fonlinu;  liis  XvAa  in  this  ante-eJianili.'M 
III  tlh'  eiiiife.lerato  eongross  wiihuut  jiaining  ailniis.sioii  as  a  ilele^ialc  from 
Ai'iziiin.  Miiuiy  was  a  ]H'i.-iiiMer  in  Yuma,  enolin,;-  liis  lu/ail  from  tlie  politieal 
.'uvir  uhieh  had  alilieteil  it,  atul  nieilitatin;.,'  on  the  de'  lino  anil  tall  ol  a  \\'est 
I'liiiil  :;niihiati!.  There  was  no  oIIkm'  ]iei'.-ion  in  W  a.-ihiiiuton,  sa\i  (len. 
Jli'iiit/.iiiiiaii,  who  took  any  iutere.st  in  Ai-i/ona  allairs.  Tln^y  had  something 
il-i' to  neeiiiiy  tiieir  altenlioii,  and  did  not  even  know  wliei-e  Ai'i/..  was.  Ohi 
liiMi  W  .ide,  ehairnian  ot  the  sen.ite  eoni.  on  teiritorii's,  took  a  lively  and  hold 
iinii'e,t  in  the  (cganizatioil  of  Ihi;  torritory,  and  Ashley,  ehairnian  of  tluj 
L'li'.ii.  ill  tin;  liousi',  told  liij  how  to  aeeonijilish  the  ohjeet.  .  .  1  le  said  there  wei'o 
a  inniilier  nf  meinln-r.-:  of  iho  exiiiring  eongress,  wlio  li  id  Keen  ilele.iled  in 
tikir  own  di.strict.t  for  the  next  term,  who  wanted  to  ijo  west  and  oiler  their 
Imlitir.d  serviecH  to  tlie  "  galoots,"  and  if  tlu^y  eoiild  lie  grouped  and  a  satis- 
fictiiiy  slate  made,  they  wonld  have  iatliieneo  enonL:h  to  earry  tlu^  lull  tliroii^di 
coiii;ii;.--s.     (Junsuipiciitly,  au  "oyster  siippor  "  was  oigauizud,  to  whieh  tho 


■  llii 


i  i    't 


I  f^'  'ill 

I  m 


I'M 


tl       i 


5'0 


THE  (;adsi)en  purchase. 


Having  thus  recorded  the  acquisition  from  ^Mexico 
in  1853-4  of  southern  Arizona,  or  the  Gadsden  pur- 
chase,  and  the  boundary  and  railroad  surveys  iiiiiiicdi- 
ately  following;  having  noted  the  establishuuiit  of 
military  posts,  the  influx  of  seekers  for  precious 
metals,  the  rapid  development  of  mining  industiv,  tlie 
opening  of  wagon  roads,  the  establishment  of  the 
overland  stage  line,  the  journeyings  of  immigrants  to 
California,  the  Yuma  ferry,  and  navigation  of  the 
Colorado;  having  chronicled  in  a  general  way  tho 
depredations  of  hostile  Indians,  filibuster  outrages, 
troubles  with  vicious  Sonoran  laborers,  the  lawless 
proceedings  of  adventurers  from  Texas  and  C"ali!"(irnia, 
and  their  o})pression  of  the  native  or  ^Mexican  popula- 
tion; having  given  somewhat  mere  miimte  attmtion 
to  the  country's  politics,  to  the  i)eople's  well-founded 
comiilaints  of  neglect  by  the  government  at  Santa  Fe 
and  Washington,  to  the  successive  efforts  to  secure  a 
territorial  organization  from  congress,  and  to  tlu:  tinal 
success  of  those  eiforts;  and  having  mentioned  inci- 
dentally in  connection  with  all  these  topics  the  dis- 
astrous happennings  of  1801-2,  which  involved  tlio 
withdrawal  of  the  troops,  the  suspension  of  the  ovir- 
land  mail,  the  ruin  of  mining  and  other  industries,  the 
triumi)h  of  the  bhxxlthirsty  Apaches,  and  the  murder 
or  flight  of  most  of  the  white  iidiabitants — it  only 
remains,  in  order  to  complete  the  annals  of  Arizona  as 
a  i)art  of  New  Mexico,  to  notice  more  particularly  the 
immediate  cause  of  the  country's  misfortunes;  that 
is,  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  or  the  confederates  in 
Arizona.  Records  on  the  subject  I  have  found  ex- 
tremely meagre. 

Confederate  plans  respecting  the  south-west  belong 


"liunc  iliu'ks  '"  woro  invited,  ami  tlicu  aii<l  tlinr?  tlio  slati;  was  iiiailo,  .unl  the 
territory  was  virtually  oruaiiiztMl.  .  So  tlic  .sl.ito  was  iiiailc  anil  tlic  liar.iiiii 
cotK'luili'il,  Idit  towarii  tlio  last  it  occiirruil  to  my  oliiustiuattjil  briiii  that 
my  namu  ilid  not  ajipcar  on  tlio  slato,  ami  in  tlio  language  ot  l);iiiiol  Wili-tir 
1  oxclaiiuoil,  "( lontlruicn,  what  is  to  lici'omo  of  mo'.'"  ( Joiirli'V  jiolii  1 ,  i'- 
plioil,  '•(),  Wo  will  make  you  Imlian  aszont."  So  t'li-  liill  iiasscd,  and  I.i"- 
coin  .sii^nod  all  tlio  oommissions,  ami  tlio  oyster  suijjior  was  paid  for,  aii'i  Wt 
Were  uU  hup[iy,  uud  ^Viizoua  ^vad  Luuichod  upou  the  political  soa.' 


CONFEDERATE  PLANS. 


fill 


ill  tlii'ir  general  scope  to  the  liistory  of  California, 
wiiicli  country  was  the  chief  prize  in  view;'"  and  in 
details  of  actual  optjrations  to  that  of  Now  Mexico,  as 
riH'dnlcd  in  a  later  chapter  of  this  volume.  Here  it 
i^utfici  s  to  say  that  those  plans,  in  which  tlie  T(\\ans 
\wrr  rs[)ccially  enthusiastic  and  active,  included  the 
occupation  of  all  the  southern  frontier  regions  to  tlie 
FacilH'.  It  was  hoped  that  California,  or  at  least 
iroutlici'ii  California,  might  decide  to  unite  its  destinies 
to  tlic  confederacy;  otherwise,  the  western  movement 
Mas  not  prosj)ectively  of  nmcli  permanent  importance. 
Arizona  in  itself  had  no  special  ajue  to  the  south 
except  by  reason  of  its  geographic  position.  There 
\v(  IV,  however,  some  military  stores  worth  capturing; 
an  eiicn  line  of  communication  would  encourage  promjjt 
action  on  the  part  of  Californian  secessionists;  the 
occupation  of  so  l)road  a  territory  could  be  made  to 
a[ipiar  at  Kichmond  and  in  Europe  a  great  achieve- 
jiiciit;  and  it  presented  no  difficulties  whatever. 

l*uhlic  sentiment  in  Arizona  was  almost  unanimously 
soutliein  and  disunion,  and  no  secret  was  made  of  the 
feeling  in  this  respect,  the  few  union  men  having  little 
or  nothing  to  say.  In  18()1  a  convention  at  Tucson 
seems  to  have  formally  declared  the  territory  a  j)art 
of  tlie  confederacv,  and  in  Auo-ust  of  that  vear 
(hanville  II.  Oury  was  electetl  ilelegate  to  the  south- 
ern coni>Tess.'''"  It  was  oi)enlv  asserted  that  the  eoun- 
trvs  misfortunes  were  tluc;  to  neglect  of  the  govern- 
iiiiiit,  and  that  this  neglect  arose  from  Arizona's  well- 
kiiiiwn  and  patriotic  devotion  to  the  soutlu'rn  cause. 
Mest  officers  serving  at  the  south-western  posts  were 

i"  Sfo  Jliiii.  Col.,  vii.,  this  series. 

"-  Ti(r.^nii.  Arizniiiiiti,  Aug.  10,  l.Slil,  in  .V.  F.  Alf'i,  Sept.  21.  'Ilio  cleotiim 
took  jiliieo  the  preceding  Monilay.  Tlirre  were  only  (iS  Aiiier.  vnters  at 
TiU'sdii,  when  the  'eleven  stiirreil  hanner  '  was  then  waving.  Tnliao  hail 
liieii  ulianilniieil  on  the  IM.  Violent  ileaths  -■since  1S.")7  hail  nunii)ereil  III 
Anil  r.  ami  ;")?  Mcx.  out  of  an  averaL'e  pii|iulation  of  IM.  It  is  said  that 
Mdiowan,  elected  delegate  in  lS(iO,  had  instructions  to  apiilx'  for  admission 
tip  the  soutlu'rn  congress,  should  secession  he  ett'ccted;  hut  I  iiavc  no  jiroof  of 
that,  and  I  have  fonnd  no  detinite  record  of  the  convention  wliich  resi.lved  oa 
sei'iision.  Evidently  there  was  such  action,  else  uo  delegate  Mould  havo 
been  ii[ienly  elected. 


rf  M  \  llU'.liljimiTMi. 


,vw 


ll 


!    S 

J 

■  A 

f    ^ 

U I 


■ 


612 


THE  GADSDEN   PURCHASE. 


soutlicrners  wlio  iiiado  liaste  to  join  tlio  oonfodorate 
annv,  tliou^h  the  privates  arc  said  to  have  r(  nminod 
faitliful  to  their  government  ahnost  without  exccpiidn. 
Captain  Ewell,  ooinniandiiiii^  in  Arizona,  became  |)ii)in- 
inent  as  a  confederate  general. 

In  July  J8()l  Lieutenant-colonel  John  R.  Baylor, 
with  a  Texan  force,  entered  the  Mesilla  vallc\-,  ;iik1 
took  possession  for  the  confederacy.  In  a  ])r()(laiua- 
tioii  of  August  1st,  he  declared  the  territory  of  Ari- 
zona to  comprise  all  that  part  of  Xew  ^lexico  south 
of  latitude  34";  that  all  offices  under  the  laws  (jf  •the 
late  United  States'  or  of  the  tcsrritory  \ver(,'  vacant; 
continued  in  force  all  laws  not  inconsistent  with  those 
of  the  confederate  states;  made  ]\[esilla  the  capital; 
and  organized  a  military  goverinni'iit  with  himself  as 
govci'uor.  Tlie  next  day  he  apjjointed  territorial 
ofhcials,  including  James  A.  Lucas  as  secretary,  M. 
H.  ]\lcWille  attorney-general,  and  E.  Aiig(r>triii 
treasurer."'^  On  Baylor's  approach  the  officeis  in  com- 
mand at  foi'ts  Buchanan  and  J->reckenridge  were 
ordered  to  abandon  those  posts,  destroying  the  Ijiiild- 
ings  with  all  military  stores  thatcould  not  bereiiioxul, 
and  maich  eastward  to  the  llio  (irande.  This  older 
was  obeyed,  and,  all  military  protection  being  with- 
drawn,  the  Apaches,  as  already  related,  took  posses- 

^■'Suo  more  details  of  Baylor's  operations  in  chap,  xxvii.,  lliisvol.  Hu 
creatL'il  two  juilicial  districts,  the  tst  iiicliuhiig  all  east  of  Apache  I'ass.  Hi.s 
a]i[)oiiitineiits  were  for  tliu  1st  <listriet,  It.  ('.  Cook  liein;^  jiuliie,  Frank  llig- 
gins  probate  judge,  and  J.  A.  Kohta-ts  slierill'.  The  proclaniatioiisi  an;  yivoa 
ill  /idi/t.i'  Scrapn,  Aii'/i'l(.i,  vi.  104,  107. 

1  tiiid  no  dclinite  information  as  to  the  source  of  the  onler  to  evacuat''  tlie 
Arizona  posts.  It  douhtlcss  came  throiii;li  Maj.  Isaac  Lynde,  coinniaifliiig 
the  sonthcrn  district  of  N.  ^lex.  at  ]'"t  Fillmore  near  Moilli,  Beloii'  tlii3 
arrival  of  the  Arizona  trooi)s,  some  400  in  nundier,  Lynde  made  a  most  di.s- 
gi-aceful  snrrcndcr  of  his  700  men  as  prisoners  of  war  to  iiiylor.  t'ae  couh'dur- 
ate  commamli'i',  leaving'  the  wliole  district  in  rchcl  posscs.-iou.  The  Arizona 
trooiis,  hearing  of  this  on  tin;  march,  destroyed|mo-t  of  thi'ir  impediinciita 
and  mari'h.il  to  Ft  Craig.  It  was  lielirved  at  Tucson  that  the  coimtry  wm 
.aiiauiloncd  to  the  Apaches  liecanse  of  tht;  jicojile's  southeiai  symjiathics,  and 
this  idea  pos:iil)ly  had  s(Uiie  foundation  in  fact:  on  the  other  hand,  the  order 
may  have  hceii  li'gitim.-itcly,  if  not  very  wisely,  given  with  a  view  to  ireu- 
force  Lynde  and  icpid  the  Texan  iiivaikn's;  or  again  it  may  havt;  been  siiiqily 
a  part  of  Lynde's  s(/heme  to  surrender  tlie  nuitel  force  and  leave  tlie  «  hnlo 
country  open  to  thi;  invaders.  The  stag(;  service  was  suspended  at  this  nine, 
or  perliajis  a  few  months  earlier,  several  writora  atatiujj  tluit  the  route  was 
changed  hy  act  of  congress. 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION. 


313 


sion  of  the  country,  killing  all  who  could  not  oithor 
cscapo  from  the  country  or  take  refuge  at  Tucson, 
Sonorau  adventurers  are  said  to  have  crossed  the  line 
to  siipi'lcment  the  work  of  plunder  and  devastation. 
Early  in  18G2  a  force  of  two  or  three  hundred  Texans, 
under  ('aptain  Hunter,  marched  westward  from  Me- 
silla,  and  in  February  took  })ossessi()n  of  Tucson  for 
tlie  eoidrderacy.  There  was  of  course  no  opposition, 
unitni  men,  if  there  were  any  left,  Heeing  across  the 
line  into  Sonora.^*  Not  much  is  really  known  of 
Hunter's  operations  in  Arizona  so  far  as  details  are 
concerned,  even  the  date  of  his  arrivnl  heingf  douhtful.'"' 
Besides  holding  Tucson,  driving  out  men  suspected  of 
union  sympathies,  confiscating  a  few  mines  belonging 
to  nortlierners,  and  fighting  the  Apaches  to  some  ex- 
tent, ho  sent  a  detachment  to  the  Pima  villages,  and 
|iossii)ly  contemplated  an  attack  on  Fort  Yuma.  But 
—to  sav  nothino;  of  the  recent  fioods,  wliich  had 
greatly  increased  the  diflflculties  of  the  route,  destroying 
(iila  and  Colorado  cities — the  news  from  California  was 
ni)t  reassuring,  and  Hunter  deemed  it  best  to  retir(\^^ 
This  news  was  to  the  etfect  that  California  trooj)s 
\vere  on  the  march  eastward.  These  troops,  about 
l,bOO  stroma,  consisted  of  several  volunteer  renimcnts 
or  parts  of  regiments  organized  at  the  beginning  of 


.      ! 


n 


\\  4 


'I'll 


'*It  sooms  there  had  heen  some  effort  to  induce  Gov.  Poaqueira  to  throw 
nfftlie  idU'giiiiico  of  Sonora  to  Me.vico  ami  joia  tlie  (•oufi'deracy;  indeed,  many 
lii'liuvcd  all  the  tilibustering  projects  of  late  years  to  have  liein  n  ally  jiart  of 
the  gri'at  southern  sehenio.  In  18(51  there  hail  heen  corresp.  i)etweeii  the 
U.  S.  and  Mcx.  respecting  the  transit  of  U.  S.  troo[is  through  Sonora.  {'.  .V. 
i'"rl  Due,  'Mhh  eong.  1st  sess..  Son.  I)oc.  17.  (ieii.  Wright,  com.  in  Cal., 
IkI'I  also  recommended  the  temporary  seizure  of  (inaymas  to  prevent  the 
reliels  doing  so.  Vejd,  Dof.,  MS.,  788-08.  The  exploration  hy  Maj.  Fer^'us- 
smi  of  tlie  route  to  gulf  port.s  in  '8(i'2  has  alreidy  heen  noted. 

^^Feli.  '_'7tli  is  given  as  the  date  hy  Hrowne  and  those  who  have  followed 
liim.  .As  early  as  Nov.  1S()],  the  nport  renehed  Yuma  that  the  rchels  had 
sent  .300  men  to  take  Tucson;  and  in  .Ian.  18(i'2  it  was  reported  that  the  town 
liail  luvii  taken  hy  1)00  Texans  nnder  Haylor.  .V.  /'.  AIM,  l)e<'.  8,  18(il;  Feh. 
11,  ISii'J.  In  W.'Sept.  8,  18t>l.  Nov.  I9,'l8()2,  are  found  general  accounts  of 
Lyiide's  oTv  rations  on  the  Rio  (Irande,  one  of  them  from  the  Misilla  Tiiiuts 
of  .\ng.  In,  18()l.     Svo  nUo  flai/r.'t' y<w  Mf'.r.  Caiiijuiifjno/lSC.^iy.  17-'. 

^'' I  H*ve  fouml  no  detirdte  original  records  beyond  a  few  newspaper  items. 
The  narrativf  given  hy  Ross  Rrowne,  A(f)'e))t)ins  in  Ajmrlie  Coiiiitri/,  '24  li, 
gn'eiiiL'  with   tTiat  of  the   newspa]i?rs,  has  been  followed  in  substance  by 


agiveiiiL'  with   t 
Uiaten,  Hai-nlt 


on,  and  other  recent  writcni. 
Ui»T.  Akiz.  xai)  N.  Mkx.    33 


A\\i' 


IttlURlEII 


1    !•  I 


I     ',il     1 


i  ;■ 


i    ■[\ 


514 


THE  GADSDEN   PURCHASE. 


tlio  war,  and  which,  on  receipt  of  intelhgoncc  tliat 
Arizona  liad  been  invad«!d,  were  ordered  to  Yunui  aiul 
Tucson,  constitutnig  what  was  known  as  the  ("alit'cr- 
nia  cohnnn,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Jainis  If. 
C'arlf'ton."^  The  main  body  of  tliis  army  in  drUali- 
ments,  whose  exact  movements  now  and  later  I  dd 
not  attempt  to  follow  in  detail,  left  Los  Angeles  ainl 
was  concentrated  at  Yuma  in  A])ril,  and  in  Mav  tnl 
lowed  the  Gila  route  to  Tucson.  But  pruxidiish- 
Lieutenant-colonel  West,  commanding  the  achiuicc/" 
had  sent  out  some  parties  from  Vuma,  and  tliesc  wt  iv 
the  only  troo})S  that  came  in  contact  with  the  cuiifcd- 
erates.  Jones,  in  February,  was  sent  with  des[)atolies 
to  Tucson  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  Hunter,  who  w- 
leased  and  sent  him  back  by  another  route,  IxariiiL;' 
the  first  definite  news  that  Tucson  had  been  occupitd. 
Captain  William  McCleave  of  com})any  A,  first  cavalry, 
being  sent  out  to  look  for  Jones,  was  captured  with 
three  men  at  the  Pima  villages  on  the  6th  of  Apiil 
and  was  carried  to  Mesilla,  where  he  was  si>()ii  ox- 
clianged.  Captain  William  P.  Calloway  was  next 
sent  up  the  Gila  with  a  stronger  force  to  rescue  .M(^- 
Cleave.  At  the  Pima  villages  he  heard  of  a  c.tiileil- 
erate  detachment  of  10  men  under  Lieutenant  Jack 
Swilling,  and  sent  Lieutenant  James  Barrett  with  IJ 
men  to  cut  them  off.  Pursuing  the  enemy  into  a 
chaparral  Barrett  was  killed  with  two  of  his  iiirii. 
one  or  two  of  the  foe  being  also  killed  and  three 
taken  prisoners.  This  was  the  only  skirmish  of  the 
campaign  with  confc^derates,  and  it  occurred  on  tlie 
lath  of  April  at  a  spot  known  as  El  Picacho. 

^'For  more  details  of  the  organization  of  Cal.  regiments,  see  I {14.  C'l!.. 
vii.,  this  series;  also  Cdt,,  Ad/.-iji'iiend's  /'ijioii.'i,  18(J1  et  se(i.  The  miihHhI 
C'aliloniia  column  couaisti'd  of  tin;  1st  regiiiK^it  infantry,  10  cotnpauiis.  Tol 
Carlutou,  Liout.-col  .losoiih  K.  West:  battalion  of  1st  cavalry,  .5  comiKiiiii-^, 
Lieut. -col  Eilwaril  E.  Eyre;  5  or  (i  coin]>ani(!s  of  the  5th  infantry,  some  ot 
wiiich  dill  not  go  hcyond  I't  Yuma;  ('ol  (Jeo.  W.  Bowie,  Co.  H,  'Jd  c.iv^chy, 
Cajit.  John  C  Crcmouy;  and  Lieut.  Shiun's  liglit  battery  belonging;  to  Vo. 
A,  U.  S.  artillery. 

^'"  West  was  at  Yuma  in  Nov.  1801,  guarding  the  ferry  and  lii(|iiiiL'  a 
sharp  lookout  for  rebel  messengers  aiul  correspondence;  for  it  appear-,  tli.it 
the  I'exans  were  in  constant  c(uunnuiication  with  sympatliizcrs  in  i  ,il.,  wIh' 
sent  not  only  iuforniation  but  aid  and  men. 


(tTt^HKitV* 


i,t,^onc(3  that 
>  Vuiiiu  an, I 
^lie  Culitor- 

I  JaiiK's  .11. 
'  in  (li'tacli- 

lat(>r  I  (lu 
-iig-i'lcs  ami 

II  May  t'dl- 
prc'vioiisly 

!  athaiicc.'''' 
tliesc  Wfiv 
tlic  ('(iiitVd- 
des[»at('lics 
er,  ^\•ll(»  w. 
to,  Itcariiii,' 
n  oceuiiied, 
rst  r.'ivalry, 
turi'd  with 
I  of  Aprih 
s  soon  cx- 

■\vas  lU'Xt 
esc'iu'  Mc- 
:'  a  (.■tihfcil- 
iiant  -Jaric 
tt  with  12 
ny  into  a 

liis  au'ii. 
and  three 
ish  of  the 
I'd  on  thi; 

o. 

iw  Hhl.  Cnl.. 
Thv  s;o.,-iillc.l 
)iuiiaiLirs,  Vol 
0  cdiiip.iiiies 
iitrv,  some  ot 
5,  'Jd  cav.ilry, 
llgiii;,'  to  Co. 

(Ill  kwpiiiif  a 
;i]i[".';u'N  tlwt 
ill  (.'al,  wIk> 


THE  CAUFORNIA  COLUMN. 


515 


It  seems  to  liave  been  on  May  20th  tliat  Liouton- 
aiit-coloiKjl  West  with  the  advance  of  tlio  Cahfornia 
(iilinnii  raised  tlie  stars  and  stri[)e8  asj^aiuover  Tueson. 
Captain  Hunter  liad  retreated  to  the  Klo  Grande, 
losiiii,^  several  men  and  mucli  property  on  the  way  in 
a  fi,L:lit  with  the  Apaclies.  The  Cahfornians  K'ft  a 
irariisoii  at  tlic  I*ima  vihaj^es,  naming  tlie  ])ost  Fort 
JJaintt  in  lionor  of  the  only  officer  killed  by  con- 
tVderati.'  bullets  in  Arizona.  Forts  Buchanan  and 
Brcckenridge  were  rooccnpied,  the  latter  being  re- 
uamrd  Fort  Stanford,  but  l)oth  positions  were  pres- 
ently abandoned,  as  the  sites  were  tuidesirable  and 
the  l)ui]dings  liad  been  destroyed.  A  ])ost  was  also 
e.stal)lislied  at  what  was  later  called  Camp  Lowell 
seven  miles  from  Tucson.  There  was  a  hard  fight 
with  the  Indians  at  Apache  Pass  in  the  east,  and 
there  Fort  Bowie  was  established.  Early  in  June 
Culoiiel  Carlcton.  arrived  at  Tucson,  where  in  an  oidcr 
of  tin;  Sth  he  proclaimed  the  news  of  a  tei-ritorial 
organization  by  congress,  and  declared  the  territory 
iiiuler  martial  law.  Good  order  was  easily  preservetl, 
the  most  violent  rebel  partisans  having  departed  with 
Hunter,  all  being  required  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
;4ian('e,  turbulent  and  undesirable  characters  bt'iiig 
easily  driven  away  by  threats  of  arrest  for  disunion 
sentiments,  and  a  few  union  men  finding  their  way 
hack  fi'om  Sonora.  Some  "JO  [)olitical  prisoners  were 
arrested  and  sent  to  California,  one  of  the  number 
heiiig  no  less  a  personage  than  Syl\  ester  ]\Iowry,  cap- 
tured at  his  Patagonia  mine,  ^vhich  was  confiscated. 
He  was  accused  of  having'  triven  aid  and  encouragement 
to  the  rebels;  but  probal)ly  certain  personal  jealousies 
and  the  sj)irit  of  the  time,  recpiiring  reprisals  for  some 
of  Hunter's  acts,  were  the  real  causes  of  his  arrest; 
at  any  rate,  after  a  long  imprisonment  he  was  ac(|uitteil 
e  I  hial,  and  his  property  seems  to  have  been  at  least 
nominally  restored  to  him. 

Carleton  was  made   brigadier-general,  and  a  little 
later  put  in  command  of  the  de[iartment.      Fron  June 


'    .'! 


hi 


li:Jil 


\m 


tM«iii 


Q  Ll.l'liUlU'iua 


■ 'i  -11 


■H  t 


li^Mlftill: 


r  ' 

if. 


Pii; 


THK  GADSDKN  rURlifASE. 


to  AuLju^'t  a  lar<j^o  part  of  tlic  California  troops  woro 
traiist'crred  to  Xuw  ^loxico,  wlioro  tlicv  did  ijdml  s(  r. 
vice  ill  the  iollowinsi;  years  in  oarrisoii  and  Iiidiiiu 
service.  A  ])art  of  the  force  was  h'ft  to  i;airisiiii  tlic 
Arizona  posts  under  ]\Iajor  David  Fei'gusson,  wIk*  ^vas 
made  eonimandant  of  the  western  district,  Maj  i 
Theodore  Coult  also  servin^^  for  a  time  in  tliat  capa- 
citv.  Durinu:  this  and  the  followinuf  years  the  soldii  is 
fou^■l^t  the  Apaches  and  prospected  the  country  for 
precious  metals,  hut  there  was  nothing  in  then-  ad- 
ventures requiring-  special  notice  hero.^'' 


'"' Nil  ('(iiri[il('t<!  ami  ilctaili-il  ii,iri'ati\i'  <it  llio  (nit'ration.s  fif  tin'  •  al.  o,,i. 
nniii  has  evtr  licoii  juil>li.--lLiil  so  tar  an  1  know,  tliougli  such  a  work  umiM 
havo  much  iutoivst  as  a  coiitrilnitioii  to  tliu  liistory  ot  tlie  war  as  well  a.'i  tn 
that  III'  Cal.,  Ariz.,  and  N.  Mcx.  I  have  iircparcil  my  resume  mainly  fidin 
(.nrresiioiiil  "iH'o  in  tho  San  Francisco  and  Los  Angeles  iiewsiiapurs,  most  hI' 
wiliLih  is  eoliected  in  //((//c.-i'  Hrrajis,  Ariz.,  i.,  v.,  passim,  especially  v.  ;!'J,"i  S4. 
L'a)it.  Cremoiiy's  /,//(,■  (iiiioinj  (lie  Apiiclii!^  contains  some  details  of  advciitiiivs 
with  tlio  Lillians  in  this  campaign;  and  1  think  V.  was  also  the  corrcspim  1. 
t;nt  ot'  the  Altn.  Nee  also  A  rt.,>i,a  Hi"!.  (Klliott  &  Co.),  74-9,  'ITA-'l.  On  t!io 
Alowry  ndue  confiscation,  see  also  U.  S.  Govt  Dnc,  38th  eong.  1st  si'ss.,  Srii. 
Doe.  4!l. 

Anjorig  the  works  relating  w  holly  or  mainly  to  tiie  (Jadsdeu  ]nirchasi'  in 
I8.")4  (l;!,  tho  most  important  are.  those  written  hy  Sylvestc.T  MoMry,  wlm 
went  to  tho  country  as  a  lieut,  iu  the  U.  S.  A.  in  IS.')."),  i)ecame  an  cutluisi:i^t 
in  all  pertaining;  to  the  teri'itory's  a<lvaiicenient,  purchased  and  workcil  tlm 
Catatonia  or  .Mowry  .silver  niinii,  was  twice  elected  ilelegate  to  t^oULrress,  lii:t 
was  linally  arrested  on  account  of  his  southern  proclivities.  The  tirst  of  hU 
pulilishcil  Works  was  the  MiiiHiirnftlii'  /'/■(>;«  wi/  'I'irrl/oi-i/  nj'  A  rtj)iiii,  lii/  .Si/lri  -•:t'  /■ 
Mnii  rif,  ^''.  .V.  A.,  (lili'jiili:  ilrrf.  Wash.,  IS.")!,  8vo,  30  ji.,  and  map.  It  cmi- 
tains  a  description  of  tlic  country  with  its  mineral  wealth  and  oljur  resiiunes 
drawn  fi'oni  the  author's  personal  knowledge  and  from  the  c.xploratidiis  nl 
t"ol  .\.  \i.  (!i-ayiif  tiie  lioundarj' survey;  an  argument  <ia  the  territory's  nenl 
of  protection  and  government;  e.\tracts  from  tiie  corresp.  of  such  lucu  as 
rostoii,  Douglas,  Oui-y,  Warner,  l-'itzyerald,  and  Khnnlierg;  and  a  pctitinii 
signed  hy  ,")()()  citizens.  Ne.xt  was  T/ie  liicii/rcp/ii/  mid  Ri^oiims  of  A rhufi 
ami  Soiinni;  An  Ai/i/n'x.'<  bf/un'  tin'  Aint-rirnii  ilio'jri<])liirtil  mid  St'ilidh'd 
Si>rit/i/.  Bi/  }loii.  Si/lirs/cr  M'lirri/,  dj'  AriMim.  \iir  Yorl;  Fi'lifiturii-l,  IS''.'. 
I'ulilisliiil  III/  thr  iSoditi/.  Wash.,  IS.'i'J,  8vo,  47  p.  This  covers  in  a  sense  tiio 
same  ground  as  tlic  Mi  iiinlr,  but  gives  more  information  on  early  history,  mi 
the  liiilians,  and  on  tho  state  of  Soiiora,  containing  as  an  apiiendi.x  extracts 
from  the  speech  <if  .lell'erson  Davis  ill  the  U.  8.  senate,  Jan.  IS.")!),  nii  tlif 
Paeitic  Railroad  hill,  favoring  the  3"_M  parallel  route.  Tin'  O('0ijr"}iliii,  '!■■.  I';i 
Si/lr'-<tir  Moii'i-;/,  of  Arizmni,  iinidwili;  of  tin'  U.  S.  iniiifm\>i  wiuli'iiiij  nt  Ili>< 
t'oiiil,  late  U  I' lite  limit  third  artiUrnt,  U.  S.  A.,  ainrsjxmdiiiij  iik'iiiIk  r  of  tk 
Aiinrifilu  lii.-itiliiti',  late.  U.  S.  Iiouiidanj  coiiiiiiimoiii'r,  eir....A  tirir  alilinii  iriik 
oj>]i,  iidi.r.  S.  F.  and  N.  Y.,  ISti:!,  Sv.l,  1'J4  p.  The  title  i.s  self-e.xplaii.itnry. 
'Ihis  edition  contains  hesides  tiio  originai  address  a  preface  written  alter  leii- 
gre.-.s  had  passed  the  territorial  hill.  Tlie  new  apjieiidix  gives,  1st,  the  lustnry 
of  the  country  and  its  mines  since  ISo'.t,  including  tho  author's  arrest  and  to- 
lease  after  six  months,  with  severe  crilicisiu  of  (Jen.  Carleton's  course  th)'iiut;ii- 
out  the  eanipaiun;  'Jd,  'the  mines  of  Arizona,'  hy  F.  Biiertu),  Feh.  isiil,  a 
dtiisuriptiun  of  the  various  uiiues  and  their  prospects;  3d,  about  uO  p.  on  tiio 


UUit 


MOWllV,  ro.STON,  AND   lillOWNE. 


517 


iiiine.^  <if  Si>nor;i  and  Cliiliualmii;  4tli,  a  note  on  tlie  Aiifiches,  Mcvil.s,'  or 
'\\ulvi:s.  '1  In;  Jintlior  .says  'tlic  Ajiaclics  aro  not  a  serirms  olistaclc  ti>  llio 
wdrkiiij;  "t  minus  in  Ari/mia.  Tim  ilangirr  to  In;  ajuircliciuU'd  is  on  tlic  niads; 
Mini  tills  I'.iM  lie  avdidcd  liy  (irdinai'y  cantitm.  .  .TIutu  isonlyonf  way  tn  waiio 
Mir  ai;:iin>t  tin;  AjiaelioM.  A  steady,  pirsisttnt  canipaign  must  ln'  inado,  ful- 
liiHiii"  tlu'iii  to  tlii'ir  liannts — Imnting  tliuni  to  tlio  "  ta.stiit^ssLS  of  tlui  inonn- 
tiiiiis.  'I'lu'y  must  l)u  surroundi'cl,  starved  into  coniiug  in,  surjirisiil,  op 
iiivciLjli'd — l>y  wliitu  tiags  or  any  otl'iiP  nititliod,  liuniaii  or  di\  inc — ami  then 
iiut  til  diatli.  If  tluviu  iduati  .shock  any  wcak-mindi'd  iiidiviilual,  who  thinks 
jiiiiisilf  a  philan.tiiropist,  1  can  only  s.iy  I  jiity  without  rcsjxMitim;  his  mis- 
takou  syMi|i.ithy.  A  man  might  as  wi'll  have  symiiathy  for  a  ratth^snako  or 
a  tit,'!-''"  '  and  .Ttli,  Itittcrs  from  S.  W.  Iiigi',  ('.  K.  ]!i;nu(tt,  Josejili  Lams  .lolin 
('.  Hays,  .h'hu  Xugi'iit,  and  Miguel  A.  Otero,  on  tin;  wealth,  iiopiilatiini,  and 
iiuiils  of  the  country.  A  3d  edition  is  entitled  Arh.oiin  titiil  SoiKint:  tlif  [fiij- 
nyldi,  liMnn/,  (iml  riwums  of  the  xUvit  ri'ijion.  <>/  ^'nrt/i  Aiiiirirn.  lii/  Siilrm- 
l.i-  Moirri/  of  A  rizDiia,  c/r.  Thinl  iditinn  ri'risi-d  d/ii!  r)il<ir;/i'il.  X.  V.,  1S()4, 
I'Jiiiii,  "J.")!  [>.  J{(;siiles  new  uutcs  l>y  the;  author,  this  ed.  contains  a  ehaiitur 
fnuM  U.iss  IJrowne's  work,  and  an  extract  from  H'iih/'k  Mtxira.  It  also  in- 
ihiik's  as  one  of  its  chapters  a  reprii>t  of  the  folluwing  pamphlet:  VY/c  Miiiff 
uf  tilt'  \\i.4.  Sill  I II  till'  </iirrnuiiiiit  siizc  thciiil  The  niinhiij  s/'ilt'.f.  J/mr  x/mll 
ihnj  he  tiurd?  Bi/  Sijlrv.ttir  Moirri/  <if  AriuiiKt.  N.  Y.,  1S(M,  8vo,  1(1  ])., 
fniin  the  A.  Y.  Ilcralil.  In  the  form  of  this  linal  liil  edition  Mnirrii'.<  A  li- 
;■,/»(  is  cloulitli;ss  the  best  work  pulilished  down  to  18114,  and  hardly  excelled 
liv  any  puMished  since, 

riiarlcs  \).  Poston  wa.s  another  prominent  jiioneer,  whose  writing  on  liis- 
torical  sulij.'ct.s  have  not,  however,  the  hook  form.  J'oi/iin's  Xitrntfiri-,  form- 
ing'cliap.  wiv.  of  liroiriii/\'i  Adri-ntun''',  is  an  extract  from  his  original  M.S. 
jdiirnal,  desi-rihing  his  tirst  tour  through  .Ari/oua  in  hS.')4.  I'n.dim's  I'lini- 
iiUiviiri'.^,  covering  in  a  sense  the  p(;riod  from  |S.")4  to  18(14,  was  an  article 
CnatrihiUed  *o  the  Tiii'sdii  (.'ifizin  fif  A]iril  l.">,  1SS4,  and  rcproduccl  ui  Arhiiia 
HUturii,  '-'(•7-10.  These  hrief  sk<;tches  have  much  interest  and  v.alue,  hut  it  is 
iiiifdrtuiiate  that  we  have  no  more  complete  record  of  tliis  pioiiccr'.s  recnllec- 
tiiius.  The  author  is  an  intelligent,  active,  and  somewhat  eccentric  man. 
The  Spii'rh  o/C/iiirlc.i  J>.  Potion,  of  Arh.onit,  on  IwUnii  ajfolr-i,  i/clinTi'/  in  llic 
llnmf  if  Il'l>ri.<i  iiUitin'ii,  T/iiir.ii/iii/,  Mmr/i  J,  JSi'i.',  N.  Y.,  ISd"),  Svo,  'JO  p.,  is 
explained  l)y  the  title.  Tn  later  yeans  he  puhlished  Tin'  Snii-worsliqwr.i  of 
Am.  liy  ChurliK  I).  PoHon.  liifrinlvil frnin  tin'  Lnndon  I'lliiiun.  S.  F.,  IS()4, 
llinio,  10()  p.,  the  materials  forwliich  '  lei'ture  were  collected  during  an  othcial 
visit  to  India,  China,  .Japan,  etc.,  accredited  l>y  the  govt  of  the  U.  .S.'  Still 
later  appeared  Aparln-litnil.  lii/  Vharks  D.  Po.-/on,  of  Arizona.  8.  F.,  1S78, 
I'Jiii",  1  il  p.,  witli  portrait.  This  i.s  a  poem  not  without  merit,  though  some 
of  the  rhymes  and  measures  would  make  an  Apache's  hair  stand  on  end. 

Ailri  iituris  in  tin;  Ajuifln;  cotintri/:  a  tnnr  (lironiih  Arizomt  and  Honorii,  n'itli 
notes  on  till' nili'ir  mini'-'<  of  \i  r-nl'i.  liij  J-  I'os.-t  limn-ni,  inithor  of,  etc.  flliis- 
loiliil  i'l/  tl,r  iiittlioi:  X.  Y.,  1S71,  I'Jmo,  ,">:>")  p.  ci'.l'J  p.  on  Arizona),  is  a  work 
wliicli,  though  descrihiug  a  visit  in  l.S(ll!-4,  helongs  historically  here,  sinci;  it 
(lescrihes  the  country's  condition  as  it  w.is  after  the  disasters  descriiied  in 
this  cliaptei',  anil  before  the  work  of  regeneration  hail  made  much  jirogress, 
Ije.sidcs  narrating  incidentally  many  events  of  the  preceding  years.  The  woi'k 
was  lirst  piitilished  in  //urpir's  Afu'/nzine,  xxix.-xxx.,  18(14-").  The  author 
ai'coiiip.uiiid  I'oston  in  his  tour  as  Indian  agent:  his  skill  as  a  writer  is  too 
Will  known  to  require  notice  here;  and  thoUL:li  his  ridicule  and  sarcasm,  as 
fllljilii'd  to  certain  matters,  have  been  regarded  by  some  a.s  injiirinus  to  the 
interests  of  Arizona  and  Xevada,  yet  no  otlu^r  -work  gives  so  vivid  and  inter- 
esting or  more  accurate  account  of  the  country  as  it  actually  was.  ()l  it,  ia 
eiiueliision,  ho  says:  'I  believe  it  to  In  a  territory  wondi'rfnlly  rich  in  min- 
erals, hut  subject  to  greater  drawbacks  tJian  any  of  our  territorial  ]iossrs>iiins. 
It  will  hi'  niany  years  before  its  miner.il  resources  can  be  fully  ami  fairly  di'- 
vrlnpr.j.  Kinigration  must  be  eneourageil  by  iiicri;ased  military  protection; 
capitul  must  be  (;,\peudeil  without  the  hope  of  immeiliate  uud  extraoreliuary 


i .!  '^ 


1 

iiii 
m 


ir 


va 


fc    !:i'! 


<      li^ 


I  ail 


11  ,i 


518 


TllK  (iADSDKN   rUlKJHASIi. 


returns;  civil  law  must  l)o  OHt.alilisheil  on  a  finii  hasiH,  ami  fiiiilitios  of  com- 
inmiicutioii  foxttTi'il  hy  Icf^islatidii  of  ciMgicHs.  Nn  cnuiitry  tii.it  1  liuvu  Vit 
visitttil  jircst'iits  MO  many  sli-iliiiig  aiininalic.f.  With  iiiilliiiiis  ot  arrus  of  tlj,. 
Hiii'st  aralili)  1;iiic1h,  tlicrt!  was  not  a  .siii^lo  farm  uiidfr  ciilti^'atioii;  witli  tln' 
rii'iitist  mini's,  |ia|nr  money  is  the  common  lurruncy;  with  Inils  inmiunniiili-, 
thiTu  is  si'aiccly  any  jirotci'tion;  Milh  cxttaisive  pastures,  tiieic  is  little  up  im 
stoek;  with  tlie  liiiest  natural  roails,  travelling  is  lii'setwith  ilillieiilties;  with 
rivers  throuj^h  every  valley,  a  strani^er  may  dii^  of  thirst.  Hay  is  eiit  with  i 
hoe,  and  wootl  witii  a  spadii  or  mattock.  \n  .January  om;  enjoys  the  liixiirv 
of  a  hath  as  under  a  trojnoal  sun,  and  sleeps  under  ihmlile  hlankets  at  iiij^lit. 
There  ail!  towns  witiumt  inhaliitants,  and  deserts  extensively  jMiinilitcd; 
vei.'otatio!i  whei'o  there  is  no  soil,  and  soil  where  tlu^-e  is  no  V(  .letitidii 
Thii'e  are  Indi.ms  the  most  docile  in  Tsorth  Ameri<'a,  yet  travidlers  are  mur- 
dered daily  liy  Indians  the  most  harharous  on  earth.  Tlie  Mexicans  li.n- 
ilriveu  t!ie  I'apagos  from  their  southern  homes,  and  now  sick  iMoiectioii  fnnn 
the  Apaches  in  the  I'apago  villages.  Fifteen  hundi'ed  Aiiaclie  warrier.v, 
lieaten  iu  every  ll;4ht  hy  the  I'inias,  Maricopas,  ami  I'apiigos,  kicp  tiicse  aii.l 
ail  other  Ind.  closed  up  as  in  a  corral.  .Mines  without  miners  and  forts  with- 
out soldiers  are  common.  Politicians  'without  policy,  traders  without  traili, 
store-keepers  witiioiit  stores,  teamsti'rs  without  teams,  and  all  witiiuut 
means,  form  the  mass  of  the  white  population.' 

Airasti  Aiiicnra  mid  Axhl.  Xatcs  of  d  Jim  year.'i'  jon dh  n  itroiiml  tin',  irndl 
tliitl  of  I'ls'nlriii'C.  ill  A  rizniKi,  JiijHiii,  diiil,  I'/iiiin.  I'lj  l!(i]iliiiii  I'liiiijuili/,  jii',- 
j'ls.ior  in  lliirv,iril  UiiirirKilii,  iiii'l  snimfhiie  iiiiiiiinj  I'lii/iiiirr  in  t/ie  gt'rrirr  uj'  (I,,- 
Cliiiwac  mill  Jdjiiiiii.si;  ijiiiTniiiniif.'i.  'I'liinl  eilitiitii  rcrisnl,  N.  Y.,  ISTO,  Nvcr, 
4.")4  p.  (1)7  p.  (in  Arizona),  illustrations  and  majis.  The  autlior  went  to  Ari- 
zona iu  18(i(t,  to  take  charge  as  mining  engineer  of  the  Sta  Rita  silver  mines, 
and  was  di'iven  out  hy  tlie  Apaches  in  KSiil,  many  of  his  couipauions  hciii,' 
k  lied.  As  a  ditseriptioii  of  the  country  visited,  as  a  narrative  of  pi'i-.'^oiid 
experiences,  and  as  a  philoso[)hie  view  of  topics  conueete<l  with  Indian  all'aiis. 
social  conditions,  etc.,  I'umpelly's  work  merits  high  prai.se.  On  the  Imliiiii 
(piestioa  he  writes:  'One  cannot  hut  look  upon  the  history  of  our  intercniir.M' 
with  the  original  owners  of  our  country  as  a  .sad  commentary  on  tile  pretes- 
tant  civilization  of  the  j)ast  two  centuries. .  .The  example  of  duplicity  wt  hy 
tile  early  religious  colonists  of  New  Englanil  has  lieen  followi'd  hy  an  ever- 
growing disregard  for  the  rights  of  the  Indian.  .  .While  our  forelathers  iiiailii 
at  least  a  show  of  paying  the  natives  for  the  land  taken  from  them,  tlieie  is 
now  not  even  a  pretence  of  such  compensation.  .  .As  hy  far  tiie  greater 
numher  arc  solely  hunters,  the  ar(!a  necessary  to  tlunr  support  is  out  el  ail 
proportion  to  that  reipiired  for  tiie  suhsisteuce  of  an  eipial  nuinlier  of  agricul- 
turists. With  the  intlux  of  a  mining  population,  the  Indians,  tiiiahlc  tn 
encroach  upon  the  territory  of  neighhoring  tribes,  are  gradtially  driven  to  tin; 
most  harreii  parts  of  the  mountains,  and  with  the  disappearance  of  game  are 
redueeil  to  the  verge  of  starvation.  Whether  they  oppo.se  bravely  at  lirst 
the  inroads  of  the  whites,  or  subniit  peacefully  to  every  outrage  until  le'icil 
by  famine  to  seek  the  means  of  life  among  the  herds  of  the  intruder,  the  re- 
sult is  tiie  same.  Sometimes  hunted  from  place  to  place  in  open  war;  smin,- 
timcs  their  warriors  enticed  away  under  peaceful  promises  hy  one  jiarty, 
while  a  confederate  band  desceiuls  on  the  native  settlements,  nia.ssacnii:; 
Women  and  children,  old  and  j'oung;  they  are  always  fading  away  hchnc  tin' 
hainl  of  violence.  No  treaty  or  flag  of  truce  is  too  sacred  to  be  disreganlcd 
no  weations  too  cruel  or  cowardly  to  be  used  or  recommended  hy  Anieru'aii.-i. 
Read  the  following  ((notation  from  a  late  work  [Mowry  as  ipioted  in  tliii 
luite).  I  have  (juoted  this  passage  because  it  expresses  the  sentiment  el  the 
hirger  part  of  those  directly  interested  iu  the  extermination  of  the  Indians, 
who  are  exercising  a  constant  pressure  on  the  govt,  and  making  healthy  iiiul 
just  legislation  in  the  matter  iinpracticahle.  If  it  is  said  that  the  Indi.iiis  arc 
treacherous  and  cruel,  scalping  and  torturing  their  prisoners,  it  may  he  an- 
swered that  there  is  no  treachery  and  no  crnelty  left  unemployed  li,\  tin: 
whites.     Poisoning  with  strychnine,  the  wilful  dissemination  of  the 


all- 


iMiiit<« 


iuilitics  .,f  cum- 

tll.lt  1  liiivi:  vi  t 
of    IHTI'-i    iif  ill,. 

iltiipii;  witli  tli>. 
■1.1  iiiiiiiiiiinililt., 
1-1!  is  littl(.  ,.riic') 
lilliciiltii.,;  will, 
iiy  i.s  oil  I  witli-t 
Joy.s  tlic  liixiirv 

llllo^s  ;it  iii,;lit'. 
'"fly  l"'IMll;it(.il; 
111)    Vc-rt.ltii.ll, 

'■11l'|-.s  ;in;  i„ii|>. 
.Mi-xii'.'iMs  liavi. 

[Iflltliclidll  iViHii 

•ii'liu  Wiirrim-,, 
ki'  1>  tlii.,su;ui.l 
iiii.l  fi.rti  with, 
willidiit  tniilc, 
il   iill   witiiimt 

lUml  lln;  \i\ii-U 

I'lllllplllll^   J,,;,. 

i:  iicrrii;-  (,f  tl„, 

Y.,  l.sro/svo, 
•  M-unt  to  Ari- 
I  silv(.r  iiiinui, 
liiiiiidiis  liciiii/ 
u  (if  j)ir,scpn;il 
Jiiili.in  all'iiii's, 
^11  tilt!  ]iiiliaii 
iir  iiiti'rconrsL" 
II  till'  jimtM- 
pllrity  sit  l.y 
I  liy  an  iMi-- 
■I'atliiTM  iiiailo 
luiii,  tlicre  i.s 
r  tliu  fiivatur 

■-  nut  of  all 
leriif  au'ririil- 
IS,  tiiialili'  til 
Irivcii  til  till! 

iif  g.uiif  .ire 
vuly  at  (ir.st 

until  fiiv.t'il 

llilrr.   tin;  ri'- 

t  W.ir;   siiliii.'- 

oik;    |i,ii'ty, 

niass.iiriii,' 

|iy  lii'lniv  the 

-rrg.irilnl 

■  Aiiifiii'.aii.-i. 

iitcil  ill  tliii 

mciit  iif  the 

tliu  lii'liaiis, 

liu.ihliy  ami 

!  Iiiili.iiis  are 

liiav  ill-  an- 

iy,.,r  li\   the 

"  tlio    ,-iiiall- 


COZZ ION'S  AND   DUNIIAR. 


519 


pnx,  aiiil  till' pns.sca.sion  i>f  liriiUo.s  liraiilcd  fnuii  tlm  liair  nf  .HOiilpcil  viitiin.'^ 
mill  ileei'i.iti'il  with  tuctli  kimckiil  fniiii  tiii'  jaws  of  living  woiiiuii — thunL'  iiro 
hcrme  faet.s  aiiiong  many  of  mir  tiDntiurMnK'n.' 

Till"  MiirviliiHn  <  iiiiiitry;  or,  Tlinr  Yinr-t  In  Arizoiiii  ami  Ni'w  Mfj'irn,  tlir 
AiHii'li' •■<'  /"!""'•  Vonipii.iiiK/  II  ilisfrijifion  ';/'  (/ii.'<  irniii/irf'iil  (•(iidilri/,  iU  hnnirnxi' 
mhin'iil  ii'i'iltli,  Uh  niiiijiiijiccnt,  iiKiini/nin  smiiiij,  the  niin-i  of  iitivicid  toirti-i  ninl 
cilii'<  I'liiiii'l  tlicri'iii,  vitk  II  coiiijilitr  /listnri/  of  tin'  A]i(ic/tii  triln,  inn/  ii  i/i  nrriji/iiin 
(if  I  he  iiiitliitr'x  ijiiii/i',  ('of/ii.sr,  tin',  ijniil  Ajmrln'  n'urrliii'j'.  Tin'  irlmli'  iii/i  r■■^pl■l^.^l^ll 
'iritli'ti'iiKili'  vri'iits  tiinl  niln'iitiins.  liij  Saiiiinl  Wiunhrortli  t'ozziiii.  IHiiMrntnl 
I,)/  iiyiriii-il<  oj'oin'  liiniilnil  cinjniriinjx.  I'Mistoii,  fti'.  (I.S74j,  <Svi),  Ti^i'J  ji.  Tim 
autlinr  visitiil  the  country  in  liS.'i.S-dO,  lioiiig  inturustiil  in  niiiifM  ami  taking 
miiiio  ]iart  in  iiolitics.  Hii  Hut'ln.i,  JiiiWuviT,  to  li.ivc  drawn  nnuli  of  his  iiiattir 
finm  iitlur  siinri'i'.s,  and  the  hook  is  of  a  soniowhat  .sensational  typf,  writtim 
mainly  to  sill,  though  not  grossly  inaccuratf. 

Aiiii'rirnii  /'inni'iriinj,  an  iii/ilrrx.i  hefuri'  tin-  Trnvilliri'  Cliih.  lii/  /;'.  A'.  l)u)i- 
hnr(S.  Y.),  ]S().'{,  8vo,  4")  p.  Thu  author  was  intcristcd  in  tlie  Ajo  coiipcr 
niiiio  from  I.S,"),")  (i.  '1  escaped  out  of  Arizona,  a  tcriitory  teeming  with  the 
iireciiius  and  otliiT  metals,  in  the  .spring  of  IS.'iiS,  and  came  to  Washington, 
lielifving  in  my  verdancy  that  F  sliimld  he  aide  to  excite  some  interest  for 
that  must  important  hut  sufi'ering  and  neglected  frontier.  1  cncniiiitcrcd  a 
iiiLMiihir  of  cdiigress  from  one  of  the  ea.steru  states.  Me  was  piilhii.,' a  cigar 
ami  tii.isting  Ids  feet  heforea  goml  tire  at  Willard'H  Hotel.  I  iipjiroachcd  this 
meiiiliir  of  congress  in  my  most  Idand  and  winning  matmer,  and  aftc:r  hcgging 
liin  panliin.  .  .recounted  to  him  in  thrilling  tones  and  imiiressive  manner  thu 
trials,  (lithcidties,  and  dangers  we  were  encountering  in  opening  the  new  ter- 
ritory to  civilization.  The  memher  of  congress  quietly  heard  wh.it  1  had  to 
say,  and  then  coolly  turning  to  me,  inijuired:  "  \Vhat  the  devil  did  you  go  to 
sueli  ;i  (Jod-fiirsaken  country  for?"  This  tells  the  whole  story  of  my  Wasli- 
kj^tuu  experience  in  attempting  to  excite  an  interest  on  belialf  of  Arizona.' 


lUlttllititl 


liUinaiun 


A^ 


<^..  ■  ^  ~^^'  „o. 


c> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


"^illlM    lillH 


iU    IIIII2.2 


m 


!.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

.< 6"     - 

► 

^ 


^m 


^ 


w 


/}. 


"^ 


^^ 


<$> 


'^ 


y 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  873-4503 


S: 


t 


'is 


^v 


\\ 


^ 


^ 


o^ 


<1? 


y> 


r-i>^ 


^,* 


i',' 


i 


' 


:h 


II 


in 


^1    \^   r 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 

1864-1887. 

Origin  of  the  Name  Arizona — Territorial  Oroanization— A  Mi(;uatinci 
Government — At    Navajo   Spring — Governor  Goodwin   anu  Con. 

ORESSMAN    PoHTON — FiRST    LEGISLATURE — SeALS — POLITICAL    Al  KAIliS— 

KuLERs — The  Cai-ital  Question — Prescott  versus  Tucson— Oukmnal 
Counties— Map — Boundary  Dispute  at  Yuma— Statistics  of  I'dit. 
LATioN  —  Immigration  —  Mormons  —  Powell's  Exploration  ok  hie 
Colorado — Wheeler's  Surveys — Floods  and  EARTiiyuAKi>t— Lists 
OF  Federal  and  Territorial  Officers — Members  of  Council  and 
Assembly — Kesum^  of  Legislative  Proceedings. 

Now  that  we  have  at  last  reached  a  period  when 
our  territory  has  legally  a  name  of  its  own,  it  is  \\\11 
to  devote  a  few  lines  +  liat  name,  mainly  for  tlie 
purpose  of  correcting  alent  errors  respecting  its 

origin.  Arizona,  probably  Arizonac  in  its  original 
form,  was  the  native  and  probably  Pima  name  of  the 
place — of  a  hill,  valley,  stream,  or  some  other  local 
feature — just  south  of  the  modern  boundary,  in  tlu' 
mountains  still  so  called,  on  the  headwaters  of  tlie 
stream  flowing  }>ast  Saric,  where  the  famous  Pkinchas 
de  Plata  mine  was  discovered  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  the  name  being  first  known  to 
Spaniards  in  that  connection  and  being  applied  to  tlie 
mining  camp,  or  real  de  minas.  The  aboriginal  nican- 
int»'  of  the  term  is  not  known,  though  from  tlie  ct)niiii(»ri 
occurrence  in  this  region  of  the  prefix  ari,  tlie  root 
son,  and  the  termination  ac,  the  derivation  ought  not 
to  escape  the  research  of  a  competent  student.^     Suih 

'  Prof.  Alphonso  1'iiiart  tolil  me  tlmt  lie  hiul  iliscoverctl  the  derivation  of 
tlio  name,  but  I  am  uot  acquainted  with  hia  coucluiiiuua. 


THE  NAME  ARIZONA. 


621 


guess(  s  as  are  extant,  founded  on  the  native  tongues, 
offer  only  tlie  barest  possibility  of  partial  and  acci- 
dental accuracy;  while  similar  derivations  from  the 
S|iaiiish  are  extremely  absurd.^  The  oft-rej)eated 
assertion  that  the  original  S{)anish  form  was  Arizuma 
lias  lu)  other  foundation  than  a  misprint  in  some  old 
book  or  map.  The  name  should  properly  be  written 
ami  pronounced  Arisona,  as  our  English  sound  of  the 
:  does  not  occur  in  Spanish.  Suggestions  for  the 
k>;al  name  were  Arizuma,  Arizonia,  Pimerfa,  and 
(iadsonia.  Pimeria  would  have  been  in  some  respects 
more  appropriate  than  Arizona — as  being  of  })rovin- 
cial  and  not  merely  local  application — and  quite  as 
euphonious. 

Tlie  territorial  act  having  been  passed  by  congress 
ill  February  1803,  and  officials  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  in  March,  the  whole  party  of  emigrant 
statesmen,  headed  by  Governor  John  N.  Goodwin  of 
Maine;'  started  in  AujjTUst  for  the  far  west,  leavintr 
Leaveiiwortli  on  September  25th,  Santa  Fe  Xovem- 
ber  2<;th,  and  Alburquerque  December  8th,  under 
the  escort  of  troops  from  Missouri  and  Xew  ^lexico. 
It  was  on  tlie  27th  that  the  party  crossed  the  merid- 
ian (if  lOU"  into  Arizona,  and  two  days  later  in  camp 
at  Xavajo  Spring,  the  gt)vernment  was  formally 
organized  in  the  wilderness.  The  flag  was  raised  and 
cheered;  a  prayer  was  said  by  H.  W.  Head;  the  oath 

■Of  the  former  class  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  ari,  'maiden,'  and 
znii,  '  viilk-y, '  from  tliu  Pima;  am  and  Kitiii'it,  or  uriiin,  tiie  sun's  hulovud,  from 
tlie  Miijiivf;  *(/•/,  '  few,'  and  ziiiii,  '  fmintaiiis; '  iiri,  '  beautiful,'  and  tiie  Spanisli 
i/^iiii:  A  liziiiiiii,  A/.toc  for  'silver-bearing; '  A  n'ziinio,  an  Aztec  (jueen;  .1  rizutinn, 
'the  beautiful;'  Arizotiut,  tlie  maiden  ijueen  or  godiless  wiio  by  iiiiinai\d,iti; 
cniUTjition  gave  being  to  the  Zuni  Imlians;  also  tlie  meaning  'little  ercek  '  is 
uivin.  of  the  Hecond  class  we  may  note  nrrczitje,  a  country  coveri'd  with 
linisih-wood;  tiriila  tonn,  or  an  arid  zone  or  region;  and  wirizomt,  a  big-iiosicl 
wiiiiNiii  !  Accurate  results  are  randy,  if  ever,  readied  l»y  tlie  favorite  method 
(if  sii  kiiiji  for  similar  sounds  in  various  languages. 

■■Sii.'  olhcial  list  at  the  end  of  this  cliajiter.  Of  the  original  appointments, 
Jiiliii  A.  (lurley  of  Ohio  was  governor,  but  died  Aug.  KStli,  and  (ioodwin  was 
a|pii(iiiited  on  the  21st,  (Joodwin  being  succeeded  as  chief  justice  liy  'I'linicr. 
.Iiiiiii  'I'itus  of  Penn.  was  the  original  district  attorney,  his  place  being  taken 
bvli.igu  before  starting.  Tlic  surveyor-gen.,  Jiashford  was  appointed  May 
2tith. 


^%. 


I 


I'  yiii 


I  -'■ 


H 


lill 


628 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OP  ARIZONA. 


of  office  was  taken  by  the  officials;  and  a  proclama- 
tion of  Governor  Goodwin  was  read,  in  whi'h  tlio 
vicinity  of  Fort  Whipple,  established  only  a  iiKnith 
earlier  by  Vlajor  Willis  of  the  California  column,  was 
named  as  the  temporary  seat  of  government:  and 
here  all  arrived  on  January  22,  18G4.  In  Alay  tlio 
fort  was  moved  some  20  miles  to  the  south-west,  and 
near  it  by  July  a  town  had  been  founded  on  (iranito 
Creek  to  become  the  temporary  capital.  It  was 
named  Prescott,  in  honor  of  the  historian. 

Meanwhile  the  governor  made  a  tour  of  inspection 
in  the  south,  and  other  parts  of  the  territory;  l)y  j)roc- 
lamation  of  A})ril  9th  three  judicial  districts  wi  re 
created,  and  the  judges  assigned;*  the  njarslial  was 
instructed  to  take  a  census;  and  an  election  ])r()('la- 
mation  was  issued  on  the  2fith  of  May.  Accordinolv, 
at  the  election  of  July  18th,  there  were  cliosen  u 
council  of  nine  members,  and  a  house  of  ciglitetn;'' 
also  a  delegate  to  congress  in  the  person  of  Cliarlcs 
D.  Poston.*  The  legislature  was  in  session  at  Pres- 
cott from  September  2r)th  to  the  10th  of  Novendu  r. 
Besides  attending  to  the  various  routine  duties,  and 
passing  special  acts,  some  of  which,  for  this  as  tor 
other  sessions,  will  be  noticed  elsewhere,  this  hody 
adopted  a  mining  law,  and  a  general  code  of  laws, 
prepared  by  Judge  Howell,  and  called  in  his  lioimr 

♦The  2(1  district  included  .ill  west  of  long.  114°;  Allyn,  judge,  court  at  La 
Piiz;  1st  district,  all  east  of  114',  aud  south  of  the  Gila;  Howell,  judgr.  (■.■\iit 
at  Tucson;  3d  district,  all  east  of  114°,  and  north  of  the  Uiia;  Turner,  imi^"', 
court  (Kxed  a  little  later)  at  Prescott.  On  May  11th  the  gov.  at  Tiusnii 
appointed  municipal  otKcers  for  that  town. 

•'.See  note  at  end  of  tliis  chapter  for  members  of  this  and  later  legislatures. 

"Poston,  as  supt  ind.  atfairs,  had  not  come  to  Ariz,  with  the  rest,  Imt  liy 
way  of  California,  whence  in  company  with  Ross  Browne— see  Ailfii.  in 
AjMu'he  CoHiitry — he  made  a  tour  for  the  inspection  of  the  friendly  Iii'liaii 
tril)es,  and  the  distribution  of  supi>lies  furnished  for  the  govt,  sulisiMjiuiilly 
continuing  his  tour  for  electioneering  purposes.  Poston  seen\s  to  lia\  r  lnni 
nominally  a  union  candidate,  and  Charles  Leib  was  another,  W.  1).  liriilj-ii  aw 
being  the  democratic  camlidatc.  Tlie  customary  charges  of  trickery  iiii'I  ras- 
cality, of  secessionists  masquerading  as  union  men,  of  rebels,  Sonorutis,  ami 
Pdpagos  allowed  to  vote,  wlnle  loyal  teamsters  and  sobliers  were  deniiil  the 
right,  etc.  There  was  also  nuich  hostility  to  the  new  government,  the  tinr- 
rison  at  Ft  Wliipple  in  April  signing  a  set  of  resolutions  in  which  thi'  terri- 
torial otlicials  wore  accused  of  various  sliortcomings,  such  as  selling  for  tlicir 
own  profit  stores  furnisheu  by  the  govt,  llayvs  Scraps,  Cat.  Politics,  vi.  i'iO; 
Id.,  Ariz.,  i.,  passim. 


THE  LEGISLATURE. 


623 


tlio  ITowcll  Code,  being  baaed  mainly  on  the  codes  of 
Xow  York  and  California/  It  also  divided  the  t«jr- 
rit(»rv  into  four  counties  under  the  aboriginal  names 
ot"  riiiia,  Yuma,  Mojave,  and  Y'^avapai;'*  and  adopted 
a  territorial  seal,  though  for  nearly  20  years  a  dif- 
ferent seal  appears  to  have  been  in  use.  Both  are 
shown  in  the  annexed  cut." 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  attempt  any  minute  resume 
or  analysis  of  legislative  proceedings.  Much  of  the 
iiidst  important  legislation  was  connected  with  Indian 
atlairs,  mining,  and  other  subjects  that  will  Ik;  noticed 
iiiotlier  chapters;  and  at  the  end  of  this  will  be  found 
a  nitto,  in  which  a  few  of  the  more  notable  measures 
adopted  at  the  successive  sessions  are  cited.  In  the 
same  note  is  given  a  list  of  all  federal  and  territorial 
(ilHeials  from  the  beginning  to  1885,  together  with  the 
names  of  members  and  officers  of  both  branches  of 
tiic  legislature  at  its  thirteen  consecutive  sessions.'" 

'  Thv  llowrll  Cfulf,  Adapleil  hi/  the  jfrxt  LcijiKlnt'iv  A<ifiiil>li/  of  the.  Tcrritni-' 
ofAnzoiiii.     Si'Msioii  liei/uii,  i'tc.     ProscDtt,  18(>."),  Svo,  4l)l   p.     Arizmin,  Mh 
Liir  t/ till'  Ti'rritori/  of.     Prijscott,  lM(i4,  8vo,  18  p.     In  the  title  an  'N  '  \ 
t!ic  si.le  lilies  cut  out  waa  made  to  do  duty  for  a  'Z,'  wliicli  was  apparently 
laLkiiii!  ill  the  font. 

'  .\  ri-.oiKi,  Comp.  Lawn,  ."ll,  where,  however,  the  date,  Oct.  11,  18(i4,  is  not 
triviii.  I'iiiia  CO.,  capital  Tucson,  ineludeii  all  east  of  long.  IVA"  '20',  and 
.Miiith  of  the  (Jila  (subsequently  divided  into  5  counties  or  parts  of  counties); 
Vuiiia  C(i.,  capital  La  I'az,  all  west  of  long.  IKr'JU'and  south  of  }iill  Wil- 
li,niis  fdik,  and  the  Sta  Maria  (never  changed);  Mojave  co.  (ollicially  hut 
iiudin  L'tly  written  Mohmv),  capital  Mojave  City,  all  west  of  \\y  i*'  '  and 
iioi'tli  III'  Hill  Williams  fork  and  the  Sta  Maria  (as  it  still  exists  but  for  the 
l(i-s  i)f  the  part  joined  to  Neva<la,  and  an  addition  from  Yavipai,  north  of  the 
Ciiliirinlii  in  1883;  see  map);  and  Yavapai,  cajiital  Prescott,  all  east  of  113' 
■JO' Jiinl  iiortli  of  the  (rila  (subsequently  divided  into  G  counties  and  parts  of 
I'lPUiitLiis).     See  county  map  and  annal.-i  in  chap,  xxiv.,  this  volume. 

'Tlie  sctal  described  in  tiie  act  of  ISW — Arizomi  ConiytiUd  Lair-i,  542 — is 
tlif  iipiiiT  one  in  the  cut.  I  lind  it  useil  f<ir  the  lirst  time — in  print — in  tlie 
l.'iir.i  ,,i  1883.  The  earlier  seal,  the  lower  of  the  cut,  of  origin  iinkiiown  to 
iiiu,  is  printed  in  the  Jotirnaln  and  Acts  as  late  as  1871).  For  humorous  com- 
iiu'iits  on  tliis  seal,  see  Ross  lirowne,  in  Jfnrjx'r'M  Mnij.,  xxix.  .^til. 

Tlio  best  authority  on  the  organization  ot  the  territorial  govt  in  18(53-4  is 
tilt'  uitroduction  and  appendix  of  tlie  Arizi)nn,  Joiininln  of  the  /•'irnt  LviiiH<dir<> 
As.iiii,lil,/,  Prescott,  18G5,  8vo,  '2.50,  xviii.,  j).,  to  tiie  consents  of  wliicli  the 
varidus  writers  have  added  notliing.  Tlie /lW2<i«(i,  Mikh(i<ii' of  the.  (i<ir<'riior, 
l"<''.'i,  I'rescott,  18()4,  l'2ino,  t)  p.,  was  separately  published,  as  wi're  later 
messages,  which  will  not  Ijo  specially  noticed,  as  they  are  contaiiiud  in  the 
jiiiiniai.s. 

''The  authorities  are,  of  course,  the  Ariwna,  Journnln,  ISCM-S.");  and  Ari- 
sniiii,  ArfM,  ficMolittioiis,  and  ili'iiinrinU  of  the  Firnt  (nerdiid,  etc.)  Lcijinlatire 
A^*riiihlii,  Prescott,  18G5  (et  seq. ),  8vo,  70  j).,  with  some  sliglit  supplementiiry 
iuturiiiatiou  from  other  sources.     After  18U8  the  sessions  were  biennial. 


\  Z 


\n 


H 


m 


:h! 


■' 


srt    ' 


ill 


•,  ti 


I 


■ 


iti 


624 


rOLITK:AL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


If  WO  credit  tlio  statements  of  political  and  pcrsfjual 
foes,  the  nu'niluTs  of  council  and  house,  like  tcnl- 
toiial  and  federal  officials,  were  for  the  most  jiiiita 
sad  set  of  rogues  and  fools;  but  judging  by  the  rtcord 


Seals  uf  Akizona. 


of  their  acts,  they  compare  favorably,  in  respect  ef 
honor,  ability,  and  j)atriotic  devotion  to  their  count ly  s 
needs,  with  repn^sentatives  of  other  territories  and 
states  in  the  west  and  cast. 

Arizona  has  been  ruled  bv  a  lincof  ei'>ht  i^overnoiv. 


GOVERNORS. 


625 


>vcnitirs. 


appointed  at  Washington,  as  the  custom  is,  more 
tlir(.)U<;li  political  inHuencc  than  a  consideration  of  tho 
couiitry'.s  needs,  yet  as  a  rule  with  fairly  <;oo(l  results, 
as  follows:  John  N.  Goodwin  in  18().'3-5,  Kiehard  ^fe- 
Coriinck  in  1865-9,  A.  P.  K.  Safford  in  ISdl)-??, 
John  P.  Hoyt,  aetin<if,  in  1877-8,  John  C.  Fremont 
ill  1879-81,  John  J.  Gosper,  aetin^^  in  1881-L',  F.  A. 
Tritle  in  1882-5,  and  C.  M.  Zulick  from  1885.  The 
last,  njtpointed  by  President  Cleveland,  is  a  democrat; 
all  the  rest  have  been  more  or  less  republican  in  poli- 
tics. Governors  McCormick  and  Satlbrd,  rulin«j;  for 
the  longest  terms,  were  more  fully  identified  than  the 
others  with  the  real  interests  of  the  territory,  and 
porliai)S  were  more  efficient  rulers;  but  the  rest  seem 
to  have  been  for  the  most  part  honoral>le  and  intelli- 
iri'iit  men.  In  a  general  way  their  acts  call  for  no 
further  criticism,  fuvorable  or  otherwise.  One  of  the 
immher  should  be  well  enough  known  to  readers  of 
my  history  of  California;  but  Fremont  was  ap])ointe(l 
merely  that  his  chronic  poverty  might  be  I'elieved; 
and  ill  Arizona  he  se(;ms  to  have  done  nothing  worse 
than  neglect  his  duties.  Delegates  in  congress  were 
not  less  zealous  and  intelligent  men,  being  in  politics 
union,  or  republican,  to  1874,  democratic  to  l'^84,  and 
then  republican  again."  Though  working  with  due 
zeal  at  Washington,  the  delegates,  as  is  true  for  most 
territories,  have  been  able  to  accomplish  but  little  for 
the  advancement  of  Arizona,  since  congress  contented 

"Tliovoto  and  politics  of  the  12  elections  for  dck'g.ite  wcn^  .is  follows: 
1st,  IStii,  I'oston,  union;  Rruil«liaw,  (Ifiiiocriit;  Leili,  iiii. ;  vote  imt  founil. 
'J.l,  i.SiU,  (iooilwiii,  un.,  707;  AUyn,  un.,  '.i'ti;  Postoii,  un.,  i!(i(>;  totiil,  l..'{4;i. 
'M,  Ifitii),  Riislifonl,  rejiuliliuan,  I,(K)it;  I'ostou,  reii.,  r>l8;  .Saiii.  Ailains,  inilfp., 
KW;  total,  1, ()».').  4th,  1S()8,  Merormick,  ro)!.,  \,'2'M;  John  A.  Uusli,  d.in.. 
KWk  A.lain.s,  in.leii.,  ."iS;  total,  '_M0.').  oth,  1870,  MoConiiiok,  l,SS-.>;  IM.r 
H.  Uraily,  doni.,  8;V2;  total,  2,714.  (itli,  1S72,  .NK'Corniuk,  2,.V.'2;  total,  2.re_». 
7tli,  IS74,  Stevens,  indop.  diMii.,  1,442;  Bfun,  rvu.,  l,()7ll;  .John  Sinitli,  nj)., 
!");!;  total,  3,089.  8th,  187(),  Stevens,  I,l!»4;  \V.  H.  Hardy,  fp.,  l,0'.l'.l; 
Oiiry,  duin.,  1,007;  total,  3,2.50.  Utli,  1878,  C-uiipliell,  deni!,  1,4.")2;  A.  K. 
I'avirt,  rep.  and  granj^er,  1,0!)7;  Stevens,  deni.,  1,()'.K);  K.  S.  Woolsey,  imlep. 
•Kill.,  S22;  total,  4,401.  10th,  1880,  OUry,  dem.,  4,0!t.'>  (or  4,  I7fi);  Stewart, 
reii.,  .'(.(MM)  (or  3,778);  total.  7,701  (or  7,!to4).  11th,  1882,  Oury,  ti.PJl;  I'or- 
t<r,  rep.,  T),  141  (or  5,243);  total,  ]1,2«2  (or  11, .104).  12th,  1884.  Ran,  rep., 
Hi'iil,  dein.  The  figures  are  from  JlainiltonH  livnourccn,  102-5,  and  Ariz.i 
Hi^i.  (KUiott&Co.),  315. 


•;i 


M 


■ 


r 


i    » 


Ml 


4  * 


UK 

TffiP 


626 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


itself  for  the  most  part  with  tlie  annual  appropriations 
for  routine  expenses.'" 

On  the  question  of  a  permanent  capital  the  ](yi>lii- 
tures  of  18G4-5-G  could  not  agree,  llepreseiitativi  s 
of  the  first  district  were  not  quite  strong  enou^li  to 
decide  in  favor  of  Tucson,  to  which  town  undonl.U'dlv 
at  tliut  time  the  honor  belonged;  but  they  were  uMc 
to  defeat  the  pretensions  of  Prescott.  It  was  a  barren 
victory,  however,  since  by  the  governor's  ])ro('laniation 
from  year  to  year  the  legislature  was  convened  i.t 
Prescott  as  the  temporary  seat  of  governnunt.  Li 
18()7,  however,  the  tables  were  turned,  and  by  a  ma- 
jority of  one  vote  Tucson  was  made  the  capital,  Ww. 
sessions  of  the  legislature  being  held  there;  until  in 
1877  the  northern  combination  was  in  turn  trium- 
phant, and  Prescott  has  been  the  cajtital  ever  since. 
Agitation  on  the  subject  is  by  no  means  at  an  ciid, 
but  Tucson  is  thought  to  have  but  slight  cliunce  of 
regaining  its  old  position,  though  a  change  in  favor  of 
Pha'uix  or  some  other  town  of  the  central  ri.<non 
seems  not  unlikely  in  the  future.^^ 

"See  U.  S.  Arts,  etc.,  for  congressional  action;  also  Conij.  GMie  (tlirdiigh 
iniltix  under  'Arizona')  and  JniimaU  of  senate  and  liouse  for  discussidiis  aiMl 
unsiiccesstul  efforts.  Tlie  appropriation  for  ordinary  expenses  of  tin:  j;iivt 
down  to  ISdS  was  S^'^.flOO  per  year;  with  §,'),000  extra  in  ISOO,  liesidoH.S^.iHK) 
for  coniiiiling  the  laws,  and  §4, 100  for  a  census.  After  18(»8  the  anioiiiit  was 
from  $j};{,.'i(H)  to  §40,000  for  years  when  the  legislature  met,  and  Sl.'{,."i(Kl  t" 
$'2!<,(M)0  in  other  years.  For  the  Indian  service,  that  is,  for  Ind.  on  VLScrvii- 
tions  anil  friendly  tribes,  there  Wiis  a  varying  hut  increasing  appropriiitiun  o[ 
$10,000  to  5!17'J,(MK)  (in  1881  as  high  a8S;«G,000  apparently);  besides  a  .w.iily 
amount  from  .$1  oO.OOO  to  $42.'),00(t  for  the  reservation  Apaches  after  1^7-,  tliis 
ini'luiling,  however,  part  of  the  N.  Mex.  Apaches.  For  surveys,  i)esiik's  tin- 
expenses  of  tlie  oflice  for  C'al.  and  Ariz.,  there  was  an  appropriation  of  .''."i,(MH» 
to  $10,0(M)  down  to  1870;  and  later  ^'20,000  or  less,  sometimes  notliing;  !"• 
sides  §0,000  to  §0,.^)00  for  the  surveyor-gen.  and  his  ollice.  Some  of  tin;  spe- 
cial acts  of  congress  will  be  noted  in  other  connections.  A  few  not  thu.s  noted 
arc  as  follows:  lSt>7,  internal  revenue  of  18G(>-8,  devoted  to  the  Imildiiii,'  ot  a 
penitentiary;  180!),  sessions  of  the  legislature  to  be  biennial;  1870,  salarii's  of 
justices  to  be  §.'{,(KH),  and  S'2,000,  appropriated  for  a  law  library;  1878,  council 
not  to  exceed  \'l  and  house  24  members  at  §4  per  day. 

'•■In  tlie  ori^'inal  bill,  as  introduced  in  congress,  Tucson  was  !iaiii:'i'.  as 
capital,  )»iit  on  final  passage  that  clause  was  removed,  and  thus  tlie  2ov.  was 
left  to  select  a  temporary  and  the  legislature  a  permanent  capita.  ^^  liy 
Goodwin  selected  a  spot  so  far  away  from  the  settlements  is  not  charly  <'x- 
plained.  Possibly  he  ttiought  Prescott  likely  to  Ixjcome  the  centre  of  ]i(i]iula- 
tion,  or  was  influenced  by  certain  personal  interests  of  his  assoeiat  ■.",  :iii<l 
probably  the  secession  proclivities  of  Tucson  had  much  to  do  witti  his  liniic. 
The  Tucson  i)eople  were  disappointed  aud  fingry.     I'oston,  Iiemiiu«ctnOi<,  "J  10, 


NEW  COUNTIES. 


S2T 


As  WO  have  seen,  four  counties  were  created  in 
\)<i]i.  In  18G5  Pal»-Ute  county  was  organized  from 
IKH  tliiTii  Mojave ;  but  the  next  year  congress  attached 
tlie  north-western  corner  of  Arizona — all  north  and 
\V(.st  of  the  Coh)rado  and  lonj^itude  114" — to  Ntiva<Ui; 
and  the  legislature,  after  vani  protests  against  this 
cliaiiL;!',  finally  in  1S71  re[)ealed  the  act  creating  Pah- 
rt( ,  and  restored  what  was  left  of  that  county  to 
MiijaAc,  which  in  1883  was  extendt!d  eastward,  north 
<»f  tlic  Ct)lorado,  from  longitude  lllJ"  20'  to  Kanah 
Wash.  Utah  also  tried  in  1805  to  get  a  slice  of 
ii(irtli(>rn  Arizona,  without  success;  while  Arizona's 
t'tloit  of  1877  to  annex  Grant  county,  New  ^[exico, 
was  tqually  unsuccessful.  Maricopa  county  was 
civatfd  in  l.")71;  Pinal  in  1875;  Apache  in  1879; 
Cdcliise,  Graham,  and  Gila  being  organized  in  1881. 
Tlius  the  number  of  counties  was  increased  to  ten,  a 
ti(  r  of  four  being  created  in  the  central  or  Gila  re- 
gion, while  Yavapai  in  the  north  and  Pima  in  the 
sdutli  were  each  divided  by  a  north  and  south  line, 
l^ouiidaries  as  they  now  stand  are  shown  on  the  map. 

s:iys  I'rescott  was  selected  by  iiiriuence  of  C'arlctoii,  and  iigaiust  lii.s  own  ad- 
vui .  Ill  tlie  legislature  representatives  of  tlie  1st  district  voted  solid  aj,'ain8t 
I'rcstott,  trying  to  gain  a  vote  or  tW'>  from  tiio  oiipositioii  by  favoring  suc- 
fcssively  La  Paz,  Walnut  (irove,  and  a  town  to  be  called  Aztlan,  at  tlie  junc- 
thiii  lit  the  Verde  and  Salado;  but  tliey  had  lost  one  of  their  members  of  the 
liiiiisc  by  death,  anil  the  members  from  the  2d  and  3d  district  gave  i)  votes  to 
X  ill  f.ivor  of  Trescott.  In  the  council,  however,  there  was  a  vacancy  in  the 
lM  district,  so  that  the  vote  was  a  tie,  4  to  4.  In  the  session  of  ISli;")  the 
(•(iiini'il  voted  4  to  1  in  favor  of  Prescott,  but  in  the  house  the  matter  was  in- 
di'liiiitel y  postponed,  vote  not  given.  As  3  members  of  the  council  and  8  of 
till'  liiiiise  were  not  in  attendance,  this  action  may  indicate  luagiianimity  on 
till'  (i.irt  of  Yavapai — perhaps.  In  KS(1('»  the  bill  in  favor  of  Prescott  was  de- 
fiatiil  ill  council  ny  a  tie  vote  of  4  to  4,  Yuma  and  I'ali-Ute  joiiiinj,'  Pima  in 
till'  tight.  In  1807  it  was  Yavapai  against  the  liidd,  but  the  best  this  county 
ciPiiM  ill)  against  Tucson  was  to  gain  one  Yuma  vote  for  La  Paz,  Mojave  and 
Pail  Ite  in  the  hou.se  deserting  their  northern  allegiance,  and  Prescott  was 
ilrt'iitcd  '.)  to  7,  and  5  to  4  in  council  wIuto  Mojave  voted  fur  Prescott.  At 
tliif  .session  a  minority  report  ojiposcd  Tucson  on  the  ground  that  a  majority 
ot  till!  pojiulation  lived  outside  of  Pima  co. !  On  this  ba.sis  it  would  be  hard  to 
liiiatf  a  e:ipital  in  any  of  the  U.  S.  I'oston,  Hctniii.,  'JIO,  says  that  McC'or- 
iiiick  by  his  inrtucnce  gave  the  capital  to  Tucson  on  a  promise  of  .sup[Mirt  for 
•Irlcuate.  In  1875  there  was  a  vote  for  Tucson,  which  is  not  ipiite  intelligible 
(siii;  note  on  8th  sess.,  p.  541,  this  vol.).  In  1877  the  northern  population  had 
ciinsiileral)ly  increased,  and  by  united  action  gave  12  votes  to  (5  fur  Prescott 
ill  till'  house,  and  5  to  4  in  the  council.  If  later  or  intermediate  agitation  ever 
took  the  form  of  bills  introduced  and  not  passed,  such  bills  have  escaped  my 
uutivti, 


I. ; 


m 


« i 


n 


I 


■+  t 


,.'i: 


t 


628 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


Yuma  alone  has  rotainocl  its  original  extoiit,  ^'ct  not 
without  a  houndary  dispute.  It  had  doubtKss  Immh 
the  original  intention  that  the  Colorado  sliould  lie 
the  boundary  between  Arizona  and    Calif'orni.i,  l.ut 


COUNTIKS   OF  AkIZONA. 


owing  to  a  peculiar  bend  of  the  river,  the  line  as  cor- 
rectly surveyed  from  the  Gila  junction  toward  San 
Diego  left  a  small  area  south  and  west  of  the  Colo- 
rado opposite  Fort  Yuma,  technically  in  California. 
On  this  area  was  a  considerable  amount  of  taxable 


A  nOUXDARY  DISPUTE. 


priipi  rty,  iiit'ludinjjf  the  ferry  buildiiicj^s,  Tlio  Ari- 
/.(iii;i  It  L;i>^laturo  rather  indiscrt'otly  askud  conyn-ss  for 
til,'  land  ill  1804-5;  California  took  tlio  liint;  tlio 
iirojicrty  was  taxed  l)y  both  Yuma  and  San  J)it'go 
{•(iiiiitiis;  and  a  spirited  controversy  was  earrird  on 
from  aliout  18G7,  eacli  claimant  ridieurm<,'  the  (»thcr's 
alismd  jiretenaions.  In  1871  there  seem'^  to  have 
lit  (II  some  kind  of  a  decision  at  Washini^ton  mi  favor 
(if  Aii/ona,  and  after  1873  I  find  no  trace  of  the  dis- 

IiUtv." 

Till'  wliite  population  of  Arizona — that  is,  of  Ari- 
Zdiia  county,  New  Mexico — accordingly  to  tlu;  some- 
what (louhtful  census  of  1860,  was  2,421,  or  perhaps 
11,4^1.  includin<5  all  Mexicans  and  mixed  breeds. 
DuiiiiLT  the  disasters  of  18()l-3,  the  number  was 
jiciliaps  reduced  to  500  or  600.'^  After  the  organ- 
izatinii  of  the  government,  the  first  territorial  census 
(if  ISfW)  showed  a  total — excluding  Indians — of  5,52G; 
and  the  second,  7,200  in  1807."^  The  United  States 
aiisus  of  1H70  shows  a  pojmlation  of  5),r.j8;''  and 
the  ti-ures  in  1872  and  1874  were  10,74;}  and  11,480, 
res[K<tively,  with  a  notable  increase  to  80,192  in 
ih7<'>."  The  federal  census  of  1880  raised  the  fig- 
urcs  to  40,440.'"     For  later  years  we  have  no  accurate 

''Sic  j^'overnor's  message,  in  Ariz.,  Jour.,  1S7I,  p.  .')");  /(/.,  ISO",  passim; 
I'l.,  iMis,  p.  l.S',(-i(2;  also,  not  <mly  on  tliis  voiitroviTtiy,  Imt  partitMilarly  on 
all  till'  cmiuty  lioundaries  and  their  successive  clianj^cs,  note  on  icj^islativo 
lir(uiiiliMj;s  at  end  of  this  chapter,  and  local  annals  in  cliap.  xxiv.  On  July 
'JS,  b7:t,  tlie  com.  of  puh.  lands  at  Wash,  informed  the  surv.-ficn.  of  Ariz,  of 
a  ildish  111  in  favor  of  the  territory.    Yiiiiia  Siiifiml,  Sept.  !.'{,  1>S7H. 

''  II niton,  Ilnml-lionh,  44,  gives  the  pop.  in  11S(J.'{  as.'JSl.  Mowry,  Arizona, 
71,  .L'iii>>ly  overestimates  the  numher  in  lSt>4  as  'Jt),(MK). 

"(Hivcrnor's  report  in  Ariz.,  Jnuninl,  ISdfi,  p.  '.'(U-f);  Id.,  1807,  p.  2.59. 

''  r.  S.  ('(■ii.iUH,  9th.  The  total  included  12(5  negroes,  20  Cliinamen,  and  .*?! 
Indiaii.-i;  no.  of  citizens  (males  above  21  years)  3,;V.)7;  native  (U.  S.)  horn 
3,M.'),  cif  whom  1,221  born  in  Ariz.;  foreign  born  5,80it,  of  whom  4,.'J3!)  in 
Mivir,,;  i„:iK,s  (i.SS?,  females  2,771;  families  2,29();  dwellings  2,S22.  En- 
pij;iil  ill  auric.  1,285;  in  professional  and  person.il  service  .'{,1 1,");  in  tr.-wie  anil 
trails] nutation  5'Jl;  in  mininj,',  maiiuf.,  ami  mechanical  industries  I,<i;!!). 

'M/v:.,  ./(i«r.,  1874,  p.  78;  Id.,  Actn,  1870,  p.  123;  Uinton,  44,  377;  Ariz., 
Ili'i.  (K.  &Co.),  30. 

'^r.  ,S.  ('<')i.'tt«,  lOth.  Of  the  40,440,  there  were  15.')  negroes,  1,6.30 
t'liiiicsc,  and  3,493  Indians.  Citizens  18,()4();  native  born  24,.3lil,  of  whom 
8,liiii  ill  Ariz.;  foreign  born  10,049,  of  whom  9,330  in  Mexico;  males  28,202, 
ft'iii.il's  12,238;  families  9,530;  dwellings  9,033.  Engaged  in  agriculture 
3,4H.');  ill  profession  and  personal  service  8,210;  in  trade  and  transportation 
3,L>o:.>;  in  mining,  manuf.,  and  mechanical  iuduatriea  7,374. 
II  1ST.  Abiz.  and  N.  Mix.    34 


umyi 


sno 


rOLITUAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


statciiionts;  Imt  the  population  in  188G  sliould  not  be 
less  tluiii  7  J.OOO.'-'" 

In  foniUT  years,  iiniuij^ration  to  Arizona  dejMiidtJ 
mainly  on  the  varyin;^'  prospects  t)f  tho  mines,  tlimurh 
by  no  means  all  inimi!:;rants  were  miners.  Of  lute, 
liowever,  it  lias  lieen  cleaiiy  deinonstrati'd  that  tlio 
country  possesses  a  j^'reat  variety  of  resources,  and  is 
capalde  of  sujtportin;^  a  largo  ndscellaneous  poj  ulu- 
tion,  though  hero,  as  clsowhere,  attempts  at  eoloniza- 
tion  have  mot  with  indifferent  success.''  It  is  certain 
that  the  land  possesses  in  ahunilanco  two  of  the  three 
great  sources  of  wealth — mining  and  agriculture-  iind 
to  devol«»p  them  oidy  the  industry  of  man  is  n'Miinl. 
Together  with  her  largo  area  of  grazing  and  aiuhjc 
lands,  the  territory  contains  nearly  every  variity  nf 
mineral,  and  in  her  valleys  can  bo  raised  all  kinds  df 
cereals,  vegetables,  and  fruit,  the  citrus  belts  o\'  south- 
ern Arizona  being  .Icstincd  at  no  very  distant  day  to 
rival  those  of  California. 

Among  the  early  settlers  were  the  Mormons,  who 
in  18G8  had  a  settlement  at  St  Thomas,  in  l*ah-Utc 
county,  a  region  later  attached  to  Nevada.  In  Is7.'i 
the  authorities  in  Utah  formed  a  plan  of  coloni/atioii, 
and  a  pioneer  party  if  700  men  was  sent  south,  in- 
tending to  get  a  start  by  working  on  the  Texas  Pa- 

"•Oov.  Tritlo's  estimate  was  75,000  for  1884,  ace.  to  Ariz.,  Hi"!.  (K.  k, 
Co.),  ;iO.  ilamiltou,  IlrmiurrcM,  J)?,  gives  a  pop.  of  8'2,!)7t)  in  IMS".',  and  that 
from  a  oenHns;  but  I  supp(i.su  there  can  bo  no  real  authority  for  so  largr  a  tig- 
lire.  I'lTliaps  tlui  fact  tliat  in  1!S8'2  Ariz,  was  Heekiiig  aihiiissioii  a.s  a  statu 
had  some  intiuence  on  thin  report. 

•"  In  1S71  is  mentioned  a  soliemc  to  introduce  as  colonists  the  liettor  classi's 
of  the  Freiieh  eommunist  prisoners  at  govt  expense,  C  1).  I'oston  l»iii^'  iiiti  r- 
ested  in  tiie  project,  with  nnieh  encouragement,  it  is  saitl,  from  tiu'  I'lciah 
ministry.  S.  F.  Cull,  Aug.  21,  1871.  Again,  in  1873,  a  French  oil, my  u 
mentioned  as  having  a  large  grant,  and  proposing  to  build  a  railroad  trdiii 
(Uiaymas.  .S'.  /'.  Uulktiii,  Feb.  'J7,   1873;  JIhijih   Sfrny*,  Ariz.,  v.   Kfl.    lii 


187(>-8  \ve  hear  of  the  Arizona  Colonization  Company  of  Boston,  innli  i-  tin 

uppose,  \vl 
stotl  over  '_'(K)  colonists  for  the  Colorado  Chiquito  region.     The  first  jiai  ty  i>i 


presidency  of  Co/.zens,  author  of  the  Mdnvlloun  Country,  I  suppose,  wlurh  cii- 
listotl  over  '_'(K)  colonists  for  the  Colorado  Chiquito  region.  The  first  jiai  ty  i>i 
45  arrived  in  May  of  tliis  year,  but  they  soon  liecame  disgusted  and  scatlcriil 


to  seek  employment  at  the  towns.  Another  party  is  said  to  have  been  (Hi  tlio 
way,  but  1  timl  no  definite  record  that  any  colony  was  established,  t'nidliiii 
Pirt.  Ariz.,  .3.V_>  3;  Aiidheim  Oazc/te,  May  20,  1870.  In  18S2  O.  \V.  A\  <1'1>  is 
named  as  the  .agent  of  a  company  which  had  constructed  a  ditch  and  pn4">se(l 
to  found  a  kiml  of  Arizonian  Uiveraido  in  the  Gila  valley.  Yuma  Sailitul, 
Jan.  28,  1882. 


THE  MORMONS. 


6S1 


;ina  clo|>(Mi(lod 

IlillfS,  llldinrh 

■I'-s.  Of  hu,, 
UmI  tliat  tlu' 
mrccs,  iiiid  is 
looiis  poiiila- 
s  at  c'oldiiiza- 

It  is  iTitain 
•  of  tlio  tlirro 
•ulture-  iiiid 
in  is  n<((l(d. 
f  and  ju'iililf 
y  variety  .4' 

all  kinds  (if 
dts  of  soiith- 
stant  dav  to 

)rnions,  who 
in  l*ali-l'tc 
a.  In  is7;i 
olonizatioii, 
t  south,  iii- 
3  Texas  I'a- 

iriz.,  HIsl.  (K.  k. 
ill  I.SS'J,  and  tliiit 
for  so  lai-f^i'  a  lig- 
isxidii  iiM  a  state 

the  hettiT  classts 
iston  luiiij;  iiittr- 
from  tlu'  i'lHiuli 
["Viiiicli  culiiiiy  \i 
I  fi  railrouil  tidiii 
/•«.,  V.  l.'il.  In 
oston,  iiiiili  r  till) 

})])()«(',  wlurll  I'll- 

riiu  first  jiarty  "I 
vil  and  Hi'atttTiil 
have  ijt'iii  (in  tiie 
lisiicd.  ('iiiiUiii'i 
G.  W.  W.'l.l)  is 
oh  and  pniiHised 
Yuma  Hailimi, 


r 


(ific  IJailroad,  Init  hooamo  discontented  with  the  pros- 
]M<t  and  went  honie.^"  The  project  was  revived  in 
ls7()-7,  and  a  hcginninj^  was  made  in  two  distriets — - 
oil  the  U|>per  Colorado  Chiquito  and  on  Salt  River. 
At  a  melting  held  at  Salt  Lake  City,  in  January 
1^7(),  missionaries  w»rc  present^  from  different  j)arts 
(if  Utah,  and  an  orjjfain  '>t,ion  was  effected  under  Lot 
Siiiitli  lis  president.  The  first  party  arrived  in  March 
;it,  tht'  Sunset  crossini^,  and  soon  the  camps  of  Sunset, 
Allfii,  Hallin<^er,  anil  Oljcd  were  established.  Proj^resa 
was  slew,  the  first  season's  crop  not  suffieinj;  i'  r  the 
(dloiiy's  needs,  and  teams  havinijf  to  he  sent  t«»  Utah 
\\>v  >ii|>[>lies;  but  the  pioneers  were  resolu^"  men,  and 
thoiigli  many,  first  and  last,  abandonee,  the  entir- 
|iris(',  ;tt  j'te  end  of  1877  the  mission  numbered  bOA 
Miuls,  and  a  year  later  587.  In  1884  the  t  (pulatiun 
!  <;ivcn  by  the  newspapers  as  2,r07,  the  chief  S(;ttle- 
imnts  being  Sunset,  St  Joseph,  and  Brigham  City."' 

'■  !.'ii{i/'.i  Little  Coloriu/n  St (tlev}ents,  MS.,  1;  Ha i/m'  Scraps,  Ariz.,  vi.  I2Gj 
S.  F.  H>ill,ti„,  Fi.'l).  4,  .July  14,  187;{. 

"'liic  iirijiinal  leadt-Ts,  each  at  tlie  head  of  saints  from  some  neijihhorhootl 
in  I'tali,  wi'ie  l.ot  Siiiitli,  lleo.  Lake,  \Vm  C.  Allen,  and  Jesse  O.  Ballinger. 
Niiiitli's  lamp  M'as  called  Niinset,  hut  was  moved  the  Ist  year  2  miles  north. 
Allen's  caiiip  was  renamed  St  Joseph  in  1878.  Lake's  camp  Wiis  calli'il  Oh<'il, 
iiliiiiit '«'  III.  west  of  Allen,  but  was  abandoned  in  1877  on  aicount  of  fever  anil 
iiiiiie.  Hallinu'er's  camp  was  named  Brigham  City  in  1878.  Woodruff  was 
louiuleii  in  1877,  2.)  m.  above  St  Joseph.  Moan  Coppy,  in  Yavapai  co.,  .%° 
ell  tlie  iciail  to  Lee's  ferrj',  was  founded  by  Lamanites  in  1877;  ..Iso  in  that 
viiir  l*'lll■(^st  l)ide  in  the  south.  Taylor,  near  Brigham  City,  was  founded  in 
bTN,  hilt  soon  abandoned,  and  a  new  settlement  esfcib.,  which  wjw  later 
kiKiwii  as  Siiowllake.  In  187(5  nuu'h  damage  was  done  by  floods;  but  forts  of 
I'lW  ami  .stone  W(m-c  built,  and  a  steam  saw-mill  was  started  in  the  MogoUon 
.\hs,  40  III.  w.  ofJSunset,  sometimes  called  Millville.  A  tannery  was  later  in 
"l«i  itidii  liero,  but  the  mill  was  sold  in  '81,  and  removed  to  the  eastern  stake. 
In  Is77  a  grist-mill  was  built  near  Biillinger's,  horse-power  having  been  used 
liL'fiiie,  and  a  reenforeement  from  the  soutlicrn  states,  under  A.  P.  Beebe, 
arriveil.  In  1878  occurred  anotlier  flood;  the  Little  Colorado  'stake  of  Zion  ' 
w;i.(  (iri,'aiii/,ed,  with  Smith  as  pres.,  Jacob  Hamilton  and  L.  H.  Hatch  aa 
I'niini'iliors,  and  bishops  (ico.:  Lake,  L.  .M.  .Savage,  John  Bushman,  and  John 
Kiiitiliiim.  Also  the  stake  of  eastern  Ariz,  was  set  ofi',  the  dividing  lino  bo- 
iiiK  the  Berado  rancho  on  the  I'ol.  rhi(i.  187'.l  was  a  year  of  good  crops,  and 
(liiirj  iiig  Was  carried  on  in  I'li'asant  valley,  40  m.  W.  of  Sunset;  a  woollen 
fuutiiiy  at  .Moan  Coppy;  Wilfonl  WoodruH'  at  work  im  missionary,  and  exLtrad- 
ill},'  Ins  efi'orts  to  the  Laguna  and  Isleta  Ind.  in  N.  Mcx.  1880  was  a  bad 
yeiir,  with  poor  crops;  Brigham  City  w.is  nearK  abandoned,  and  the  saints 
regarded  themselves  as  cheated  in  the  count  of  votes  at  election.  In  1881 
cr(i|is  Were  also  bad  in  many  places,  and  a  flood  destroyed  dair-s,  also  carrying 
awiiy  tlie  bridge  at  Sunset.  Brigham  City  was  nearly  abandoned  by  the 
Miirinoiis,  the  site  being  turned  over  to  the  church,  and  sold  to  Adams, 
tVhitiug,  and  Company;  yet  this  was  the  headquarters  of  the  Mormon  con* 


532 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


The  settlements  of  this  region  were  in  1878  orjjfanizid 
into  the  Little  Colorado  stake  of  Zion ;  and  at  thu 
same  time  an  eastern  Arizona  stake  was  organized  in 
the  region  about  St  John,  but  I  have  no  details  uu 
the  annals  of  tliis  stake. 

The  Salt  River  settlements,  later  Maricopa  stake, 
above  Phoenix,  were  begun  in  March  1877  by  nine 
families  from  Utah,  organized  at  St  George  by  ]Jri.r. 
ham  Young,  under  Daniel  W.  Jones  as  president. 
There  were  71  persons  in  the  colony,  the  settlement 
being  called  successively  Camp  Utah,  Utahville,  Jones- 
ville,  and  finally  Lehi.  The  Utah  ditch  was  constructed 
by  the  incorporated  Utah  Irrigating  and  Farniin(r 
Company.  Elder  Jones  had  some  troubles  with  his 
flock,  tlie  site  of  the  village  seems  to  have  been  slightly 
clianged  once  or  twice,  and  in  1884  the  population 
was  less  than  200."*  In  January  1878  there  arrived 
from  Salt  Lake  City — part  of  the  members  coming 
from  Idaho — another  colony  of  77  saints,  including 
the  Sirrines,  formerly  of  Brannan's  California  colony. 
They  declined  to  join  Smith  in  the  north,  faikil  to 
make  a  satisfactory  arrangement  with  Jones,  and  so 
founded  Mesa  City,  four  miles  from  Jonesville,  incor- 
porating a  new  company  for  the  construction  of  a 
ditch,  by  which  at  a  cost  of  $43,000  about  5,000  acres 
have  been  reclaimed  from  the  desert.  The  population 
was  about  GOO  in  1884.  Jesse  H.  Perkins  was  pre- 
siding elder  from  October  1878,  and  A.  F.  McDonald 

tractors  on  the  A.  &  P.  R.  R.  Here  ends  my  only  detailed  authority,  the 
SettlcmentK  of  the  Little  Colorado,  Arizomi,  MS.,  prepared  for  my  use  liy  S.  (), 
Ladd.  Soe  also,  on  these  settlements,  Yuma  Sentinel,  Mar.  18,  lS7l>;  Xnv, 
17,  1877;  Nov.  2,  1878;  Avuheim  Gazette,  Dec.  16,  187G;  llintons  Hninl-lmk, 
UIH);  Pirxcott  Miner,  Sept.  19,  1879;  June  25,  1880;  Salt  Lake  llvrabl,  Deo.  1, 
1877.  Elliott  &  Co.  state  that  in  tlie  latest  years  tlie  Col.  Chiq.  farms  liavo 
proved  a  failure,  on  account  of  alkali,  and  possibly  the  pop.  given  in  my  text 
from  newspaper  authority  may  be  too  large.  It  includes,  however,  the  east- 
ern  stake. 

''*  Maricopa  Stake,  M8.,  by  Chas  J.  Robson,  one  of  the  pioneers.  The 
oriL^iiiul  company  consisted  of  1).  W.  Jones,  P.  (J.  Merrill,  llonry  C.  Itugi'is, 
Thos  liiiigs,  Joseph  MoRae,  D.  J.   Merrdl,  Isaac  Turley,  (ieo.  E.  Steel,  lunl 

Williams,  all  with  families.     F.  E.  Robson  taught  the  l.st  school  iit  I/hi 

in  1S78.  See  also  Salt  Lake  Herald,  May  5,  1877;  Aug.  12,  1880;  rimu.c 
Herald,  July  .^0,  1880;  Pnsrott  Miner,  Oct.  19,  1877;  Los  Aw/.  iVj)/. .sw,  Ap-il 
14,  1877;  ^\  Lain  Ob.  Trilmie,  July  28,  1877;  Ariz.,  Hist.  (E.'&  Co.),  "^M. 


ul! 


THE  MORMONS. 


533 


878  or^,^1lliz,,l 
i;  and  at  the 
i  organized  in 
no  details  on 

aricopa  stake, 

1877  l)y  nine 

orgc  by  ]]rig. 

as    president. 

:ie  settlement 

diville,  Joiies- 

is  constructed 

and  Fariiiint' 

ibles  with  his 

been  slightly 

le  population 

there  arrived 

ibers  comin*'' 

its,    HK'ludin"' 

fornia  colony. 

rth,  failed  to 

ones,  and  so 

isville,  incor- 

ructlon  of  a 

5,000  acres 

le  population 

dns  was  pre- 

'.  McDonald 

ed  authority,  tlie 
'  my  use  liy  S.  (J, 
.r.  18,  187(1;  Nov. 
ntoii's  l/'iwl-liiiiik, 
■e  Jhrolil,  Ikr.  1, 
( 'liiq.  farms  li.ivc 
f^ivcii  in  my  text 
owever,  tliu  l':l.^^ 

o  pioneers.  The 
lonry  C.  Itogurs, 
oo.  Vj.  Sti'i'l,  ami 

st  school  !it  Lrlli 

1880;  J'l.niiir. 
!</.  E.i-prix.1,  Ap'il 
'&Co.),  -JM 


president  from  February  1880,  the  Maricopa  stake 
being  permanently  organized  in  December  1882."° 

In  1878  P.  C.  Merrill  and  four  flimilies  left  the 
Jones  rolony  and  founded  St  David  on  the  San  Pedro. 
Ill  1S7'J  Joseph  K.  Rogers  with  four  families  came 
from  the  eastern  Arizona  stake  and  settled  at  Smith- 
villi — called  Pima  from  1883 — on  the  upper  Gila  in 
Graham  cownty.  Other  settlements  formed  in  1881-4 
were  ( 'urtis,  Graham,  Thatcher,  Central,  Layton,  and 
McDonald  on  the  San  Pedro.  All  those  south-east- 
ern establishments  were  organized  in  February  1883 
into  the  stake  of  St  Joseph  under  Christopher  Layton 
as  president.  Pima  is  the  chief  town,  and  had  in  1885 
aliout  GOO  inhabitants.^^ 

Tlui  ^lormons  have  always  been  regarded  as  among 
the  host  of  Arizona  settlers,  being  quiet,  industrious, 
and  economical  in  their  habits,  and  not  disposed  to  in- 
trude their  religious  peculiarities.  As  a  rule  polyg- 
amy has  not  been  practised,  though  there  are  many 
exccptlon.s.     Their  neat  adobe  houses,  orchards,  gar- 

■"  l!,)l,xnn'g  Maricopa  Stiti:e,  ^m.  The  original  colony  consisted  of  F.  M. 
rmmroy,  E.  Ponicroy,  .John  H.  Pomeroy,  Wni  Xewell,  C.  J.  Itolwon,  G.  W., 
W.  1,..  L.  C,  ami  P.  P.  Sirrine,  Chas  Mallory,  Wni  Schwartz,  J.  H.  Smith, 
t  has  (Vismon,  J.  D.  Hohson,  Win  Crismon,  and  J.  H.  Blair,  most  of  tluni 
viih  families.  H.  C.  Rogers  and  O.  W.  Sirrine  we're  councillors;  and  from 
Isvj  K.  Tomcroy  and  Thos  C.  Jones  bishops.  In  ISSt  the  Tempe  branch  was 
orgaiii/ril  with  Sam.  Openshaw  as  bii'>op,  Mesa  being  divided  into  2  wards, 
Mii!i  0.  M.  Stewart  as  bishop  of  Alma.  1st  Sunday  school  1880,  under  V.  J. 
Kiilisoii;  Mutual  Iinprovemeut  Assoc.  1880,  C.  J.  Uobsoupres. ;  Relief  Soc. 
ISMI,  Sarah  Phelps  pres.;  1st  school  taui^ht  l)y  Miss  Ursula  Pomeroy.  In 
J /■/,:.,  ///>/.  (li  &  Co.),  282-4,  is  an  account  of  the  Mesa  colony,  with  view  on 
]i.  hW,  and  sket(Ji  of  Pres.  McU.  on  p.  209-300.  See  also  Preacutt  Miixr, 
Fcli.  ],  1.S78;  S.  F.  C/irohlrle,  Aug.  6,  1883. 

''' .lames  H.  Martineau's  Sdlleinents  in  Arizona^  MS.  The  St  David 
jii'iiKiis  were  the  4  or  5  Merrills,  Geo.  E.  Steel,  Jos.  Mcllac,  and  ^\.  O. 
\\illiams.  It  was  named  for  David  Patten,  the  martyr.  The  bishops  have 
liiiii  l>.  1'.  Kind)all,  H.  J.  Horner,  W.  D.  Johnson,  and  M.  H.  Merrill.  The 
ri:iiaiiii>neers  were  I'ogers,  Teeples,  Haws,  Welch,  and  Dall,  Rogers  beini;  \^u> 
\nA\i\[>  to  188,").  Curtis  was  founded  in  ISSl  by  3  Curtis  families,  Moses  M. 
Curtis  h.iug  the  bislio]).  Graham  in  1881  by  Jorgenson,  Skinner,  Andcison, 
ainl  Wilson,  with  Jorgenson  as  bishop.  Thatcher  in  1882  by  Moody,  Pace, 
aal  ithtTs,  Moody  being  succeeded  by  Sam.  Clearidgo  as  bishop,  e'ciitral 
ill  I'^NJ  liy  Hishop  Jos.  ClufF,  Clemons,  Young,  and  Witlieck.  McDonald  was 
111  I'U' a  ward  in  1883,  H.  J.  Horner  bishop.  Hill,  Hoops,  and  other  si't  tiers. 
Liytnii,  iKiiir  SatFonl,  in  1884  by  John  Welkor  bishop,  A.  Welker,  I?.  Peel, 
uti'.  A  si'ttlement  in  Sulphur  Sjjring  valley,  foun<lctl  i)y  Elder  Wm  Fife  in 
bvj,  liiis  biicn  nearly  abandoned.  There  are  good  schools  and  churches; 
giist-iiiill  at  Curtis,  saw-mill  at  Mt  Graham.  Central  and  St  David  have 
uadi  aliD.i';  250  inhab.,  the  others  uO  to  loOeach. 


lUUi 


11 


r 


i  1:1:' 


534 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


dens,  and  well-tilled  fields  form  veritable  oases  in  the 
desert.  Their  lands  are  held  by  the  connnuiiitv, 
work  and  trade  are  carried  on  for  the  most  }iart  on 
the  cooperative  plan,  and  they  even  live  in  ((iinuiu- 
nity  houses,  eating  at  a  coninion  table,  though  each 
family  has  its  separate  rooms.  It  has  been  their  aim 
to  produce  all  that  they  eat  and  wear,  sugar-eaiie  and 
cotton  being  among  their  crops.  NotwithstaiKlin.; 
their  community  system,  nmch  freedom  is  conoided 
to  individuals,  who  may  in  most  respects  live  as  thev 
please  and  mingle  freely  with  the  gentiles.  Ldss  ik- 
spised  and  persecuted  than  in  Utah,  they  are  naturally 
less  clannish,  [)eculiar,  and  exclusive.  In  politics  they 
are  nominally  democratic,  but  often  divide  their  vote 
on  local  issues,  or  put  their  united  vote  where  it  will 
do  most  good  for  their  own  interests.  As  a  rule,  they 
are  prosperous  but  not  yet  wealthy  farmers.  J'e'lyj;- 
amy  has  led  them  into  trouble,  as  it  has  others  of  their 
faith,  and  in  1884-5  several  of  their  prominent  mem- 
bers have  been  sent  to  prison. ^^ 

Of  the  Salt  River  valley  a  brief  description  may 
here  be  inserted;  further  mention  will  be  made  in  u 
later  chapter.  It  contains  one  of  the  largest  bodies 
of  agricultural  land  between  the  states  of  Califor- 
nia and  Kansas.  It  is  walled  in  by  mountains,  and  wa- 
tered by  a  stream  which  has  its  source  in  one  (if  the 
loftiest  ranges,  and  is  fed  by  the  melting  Knows  and 
by  a  hundred  tributaries.  Near  the  river  is  found  a 
dark  alluvial  mold,  with  a  depth  of  frt)m  six  to  fifteen 
fee't,  adapted  to  cereals  and  grasses ;  l)ack  from  tiiis 
is  a  belt  of  rich  loam  of  remarkable  fertility,  and  near 
the  foothills  the  surfiice  is  of  a  light  and  porous  nature, 
suited  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit. 

As  the  average  rainfall  of  Arizona  does  not  exceed 
ten  inches,  the  people  depend  largely  on  irrigatnin  tor 
the  watering  of  their  farms  and  orchards.   .  In  this 

",9.  F.  riironirlc,  Nov.  '2S,  Dec.  5,  1884;  Sac.  Record-Union,  Apr.  S,  13, 
188.'»;   Tucson  Star,  J)i;c.  4,  1880. 


ii  III 


POWELL  IN  THE  COLORADO  CANONS. 


535 


lion,  Apr.  S,  13, 


vallrv  alono  eight  main  canals  had  been  constructed 
up  to  1887,  at  an  expense  of  nearly  $1,000,000,  with 
a  water-way  of  about  160  miles,  and  a  total  carrying 
cajiacity  of  70,000  miners'  inches,  these  being  the 
laiycst  and  most  expensive  works  of  the  kind  in  the 
iiitiif  territory.  At  that  date  the  area  reclaimed 
was  estimated  at  108,000  acres. 

Ill  IS87  not  more  than  50,000  acres  were  under 
cultivation,  of  which  about  12,000  were  in  wheat, 
IC.jOO  in  barley,  15,000  in  alfalfa,  5,600  in  fruit,  and 
1, ()()()  in  miscellaneous  crops.  Of  cereals,  grasses, 
fruits,  and  vegetables,  nearly  every  variety  can  be 
raised  ;  of  textile  plants,  there  are  cotton,  hemp,  jute, 
aiul  tlax;  while  tobacco  and  the  sugar-cane  are  also 
cultivated,  the  latter  being  equal  to  the  best  products 
(if  Louisiana,  Of  fruit,  the  yield  is  almost  unprece- 
dented, from  the  fig-tree  being  gathered  two  and  even 
three  crops  a  year;  while  few  })ortions  of  this  coast  are 
hetter  atla[)ted  to  the  cultivation  of  grapes,  the  product 
of  which  reached  six  or  seven  tons  to  the  acre.  For 
cattle-raising  the  valley  is  also  well  adapted,  beeves 
fattened  on  the  alfalfa  pastures  being  little  inferior  to 
tiie  stall-fed  animals  of  the  eastern  states.  Thus,  by 
means  of  irrigation  and  by  the  enterprise  and  ingenu- 
ity of  man,  has  a  lifeless  solitude  been  transformed 
into  one  of  the  fairest  valleys  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

Among  Arizona  explorations  of  later  years,  Major 
J.  W.  Powell's  adventurous  trip  down  the  Colorado 
deserves  especial  mention.  With  a  party  of  ten,  in 
four  boats  built  expressly  for  the  purpose,  Powell  left 
tlie  railroad  and  started  down  (Ireen  Kiver,  late  in 
^lay  iSdl).  In  the  early  days  of  August  he  cr'ossed 
the  Arizona  line,  and  for  about  a  montli  was  whirled 
l>y  tlie  torrent  through  the  tortuous  channel  of  the 
ii'ieut  canons,  whose  precipitous  sides  towered  to  a 
height  of  several  thousand  feet — sonu'times  over  a 
mile  -above  the  vo3'agers'  heads,  '^he  river  proved 
a  succession  of  rapids  and  whirlpools:  each  days'  ad- 
vance brought  its  new  perils  and  toil;  hairbreadth 


^l: 


,i:'ir 


^m 


imiu 


536 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


r.  ,■  'I 


■(ii 


escapes  from  destruction  were  of  frequent  occurniico' 
one  of  the  boats  was  lost;  and  the  supply  of  instru- 
ments, food,  and  clothing  <i;radually  disai)[)ear((l  in  the 
never-ending  series  of  accidents.  On  the  27th  three 
of  the  party  resolved  to  scale  the  cliffs  and  ninkc  an 
attempt  to  reach  the  settlements.  It  is  believed  that 
they  were  killed  by  Indians.  The  rest  continued  their 
voyage  in  two  of  the  boats,  and  in  three  thiys  found 
succor  and  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  \  ir^en. 
From  this  point  three  men  went  on  down  the  Colo- 
rado, while  Powell  and  the  rest  found  their  wav 
to  Salt  Lake  City.  In  this  connection  also  should 
be  mentioned  the  surveys  of  Captain  George  M. 
Wheeler  and  his  corps  in  1871-8,  by  which  a  lar>re 
portion  of  Arizona  was  for  the  first  time  accurately 
mapped." 


2S 


2"  (Pnirtil),  Erplorntion  of  flic  Colorado  Riirr  of  the  WeM,  and  iU  Tnliiifnries, 
exploivil  ill  ISt'i'J,  IS7i\  IS7I,  and.  1S7..',  under  the  i/ircctioii  of  t/n-  Sri-ril,nij  of 
the  i^niitlisniiidii  Iiistitiifion.  Wash.,  1875,  4to,  xi.,  291  p.,  with  illnstiiuidiis  ami 
maps.  Hc^:  iihi)  Scrili>ier\i  Mnii/lili),  \n\.  ix. ;  Ajyjili'tnii'x  Journnl,  si.;  Pnjnilar 
Sckiirc  Moiitlilji,  x\.:iSi)--m);  xlii.  070-80;  U.  S.  (inrt  Dor.,  4'2d  wiv^.  Ist.-.ss., 
H.  Mis.  Doc.  37;  4'2il  cong.  'iil  soss.,  no.  173;  42(1  cong.  3(1  .sess.,  im.  7ii;  4licl 
Cong.  1st  scss.,  no.  2(55.  Wheeler's  explorations  arc  recorded  in  /'.  .V.  '/riy. 
Siirni/  U'fxf  of  lODtli  Meridian,  A  iiiiunl  Jicportu,  1871-8,  8vo,  with  atlas,  maps, 
and  4to  vols  on  scientilic  branches. 

A  hill  for  the  admission  of  Arizona  as  a  state  was  introduced  in  funiiress 
by  delegate  Oury  in  1871.  Not  many  years  should  he  re(iuir(!(l  to  raise  tlic 
population  to  tlie  reipiired  figure;  whether  political  obstacles  cm  l)f  as 
quickly  removed,  is  another  question. 

Notwithstanding  the  territory's  general  characteristic  of  extreme  dryness, 
floods  are  of  not  infrequent  occurrence,  especially  in  the  Gila  and  Salt  Uivir 
valleys.  Tlie  inundations  are  caused  by  heavy  rains  and  so-called  tddUillmrsts 
in  the  mountains,  subsiding  rapidly,  but  often  doing  considerable  dania^'e  to 
settlements  and  farms  on  the  river  banks.  The  Hood  of  Sept.  18(j.S  was  per- 
haps the  most  destructive  ever  known,  destroying  three  of  the  I'iiiia  villaj.'es 
and  a  largo  amount  of  property  on  the  lower  Gila.  1872  was  also  a  season  of 
heavy  rains,  during  which  the  levee  at  Yuma  City  was  broken.  ISTii  was 
another  year  of  high  water.  In  1883  cloud-bursts  did  mucii  damage  at  Silver 
King,  Florence,  and  near  Tombstone.  Yuma  was  again  flooded  in  ISSl,  tlie 
R.  R.  bridge  being  carried  away.  No  severe  earthciuakes  have  lieen  kiinwii 
hi  Arizona,  though  shocks  are  reported  at  Prescott  in  March  1870,  at  Y'uiiia 
in  1872,  and  at  Indian  Wells  in  1 874. 

AKIZOXA  OFFICIAL   LIST. 

Governor,  1863-5,  John  N.  (Joodwin;  18()5-9,  Richard  C.  McConiiick; 
1869-77,  A.  P.  K.  Satford;  1877-8;  John  P.  Hoyt  (acting);  1879-81,  .loin,  (', 
Fremont;  1881-2,  John  J.  Gosper  (acting);  1882-5;  F.  A.  Tritle;  18S,-,  7,  ('. 
M.  Zuliek. 

Secretary,  18G3-5,  R.  C.  McCormick  (H.  W.  Fleury,  asst  in  ISCm  7); 
1860-9,  James  P.  T.  Carttur;  1870-6,  Coles  Baahford;  1870-8,  John  P.  ll.;yt; 


OFFICIAL  LIST. 


6S7 


1870-Sl,  John  J.  Oospcr;  1883-5,  H.  M.  Van  Arman  (asst  H.  P.  Oartliwaite); 
ISSJ  7.  .lames  A.  Hayanl  (asst  T.  K.  Farisli)- 

.lustucs,  lH(W-4,  \Vm  F.  Tuniur  {C.  J.),  Win  T.  Howell,  Jos.  P.  AUyn; 
ISli')  li,  Turner  (C.  J.),  Henry  T.  Iliiekus,  Allyn;  1807-70,  Turner  (C.  J.), 
Ilakiis,  Harley  H.  Cartter;  KS7t)-'-',  .lolin  Titim  (C.  J.),  Isliain  Iteavis,  ('.  A. 
Twioil;  lS7;}-4,  Titua  (C.  J.),  Tweed,  l)eforest  Porter;  IS7r),  K.  F.  Dunne 
(('.  .1.).  Tweeil,  Porter;  1875-8,  V.  (r.  \V.  French  (('.  J.),  Tweeil.  Porter; 
1S7!>  SO,  Fienuh  (C.  J.),  Porter,  ( 'hasi  Silent;  1881,  French  (('.  .1.),  Porter, 
\V.  11.  Stilwcdl;  1881',  Frencii  (V.  J.),  Stilwell,  W.  W.  Hoover;  1883-5, 
Fieiiili.  anil  later  Sumner  Howard,  (C  J.),  I).  H.  Pinney.  A.  \V.  Sheldon, 
aii.l  hittr  \V.  S.  Fitzgerald;  1885-8,  J.  C.  Shields,  W.  ^V.  Porter,  and  W.  H. 
Baruud. 

MEMBERS  OF  THE   LEGISLATURE. 

l.st  session,  181)4.  Council,  1st  district:  Coles  Rxshford,  Francisco  S. 
Leim,  Mark  Aldrich,  Pfvtrick  H.  Dunne;  2d  dist:  (Jeo.  W.  Leihy,  Jose  M. 
Keiliiiuln;  ;M  <list:  King  S.  Woolsey,  Robert  W.  (Jrooni,  Henry  A.  Bigelow. 
Presidi  lit,  Ba.sliford;  sec,  Almon  (rage.  House,  1st  dist:  VV.  C.  Jones,  .lolin 
i'r.  t'.qiidn,  (Jregory  P.  Harte,  Henry  I).  Jackson,  Jesus  M.  Elias,  Daniel  H. 
Stickin'V,  Nathan  IJ.  Appel,  Nonnau  S.  Higgins,  Gilbert  W.  Hopkins;  "id 
(list:  l.iiis  <;.  liouchet,  (ieo.  M.  Holaday,  Tiios  H.  Bidwell,  Kd.  1).  Tuttle, 
\Vm  ^Valter;  3il  dist:  John  M.  Boggs,  James  Garvin,  James  S.  Giles,  Jack- 
son >K(-"raekin.  Sj>eaker,  Jones;  clerk,  Jas  Anderson;  chaplain,  H.  W. 
Fleiiry;  translator,  VV.  C.  Jones. 

2d  si'ssion,  18(15.  Council,  Yavapai  co.,  K.  S.  Woolsey,  K.  W,  Groom, 
H.  A.  Biuclow;  Mojave  Co.,  Wm  H.  Hardy;  Yuma,  Manuel  liavena;  Pima, 
C'nlcs  IJasiit'ord,  F.  S.  I^eon,  P.  H.  Dunne;  pres.,  Bigelow;  sec,  Jas  Anderson. 
Hfiiisi.,  Yavapai,  Jas  S.  Giles,  J.  MoCrackin,  Daniel  Ellis,  Jas  O.  Robinson; 
Mojivi',  Octavius  1).  (Jaso,  Converse  W.  Rowell;  Yuma,  Peter  Doll,  Alex. 
McK'.\,  WniK.  Heninger;  Pima,  D.  H.  Stiekney,  and  8  members  who  did 
notaltcnd.     Speaker,  Giles;  clerk,  J.  E.  McCafFry;  translator,  Midvey. 

;^il  sosion,  18()<i.  Council,  Yavapai,  John  W.  Simmons,  Dan.  S.  Lount, 
Lewis  A.  Stevens;  Mojave,  Wm  H.  Hardy;  Pah-Ute,  ().  1).  (lass;  Yuma, 
Alex.  ^IcKey;  Pima,  Mark  Aldrich,  Mortimer  R.  Piatt,  Henry  Jenkins; 
iircH.,  Al(h'ich;  sec,  John  M.  Rountree.  House,  Yavapai,  John  B.  Slack, 
ban.  Ellis,  Hannibal  Sypert,  Wm  S.  Little,  Underwood  C.  Barnett;  Mojave, 
Alduzo  K.  Davis;  Pah-Ute,  Royal  J.  Cutter;  Yuma,  Marcus  D.  Dolil)ins, 
Kdliirt  F.  Piatt,  Wm  H.  Thomas;  Pima,  G.  H.  Oury,  Wm  J.  Gsborn,  Henry 
Mc'Wafd,  Jas  S.  IVmglas,  Oscar  Buckalew,  Michael  McKenna,  S.  W.  Cliani- 
liors,  Tlicis  D.  Hutt<in.  Speaker,  Oury;  clerk,  J.  S.  Giles  and  H.  A.  Bige- 
low; chaplain,  Chas  M.  Blake;  translator,  O.  D.  (Jass. 

4th  session,  18(j7.  Council,  Y'avapai,  John  W.  Sinunons,  D.  S.  Lount, 
Ltwis  A.  Stevens;  Mojave,  W.  H.  Hardy;  Pah-Ute,  O.  D.  (tass;  Y'uma, 
Alex.  McKey;  Pima,  D.  H.  Stiekney,  M.  R.  Piatt,  H.Jenkins;  pres.,  (ia.ss; 
sec,  (iagc.  House,  Yavapai,  J.  S.  Giles,  John  A.  Rush,  John  H.  Matthews, 
Ell.  .1.  Cook,  Allen  Cullumber,  Joiin  T.  Dare;  Mojave,  Xatiuiniel  S.  Lewis; 
Pali-Ute,  Royal  J.  Cutler;  Yuma,  Oliver  Lindsay,  John  Honion;  Pima,  Chas 
'i-wis,  John  B.  Allen,  Marvin  M.  Richardson,  U.  C.  liiiriU'tt.  F'rancis  M. 
Ho'luis,  S.  W.  Chambers,  Philip  Drachman.  Speaker,  Lindsey;  clerk, 
Foliert  (r.  Christie;  chaplain,  Thos  H.  Head. 

Tith  ses.'Ion,  18()8.  Council,  Yavapai,  John  G.  Campbell,  John  L.  Alsap, 
F.  M.  Chapman;  Mojave  ami  Pali-Ute,  O.  D.  Gass;  Yuma,  Jos.  K.  Hooper; 
Piniii,  ilsievan  Oehoa,  Hen.  Jenkins,  D.  H.  Stiekney,  Alex.  McKey;  pres., 
Akip;  sec,  Vr.  W.  Pierce;  chaplain,  A.  B.  Salpointe.  House,  Y'avapai,  Tiios 
W.  ihooks,  F.  G.  Ciiristie,  \Vm  S.  Little,  John  Smith,  E.  Lunddey,  G.  R. 
Wilson:  Mojave,  U.  C.  Doolittle;  Pah-Ute,  Andrew  S.  (iilibons;  Yuma,  Jas 
P.  Lu^'iiibul,  Tlios  J.  Bidwell,  Oliver  Lindsey;  Pima,  J.  M.  Elias,  Francis  H. 
(iooilwin,  Hiram  S.  Stevens,  John  Owen,  John  Anderson,  Sol.  W.  Chambers, 
Kobt  M.  Craudal.     Speaker,  Bidwell;  clerk,  J.  E.  McCatt'ry. 


,    M 


'  .it? 


ij 


i  : 


4. 


Ji 


11  :  ^ 


538 


POUTICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


fith  session,  1871.  Council,  Yavapai,  J.  T.  AUap,  H.  H.  Carter,  Andrew 
J.  Maruiatluko;  Yuma,  Joiiii  H.  Phihim;  Pima,  H.  S.  iSteven.s,  1).  H,  Stitk- 
ney,  E.  Oclioa,  F.  8.  Leon;  pres.,  Stickney,  an<l  after  his  deatli  Ciirtcr;  sir., 
John  AntU'iMnii;  ciuiplain,  Antonio  Jouveiioeau.  House,  Yava|iai,  ,1.  n' 
Fitzgerald,  .lolm  L.  Taylor,  Win  J.  O'Neill,  G.  A.  Wilson,  Jos.  Miivni! 
James  L.  Mercer;  Yuma,  Marcus  D.  Dobbins,  C  H.  Brinley,  T.  .1.  Jiidwoll; 
Pima,  J.  W.  Anderson,  F.  H.  Goodwin,  Wni  Morgan,  W.  L.  Fowlir,  Kiuiml 
liomaiio,  Juan  Kliaa,  Rces  Smith.  Speaker,  Dobbins;  clerk,  Win  .).  Boyd, 
and  J.  E.  McCaHVy;  chaplain,  Peter  Kernal. 

7th  session,  1S7H.  Council,  Yiivapai,  J.  P.  Hargravc,  A.  O.  Noyes;  Y. 
and  Maricopa,  K.  S.  Woolsey;  Yuma,  Thos  J.  liidwell;  Y.  and  Mnjuvo,  W, 
F.  Heniiiiig;  I'inia,  H.  S.  Stevens,  Mark  Altlricli,  Juan  Elias,  Lfvi  Uugglos, 
Pres.,  Har>;rave;  sec.,  J.  T.  Alsap;  chaplain,  Kev.  CJ-.  A.  Recdt'i-.  lldusi'. 
Yavapai,  John  H.  lk>han,  Wm  Cede,  Fred,  llenry,  Thos  Stoniliousu,  Hciirv 
Wickenberg;  Maricopa,  G.  H.  Oury;  Yuma,  C.  W.  C.  Rowell,  ,].  M.  Ju". 
dondo,  C.  H.  Urinley;  Yuma  and  Mojave,  (ieo.  Gleasoii;  I'iiiwi,  Joliii  15. 
Allen,  Wm  O.  Davis,  Lionel  M.  Jacobs,  J.  S.  Josberg,  F.  M.  Larkiii,  .Inlui  L, 
Smith,  Jidiu  Miiutgomery,  John  W.  Sweeney.  Speaker,  Oury;  clerk,  Hylt-r 
Ott;  chaplain.  Rev.  Ant.  Jouvenceau. 

8th  session,  1875.  Council,  Yavapai,  J.  P.  Margrave,  .T(din  G.  CaiiipbtU, 
L.  S.  Stevens;  .Maricopa,  K.  S.  Wotdsey;  Mojave,  A.  E.  Davis;  Vuiiia,  J. 
M.  Redoiido;  Pima,  Wm  Zeckendorf,  S.  R.  Delong,  P.  R.  Hiady.  I'res., 
Woolsey;  clerk,  E.  S.  Penwell.  House,  Yavapai,  C.  P.  Head,  Huuo  Kieh- 
ards,  A.  L.  Mt)eller,  Levi  Hashford,  W.  .1.  O'Ncil,  (iideon  IJrook;  MariLniici, 
J.  T.  Alsap,  (i.  H.  t)ury;  Yuma,  H.  (iohlberg,  Sam.  Purdy,  Jr,  R.  B.  Kelly; 
Mojave,  S.  W.  Wood;  Pima,  F.  M.  (irilHn,  John  .Montgimiery,  (ico.  H. 
Stevens,  Alphonso  Stevens,  S.  H.  Drachmau,  J.  M.  Elias.  Speaker,  Alsap; 
clerk,  Andrew  Crouly. 

ytii  session,  1877.  Council,  Yavapai,  John  A.  Rush,  Geo.  D.  K<'n<lall,  LcwLs 
A.  Stevens,  A.  L.  Moeller;  Maricopa,  K.  S.  AV'oolsey;  Yuma,  ,1.  M.  ludondo; 
I'inal,  Levi  Ruygles;  Pima,  F.  H.  Gooilwiii,  F.  G.  Hughes.  I'res.,  Woolsoy; 
clerk,  Alsap.  House,  Yavapai,  W.  W.  Hutchinson,  C.  B.  Foster,  S.  ('.  Jlil- 
les,  (r.  Hatiiaway,  Hugo  Richards,  John  H.  Marion,  Wm  S.  Head,  Kd.  U. 
Peek;  Maricopa,  J.  A.  Parker,  M.  H.  Calderwood;  Yuma,  J.  W.  l)iiniiig- 
ton;  Mojave,  James  P.  Bull;  Pinal,  (!eo.  Scott;  Pima,  D.  A.  lituiiitt.  Win 
Ohnesorgen,  Estevan  Ochoa,  M.  Samaniego,  (Jeo.  H.  Stevens.  Speaker,  Cal- 
derwood; clerk,  t'rouly. 

10th  session,  187'J.  Council,  Yavapai,  C.  C.  Bean,  W.  S.  Head,  W.  A. 
Rowe,  E.  W.  Wells;  Maricopa,  PI  H.  Gray;  Yuma,  F.  D.  Welcome;  I'inal, 
P.  Thomas;  I'ima,  F.  (r.  Hughes,  J.  M.  Kirkpatriek.  Pros.,  Hughes;  ili-rk, 
Hiiison  Thomas.  House,  Yavapai,  W.  M.  Butlum,  John  Davis,  Tims  Fitch, 
Pat  Hamilton,  P.  McAteer,  E.  R.  Nicoles,  J.  A.  Park,  Jas  Stin.son;  Maricupa, 
J.  T.  Alsap,  J.  D.  Rumburg;  Yuma,  Sam.  Punl,-,  Jr;  Mojave,  .bOm  H. 
Behan;  Final,  W.  K.  Meade;  Pima,  A.  E.  Fay,  C  P.  Leitch,  Jas  Siieudy, 
M.  W.  Stewart,  Walter  L.  Vail.     Speaker,  Stewart;  clerk,  B.  A.  Fiekas. 

Ilth  session,  1881.  Council,  Y'avapai,  Murat  Mastcrton;  Aiiaclic,  S. 
Barth;  Maricopa,  A.  C.  Baker,  R.  S,  Thonjas;  Yuma,  J.  W.  Durrinirton; 
Mojave,  A.  Cornwall;  Pinal,  J.  W.  Anderson;  Pima,  B.  H.  Hereford,  H.  A. 
Fickas,  (Jeo.  H.  Stevens,  W.  K.  Meade,  H.  (r.  Ridlina.  Pres.,  Mastcrton; 
clerk,  Jos.  C.  I'erry.  House,  Y'avapai,  (ieo.  E.  Brown,  R.  B.  Steaduian,  b. 
W(dlenbi.'rg;  Apache,  J.  Barton,  (!.  R.  Y'ork;  Maricopa,  N.  Sharp,  1'.  d. 
Bolan,  J.  R.  .McCormack;  I'inal,  D.  Rid)l),  A.  J.  Doran;  Mojave,  l>.  South- 
worth;  Yuma,  G.  W.  Norton,  J.  F.  Kuapi);  J'ima,  H.  M.  \V<iods,  d.  K. 
Kodgers,  M.  (J.  Samaniego,  John  Roman,  .Joiai  McCaflferty,  Thos  Dunliiir,  K. 
H.  Smitii,  .loliu  Haynes,  E.  B.  (iitibrd,  M.  S.  Synder,  M.  K.  Lurty.  Speaker, 
Knai)]);  clerk,  Richard  Rule. 

I'Jth  session,  1883.  Council,  Yavapai,  E.  W.  Wells,  M.  Goldwater,  M. 
Masterton,  F.  Iv.  Ainsworth;  Apache,  H.  E.  Lacy;  Maricopa,  A.  1'.  i.inHiu; 
Pinal,  .1.  \V.  Davis;  Y'ama  and  Mojave,  L.  S.  Welton;  Pima,  J.  F.  Kiiajiii, 
F.  G.  lluglies;   Cochise  co.,  E.  H.  Wiley;  C.   and  Graham,   P.  J.   Bolau. 


LEGISLATIVE  ACTS. 


539 


Pros.,  Wilfcv;  clerk,  J.  A.  Carpenter;  chaplain,  E.  G.  Fowler.  House, 
Yavapai,  »'.'A.  lUntlall,  A.  Allen,  K.  MeCalluni,  K.  Connell,  E.  H.  Gohin, 
JiiliM  KIlis,  CliiUi  Taylor,  W.  A.  Rowu;  Apaclie,  C.  A.  Franklin;  Maricopa, 
,1.  V.  Ilolcoiiil),  S.  F.  \Vel)l);  Pinal,  J.  W.  Anderson;  Yuma,  J.  W.  Dorring- 
tuii:  Miijive,  Ij.  J.  Lassell;  Pima,  K.  C.  Hrown,  K.  11.  (Jiffonl,  Moyc  Wicks, 
,1.  H.  I  awcctt;  (.'acliise,  VV.  H.  JSavage,  ]).  K.  Wardwull,  J.  F.  huiican;  Gra- 
Iraiii,  A.  Solomon,  D.  .Snyder;  (lilaco.,  Wm  Graves.  Speaker,  Kuwo;  clerk, 
A.  y..  I'iiy;  chaplain,  U.  S.  Tniett. 

lUtli  session,  1S8.").  Council,  Yavapai,  W.  G.  Stewart;  Aiiache,  E.  S. 
StdVti';  Maricopa,  R.  B.  Todd;  Pinal,  Thos  Weedin;  Mojavc,  John  Howell; 
I'lMia,  ii.  X.  Leatherwood;  Cochise,  W.  A.  Harwooil;  (iraham,  W.  (J.  Brid- 
Mfll;  f'lla,  Alonzo  Bailey;  Yuma,  J.  W.  Dorrington;  nortiiern  district,  F. 
K.  Aiiisworth;  southern  district,  C.  C.  Steplu'iis.  President,  Ainsworth; 
clerk,  A.  K.  Fay;  chaplain,  Nathan  (jluthrie.  House,  Apache,  ,1.  D.  Houck, 
Lutlicr  Martin;  Cochise,  W.  F.  Frame,  T.  T.  Hunter,  W.  F.  Nichols,  Hugh 
IVrcy,  l>.  K.  Wardwell;  (!ila,  W.  C.  Watkius;  Graliam,  James  Sias;  Mari- 
copa, .r.  S.  Armstrong,  Deforest  Porter;  Mojave,  Wm  Innis;  Pima,  E.  W. 
Aram,  (J.  W.  Brown,  S.  M.  Franklin,  E.  W.  Risley,  H.  (i.  Rollins;  Pinal, 
Levi  Kiij;i,'k's;  Yavapai,  1).  J.  Brannan,  J.  A.  Brown,  R.  Coniiell,  L.  P.  Nawh, 
W.  H.  Kohhins;  Yuma,  S.  Purdy.  Speaker,  Rollins;  clerk,  Morris  Gold- 
wiitiT;  chaplain,  J.  M.  Greene. 

]4tli  session,  1887.  Council,  Yavapai,  C.  B.  Forster;  Apache,  J.  H.  Breed; 
I'iiial,  .J.  W.  Anderson;  Maricopa,  L.  H.  Goodrich;  Yuma,  Isaac  Lyons;  Mo- 
jave, E.  L.  Burdick;  Pima,  C.  R.  Drake;  Cochise,  L.  VV.  Blinn;  Graham,  G. 
li.  Steplieiis;  Gila,  R.  C.  Roliertson;  at  large,  n<)rth,  A.  Cornwall;  at  large, 
sdutli,  W.  C.  Watkins.  President,  Cornwall;  clerk,  Charles  DriscoU;  chap- 
lain, J.  <i.  Eherhart.  House,  Yavapai,  A.  H.  Oliver,  W.  H.  Ashurst,  J.  J. 
FL-ilicr,  11.  T.  Anilrews,  O.  C.  Felton;  Apache,  J.  Q.  Adamson,  James  Scott; 
riiial,  A.  ,1.  Doran;  Maricopa,  J.  Y.  T.  Smith,  Samuel  Vehh;  Yuma, 
Cliaili's  Baker;  Mojave,  P.  F.  CVdlins;  Pima,  R.  N.  Leatherwood,  J.  B.  Scott, 
A.  A.  Bean,  C.  R.  Wores,  A.  McKey;  Cochise,  F.  W.  Heync,  J.  M,  Brace- 
wAl,  Scott  White,  B.  L.  Peel,  Michael  Gray;  Graham,  D.  H.  Ming;  Gila, 
lOiiHeiie  Trippel.  Speaker,  Webb;  clerk,  Richard  Rule;  chaplain,  J.  C. 
Hmi^hton. 

ACTS    OF    THE    LF.fJISLATURK. 

1st  session,  18G4.  Acts,  incorporating  C  road  companies  and  two  railroad 
cninpaaics— the  Castle  Dome  R.  R.  Co.  and  Arizona  R.  R.  Co.,  granting  ex- 
clusive I'erry  rights  at  Mojave  and  La  Paz;  incorporating  tlie  llualapai  Min. 
Cci.  and  Arizona  Hist.  Soc. ;  providing  for  a  territorial  map;  giving  5>l,50O  to 
Certain  seliools;  autiiorizing  the  raising  of  rangers  and  a  loan  to  pay  expenses 
of  an  Aiiache  campaign;  aUowing  soldiers  to  vote  and  hold  mining  claims; 
pniviilinj,' for  government  exjienses;  protecting  possessory  titles  inlands;  and 
t(ir  the  henelit  of  several  individuals,  including  a  divorce.  The  resolutions 
iMclu.led  thanks  to  most  territorial  oflicials;  invitations  for  the  delivery  of 
leetures;  instructions  to  the  delegate  in  congress  on  mails,  arms,  and  surveys; 
pulilieation  of  laws,  etc.,  in  Spanish;  the  purcliase  of  books  for  a  territorial 
lilirary;  and  a  protest  against  tiie  recent  expulsion  of  Sylvester  Mowry  by 
(i-cii.  ( 'arlotou.  The  memorials  asked  for  the  tract  of  land  in  the  Colorado 
houd  ojiposite  Ft  Yuma;  for  an  increase  of  salaries;  for  ^loO.OOO  for  placing 
the  ( "uliirado  Ind.  on  a  reservation;  ^I'oO.OtK)  for  Apache  warfare^  and  $150,000 
ti>  improve  the  navigation  of  the  Colorado. 

LM  sessiim,  18G5.  Acts,  creating  county  of  Pah-Ute  from  Mojave  (later 
iiir  the  most  part  attached  to  Nevada);  re])ealing  a  previous  act  for  stay  of 
pnieeedings  on  foreign  indebtedness;  creating  boards  of  supervisors  for  the 
eimnties;  securing  liens  to  mechanics,  etc.  Resolutions,  on  national  affairs; 
on  the  importance  of  surveying  territorial  boundaries,  with  a  view  of  getting 
fur  Ariz,  tiie  Yuma  land,  and  perhaps  the  Rio  Virgen  settlements  of  Utah; 
(Hi  the  library;  on  C.  D.  Poston's  attempt  to  contest  Goodwin's  seat  in  con- 
gross.  Memorials,  for  improvement  of  the  Colorado;  for  the  land  at  Yuma; 
fur  a  separate  land  district  and  surveyor-general;  for  Ind.  reservations  on  the 


'!   I,... 


! 


n 


tw\ 


;  i 


\  r    :] 


1:1 

St  ;■ 

I    : 


ir 


m 


640 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


lower  fJila;  for  nn  increase  of  military  force.     Tliis  yeur  Utali  tricil  tn  (ilitain 
a  part  of  nortlicrii  Ariz.    IfOili,  Actn,  18(1"),  p.  91-l». 

Htl  session,  18(i(i.  Acts,  crcatiii>{  tlio  oHici-s  of  district  attorney  and  aiiilj. 
tor;  i>roviilirig  for  tlie  location  and  n'^istration  of  mint's,  R(>ohiiinii,-<,  of 
tlianl^s  to  Aiiz.  volunteers  and  to  several  otiioials.  Mianorials,  ai,Miiist  tliccis- 
8i(»n  of  I'ali-l'te  to  Nevada;  for  new  mail  routes;  and  urging  the  iuiiKniainL' 
of  a  soutliern  I'ae.  U.  R. 

4tii  session,  1S((7.  Acts,  permanently  locating  the  capital  at  Tuscoii  (>ee 
Ariz.,  Coiiijiilfd  L<iirn,  1871,  p.  o(!4);  moving  the  county  seat  of  rali-l'te  tn  st 
Tlioinas;  authorizing  the  digging  of  wells  on  desert  lands;  providing  fdp  [mli. 
lie  scliools.  Resolution,  asking  tliat  Ariz,  he  separated  from  the  cuin,  (,[ 
(ten.  McDowell,  and  made  a  separate  mil.  department.  Memorials,  i^r  a 
separate  customs  district;  for  the  construction  of  military  roads;  ami  ai.Miiist 
the  cession  of  I'ah-Ute  to  Nevaila.  On  tiie  dispute  ahont  taxes,  involvini;  tin; 
ownersliip  of  the  land  opposite  l''t  Yuma  hy  C'al.  or  Ariz.  ISee,  for  this  jiur, 
Cii/.,  Jour,  Sen.,  appen.,  no.  5H,  70;  also,  for  original  corresp.  and  doc,  .SVi'ni-yc, 
JJoc.  J/i<  CnL,  MS.,  iv.  81-5)8,  11"). 

5th  session,  1808.  Acts,  locating  the  territorial  prison  at  Phienix;  creating 
offices  of  attorney-general  and  county  surveyor;  and  estahli.sliing  iniM  o 
schools.  Resolutions,  asking  for  mail  routes;  recommending  a  U.  S.  tltpiisi- 
tory  in  Ariz. ;  instructing  the  oflicials  of  Yuma  co.  to  assess  all  pnijiii-ty 
within  the  linuta  as  fixed  by  the  Howell  Code  (that  is,  to  disregard  the  cl.iim 
of  Cal. );  and  in  favor  of  artesian  wells.  Memorials,  asking  approiiriatidin 
for  capitol  buildings,  territorial  library,  and  codification  of  the  laws;  alsci  the 
appointment  of  a  surveyor-gen.,  and  an  appropriation  for  surveys.  (In  the 
bounilary  question  there  is  a  lull  report  of  a  com.  against  the  preteusioiia  ni 
Cal.  in  the  Journal,  p.  189-92. 

6th  session,  1871.  Acts,  changing  county  seat  of  Yuma  to  La  Paz;  di- 
vorcing several  couples;  creating  county  of  Maricopa  from  that  part  of  Yava- 
pai south  of  lat.  34^  and  west  of  the  S.  Carlos,  county  seat  at  l'li<iiiix,  iv- 
pealing  the  act  to  create  Pah-Ute  co.,  and  attaching  wiiat  was  left  ot  it  in 
Ariz,  to  Mojave;  providing  for  biennial  sessions  from  Jan.  187;J;  authorizinj,' 
the  publication  of  information  to  attract  immigration;  establishing  scliniils; 
providing  for  roads,  bridges,  and  ferries;  and  for  the  revision  and  ]ii'intiii;,' 
of  the  laws.  Memorials,  asking  protection  from  Ind. ;  and  a  nioditiciitiuii  of 
excise  laws.  In  the  Journal  are  several  reports  relating  to  outrasics  liy  Mexi- 
cans, and  attempts  to  arrest  the  offenders.  On  the  Y'^uma  boundary  dispute, 
see  S.  Dkijo  Union,  Apr.  14,  1870;  Hayes'  Scraps,  Ariz.,  v.  1G7.  This  jc.tr 
was  published  The  Compiled  laws  qf  the  Territory  of  Arizona,  inclwliwj  thu 
Jlowell  Code  ami  the  session  laws  from  1804  to  1871  inclusive. .  .Compiled  In/ Cult. i 
Biwhford.  All)any,  N.  Y.,  1871,  8vo,  627  p.  (A  later  edition  of  the  Cimiylkd 
Laws  was  that  prci)ared  by  John  P.  Hoyt,  and  published  at  Detroit  1877.) 

7th  session,  1873.  Acts,  to  divorce  several  persons,  including  tlio  c"\'- 
ernor,  and  changing  the  names  of  others;  changing  the  name  of  Arizona  City 
to  Yuma;  authorizing  a  levee  on  the  (iila  and  Colorado;  encouraL'iii!.'  tlic 
sinking  of  artesian  wells;  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  to  Indians;  i>roviding 
for  the  incorporation  of  religious,  social,  and  benevolent  societies;  and  ailding 
to  Maricopa  co.  that  part  of  Pima  north  of  lat.  32°  34'  and  west  of  about  Imi;,'. 
112°  6'  (as  it  still  exists  south  of  the  Gila).  Resolutions,  expressing  satis- 
faction with  (ien.  Crook's  methods  of  fighting  Apaches.  Memorials,  asking 
for  a  reduction  of  the  White  Mt  Ind.  reservation;  for  a  donation  of  Ian  1  inr 
artesian  wells;  and  for  school  lands.  On  Cal.  boundary  dispute,  see  Jlayes 
Scraps,  Ariz.,  v.  175;  Ariz.  Sentinel,  April  12,  1873. 

8th  session,  1875.  Acts,  creating  county  of  Pinal,  with  county  seat  at 
Florence,  from  Pima,  Maricopa,  and  Y'avapai  (boundaries  complicated  Imt 
about  the  same  as  on  map,  except  in  the  N.  e.  corner,  including  Globe);  tax- 
ing net  product  of  mines;  on  fences  and  trespassing  animals;  on  coinpiilsmy 
education;  abolishing  office  of  attorney-gen.;  transferring  Mojave  to  'M 
judicial  district;  providing  for  a  census;  and  to  locate  the  capital  permaiieiiMy 
at  Tucsoo.     (Approved  Feb.  12th,  ace.  to  Acts,  p.  121,  but  vetoed  ace.  to  Join:, 


ACTS  OF  THE  LEOISLATUIIE. 


Ml 


I  tried  tiiul.tni,. 


Sfll-'J.  The!  j,'ov.  says  he  lias  ri'oinvcil  tlircM!  acts,  ono  fixing  tlio  ca])ital  at 
I'rwi'ott.  aiicl  aiiotlirr  at  Pliu'iiix.  Jt  i^^  nut  cU'ar  why  an  act  wah  iicuduil  in 
fiiviir >'t  I  KcsoM.)  Ku.solutioii,  tliaiikinu  (Icii.  L'rook.  Memorial,  <ii  I'linaaiid 
M,iiu'i'|i.i  Iml.,  ami  on  mail  service  Aii  a[)[n;mlix  to  thu  .lr/.«  contains  U.  >S. 
mill  An/,  milling  laws,  treaties,  ami  rules  ol  the  supreme  court. 

lull  scssiciii,  1877.  Act.s,  to  iicrmanently  locate  the  ca^iital  at  Prescott; 
til  traiistVr  .Maricopa  to  2tl  jud.  district;  to  make  Mineral  Park  the  county 
so.it  111  .Mcijave;  to  detinu  the  hnumlarics  of  Marieo[)a  (cxtemling  it  on  tlio 
t;,st  I'riiiii  tiic  iS.  t'iirlos  to  long.  110  ;  ami  sli;,ditly  changing  the  central  parts 
111'  tlic  V.  line,  as  still  existing;  see  map);  to  incorporate  the  city  of  Tucson; 
tiiaiitlioii/e  a  comp.  of  volunteer  Ind.  fighters;  to  extend  the  w.  boundary  of 
I'liiiil  I'l.  (mo  as  to  inoludo  a  small  isolated  triict  in  the  n.  w.  which  had  appar- 
i:i;ly  liciii  left  in  Pima  liy  the  actcreatiiig  Pinal);  to  provide  fur  the  revision 
ami  iiiililication  of  the  laws;  and  t()  divorce  many  coupuis.  Mcmoriiils,  for  an 
iiurra.^c  (it  tlie  council  to  13  and  the  houae  to  27  inemhers;  for  the  annexation 
iif  ilraiit  CO.,  N.  Mcx. 

Kttli  .Ms.sion,  hS7y.  Acts,  creating  Ajiache  co.  (all  of  Yavapai  ca.st  of 
lull.'.  I  !!•'  4.")',  as  it  still  exists,  exccjit  that  tlie  portion  south  of  lUack  Kiver 
lii.s  lii'iii  added  to  (•rahani  co.),  county  seat  at  Siiowllake  (moved  to  Spring- 
irvillc  the  next  year);  authorixing  lotteries  to  raise  funds  for  various  puhlic 
|.iii|i(isc.-<;  and  04  other  acts,  none  of  which  can  he  singled  out  as  of  especial 
iiupoitaiicc.  Memorials,  asking  for  a  mint  at  Florence,  an  assay-otlice  at  the 
ciipital,  and  a,  special  mail  agent. 

lull  .session,  1881.  Acts,  to  fix  county  seat  of  Ajiache  at  St  Johns;  to 
cn.ito  tlic  county  of  Cochise  from  eastern  Pima  (houndarics  as  still  existing; 
SCO  iiia[ii,  c<iunty  seat  at  Tomhstonc;  to  create  the  county  of  Orahaiu  from 
I'liiia  and  Ajiache  (houndaries  as  in  map),  county  seat  at  Satl'ord;  to  create 
the  ciiiinty  of  (_Ula  from  Maricojia  and  Pinal  (lioundaries  as  in  map,  except 
tliat  tlie  south-eastern  line  was  a  northern  continuation  of  the  Pinal  line 
iii^tcid  iif  tiie  S.  Carlos),  county  seat  at  (Uohc;  to  incorporate  the  cities  of 
Tmiihstonc,  Phu'nix,  and  Prescott;  to  restrict  gamhiing;  to  provide  for  a 
cwi.su.s;  to  redistrict  the  territory  (1st  district,  I'ima,  Pinal,  and  Cochise  (and 
(irah.i'ii  ?i;  2d  dist,  Yuma,  Maricopa,  and  (lila;  3d  (list,  Yavajiai,  Mojave, 
ami  .\paclie;  to  create  the  office  of  geologist.  Memorials,  against  extension 
ii!  the  Navajo  reservation;  for  privilege  of  mining  on  Mex.  honler;  for  opeii- 
iiii;  |iaits  of  the  S.  Carlos  reservation  to  settlers.  At  this  and  later  sessions 
the  iiiiiiicil  had  12  memhers  and  the  house  24. 

I.'ili  session,  1883.  Acts,  to  locate  county  seat  of  Oraham  at  Solomon- 
viUi ;  to  transfer  Cochise  from  1st  to  2d  district;  to  change  liouiidary  of 
iliijave  CO.  (so  as  to  include  that  jiart  of  Yavapai  north  of  the  Colorado  and 
Wist  (if  Kauai)  Wash,  as  per  map);  to  provide  for  funding  deht  and  issuing 
liiiiiils;  to  aid  construction  of  several  railroads;  to  create  the  otiice  of  attor- 
ney-general;  to  thank  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  for  suppressing  lawlessness; 
t(i  jiiiveiit  ex[iort  of  timber.  Memorials,  for  an  investigation  of  matters  at 
the  I'iip.igo  reservaticm;  aid  for  the  jniblio  schools;  improvement  of  the  Colo- 
r:iihi;  and  remoN'al  of  the  Apaches.  From  this  scss.  the  title  of  the  Ac/-^,  etc., 
i.i  eliaiiged  to  /,«»',«  of  the  'fi'rrifori/  of  ArizoiKi.  Tiirlflh  ('/''.)  Liyi.sla/icc 
Assriii':!/:  iritli  Moiioriiils  und  Ji'i-.inliilion.i.   Prescott,  1883  et  seij. 

llith  session,  1885.  Acts,  creating  county  courts  for  the  different  coun- 
ties: for  an  election  to  pcrmaneutly  locate  the  county  scat  of  Mojave; 
aiitlioriziiig  a  railroad  ami  telegraph  from  F\iirbanks  to  Tombstone,  from 
I'hii  iii.\  to  the  S.  P.  K.  R.,  from  Prescott  to  the  A.  &,  P.  R.  R.,  from  Ohihe 
to  tiie  A.  &,  P.  R.  11.  at  or  near  Flagstaff,  and  from  Plneuix  of  Wicken- 
hui'g;  creating  the  office  of  commissioner  of  immigration;  to  promote  breed- 
ing (if  live-stock;  to  build  a  levee  on  the  Gila  at  Yuma;  to  cstatdish  a  public 
siliiiiil  system;  to  change  the  eastern  boundary  of  (iilaco.  (to  the  S.  Cailus 
<m  the  east,  as  per  nia]));  to  transfer  Cochise  co.  to  1st  judicial  district,  and 
I'iiial  to  2d  district;  to  organize  the  university  of  Ariztma;  and  to  iiicor- 
jiiinite  the  Ariz.  Industrial  Exposition  Assoc.  Resolutions,  impiiring  into 
itiiprisonmeut  of  Americans  at  Magdaleua,  Souora;  and  thanking  Gen.  Crook 


'i  I 


<i  li 


m 


642 


POLITICAL  ANNALS  OF  ARIZONA. 


for  Apacho  operations.  Memorials,  to  changu  the  southern  houndary  nf  tlip 
White  Mt  Ind.  reservation  so  as  to  open  the  coal  mines;  to  urge  thi'  |i:i\  mint 
of  old  claims  forlnil.  depredations;  against  interference  witii  the  Hih'i'  loin- 
age;  for  the  restoration  to  settlement  of  S.  P.  U.  U.  land  claiuH;  fur  a  Iniirili 
judge   and  increase   of  salary  from   $3,000  to  ^'>,00();    fur  iinproviiiK m  nf 

Colorado  navigation;  for  the  purchase  from  Mexico  of  that  ]iart  i>l'  Si ri 

West  of  long,  lir  ami  north  of  lat.  30°,  so  ai<  to  give  Ariz,  a  po.it;  fur  tliv 
appointment  of  residents  as  territorial  officials;  against  the  pnijectril  Itasinu 
ot  U.  >S.  grazing  lands;  for  authority  to  control  and  dispose  of  S(lii»i|  lamls; 
for  the  reinovalof  the  Apaches  and  throwing  open  the  reservation  to  stttlu- 
meut;  and  for  uii  appropriation  of  Jf  IU0,U00  to  dig  artesian  wells. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

INDIAN  AFFAIRS  OF  ARIZONA, 
18G4-1886. 
The  Fkienplt  Tribes  —  Superintendents  and  Agents— The  Yumas— 

Ml).?  AVES  —  Hi' ALAl'AIH  —  YaVAPAIS  —  SUPPAI  —  MoyUIS  —  I'lMA.S     AND 

Makicopah— Papa«o.s — The  Apaches — Early  Hostilities — Errors  of 

TIIK  (il)VERNMENT — KoRTS  AND  CaMPS — A  THOUSAND  VUTIMS — CaKLE- 
ton's    CAMPAKiN — (JeNERAL    MaSON  — WaLLEN,     LoVELL,    (iREOd,     AND 

CiirnENDEN — Devin  AND  Wheaton — Popular  Indionation — A  Mili- 
TAKY  Department  under  Stoneman — Camp  Grant  Massacre — Crook 
in  Command — Peace  Policy— Colyer  and  Howard — More  War — 
Peace  in  1873-4 — The  Apaches  on  Reservations — Concentration- •- 
Kaitz,  Willcox,  and  Crook  again— Raids  of  Reneoade  ChiricA' 
iiiAs— Exploits  of  OERdNiMo — General  Miles — Success  at  Labx— 
Prospects — Crime  .  nd  I..awlessness. 


The  aborigines  of  Arizona  in  18G3-4  numbered 
about  25,000,  slightly  less  than  two  thirds  belonging 
to  the  friendly  tribes  as  distinguished  from  the 
Apaclies.  In  1886  there  are  left  about  18,000,  not 
including  in  either  estimate  the  Navajos,  trefited  in 
this  volume  as  a  New  Mexican  tribe,  though  their 
home  has  always  been  partly  in  Arizona.^  I  may 
state  at  the  outset  that  it  is  not  my  purpose  to  at- 
tempt any  index  or  classification  of  the  sources  for 
Indian  affairs.  The  principal  of  these  are  named  in 
the  appended  note;  and  only  for  special  purposes  shall 
I  make  more  minute  references  or  cite  additional 
authorities.^      In  considering  modern  annals  of  the 

'  Tlie  primitive  condition  of  all  the  tribes  has  been  treated  in  another  work 
of  thi>i  series.  For  manners  and  customs,  geog.  distrib.,  etc.,  see  Native 
AifM,  i.  471-555,  591-603,  on  Apache  and  Pueblo  familius;  for  myths,  etc., 
iii.,  first  half,  passim;  languages,  iii.  680-705;  material  relics,  iv.  680-805. 

^Tlie  cliief  sources  are  tlie  annual  Ind.  Aff.  Rcptu,  1863  et  .seq. ;  U.  S.  Govt 
JJoc.  (if  the  different  classes  by  congress  and  session,  especially  military  re- 

(543) 


I' 


"< 


1 

1 

H 

■'  i ' 

■n 

;,  II 

1 

1 

Ir   '  ' 

I  ■ 


Ml 


INDIAN  AFFAllW  OF  AllIZONA. 


Arizona  Iiulians,  let  us  first  glance  at  tlio  frii  luHy 
tril)cs. 

W'licn  the  territory  was  cn-atetl,  CliarleH  J).  Postou 
came  as  superintendent  of  Indian  att'airs  in  ISC.  I,  iiial<. 
iug  a  tour  with  Ross  J^rovvne,  but  auin»lenientiii,;  liis 
rejtnrt  with  his  resignation  in  Sej>tenih»r,  (iioiiry 
W.  Leihy  then  held  the  ofliee  until  Noveniln'r  ISCpI;, 
when  he  was  killed  hy  Indians.  O.  W.  Dent  m  rvtd 
in  lH(J7-0;  CJeorgc  L.  Andrews  in  18(11)  70;  and  II. 
liendell  in  1871-2.  After  1872  the  office  was  ahnl- 
islicd,  agents  reporting  directly  to  the  conunissiotit  r  at 
Washington.  Special  inspectors  were,  however,  mi  it 
hy  the  government  from  time  to  time  to  visit  thu 
agencies." 

The  Yumas  were  formerly  a  numerous  and  power- 
fnl  tribe,  of  fine  physique  and  war-like  nature.  My 
readers  will  remember  their  old-time  thirst  for  Chris- 
tianity, and  their  uiassaere  of  the  padres  and  settlers 
in  1781.  Their  home  was  about  the  Gila  junction  on 
both  sides  of  the  Colorado.  In  Spanish  and  ]\re\ieaii 
times  they  were  alternately  hostile  and  friendly,  hut 
suffered  much  in  wars  with  other  tribes.  Later  tlie 
tribe  was  kept  in  order  by  the  American  garrison  at 
Fort  Yuma,  but  its  strength  was  broken  in  1857,  when 
its  grand  'army'  was  almost  annihilated  in  a  war  with 
the  Pimas.  Since  that  time  the  Yumas  have  been 
worthless  but  harmless  vagabonds,  though  cultivating' 
small  patches  of  ground  in  the  Colorado  bottoms, 
catching  fish,  and  doing  odd  jobs  for  the  wliitcs. 
l^ascus  has  been  their  most  famous  chief;  and  their 
numbei   is  now  about  1,000.     They  have  never  been 

purta  in  t  \e  of  the  sec.  of  war  for  each  year;  the  governor's  annual  mes- 
sages and  1  ver  legislative  matter  hi  Ariz.,  Jour.,  1804  ot  sotj. ;  (ik'.s  nt'  Cal. 
ncwsiiaperw  lotably  the  S.  F.  Bnlletiu,  Alta,  Chronicle,  and  Sm'.  Uiwur,  ami 
especially  /.  'jv/  Scrap-books,  Ariz.,  i.-vi.,  containing  elassiiied  cliiiiiirii.'.''  trmii 
the  journalr?  /f  southern  C'al.  and  Arizona.  The  leading  modern  wurks,  lliii- 
ton'/i  IJiiiid-  nk,  Ariz.  Hist.  (E.  &Co. ),  and  Hamilton  s  Jicioiirces,  like  iiinst 
otlier  work-i  on  Ariz,  uanicd  in  these  chapters,  contain  much  on  lud.  atl.iirs. 
It  wdl  be  nnilerstood  that  all  have  been  utilized,  but  space  does  not  permit 
repeaced  citation  or  a  pointing-out  of  discrepancies. 

*  Before  18(54  an  agent  at  Mesilla  had  merely  nominal  control  of  the  ^Vri- 
zona  lud. 


iMilP 


THE  YUMAS  ANIJ  MOJAVKS. 


543 


1  of  tlio  ^Vri. 


williii,'  to  settle  at  the  up-river  agency,  Imt  in  lato 
viur^ii  nservation  has  been  set  apart  for  theni  on  the 
( 'aliforiiia  side  at  Fort  Yunm.*  The  Mojaves — Yania- 
jiilis  iir  Aniajabas  of  early  times — livinj:?  orjffinally  on 
Itdtli  >iili's  of  the  Ct)lorado  above  Williams  fork,  a 
|M<(i|.lc  wliose  intercourse  with  Padre  Garces  in  1774- 
()  will  \)v  recalled,  and  who  sometimes  appear  in  the 
Spiiiiiisli  annals  of  California,  were  also  a  brave  tribe, 
wlioe  ^ood  qualities  have  for  the  most  part  disap- 
|)(:iri'(l.  Their  hostility  to  Americans  ended  with 
their  defeat  and  the  foun-V.iijif  of  Fort  Mojave  in  1858 
-'J.  In  1804  Poston  selected  a  reservation  on  the 
river  bottom  at  Half  Way  ]^end,  in  latitude  34°,  and 
the  land  was  set  apart  by  act  of  1865.  It  was  in- 
teiidrd  f(»r  all  the  river  tribes,  and  for  the  Ilualapais 
and  Vavapais;  but  onlj'^  the  Chemchuevis  and  half  of 
the  Mcijaves  could  ever  be  induced  to  occupy  it  per- 
luaiiciitly.  Aj^riculturc  depended  on  the  annual  over- 
How  of  the  river,  and  crops  often  failed.  A  canal 
was  duii;  in  18G7-74  for  nine  miles  at  a  cost  of  $28,000, 
but  was  not  a  success ;  and  a  system  of  water-wheels 
jirovfd  likewise  a  failure.  The  Indians  took  much 
iiitenst  in  these  experiments,  and  even  did  a  large 
amount  of  hard  work;  but  the  outside  tribes,  grad- 
ually h»sing  their  confidence  in  the  white  man's  ability 
to  control  the  elements,  declined  to  come  in;  and  the 
Mojavcs — about  800,  under  Iriteba  down  to  his  death 
iu  1874 — learned  to  depend  chiefly  on  government  aid. 

•  Uamilton'ft  ReKOurce^,  299.  I  have  seen  no  original  record  of  this  reserva- 
tion. A  school  at  the  olil  fort  in  1884  is  incntioucd  in  Arh.,  Jlinl.  (E.  &  Co.), 
244.  In  18G4  Francis  Hinton  was  employed  by  Supt  I'asttm  a.s  agent  for  the 
Viiiiias,  liut  later  t.huy  were  nominally  in  charge  of  the  Mojave,  or  Colorado, 
agency.  Fcirty  years  of  intercourse  with  white  men  has  had  a  iiuwt  purni- 
cidus  cllcct  on  this  pv,i)ple,  especially  through  tlio  prostitution  of  the  women 
ami  iiidiilguuce  in  strong  drink.  Hxcept  some  slight  and  irregular  gifts,  they 
have  n'<cived  no  aid  from  the  government.  The  Cocopas  are  a  tribe  living  on 
the  C'ulcirado  below  the  Yumas,  whom  they  resemble  somewhat  in  character 
ami  moilcru  history.  They  live  mainly  in  Mexican  territory,  thougli  coming 
in  contact  more  with  Americans.  Tliu  Chemehuevis  and  Pah-Utes  are  Sho- 
shone trilios,  both  frequenting  north-western  Arizona  to  some  extent  in  early 
times.  The  former  in  later  years  live,  about  300  in  number,  on  the  Cal.  side 
of  till'  Colorado;  while  the  latter  belong  mainly  to  Nevada  and  Utah,  though 
still  foiiiKl  to  some  extent  iu  Ariz,  north  of  the  Colorado.  These  tribes  require 
uu  further  notice  here. 

UisT.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mez.   33 


!■■::!:£ 


546 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  OF  ARIZONA. 


The  rest  lived  near  Fort  Mojave  and  fared  som(w]iat 
better,  a  crowd  of  them  being  still  seen  at  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  railroad  stations  in  this  region.  In  all 
they  number  from  1,000  to  1,200,  addicted  to  gam- 
bling and  intoxication,  nearly  all  tainted  with  syi)hilitic 
diseases,  a  hopelessly  wretched  and  depradcd  race,  or 
at  least  past  regeneration  by  any  methods  yet  applied; 
yet  they  are  peaceful,  and  in  a  sense  honest  and  indus- 
trious. A  school  was  in  operation  at  times  from  1873, 
and  a  native  police  from  1881.  No  real  progress  has 
ever  been  made,  though  the  agents  have  occasionally 
reported  encouraging  features,  generally  not  visible  to 
their  successors.^ 

The  Hualapais,  or  Apache- Yumas,  and  Yavapais, 
or  Apache-Mojaves,  were,  before  18G4,  tribes  of  1,500 
and  2,000  souls,  allied  in  race  and  character  to  the 
river  tribes  on  the  west  and  the  Apaches  on  the  cast. 
For  some  years,  during  the  flush  times  of  the  Colo- 
rado placers,  they  were  friendly,  living  at  times  on  the 
reservation;  but  in  18GG-8,  being  suspected  of  certain 
depredations,  they  were  the  victims  of  sevornl  dis- 
graceful outrages,  and  went  on  the  war-path  until 
1871-2.  The  Yavapais  became  identified  with  the 
Apaches,  and  with  them  were  transferred  to  the  San 
Cdrlos  reservation  in  1874.  The  Hualapais,  after 
submission,  did  good  service  against  the  Apaches,  were 
gathered  at  Beale  Spring,  and  were  moved  against  their 
will  to  the  Colorado  agency  in  1874.     Running  away 

'The  Colorado  agency  was  in  charge  of  Herman  Ehronbcrg  and  .Lihu  C, 
Dunn  ill  18G4-0,  John  Feudge  in  1806^9,  Helenas  Dodt  in  1870,  J.  A.  Tniiin  r 
in  1871-5,  W.  E.  Morford  in  187G-7,  JohnC.  Mallory  inlS77-8,  Jleiiiy  K. 
Mallory  in  1878-80,  Jonathan  Biggs  in  1880-2.  Ehrenberg,  an  en).'iiioi.r,  re- 
ported against  the  selected  reservation  at  the  first,  and  his  objections  jirovetl 
well  foimdod.  For  executive  orders  of  Nov.  22,  1873,  Nov.  10,  1.">T4,  and 
May  15,  1876,  extending  and  dufmin^  the  boundaries,  see  reiiort  suo.  int.  in 
U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  47th  cong.  lit  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  1,  pt  5,  p.  304.  Its  area  in 
1874  is  given  as  200  sq.  miles;  in  1884  by  Hamilton  and  others  as  (iOO  sq. 
m.  It  extends  from  a  point  four  miles  above  Ehrenberg  some  45  niilos  up  tlie 
river,  including  a  tract  occupied  by  200  Chemihuevis  on  the  Cal.  sitle.  Cum- 
fortable  adobe  buildings  were  constructed  from  18G7.  In  18S'2  t\w  Iml. 
were  reported  as  living  on  govt  rations,  on  agric.  labor,  and  on  natuial  prii- 
ducts  of  the  soil  in  about  equal  proportions.  They  owned  a  lew  horses,  used 
only  for  racing,  and  of  no  advantage.  At  Camp  Colorado,  near  the  agency, 
was  posted  a  small  garrison  at  times. 


SUPPAI  AND  MOQUIS. 


647 


.red  somcwliat 
it  the  Atliintic 
egion.  Ill  all 
icted  to  <ran\- 
with  sypliilitic 
radcd  race,  nr 
Is  yet  applied; 
est  and  iiidu.s- 
lesfroin  1873, 
[  projTTess  has 
e  occasionallv 
not  visible  to 

i-nd  Yuvapais, 
rihes  of  1,500 
racter  to  the 
!S  on  the  east. 
!  of  the  C'olo- 
b  times  on  the 
'ted  of  certain 
'  several  dis- 
ar-path  until 
led  with  the 
d  to  the  San 
ahapais,  after 
Lpaclie.s,  were 
against  their 
unning  away 

borg  and  Julm  C. 
iS70,  J.  A.  Tiinnif 

1877-8,  J  leiiry  K. 
:,  un  engini'i'r,  re- 
objections  princil 

Tov.  10,  1n4,  ami 

rujiort  soc,  int.  in 
304,    Its  area,  in 

others  as  (ilW  sq. 
10  45  miles  up  tlie 
C'al.  siile.  Cum- 
n  1881'  tho  Ind. 
d  on  natural  jffo- 
tew  lidPses,  used 
near  tho  agency, 


the  next  year,  but  professing  friendship,  they  were 
peruiitted  to  Uve  in  their  old  haunts,  Hving  on  the 
country's  natural  products,  and  more  than  once  saved 
from  starvation  by  the  charity  of  settlers.  A  tract  of 
2,000  Sf[uare  miles  on  the  Grand  Cafior:  bend  of  the 
Colorado  was  set  apart  for  them  in  1881-3,  and  there 
thev  now  live,  600  to  800  in  number,  mustering  in 
force  at  Peach  Spring  at  the  passage  of  each  railroad 
train.  Though  superior  to  the  reservation  Mojaves, 
thev  are  a  destitute  and  vicious  lot  of  beggars,  wholly 
non-j)rogressivc, 

Tlio  Suppai,  or  Ava-Supies,  200  or  300  in  number, 
of  Avhom  little  is  known,  but  probably  renegades  origi- 
nally from  other  tribes,  have,  since  1880,  a  reserva- 
tion of  GO  square  miles  on  Cataract  Creek,  just  above 
latitude  3G',  a  fertile  tract  on  the  creek  bottom  be- 
tween precipitous  cliffs,  accessible  only  at  two  points 
by  a  narrow  trail.  Here  they  raise  fruits,  grain,  and 
vegetal )les,  trading  with  the  Mo(|uis  and  Hualapais, 
prosperous  and  contented,  but  rarely  visited  by  white 


6 


men. 

Of  the  Moquis  much  has  been  recorded  in  this  vol- 
ume. The  Mexicans  had  little  if  any  intercourse  with 
them ;  l)ut  several  American  explorers  visited  their 
towns,  begiiming  with  Ives  in  1858.  An  agency  was 
maintained  from  1 8 GO,  the  agent  living  at  Fort  Defiance 
down  to  1875,  but  later  at  buildings  erected  fifteen 
miles  east  of  the  first  town.  These  peculiar,  super- 
stitious, and  childishly  variable  Indians  were  always 
friendly,  except  that  the  Oraibc  chief  was  sometimes, 
as  of  old,  reserved  and  sulky.  There  was  a  school  in 
Several  years,  and  in  1882  a  missionary  was  preparing 
to  get  ready  to  begin  his  teachings.  The  Moquis 
were  always  temperate,  chaste,  and  industrious,  tilling 
their  barren  lands,  where  crops  often  failed  for  want 
of  water,  keeping  a  few  sheep  and  cattle,  gladly  ac- 
cepting the  meagre  government  pittance,  and  some- 

"Onlera  of  1880-2  on  Uio  roserv.,  in  rept  sec.  interior,  1883,  p.  .300-7. 
In  Arizona  Scrapa,   133,  is  an  account  of  a  visit  in  1880  by  Beck.mau  and 

Young, 


mun 


f 


!'i\ 


MI  ' 


'  ll 

f 

i'l 

;? 

■1 '» 

•J ' 

III 

.: 

■  -.'  -'vi' 

", 

.:| 

■  ■ ' 

•;   i 

■I.' 

H  [; 

}    'y      '[* 

i:     '  W 

«     1-  f. 

i 

H 

i,  ■ 

S48 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  OF  ARIZONA. 


times  disposed  to  the  theory  that  the  'great  ffitlrcr'  at 
Washington  should  and  perhaps  would  su[)port  lils  ^lo- 
qui  children  in  idleness.  They  would  never  listen  to 
proposals  of  removal  from  their  cliff  homes  of  so  many 
centuries,  but  they  were  sometimes  induced  to  culti- 
vate fields  at  some  distance;  they  farmed  on  shares 
with  the  Colorado  Chiquito  IMormons;  and  it  is  eviu 
said  that  the  saints  have  made  some  Moqui  converts. 
Their  reservation  of  4,000  miles  was  set  apart  in.  1882, 
adjoining  that  of  the  Navajos;  and  their  minibers 
since  1809  have  perhaps  increased  from  1,500  tt)  2,000. 
There  is  no  more  interesting  aboriginal  people  in 
United  States  territory." 

Turning  again  to  the  south,  we  find  tlie  Pimas  living 
on  the  Gila,  where  their  home  has  been  for  centuries, 
and  on  a  reservation  set  apart  for  them  and  the  ^luri- 
copas  in  1859.  They  have  always  been  foes  of  the 
Apache  and  friends  of  the  American,  it  having  heon 
their  boast  for  years  that  they  had  never  killed  a 
white  man.  They  are  an  industrious  agricultural 
people,  producing  a  large  surplus  of  grain  for  sale. 
Living  in  a  dozen  villages  of  conical  willow  huts,  they 
have  never  changed  materially  their  manner  of  life, 
but  there  is  no  improvement,  except  that  some  children 
have  learned  to  read;  and  in  many  respects  there  has 
been  a  sad  deterioration  during  forty  years  of  contact 
with  civilization,  notably  by  acquiring  habits  of  Intem- 
perance, prostitution,  and  pilfering;  yet  they  are  .still 
vastly    superior  to   ^lost  other  tribes.      For  several 

'Agents  were  A.  D.  Palmor  In  18G9-70,  W.  D.  C'rotliera  in  KS71-'-»,  W.  S. 
Defrues  in  1S7U-4,  W.  IJ.  Truax  in  1875-0  (agency  a))anili)nuil  in  Oct.  Ti)  to 
Fell.  '78),  Wm  R.  Mateer  in  1878-!),  John  H.  Sullivan  in  1880-1,  J.  1>.  FUiii- 
niing  iu  1882,  In  18G4  the  Moijui.s  are  said  to  liavo  sunt  to  Salt  Lake  City 
for  aid  against  the  Navaj().s.  Poston  named  John  Moss  as  agent.  Kit  Carsuii 
made  a  visit  in  18(>4,  and  Vincent  Colyor  in  18i;i),  l)oth  ovcrestiiimtiiii,'  llio 
pop.  as  4,000.  In  1800,  the  gov.  says,  the  Moquis  h:ul  sent  delegatus  to  Tros- 
cott,  and  were  willing  to  be  removed  to  the  Tonto  IJasin.  It  was  uiiilorstfiuJ 
that  in  185.")-0  and  in  1800-7,  tlie  towns  were  temporarily  ahandoned  on  iie- 
count  of  small-pox  and  drought;  hut  there  is  no  foundation  for  tlie  oit  repeated 
statement  that  tlie  name  iiioijiti  means  death,  and  was  of  iiio'Uth  appliiatiou. 
Among  the  recent  descriptions  of  Mo(pii  manners  and  customs  may  lie  iiu'ii- 
tioned  ( 'apt.  John  G.  IJourke's  7V/e  Swdv-dancfo/t/ie  Moquis  nf  A  ramm,  Jlmtg 
a  mtrraiive  qf  a  journey  from  SaiUa  Fi,  etc.  N.  Y.,  1884,  8vo,  xvii.,  371  ]>■, 
platea. 


THE  PIMAS. 


549 


vcirs,  from  18G8,  serious  troubles  with  them  seemed 
iiuiiiiiH'iit.  Presuminjy  on  their  miUtary  services  and 
past  immunity  from  all  restraint,  they  became  insolent 
and  augTcssiv^e,  strayiny;  from  the  reservation,  robbing 
travellers,  refusing  all  satisfaction  for  inroads  of  their 
]i()rs(^s  on  the  settlers'  fields,  the  young  men  being 
Ix'vuntl  the  chiefs'  control.  Swindling  traders  had 
establisliod  themselves  near  the  villages  to  buy  the 
Indians'  grain  at  their  own  prices,  and  even  mani[»ulate 
(rovernnient  goods,  the  illegal  traffic  receiving  no  check, 
hut  liither  apparently  protection  from  the  territorial 
authorities.  Whiskey  was  bought  at  Adamsville  or 
fruin  itinerant  Mexicans;  the  agents  were  incompe- 
tent, or  at  least  had  no  influence,  the  military  refused 
su])jK)rt  or  became  involved  in  profitless  controversies. 
Worst  of  all,  white  settlers  on  the  Gila  used  so  much 
of  the  water  that  the  Pimas  in  dry  years  had  to  leave 
tlie  reservation  or  starve.  General  Howard  deemed 
the  difficulties  insurmountable,  and  urged  removal. 
Had  it  not  been  for  dread  of  the  Pima  numbers  and 
vahjr,  tlie  Apaches  still  being  hostile,  very  likely 
there  might  have  been  a  disastrous  outbreak.  But 
from  1874,  for  reasons  only  partially  apparent,  there 
was  a  marked  improvement.  Copious  rains  for  several 
years  prevented  clashing  with  the  settlers;  several 
chiefs  visited  the  Indian  territory  and  talked  favor- 
ably of  removal;  there  was  less  friction  between 
autlioritics.  In  187G-82  the  Pima  reservation  was 
considerably  extended,  and  a  new  tract  on  Salt  Kiver 
helow  Fort  McDowell  was  finally  set  apart,  making 
the  whole  extent  about  275  square  miles.  A  sclu)ol 
lias  boon  kept  up  with  some  success,  a  little  missuon- 
ary  work  was  done,  and  a  native  police,  until  disorgan- 
ized by  whiskey,  did  something  ti)  prevent  disortler. 
Vet  the  old  troubles  are  slee[iing  rather  ^"han  dead. 
There  is  still  nmch  popular  dissatisfaction  on  various 
phasi's  of  the  matter;  and  in  view  of  tb  j  non-progress- 
ive nature  of  the  Indians,  the  large  extent  of  their 
lantls,  the  growing  white  population,  and  the  agricul- 


,.tLI 


^  •!■ 


uiiyi 


I 


i> 


w 


imv ,  f 


550 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


tural  prospects  of  the  Gila  and  Salt  valleys  under  an 
extensive  system  of  irrigation,  there  can  be  little  duuU 
that  difficulties  will  increase,  and  the  Pimas  poonur  or 
later  will  have  to  quit  their  old  home.^ 

The  Pdpagos  have  been  regarded  as  the  best  Indians 
of  Arizona.  Thev  were  of  the  same  race  and  lanuua<ro 
as  the  Pimas;  but  there  is  no  foundation  for  the  tlit- 
ory  that  they  were  simply  Pima  converts  to  Chris- 
tianity, papago  meaning  'baptized.'  They  were,  how- 
ever, converts,  retaining  a  smattering  of  foreign  faith, 
with  much  pride  in  their  old  church  at  Bae.  They 
differ  but  little  from  Arizona  Mexicans,  if  of  the  latter 
we  except  a  few  educated  families  and  a  good  many 
vicious  vagabonds.  More  readily  than  other  Indians 
they  adapt  themselves  to  circumstances,  tilling  the 
soil,  raising  live-stock,  working  in  the  mines,  or  doing 
anything  that  offers.  As  the  reader  knows,  they  some- 
times had  trouble  with  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans, 
but  they  have  always  been  friends  of  Americans  and 
deadly  foes  to  Apaches.  Without  having  eseajjed  tlie 
taint  of  vice,  they  are  not  as  a  rule  addicted  to  drink, 
gambling,  or  licentiousness.  They  have  received  very 
little  aid  from  the  government.  In  1874  a  reservation 
was  set  off  for  them  at  San  Javier,  and  in  1882  another 
at  the  Gila  bend,  200  square  miles  in  all.  From  lh7G 
their  agency  w^as  consolidated  with  that  of  the  J^iinas. 
Their  number  has  remained  at  about  5,000,  some  2,000 

«rima  agents:  A.  M.  WHiite  to  18G5,  Levi  Ruggles  in  18GG-9  (C.  ]I.  Lonl 
deputy  in  1807),  F.  E.  Grossman  in  1809-70,  J.  H.  (Stout  in  1S71-"),  1S77-S, 
Cluirlus  Hudson  in  1S70,  A.  B.  Ludlam  in  1879-80,  E.  B.  Townscml  in  l>iSl, 
R.  G.  Wlieeler  in  1881-2,  A.  H.  Jackson  in  1882.  In  number  tlie  I'inias  liiivo 
increased  slightly,  between  4,500  and  5,000.  The  Maricopas  arc  a  small  frag- 
ment from  farther  down  the  river,  allied  in  race  to  the  Yunias,  but  for  many 
years  living  with  the  Pimas,  whom  they  resemble  in  habits.  The  Pinuis  make 
some  rude  pottery.  They  have  received  comparatively  little  aid  from  tlie 
govt,  and  often  complahi  that  the  Apaches  are  treated  much  better.  Mor- 
mons have  favored  the  Ind.  more  than  other  settlers.  Rusliug,  Arrows  Amer- 
ica, 309-72,  describes  the  villages  in  1807.  In  1870  the  agent  siirveyeil  an 
extension,  which,  through  the  legislature's  intluence,  was  not  approved.  By 
order  of  Aug.  .SI,  1870,  additions  were  made  on  the  s.  E.  In  1877  the  kgisla- 
ture  tried  to  have  the  Ind.  removed  from  Salt  River,  but  Inspector  Watkiii.s 
in  ]  878  reported  against  this  as  inhuman.  An  order  of  Jan.  10,  1879,  extoiuKJ 
the  reserve  K.  to  that  of  Wliite  Mt,  but  this  was  cancelleil  by  tiie  onler  of 
July  14th,  setting  apart  the  Salt  River  tract  and  making  other  additions,  atill 
further  increased  by  order  of  May  5,  1882. 


\ii: 


THE  PXPAGOS. 


661 


eys  under  an 
e  little  douU 
las  .«ooiier  or 


liviiii^^  on  the  reservations  or  near  Tucson,  while  the 
rest  are  scattered  through  Papagueria  or  live  across  the 
Mexican  line." 


rcsou'  \it    1 

"'"n^>.'  TuDacftV    I   it  It"|'"#'?^   I 

_j.      (    J     —^..^^       S<     )J     A;  J'  /ChWcKl.uisj 


Indians  of  Arizona. 

'Agents  for  this  tribe  were  M.  0.  Davidson  in  1804-5,  Levi  Rugglcs  and 
C,  H.  Lord  in  18G6  et  see].,  R.  A.  Wilbur  in  1871-4,  and  John  W.  Cornyn 
in  1.^7").  A  school  has  been  kept  up  at  S.  Javier,  with  good  success,  under 
the  sisters  of  St  Joseph,  thougli  sectarian  attacks  on  tlie  Catholics  have  not 
Win  wiiiiting.  The  principal  fault  of  the  Papagos  has  been  tlieir  possession 
pf  so  much  valuble  land  near  the  city.  There  were  many  encroach  men ta  by 
wocl-cuttcrs,  and  many  settlers  held  on  to  their  farms  till  1882,  when  they 
wore  forcibly  ejected  by  the  Ind.  under  Agent  Wheeler.  This  led  to  appeals 
from  the  legislature  on  behalf  of  the  settlers,  and  to  much  controversy.  In 
1S85  a  sheriff  attempting  to  serve  a  writ  waa  forcibly  reaiated  by  the  military; 


iitti 


'  ? 


;iff 


H 


>mU 


ill, 


i'ti 


'Mr" 


062 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


The  Apache  country  proper  was  that  part  of  Ari- 
zona lying  east  of  the  Santa  Cruz  in  the  south,  and  of 
the  Verde  in  the  north.     In  18G4  tlic  Apaches  had 
for  several  years  wa<:?ed  war  upon  the  whites,  hostili- 
ties bein<;  for  the  most  part  confined  to  the  soutli-east, 
because  tlie  north  was  not  yet  occupied  by  AnKricaiis. 
From  18G2,  however,  the  Colorado  gold  placers  drew 
a  crowd  of  miners,  who  pushed  their  operations  east- 
ward to  the  Prescott  region.     They  were  not  much 
troubled  bv  the  Indians  at  first;  but  from  ISflo,  as 
Apache  land  was  penetrated  by  prospectors,  and  the 
frontier  became  settled,  the  war  was  transferred,  or 
rather  extended,  to  the  north-west;  and  with  tlie  dis- 
affection of  the  Hualapais  and  Yavapais,  mainly  caused 
by  outrages  of  the  whites,  the  field  of  hostilities  was 
\videned  to  a  considerable  distance  >vest  of  Prescott. 
For  about  ten  years  this  warfare  was  continuous  and 
deadly.     During  this  period  about  1,000  men,  women, 
and  children  were  murdered  by  the  Apaches,  of  whom 
perhaps  2,000  were  killed,  with  a  loss  of  probably  not 
over  150  soldiers.     The  loss  of  live-stock  and  destruc- 
tion of  other  property  was  of  course  great,  and  all  i-cal 
progress  in  the  territory  was  p-  evented.    The  Apacdies 
did  not  fight  battles,  except  when  cornered;  their  idea 
being  primarily  to  steal,  and  then  to  kill  without  being 
killed.     They  attacked    individuals  or  small   ])arties 
from  ambush,  and  fled  to  their  mountain  strongholds, 
often  inhumanly  torturing  their  captives.     By  nature 
and  the  education  of  centuries,  they  were  murderous 
thieves;  and  they  looked  forward  to  a  life-long  stiug- 
gle  with  the  whites  as  a  natural  and  their  only  means 
of  subsistence.     The  people  of  Arizona,  feeling  that 
they  were  entitled  to  protection,  but  appealing  for  it 

anil  the  saint  year  there  was  a  threatened  war  with  the  Papagns,  in  cnnse- 
quencc  of  a  quarrel  about  the  possession  of  a  spring.     The  lud.  nsfiii'd  a 

Erisoner  from  the  shcriif,  and  a  force  of  volunteers  marched  out  from  Tiusoii, 
ut  an  amicable  settlement  was  finally  reached.  Ariz.,  Lawn,  12th  aoss.,  'J'.il-2; 
S.  F.  Chronicle,  May  9,  1883;  Sac.  Hecord- Union,  March  9,  May  I8-'J0,  1.S85. 
I  have  seen  no  original  record  of  the  Gila  reserv.  of  1882,  but  it  is  shown  on 
govt  maps,  and  mentioned  in  Ariz.,  Hint.  (E.  &  Co.),  179,  where  is  given  ;i  list 
of  the  15  Papago  rancherias,  with  a  pop.  of  2,92o.  A  few  Piipiigos  li:ivo  al- 
ways lived  with  the  PimaB,  and  a  few  Apaches  Manses  with  the  Papagoa. 


THE  GOVERNMENT  AT  FAULT. 


553 


in  vain,  became  excited  and  desperate  as  tlic  years 
passed  by,  doing  and  countenancing  many  unwise  and 
cvc'ii  criminal  acts.  The  government  at  Washington, 
va<^U(.lv  aware  that  there  were  Indian  troubles  in  Ari- 
zona,  winch  were  very  expensive,  and  not  realizing  any 
diti'trence  between  Apaches  and  other  hostile  Indians, 
simply  furnished  from  1,000  to  3,000  troops  to  garrison 
the  posts,  made  imperfect  arrangements  for  supplies, 
witli  an  occasional  change  of  connnandcr  or  military 
oruaiiization,  ignored  for  the  most  part  all  appeals, 
and  loft  the  problem  to  solve  itself  Officers  and  sol- 
diers did  their  duty  well  enough,  striking  many  hard 
blows,  which  after  a  long  time  became  in  a  cumulative 
sense  effective.  If  any  of  these  parties  is  to  be  blamed 
on  tlio  whole,  it  is  not  the  citizens,  the  military,  the 
Ajtaclies,  or  even  the  newspapers  and  Indian  agents, 
but  the  government,  for  its  half-way  measures,  its  des- 
ultory warfare,  and  its  lack  of  a  definite  policy,  even 
that  of  'extermination,'  which  is  sometimes  attributed 
t(t  it.  True,  a  somewhat  consistent  policy  was  devel- 
oped in  the  end;  but  I  cannot  think  there  was  any 
need  of  so  long  and  bloody  and  costly  a  process  of  ev- 
olution. From  the  first  there  was  no  real  difi^tTence 
of  o[)inion  among  men  with  practical  knowledge  of  the 
Apaches  respecting  the  proper  policy  to  be  adopted. 
Tlie  Apache  must  first  be  whipped  into  a  temporary 
or  })ar'tial  submission,  then  made  to  understand  that  it 
was  for  his  interest  to  keep  the  peace,  and  finally 
watelied  and  taught,  if  possil)le,  better  methods  of  life. 
The  result  might  have  been  etfected,  so  far  at  least  as 
it  ever  has  been  eflfected,  in  two  years. 

I  shall  not  here  chronicle  the  series  of  Apache 
atrocities,  name  the  victims,  or  even  summarize  the 
record  for  places  or  periods.  Neither  is  it  proposed 
to  (U'tail  the  military  record  of  campaigns,  or  deal 
minutely  with  annals  of  companies,  conunanders,  or 
posts.  Still  less  shall  I  find  room  for  the  many  con- 
troversies that  continuously  arose  from  one  phase  or 
another  of  this   unfortunate   Apache    business.     To 


l^  ,  '5 


y\A 


554 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


mf 


treat  all  these  matters  in  such  a  manner  as  to  utilize 
fully  the  mass  of  evidence  before  me  with  justicu  to 
all  interests  involved,  would  require  a  whole  volume. 
Yet  though  compelled  by  limitation  of  space  to  avoid 
particulars,  especially  in  relation  to  persons,  I  hope  to 
present  all  the  general  aspects  of  the  subject  in  a 
clear  and  impartial  manner.^" 

We  left  the  Arizona  posts,  as  part  of  the  depart- 
ment of  New  Mexico,  garrisoned  in  18G3  by  the  Cali- 
fornia volunteers.  In  1864,  having  had  much  success 
in  fighting  eastern  Apaches  and  the  Navajos,  General 
James  H.  Carleton  turned  his  attention  to  the  west, 
confidently  expecting  to  subdue  the  foe  and  remove 

'"  My  general  authorities  are  cited  in  note  2.  Additional  references  are 
mainly  to  other  and  special  sources.  Here  sliould  be  mentioned  Jlmtnicirti  oj 
the  Mouidabis.  A  Hkto)~y  of  the  Indian  Wars  of  the  Fur  Went,  liij  J.  P. 
Dunn,  Jr,  M.  S.,  LL.  B.  Illustrated.  N.  Y.,  188G,  8vo,  ix.,  784  p.',  map. 
Chap,  xii.,  'death  to  the  Apache,' and  xxi.,  'cruelty,  pity,  and  justice,' re- 
late to  my  present  subject.  This  book  is  the  latest,  best,  and  indeed  almcist 
the  oidy  connected  view  of  the  Apache  wars  extant.  Both  in  matter  aiul 
manner  it  merits  high  praise. 

Military  conimandors  in  Ariz,  were:  Oen.  J.  H.  Carleton,  1864-.');  Ocn. 
John  8.  Mason,  18G5-G;  Col  11.  D.  Wallen  in  the  north,  and  Col  C.  S.  Ldvell 
in  the  south,  lS(JG-7;  Oen.  J.  I.  Gregg  and  CJen.  T.  L.  Crittenden,  1S(;7  JS; 
Gen.  T.  C.  Tevin,  18G8-9;  Gen.  Whuaton,  18G9-70;  Gen.  Geo.  StonciiKUi, 
1870-1;  Gen.  Geo.  Crook,  1871-5;  Col  A.  Kautz,  1875-7;  Gen.  O.  B.  Willtox, 
1877-82;  Gen.  Geo.  Crook,  1882-C;  Gen.  Nelson  Miles,  188G. 

'I'he  principal  or  permanent  forts  and  camps  in  Arizona  are  as  follo\v.s:  Ft 
^V^lippIe,  named  for  the  explorer,  in  Yavapai  co.  near  Prescott,  cstalilislicil 
in  18().'J  in  Cliino  valley,  over  20  m.  farther  north,  but  transferred  in  181)4, 
and  later  made  headcjuarters  of  the  department.  Ft  Verde,  named  for  the 
river,  in  Yavapai  co.,  was  cstab.  in  18G4  as  Camp  Lincoln,  the  site  being 
sliglitly  eluinged  in  1871.  Hero  was  an  Ind.  reserv.  for  several  years.  Cuiiip 
Date  Creek,  in  a.  w.  eor.  of  this  co.,  was  estab.  as  C.  Mcl'herson  in  I8G(),  the 
name  being  changed  in  18G8.  Here  also  was  a  temporary  iisylum  for  liul., 
and  when  the  Ind.  were  moved  in  1879  to  Verde  the  post  was  abainhnail. 
Ft  McDowell,  named  for  tlie  general,  in  Maricopa  co.,  was  estab.  in  181)5.  Ft 
Apache,  in  Apache  co.,  was  estab.  in  1870,  and  was  known  as  C.  MognUon, 
C.  Ord,  and  perhaps  C.  Thomas.  This  fort  was  on  the  Ind.  reserv.  cstih.  in 
1870,  tlie  agency  being  later  moved  to  S.  Carlos.  Ft  Mojave,  in  Mojiivc  co., 
was  e.-itab.  in  1S.">8,  being  abamlonod  for  a  time  in  18G1-3.  Camp  Thomas, 
named  tor  the  general,  in  Graham  co.,  was  estab.  in  1875,  on  the  G-ila,  almvo 
the  site  of  old  Camp  Goodwin  of  earlier  years.  Fort  Grant,  in  Graham  co., 
was  originally  from  18(i2  at  the  junction  of  the  S.  Pedro  and  Arivaipa,  where 
Ft  Breckenridge  liad  been  estab.  since  1859.  It  was  transferred  to  its  present 
site  in  1873.  Camp  Lowell,  in  Pima  co.,  named  for  Gen.  C.  K.  Lowell,  "m 
the  Tucson  post  from  18(i2,  permanently  estab.  and  named  in  18GG.  Ft  lliia- 
chuca,  Cocliise  co.,  named  for  the  mountain  range,  was  estab.  in  1871),  hut 
had  been  preceded  by  C.  Wallen  since  1874,  a  little  farther  north;  that  by  C. 
Crittenden  farther  west,  in  Pima  co.,  in  18G7-74;  and  that  by  the  ohl  Ft 
Buchanan  of  18,J5-C1.  C.  liucker  was  a  post  farther  east  after  1880.  Fort 
Bowie,  in  Cocliise  co.,  named  for  the  colonel  of  a  Cal.  regiment,  was  estab. 
by  the  volunteers  in  18G2,  becoming  a  permanent  post  from  1803. 


W^  rr 


CARLETON'S  EFFORTS. 


555 


the  humbled  survivors  to  the  Pecos  reservation  of 
Bosquo  Redondo.  The  people  were  equally  hopeful, 
and  for  nearly  a  year  active  war  was  waged  in  tlifFer- 
ciit  directions.  The  result  was  over  200  Apaches 
killed,  but  very  slight  perceptible  progress  tinvard 
permanent  success.  The  general  was,  of  course,  se- 
verely criticised,  and  his  grand  campaign  declared  a 
failure;  yet  there  is  really  little  fault  to  be  found  with 
Carleton's  policy  or  his  general  management.  The 
radical  error  was  that  the  means  were  not  suj)pliod  for 
proi)erly  following  up  his  blows." 

The  great  war  between  north  and  south  was  now 
ended,  but  instead  of  sending  10,000  troops  to  Ari- 
zona with  authority  to  raise  two  or  three  regiments 
uf  native  volunteers,  the  government  transferred  the 
territory  from  the  military  department  of  New  IVIexico 
to  that  of  California.  General  McDowell  rent  Gen- 
eral John  S.  Mason  to  take  command,  with  a  reen- 
forcement  of  California  volunteers,  raising  the  force 
to  ul)()ut  2,800  men.  Four  companies  of  Arizona 
volunteers,  two  of  them  composed  of  Pimas  and 
Papagos,  were  also  mustered  in,  doing  excellent  ser- 
vice. Mason  took  command  in  June  1865,  but  for 
want  of  supplies,  and  by  reason  of  various  blunders  con- 
nected with  the  change  of  departments  and  command- 
ers, preparations  were  not  complete  till  November; 
and  the  following  campaign,  though  including  sev- 
eral effective  expeditions,  was  on  the  whole  perhaps 
even  less  successful  than  that  of  Carleton.  ^Eason 
was  not  a  very  brilliant  Indian  fighter,  and  did  not 
esca[)e  abuse,  yet  it  does  not  clearly  appear  how  any 

"  A  company  of  volunteers  iinder  King  S.  Woolaey  took  a  prominent  part 
ill  tills  cam])aign,  beginning  operations  before  Carleton  arrived,  and  l>eing 
w.-inidy  connnended  by  the  legislature.  Ariz.,  Jour.,  18t!4,  p.  44,  li-'T,  244; 
/'/.,  Ar/.i,  1804,  p.  08-9.  One  of  the  Wixilsey's  acliievenR'nts,  the  '  I'inole 
tiiNity,' has  been  condemned  a.s  an  outrage.  Fifty  Tontos,  being  assembled 
ill  what  is  now  Gila  co.  for  a  liig  talk,  were  attacked  at  a  sigiuil  and  ;il  (or  11) 
as  some  reports  have  it)  were  killed.  W.  claimed  to  have  knowledge  of  in- 
tiiidcd  treachery  on  the  part  of  the  Ind.  A  few  days  later  ('apt.  Tidball 
ami  lii.s  Californians  killed  03  of  the  same  tribe.  For  memorial  to  congress 
for  aid  against  the  Apaches,  see  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  38th  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Mis. 
Due.  18,  19.     Sue  also  Postoii'i  Speech,  iu  H.  of  R.,  Mar.  2,  1805. 


556 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


officer  could  have  done  much  better  in  his  place.  Jn 
April  18()G  he  reported  DOO  Apaches  on  a  teiii|>nrjirv 
reservation  at  Camp  (jroodwin,  and  believed  that  hV 
oii'eriiig  on  the  one  hand  food  and  protection,  and  (,n 
the  other  incessant  attack  from  all  directions,  jm  inm. 
nent  success  might  be  achieved.  But  the  caui[iai'^ii 
was  interrupted  by  the  gradual  withdrawal  of  tlie  Vdl- 
unteers;  and  in  jVIay  or  June  Mason  was  removed.'- 
Mason's  successors  were  Colonel  H.  1).  Wallcii  in 
the  north  and  Colonel  Charles  8.  Lovell  in  the  south. 
They  were  succeeded  by  General  J.  I.  GregL;'  and 
General  T.  L.  Crittenden,  respectively,  early  in  ISii;, 
The  volunteers  had  been  replaced  by  regular  troops 
to  the  number  of  1,500  or  2,000,  soon  consid(  rahly 
increased.  In  October  Arizona  was  formally  declared 
a  military  district  by  order  of  General  Halleck.  ]\lo- 
Dowell  visited  this  part  of  his  department  in  ])e(iin- 
ber.  In  18G8  General  T.  C.  Devin  assumed  the 
command,  being  succeeded  apparently  for  a  time  in 
18(59-70  by  General  AVheaton.  General  Onh  tlio 
new  department  commander,  visited  Arizona  in  18G'J. 

''■'During  this  period  there  was  comparative  security  in  tlio  s.  k.;  lint 
in  the  Prescott  region  the  Apaches  were  worse  than  ever,  tlio  Vuvaiiais 
anil  llualapais  being  also  on  the  war-path.  Of  the  Cal.  vohmteciN,  all 
mustered  out  in  ISfiti,  a  good  account  is  given  in  the  S.  F.  ('"II,  Aug.  I!, 
188G.  Tlie  reenforcements  of  18(io  included  the  7th  inf.  Cal.  vol.,  I'dl 
Charles  U.  Lewis,  and  tiic  1st  battalion  Native  Cal.  cavalry,  Maj.  Sulva- 
dor  Vallejo,  and  later  .Joliii  C.  Cremony.  On  the  Ariz,  volunteers,  also  iinis- 
tered  out  before  Oct.  1S8(),  see  report  of  adj. -gen.  in  Ariz.  Join:,  ISiiii,  p. 
2.")0-4.  (!ov.  (ioodwin  went  to  Cal.  to  work  for  the  interests  of  his  teiritniy, 
returning  withOeu.  Mason.  In  Dee.  '05  acomp.  of  rangers  killed 'J.')  A]iiiilii-'s 
85  miles  K.  of  Preseott.  In  Feb.  'CO  Lieut.  Gallegos  with  his  Ariz.  vol.  kilkJ 
30  or  40  in  a  three-days  raid  from  C.  Lincoln.  In  March  Lieut.  ( 'erviiiitis  in 
tlie  same  region  killecl'J'i,  and  the  Piuuis  in  a  raid  from  their  villai^'cs  killid 
25.  In  July  the  settlers  were  ordered  by  the  Ind.  to  quit  Skull  valley,  ami 
at  a  '  big  talk  '  on  the  subject,  Lieut.  Hatton  having  arrived  with  rLiiilmvf- 
ments,  and  the  Ind.  making  a  treacherous  attack,  32  were  killed.  In  '(ili 
there  was  a  false  report  widely  circulated  that  2,000  Ind.  had  taken  Ft  (luuil- 
win  and  killed  all  the  garrison.  It  was  in  Nov.  '0(5  that  Sui)t  Leiliy  ami  his 
clerk,  W.  H.  Everts,  were  killed  by  Ind.  at  Bell's  Cafion.  For  tabular  .state- 
ment of  Ind.  depredations  1805-75,  see  U.  S.  Oort  Dor.,  43d  cong.  "Jd.  sess., 
.H.  Ex.  Doc.  05;  43d  cong.  1st  sess.,  Sen.  Rept  12;  H.  Mis.  Doc.  Iti.  <nn. 
C.  A.  Whittier  made  a  tour  of  inspection  in  the  spring  of  1800;  and  (ieii, 
James  F.  Ru.sling  in  the  winter  of  lS0()-7.  The  latter's  report  i.s  fmiuil  in 
C.  S.  Govt  Doc,  40th  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  153,  30  p.  The  narra- 
tive portion  was  expanded  into  Acros,f  .imerira:  or,  The  Orcat  WiH  miil  the 
Piicific  Poa/it.  By  James  F.  RuKlituj,  late  liirvit  Brir/iufier-Oetunil  ('.  S.  A. 
N.  "i.,  1874,  12mo,  503  p.,  with  cuts.     Pages  355-424  relate  to  Arizona. 


PROGRESS  OF  18GG-70. 


857 


Mc.'inwliilo  the  war  continued  much  as  before  in 
lMi(J-7U,  there  being  no  cessation  of  Apaclic  hostiU- 
tits.  and  the  troops,  though  in  sonic  respects  less  cffi- 
citiit  than  tiie  volunteers,  engaging  in  many  expeditions 
that  were  by  no  means  without  results.  I  cannot 
entirely  agree  with  the  idea  of  Dunn  and  others  tliat 
the  experience  of  these  years  was  a  trial  and  failure 
of  the  'extermination'  policy.  It  seems  to  me  that 
wliili'  none  of  these  officers  was  the  equal  in  skill  or 
expiiience  of  him  who  finally  achieved  success,  yet 
thrir  policy  did  not  differ  very  radically  from  his,  and 
their  efforts  contributed  in  the  aggregate  very  largtjly 
tt)  his  success.  Moreover,  Carleton's  efforts  to  remove 
tlie  Indians  to  a  New  Mexican  reservation,  and  the 
protection  and  feeding  of  hundreds  of  Apaches  at 
(amp  Goodwin  and  elsewhere  under  Mason  and  his 
successors,  show  the  germs  of  later  success  in  this 
direction  also.  Indeed,  as  I  have  said  before,  in  both 
branches  of  the  matter  was  success  being  slowly 
cvdlvod,  where  no  evolution  was  really  necessary, 
could  the  government  have  been  persuaded  to  do  its 
duty.'' 

'MltTi.  Dovin's  report  for  1868  shows  that  in  the  northern  districts  in  46 
expt'ilitioiis  114  Ind.  had  been  killed,  61  wounded,  and  S5  captured.  In  the 
siiutli  little  had  been  done,  though  Cochice  had  promised  to  kee[)  the  peace. 
MiRJi  wdi'k  liad  been  done  at  the  forts,  and  several  new  posts  had  been  es- 
t;ilili-lit;<l.  The  force  this  year  was  two  regiments  of  infantry,  and  9  coinp. 
(if  cavalry,  (len.  Halleck  thought  a  larger  force  was  needed,  that  nego- 
tiations wore  useless,  and  that  Ariz,  should  be  made  a  .separate  department. 
The  inspector  favored  concentration  of  forces  and  the  abandonment  of  small 
liiists,  which  was  not  approved  by  Gen.  McDowell.  In  1809,  according  to  re- 
imi't  of  Inspector  Jones,  the  Camp  Goodwin  temporary  reserv.,  cstab.  by 
ticn.  .Mcl>(iwell  in  1866,  was  broken  up  at  the  end  of  1868,  Gen.  Devin  stop- 
ping rations  because  the  Ind.  would  not  surrender  murderers  or  agree  to 
settle  permanently;  there  had  also  been  a  temporary  reserv.  at  Camp  Grant, 
wiuie  many  I'inal  Apaclies  wore  fed  in  1S67-8,  but  this  was  also  abandoned, 
the  Ind.  refusing  to  agree  to  proposeil  terms.  At  Camj)  Reno  in  1869,  how- 
ever, !  )elche's  band  of  Tontos  and  others  were  at  peace,  and  doing  some  work 
fcr  white's.  In  Pima  co.  for  the  year  ending  July  17,  18()9,  52  whites  were 
killed  and  18  wounded  by  Apaches;  and  in  the  next  year  47  killed  and  six 
wnun.led,  boniiles  the  destruction  of  property  worth  §10,000  according  to  lists 
mil),  in  the  papers.  In  1870  Delegate  Mct'ormick  presented  in  congress  a 
list  of  14-4  murdered  recently  by  Apaches,  stating  that  this  was  not  over  half 
the  real  luiniber  of  victims.  In  1870  special  etlbrta  were  made  without  mucli 
success  to  organize  and  arm  the  militia.  A  member  of  the  legisl.,  A.  M.  Er- 
win,  was  among  those  killed  in  1868.  Ariz.  Jour.,  1868,  p.  269,  /'oweU'ii  Ex- 
phi:,  l'2()-;il,  and  Tijkrs  Posts  and  Stations,  .S,  contain  some  information  for 
ISO'J  et  sen.     ^"^  ^l****  Overktnd  Montkly,  i.  202-9;  Clifford's  Overl.  Tales,  309; 


S'i 


ill 


'..' 


i 


1' 


p 


'!: 


T 
* 

(J 


i      h 


I     «   ( 


558 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


In  these  years  the  people  of  ArizoTia  booamo  dis- 
eouraj^ed,  not  to  say  exasperated,  and  clanioious  tnr 
various  reforms.  They  deelared  the  force  utteily  in- 
ade(|uate,  and  repfular  troops  unfit  for  Indian  service; 
complained  that  they  \vere  not  j)ernutted  to  raise  Vdl- 
unteers  and  finish  the  war  in  their  own  way;  dcsind 
Arizona  to  be  made  a  separate  department;  wiiu  in- 
dii^Miant  at  the  suggestion  of  any  policy  but  tjiat  of 
incessant  warfare;  and  protested  against  all  liall'-way 
measures.  They  regarded  the  temporary  reservations 
and  feeding-stations  as  so  many  depots  of  sujiplics 
where  the  Apaches  could  recruit  their  strength  tnr 
new  atrocities.  Newspapers  of  Arizona  and  rallfoi- 
nia  reechoed  the  popular  outcry.  Governor  and  lrL,ns- 
lature  were  in  full  sympathy  with  the  people.  There 
was  much  difference  of  opinion  between  military  in- 
spectors and  other  officers  as  to  what  should  be  done. 
It  was  a  period  of  excitement  and  exaggeration,  of 
intemperate  expression,  of  unreasonable  views,  of  nu- 
merous outrages  perpetrated  upon  tlie  Indians.  And 
the  people  as  a  whole  are  not  to  be  blamed.  It  is  not 
easy  to  be  calm  and  philosophical  while  one's  relatives 
and  friends  are  being  butchered  from  week  to  week. 

As  a  result  of  this  agitation,  or  at  least  in  the  midst 
of  it,  in  1869  Arizona  and  southern  California  were 
formed  into  a  military  department  with  headquarters 
at  Fort  Whipple;  and  in  the  middle  of  1870  Gcneial 
George  Stoneman  assumed  command.  The  war  went 
on  as  before,  and  mainly  because  the  change  failed  to 
bring  any  immediate  relief,  the  new  general  was  cen- 
sured even  moro  i-,<;verely  than  his  predecessors.     He 

Hohhs'  Wild  Life,  316-.39.  A  memorial  of  the  legist,  to  congress  in  1870, 
Ariz.,  Acts,  1871,  p.  142-3;  U.  6'.  C'oH  Doc,  42(1  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Mis.  I>oo. 
l(i,  was  published  m  pamphlet  form  as  Arizona,  Memorial  and  AjfidaviU  xiiDmmj 
oiitrniji's  perpetrated  by  the  Apache  Indians  in  the  Territory  ofArizomi,  during 
the  years  JSOO  and  1S70.  Puhlinhed  Iry  authority  of  the  legislature  of  the  T'iri- 
tory  of  Arizona.  S.  F.,  1871,  8vo,  32  p.  The  affidavits  show  178  iminlers, 
and  3,708  head  of  cattle  and  horses  stolen.  See  also  McCormick's  spctchus 
in  congress  Feb.  28  and  July  11,  1870,  in  Hayes'  Scraps,  Ariz.,  iii.  13<);  Coitij. 
Olohe,  1869-70,  app.  615-18.  Gov.  Safford's  iVrtrraiiue,  MS.,  42-7,  contains  a 
study  of  the  Ind.  troubles;  Conklins  Pkt  Ariz.,  passim,  contains  much  on  the 
subject;  as  does  the  A^iaona  Resources,  etc..  S.  F.,  1871,  pub.  by  authority  of 
the  legislature. 


STONEMAN'S  RULE. 


C59 


was  tliouijht  to  spend  too  much  time  in  red-tape  de- 
tails of  military  organization,  in  establishin<^  now  posts 
ami  imjtrovlng  the  old  ones;  while  he  also  looki'd  with 
too  much  favor  on  the  feeding-stations  where  the 
Iiitliiiiis  continued  to  assemble  in  increasing  numlx'rs. 
At  tlie  same  time  Stoncman  was  blamed  in  the  east 
for  ills  excessive  severity  in  attacking  all  Apaches  for 
the  oti'enccs  of  a  few!  I  find  in  liis  theory  and  ])rac- 
tioe  little  ground  for  censure.  He  believed  that  l)y 
funiisliing  rations  and  blankets  to  a  few  he  could  in- 
duce others  to  come  in  and  thus  advance  the  work  of 
suliduiiig  all.  The  temporary  reservations  proved 
that  progress  had  been  made,  being  an  essential  link 
in  tlu!  evolutionary  chain;  but  the  people  feared,  with 
some  reason,  such  apparent  success  as  might  result  in 
a  i»atched-up  peace,  a  suspension  of  campaigns,  and  a 
reduction  of  force,  to  be  followed  inevitably  by  a  new 
and  more  disastrous  outbreak. 

Unfortunately,  the  popular  feeling  led  to  the  commis- 
sion of  a  gross  outrage.  In  the  spring  of  1871  a  band 
of  Apaches  surrendered  to  Lieutenant  R.  E.  Whit- 
man at  Camp  Grant,  and  being  unwilling  to  go  to  the 
White  Mountain  reservation  recently  set  apart  tem- 
porarily by  Stoneman,  they  were  allowed  to  live  near 
the  post  on  the  Arivaipa,  rationed  as  prisoners  of  war, 
performing  some  useful  work,  especially  in  the  cutting 
of  ha}',  behaving  well  so  far  as  could  be  known  to  the 
officers  in  charge,  and  increasing  in  number  to  about 
300.  The  citizens  were  indiijnant  at  this  feeding  of 
the  A})aches,  refused  to  believe  that  they  had  sub- 
mitttcl  in  good  faith,  and  found  satisfactory  evidence 
that  the  unceasing  depredations  in  the  south-east  were 
conniiitted  by  these  very  Indians,  At  the  end  of 
April  40  citizens  and  100  Pdpagos  from  Tucson  and 
vuinity  marched  out  to  the  camp  and  killed  85,  all 
women  and  children  but  eight,  and  captured  some  30, 
wlio  v;ere  sold  by  the  Pdpagos  as  slaves.  The  per- 
petrators of  this  crime  to  the  number  of  108  were 
tried    for  murder  later   in   the   year  and   acquitted. 


li  < 


till 

m 


1:! 


r  '  ;;  !! 


i!    ■^;i' 


i 


til 


y 


5G0 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


i  i 


Wlictlicr  the  Arivaipa  Apaches  were  guilty  of  tlio 
thefts  and  murders  imputed  to  them  it  is  nnp()>siii]e 
to  know,  strong  evidence  being  produced  by  tlu'  citi- 
zens on  one  side  and  by  the  officers  on  tlie  otlier;  but 
in  any  case  the  massacre  of  women  and  chikhen  was 
a  crime  in  justification  of  which  nothing  can  be  said.'* 
In  June  1871  General  George  Crook  succeeded  Stoiiu- 
man  in  command  of  the  department.  His  re})iitiitioii 
as  an  Indian-fighter  gained  in  other  fields,  his  ojunly 
ex])ressed  condemnation  of  the  vacillating  policy  and 
desultory  warfare  of  the  past,  his  idea  of  a  reservation 
as  a  place  where  the  Apache  must  be  forced  to  remain 
and  work  for  a  living,  and  above  all  his  encr^ntic 
preparations  for  an  effective  campaign  against  tlio 
hostiles,  won  for  him  at  once  the  confidence  and  ad- 
miration of  the  people.  For  three  months  Crook 
carried  on  his  preliminary  operations  to  culminate  in 
a  general  augressive  movement  from  which  the  Lircat- 
est  results  were  expected  by  all,  when  the  good  work 
was  interrupted  in  a  manner  that  was  most  t;xas[)L'rat- 
ing  to  all  but  the  Apaches. 

In  18G7  a  board  of  peace  commissioners  for  tlio 
management  of  Imlian  affairs  had  been  appointed  at 
Washington,  being  made  permanent  in  18G0,  and  the 

'*Tho  act  was  generally  excused  and  defended  by  the  Arizona  jiri'ss  aiiil 
people.  Lieut.  W'liitniaii,  though  a  worthless  fellow  in  several  ri^pccts, 
seems  to  have  had  reniarkaiile  tact  in  gaining  the  coatidence  of  Indians,  iiiuiiy 
of  wiioin,  persuaded  tluit  the  military  had  no  part  ir.  the  outra^'e,  v  i  ri'  in- 
duced to  return  under  tlieir  chief  p]skunenzin;  but  soon  one  of  the  returMiiii,' 
parties,  hy  some  hlunder  not  clearly  explained,  was  tired  upon  liy  a  scpiad  of 
soldiers,  and  tlie  Indians  lied  to  the  mountains  more  hostile  than  ever.  Tlie 
trial  of  the  C.  (irant  nnirderers  is  reported  in  the  6\  /'.  AUii,  Fi'h.  -I,  1S7-. 
Wliitman's  report  is  in  Intl.  Aff.  Rr'pt,  1871,  p.  69;  and  a  good  account  of  tlic 
whole  atl'air  is  found  in  J>uiinn  Mn.'>.''iicirn,  719  et  seq.  The  Prc-fCoU  Mim-r  (if 
Oct.  14,  1871,  gives  a  list  of  SOI  persons  killed  by  the  Apaches  since  ISi'i4. 
In  May  Lieut.  II.  B.  Cashing  was  killed  in  a  tight  with  the  foe.  In  Nc  v.  tlie 
Wickculiurg  and  La  Paz  stage  was  attacked,  and  six  men  were  killi>l,  in- 
cluding Fred.  W.  Loring,  a  young  man  of  literary  and  scientilic  attiiinmnts 
connected  with  Wheeler's  survey,  whose  fate  made  a  sensation  in  tlic  cast, 
doing  nnich  to  call  attention  to  the  real  state  of  affairs.  I  met  him  in  S.  F. 
earlier  in  the  year.  Tlie  day  before  his  departure  for  Ariz.  lie  had  li.s  liair 
cut  very  short,  jocularly  remarking  in  my  Library  that  the  Apaclx's  -vouM 
find  it  dithcult  to  take  his  scalp.  The  gov.  in  his  message  of  tliis  year  pro- 
sented  a  very  gloomy  jiicture  of  the  prospects.  There  had  been  reports  in 
Feb.  about  abandoning  many  posta  and  reducing  the  force;  indeed,  such 
orders  seem  to  have  been  ijsued. 


THE  PEACE  COMMISSION. 


661 


niovfiuent  being  warmly  supported  by  President 
(iiiuit  and  many  other  prominent  military  men  and 
civilians  throughout  the  nation.  The  feeling  that  led 
to  this  movement,  and  that  actuated  the  board  in  its 
(Iterations,  namely,  the  desire  to  protect  the  Indian 
tii'iii  injustice,  and  to  establish  a  uniform  and  benevo- 
lent policy  for  his  improvement,  was  worthy  of  all 
jiiaist',  and  of  the  hearty  support  it  received  from  all 
Aiiu'i'icans  of  the  better  class.  The  movement  re- 
sulted, moreover,  in  great  good  throughout  the  Indian 
(duiitry  of  the  far  west.  Yet  in  some  phases  of  its 
practical  application,  and  notably  in  the  theory  that 
the  Arizona  Apaches  could  be  subdued  by  kindness  or 
iiilluiiiccHl  by  other  mcttives  than  those  of  fear  and 
.s'U'-intercst,  the  new  'peace  policy'  was  a  sad  mis- 
take'' The  commission  had  exerted  an  influence  in 
the  si'tting-apart  of  temporary  reservations  during 
Stoiu'maii's  command;  but  its  Hrst  direct  interf-rence 
ill  Arizona  was  marked  by  unfortunate  blunders  on 


'III  ISliT  a  joint  special  cniiimittcc  of  congress,  aiipoiiitcil  liy  act  of  ISC),"), 
iind  iimile  an  (.'laliorati.'  n^port  on  tlic  condition  of  tin;  trilics  ami  tlu'ir  trcat- 
iiiciit  liy  civil  anil  military  antlioritics,  thongli  tiiis  ruiiort  contained  very 
little  on  Arizona.  Intl.  AjF.  H('}it  Joint,  S}Mr.  Com.,  18()7,  Svo,  .'>;!'_' p.  Says 
I'liuii,  MiiMiirir.t,  in,  refcrrinj;  to  the  operations  of  the  later  coniinission: 
'UiilMrtnnatily  for  the  Indian,  the  feeling  in  liis  favor  wandered  oil'  into  the 
ili;iiiinl  of  alistraet  coinpliinent.  From  a  demon,  he  vas  raised  to  tlio  posi- 
tiiiii  cif  a  teiiipiiral  deity  l>y  the  extremists,  who  were  nnw  f,'ivt^n  an  oiiportu- 
iiity  tn  aid  him.  Tlie  gentlemen  who  wrote  the  reports  of  the  commissioners 
R'Vc  Urd  in  riiitons  imaginations  and  disv'arded  facts  as  a  part  of  the  old  and 
otl'iiHive  regimo  which  was  iu  i;  "toith  to  iie  aliandoned.'  1  think  that  Onnii, 
liuwevcr,  is  inrlin(!il  to  draw  too  h.ir])  a  distinction  lietween  tl.o  'extermina- 
tiiiii'  pulley  of  lS()4-9  and  the  '  peice'  pulicy  of  latcT  years.  Instead  ot  any 
siiiMrii  cliT.ijj,  of  policy  ill  •.vhicli  the  peo)ili;  of  Ari/oiia  and  the  military  were 
ciiiiipillc:!  to  acipiiesce  somi  Aiiat  niiwillingly,  there  was  simply  a  gradiiAl 
:iM;ik'iiiiig  mi  the  part  of  tli(!  govi'rnment  and  piMvple  of  tin;  U.  S.  to  thi^ 
trutli,  a-;  realized  in  Ariz,  fro'ii  the  tirst,  that  the  Aiiaches  must  lie  forced 
iijioii  rcsei'vatiiins  and  then  iiroleeted.  Tlie  'exti'rmination  '  talk  of  c(  rt.iiii 
iLissrs,  :uid  the  ultra  'persuasion'  rot  of  certain  others,  were  mere  txcres- 
LTiicis  that  niver  had  much  real  iveight  with  practical  men  of  any  class. 
.\iiil  iiiderd,  I  >nnn  wisely  remarks  iif  ilic  ii.iiliir  period:  'Although  e\li  rmi- 
iiiitiiiii  was  not  lieiiig  satisfactorily  aecomplishecl  in  Arizona,  tlu'  legitimate 
f'  '  if  war  was  heingohtained.  'i'he  Aiiaches  were  gradually  lieiiiL;  hrou-ht 
t'- ..  .■•iliz^ition  that  peace  was  .i  1  letter  mode  ot  life  than  war.  They  were 
k',iriiiii:4  that  their  enemies  conld  invade  their  liohMis,  destroy  their  property, 
aail  kci'p  them  in  constant  ap)ir(Oieiision  of  disath.  Some  of  them  w-re  ri'ady 
til  live  pi'aceahly  at  places  where  they  conld  lie  protected,  i)iit  f:r  this  result, 
wliiili  oiiHlit  to  li.ive  lieeii  tiie  primary  object  of  the  war,  thur','  iiad  It.eii  no 
aik'nuate  pre[iaratioii.' 

IhsT.  AlilZ.  A.M)  N.  Mi;x.    ;W 


i    fu 


fi 


11 


;!ii 


502 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


t    f       !■ 


both  sides,  at  a  time  w^en  prospects  were  brio-liter 
than  ever  before.  On  the  one  side  was  the  ('(nu], 
Grant  massacre;  on  the  other — thou<:^h  prompted 
largely  by  that  outrage — the  sending  of  A'inceut  ( \)1- 
yer  of  the  commissioners,  an  ultra  fanatic,  with  full 
powers  to  settle  the  Apache  question. 

Colyer,  who  had  visited  New  Mexico,  and  even 
reached  the  Moqui  towns  in  18G9,  arrived  in  AuL,''ust 
1871.  Cook,  in  obedience  to  his  orders,  sus[H'ii(led 
military  operations,  and  Governor  Safford  issue  d  orders 
for  the  commissioner's  protection,  with  a  view  to  re- 
strain the  popular  fury.  Colyer  came  fulh-  iinhiiu 
with  the  belief  that  the  Apaches  were  innocent  vic- 
tims of  oppression,  and  the  whites  wholly  to  Maiio 
for  past  hostilities;  and  he  would  listen  to  notliiuL;-  not 
confirmatory  of  his  preconceived  views,  scorn  iii;j  to 
seek  information  from  the  rascally  citizens,  t\w  bloody- 
minded  officers,  or  anybody  else  who  knew  anytliiiiu; 
about  the  real  state  of  aftairs.  Protected  1  )y  an  eseijrt, 
he  visited  tlie  posts  and  met  several  bands  of  Apaelies, 
just  then  disposed  by  the  destitution  arising  from  past 
reverses  to  come  in,  make  peace,  and  be  fed.  From 
tliem  he  got  all  the  testimony  he  desired  on  their 
peaceful  and  harmless  disposition.  He  ai)prove(l  or 
selected  temporary  reservations  or  asylums  at  eiini[is 
Grant,  Apache,  Verde,  McDowell,  Beale  Spring,  and 
Date  Creek;  tlien  he  went  on  to  California  in  Octo- 
ber, followed  by  the  curses  of  Arizonans,  but  fully 
convinced  that  the  Apache  question  was  settled.  If 
let  alone,  the  Indians  would  gladly  come  upon  the 
reservations,  eager  for  peace  and  civilization.  Slnudd 
there  be  new  troubles,  the  whites  might  quit  the 
country,  or,  staying,  comfort  themselves  for  the  nuir- 
der  of  their  families  and  loss  of  their  property  with 
the  thought  that  all  these  evils  were  due  to  ancient 
or  modern  aggressions  of  their  own  race.  Colyer's 
mission  did  perha})s  some  good  by  calling  attention  in 
the  east  to  Arizona;  its  harm  was  the  sus[)ension  of 
Crook's  operations  for  a  long  time,  and  the  encourage- 


fo  brio-] iter 

the  Ciiiii]) 

proiiiptud 

incL'iit  ("ol- 

^,  with  full 

,  and  oven 
ill  Au,L,^ust 
sus[)cii(lLd 
sued  orders 
view  to  re- 
dly inihiM'd 
nocon^-,  \ic- 
y  to  hL-;(;  .^ 
luthiiin'  ""I' 
scoriiiiiu^  to 
ihe  bloodv- 
•V  auytliiiiif 
Y  an  i',s(.'(jrt, 
f  Apaches, 
;•  from  past 
.'d.     From 


on 


iiL'ir 


)proved  or 

at  camps 

l)rino\  and 

a  in  ( )ct()- 

l)ut  i'ullv 

ttled.     if 

u])on  the 

kSIiouKI 

(juit  the 

-  the  niur- 

)erty  with 

to  ancient 

Col  vers 

tentioii  in 

K'usion  of 

ncoura<>'e- 


COLYER'S  MISSION. 


563 


mcnt  of  Apache  hopes  that  a  new  era  of  protection 
for  their  great  industry  of  plunder  had  dawned/*^ 

Within  a  year  from  Colyer's  arrival,  the  Apaches 
arc  known  to  have  made  54  raids,  and  killed  41  citi- 
zens. The  absurdities  of  his  report  were  somewhat 
apjiarcnt  even  at  Washington;  and  though  his  acts 
were  approved,  orders  were  sent  to  Crook  througli 
General  Schofield  in  November  1871,  not  only  to  en- 
force strict  measures  on  the  reservations,  but  to  wage 
Avar  on  all  who  refused  to  submit.  February  1872 
was  fixed  as  the  date  before  which  all  must  coino  in, 
or  take  the  consequences.  In  April,  however.  General 
0.  ().  Howard  came  as  a  special  commissioner  to  pro- 
te(^t  the  Indians,  persuade  them  to  sul)mit,  and  ad- 
vance the  reservation  work  in  general.  While  he 
was  not  to  mterfere  directly  with  Crook's  operations, 
his  mission  had  practically  the  eftect  to  postpone  the 
campaign  till  late  in  the  year.  Remembering  C'olyer, 
the  Arizonans  were  prejudiced  against  Howard ;  but 

'H'olycr's  preliminary  report  of  1SG9  is  found  h\  Iml.  Af.  licpt,  1870,  \>. 
70  ft  si'(i. ;  ii.iil  th'ltof  1S71  ill  /(/.,  IS71,  p.  41-1)5,  with  much  matter  hciriiiLf 
(111  tilt!  goaeial  suhjcct  in  other  parts  of  the  same  vol.  Dunn,  Mii.-"<iirii!<,  7'2t), 
tlii'iks  that  while  Colyer  '  \v;i3  notoriously  ultra  in  his  pence  theorifs,  anil 
t'viileiitly  (lid  not  understand  tlie  situation  in  Ariz.,' yet  'lie  was  (juite  as 
nirrect  as  his  assailants.'  'His  changes  of  the  location  of  tlie  Iiid,  were 
rallier  extensive,  and  none  of  them  produced  good  results.'  The  reference  is 
1  ipuli;  to  the  change  from  Canada  Alamosa  to  the  Tularosa  val.  in  N.  Mex., 
%vii"re  some  of  the  Mimhreuos  and  C'hiricahuas  went  unwillingly,  the  litter 
.  H  .:  returning  to  their  old  home.  The  rest  were  Liter  moved  to  Ojo  Caliente, 
Vi-iv  0  the  name  Hot  Spring  Apaches. 

•.'(itwit)istandinj;  my  sligliting  allusions  to  Colj'er's  mission,  it  must  he 
'lii'lci -if.odd  that  T  rlo  not  deny  the  truth  of  his  allegations  that  t!ie  A[iaches 
. I  of*' 11  been  grossly  WHitiged.  Many  such  instances  liave  beiwi  recorded 
ii.>  ill.'.  Much  may  l)e  urgeil,  moreover,  .igainst  the  right  of  a  foreign  race  to 
take  from  the  Indiana  their  country,  and  very  little  in  defence  of  .Spanish  or 
KiiLilisli  treatment  of  tlie  aborigines  from  the  beginning.  A  white  man's 
risrrvatioii,  under  Apaclie  control,  would  be  somewhat  more  in  aeeDrd.iiice 
Mitli  the  eternal  principles  of  justice  than  tin;  present  state  of  alf.iirs.  J  do 
net  lilanie  the  Apaelies  for  defending  their  liomes  and  liberties  in  their  own 
Way.  ]5iit  as  there  was  no  pro[(ositiou  or  possibility  in  the  case  of  Ai  i/.mia  to 
tiiiu  liack  to  the  Jirst  page  and  ln'gin  a  new  recunl,  I  am  disjioseil  to  doubt 
that  a  consideration  of  the  ancient  ov  modern  short-comings  of  Uieir  raei^  re- 
i|uiied  the  Arizona  settlers  to  submit  to  plunder  and  murder,  or  even  to  (put 
t'le  country,  to  believe  that  they  wtTe  entitled  to  the  protection  of  their  gov- 
I'liiiiieiit,  and  to  deny  tliat  there  was  ever  a  time,  in  this  century  at  least, 
whei,  the  Apaches  could  lie  controlled  liy  kindness  and  justice.  As  huiui 
(•a;  s  'no  warlike  Indians  ever  submitted  to  reservations  until  he  had  been 
wiiippod,'  There  was  ample  room  for  the  application  of  our  limited  snpjily 
of  bcuuvoleuco  and  fair  treatment  after  forcing  tho  Indians  to  submission, 


■liiii '  mn 


;  !      !ft 


i:     IJ 


1 

1:1 

1 

I 

f 

.ill 

if  i 

If  1 

Hi    1'    1 

it: 


''.  . 


664 


INDIAN   AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


the  latter  was  a  very  ditt'ercnt  man,  his  peace  thooiiis; 
being  strongly  tinged  witli  eonnnon  sense.  He  (■( in- 
sulted the  people  freely,  and  found  them  reasonable,  if 
not  very  strong  in  faith,  respecting  reservation  and 
treaty  success.  ALutual  respect,  if  not  entire  agiv  c- 
ment  of  opinion  on  certain  phases  of  the  Apaclio  (jur>- 
tion,  was  developed  by  the  intercourse.  Howard 
visited  the  posts;  did  much  to  encourage  the  submis- 
sive bands;  made  treaties  between  Apaches  and  tluir 
Piu^a  and  Papago  foes;  changed  the  Camp  (^rant 
resc'^n+'on  to  the  Gilr.,  naming  it  San  Carlos;  o  ,d 
came  ay  some  chiefs  on  a  visit  to  Washington. 

In  the  .;  .tunin  he  came  back  to  complete  his  ^\■(l^k, 
makiuijf  several  chanu'es.  He  abolished  the  asylums 
at  ]\lcDoM^cll,  Date  Creek,  and  Beale  Spring,  ]>eniiit- 
tino-  the  Indians  to  choose  homes  at  the  other  reser- 
vations.  But  his  principal  achievement,  though  as  it 
proved  an  unfortunate  one,  was  to  visit  Cochise  at  his 
mountain  home,  receive  that  chief's  submission,  and 
establish  the  Chiricahua  reservation  in  the  soutii- 
eastern  corner  of  the  territory. 

Then,  in  1  872-4,  General  Crook  waged  a  continuous 
and  eil'ective  war  on  the  hostiles.  For  the  first  tiinr 
all  departments  were  working  in  harmony  under  a 
definite  policy.  As  the  governor  put  it  in  his  messaLic, 
Howard  had  offered  the  olive-branch,  and  Crook,  ^\  itli 
the  sword,  was  enforcing  its  acceptance.  Half-sul)- 
dued  bands  often  left  their  reservations  to  resume  their 
raids,  but  such  Avere  hard  pressed,  not  only  by  the 
troops,  but  by  Apache  warriors,  whose  submission  was 
evid(Mitly  not  all  pretence,  and  whose  services  weio 
most  profitably  utilized.  As  before,  I  atteni]»t  no 
record  of  the  canipaign  in  its  complications.  By  the 
middle  of  187;b  the  last  of  the  Tontos,  Huala[)ais.  and 
Yavapais  had  submitted;  and  in  1874,  %\h.li  the  del'eat 
of  several  renei>-ade  bands,  the  war  was  regarded  as  at 
an  end.  In  a  sense,  and  for  large  portions  of  the  ter- 
ritory, the  peace  proved  lasting.  The  great  mass  (»f 
the  Apaclies  was  now  under  military  control  on  the 


GENERAL  CROOK'S  SUCCESS. 

reservations.  The  people  and  territorial  authorities 
iruardecl  Indian  troubles  as  practically  at  an  end. 
General  Crook  was  deservedly  the  hero  of  the  tiine.'^ 
Xotvvithstanding  this  peace,  which  in  a  sense,  as 
ahc'iuiy  remarked,  was  permanent  in  the  north  and 
AVest,  the  south-eastern  frontier  region  in  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico,  after  a  few  years,  was  for  another  de- 
cade to  be  the  scene  of  Apache  warfare,  several  times 
devastated  with  deadly  results  by  renegade  bands 
from  the  reservations.  This  result  was  due,  not  only 
to  tlie  savage  instincts  and  ineradicable  hostility  of 
some  of  tlie  v  v  ""st  Apache  tribes,  but  also  and  largely 
to  mismanagement.  An  outline  of  reservation  annals 
is  ^iven  in  the  appended  note,  including  brief  mention 
of  the  principal  outbreaks.^"     In  1874  control  of  the 

"  Some  details  respecting  the  final  campaigns,  for  which  I  have  no  space, 
iiKiy  liL'  found  in  Hamilton's  work  and  others  ot'  recent  years.  Crook's  merits, 
which  were  very  great,  have  doubtless  been  exaggerated  in  view  of  liis  success 
hy  those  who  have  forgotten  the  similar  if  less  Itrilliant  eiforts  of  his  prc- 
(lucessors.  He  was  the  best  Indian-fighter  of  all,  but  by  no  means  the  only 
oiif.  He  had  a  firm  grasp  of  both  branches  of  his  task.  His  cneri.'y  and  skill 
ill  currying  on  a  military  expedition  were  not  more  marked  than  his  tact  iu 
managing  Indians  in  council,  and  gaining  their  confidence,  or  his  uariicst 
elldits  iu  behalf  of  justice  and  fairness  on  the  part  of  liotli  races.  He  fully 
uiiilcrstdod  the  Indian  character,  exercised  practical  good  sense  in  all  lie  iiii- 
(icitook,  being  unaffected  by  sickly  sentimentalism  on  one  siile,  or  cxttrmi- 
iKitiiig  vengeance  on  the  other.  Yet  in  earlier  years  liis  success  niiglit  Jiave 
hccu  much  less  complete;  and  for  a  comparative  failure  on  one  later  occasion, 
he  was  condemned  by  Arizonaus  much  as  other  commanders  had  been  in 
tai'lirr  times. 

'^\jlache  reservations.  The  White  Mountain  reserv.  had  its  origin  when 
Maj.  ilohii  (Ireen  in  18(59  found  a  band  of  friendly  Coyoteros  there.  Jii  .fuiie 
ISTO  he  established  Camp  Ord  (later  called  Ft  Apache),  and  gatlieriMl  1,043 
lii'l.  His  favorable  reports  led  to  a  corresp.  between  the  peace  com.  and  mil. 
■luthorities;  ami  in  April  1871  the  reserv.  was  set  apart  byiitui.  Stoneinan, 
hcini,'  a[iproved  by  Colyer,  and  confirmed  by  exec,  order  of  Dec.  14,  187-, 
which  also  added  a  tract  s.  of  the  (Jila,  and  abolished  the  C  f  J  rant  reserv., 
thus  creating  the  S.  Carlos  agency.  (There  were  thus  two  agencies,  S.  Ciir- 
Id.s  and  Ft  Apache  on  the  Wliite  Mt  reserv.,  but  as  the  nortliern  agency  was 
later  discontinued,  the  name  S.  Carlos  came  to  be  commouiy  applii^d  to  the 
wliiilo  reserv.)  In  1872  Gen.  Howard  foundand  caused  to  be  recalled  an  unler 
siispcuding  rations,  and  appointed  Dr  Milan  Soule  to  succeed  Maj.  Dallas  in 
thar^'c.  In  1873-4  James  E.  Robert  was  agent,  and  the  population  increased 
t(i  l,!S()().  The  Ind.  behaved  and  worked  well,  being  apparently  content  and 
t'liciwiug  some  interest  in  their  fields  ami  ditches.  In  Oct.  came  an  order  fur 
tluir  removal  to  S.  Carlos,  which  was  effected  much  against  their  wishes,  but 
withniit  the  use  of  force,  in  .July  1875.  A  considerable  number,  however,  re- 
mained behind;  and  in  1881  some  500  were  living  on  Cibicu  Cr.  in  the  ex- 
ti'enie  >-.  w.  of  the  reserv.  The  arrest  of  a  medicine-man  who  professed  to 
liiiiiL,'  dead  warriors  to  life  caused  an  outbreak  in  June,  10  soldiers  and  8  eit- 
i/iiis  being  killed,  and  Ft  Apache  being  once  attacked.  The  friendly  se<iut!i 
jeiii.'.l  tlio  foe,  for  which  three  were  hanged  and  two  sent  to  Cal.  as  prisoners. 


iimiH 


5G(] 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


reservations  passed  from  the  war  departiiieiit  to  the 
Iiiclian    bureau,  with    unfortunate    results.      General 

Bcfnre  Sept.  21st,  tlie  liostilea  came  in  and  surrendereil  in  small  parties.  (See 
iioius  (111  S.  C.irlos  liflow. ) 

At  (amp  Dati!  Crctk  in  July  1870,  there  were  gathered  2'2')  Iiul.,  inostlv 
Vava)i:n?i,  who  for  a  year  were  iillowud  to  get  a  living  by  hunting,  etc.,  Imt 
from  June  1S71  were  given  ration.s,  tlimigh  not  subject  to  much  eomrol  so 
long  as  they  kept  the  peace.  In  Sept.  1872  the  nundter  had  increased  tu 
I'lO,  iiiclu'Iing  some  rather  turhuleut  cliaracters.  Lieut.  F.  H.  E.  Kll^t(•ill  in 
c'larj'c  was  succeeded,  in  July  1872,  by  iJr  Josephua  Williams.  At  tin:  iiid 
of  ]fS72,  by  advice  of  the  agent  and  others,  (Jen.  Howard  discontinued  this 
feeding  station,  and  the  Lid.  were  transferred  iu  May  187H  to  the  ('.  Wrde 
rescrv.,  uliich  had  been  set  apart  by  Colyer  in  1871,  and  where  a  larire  mini- 
ber  of  'I'ontos  hail  been  gathered.  Williams  became  agent  at  Verde,  and  the 
liighest  number  of  Lid.  in  1873  was  2,()00,  DOO  running  away  in  Au^'.,  hut 
40(1  ii'tnrning  inSept.  W.  S.  Schuyler  succeeded  Williams;  there  was  nuuh 
sickness,  and  the  site  of  the  agency  was  changeil  more  than  once;  in  l-Vli. 
1874  tiiero  were  1,1)78  Ind.,  but  the  soldiers  Lrought  in  more  till  iu.luiiL' 
thire  Were  1,.">44.  Later  in  the  year  much  progress  had  been  maile  in  agrii;., 
budding-:,  etc.;  the  lud.  seemed  well  disposed,  and  prospects  were  consiilcic.l 
good,  liiit  to  tlie  great  displeasure  of  the  natives  and  against  tlie  protest  of 
(ien.  Ci'i'idv  they  were  removed  in  March  187'),  in  charge  of  Siiecial  Coiiiinis- 
sinner  J'lidley  to  the  S.  Carlos  reserv.,  the  Tontos  anil  Yavapais  liaviiii;  en 
ilie  way  ,„  ti;jht  among  theiiiselves,  in  which  live  were  killed. 

Tile  Cliii-icaliua  resei-v.,  including  appro.ximately  that  ])ortion  of  CduliisL' 
CO.  lying  east  of  the  Pragoon  Mts,  v  as  estab.  in  (.)ct.  1872  by  G<;n.  Hnuuil, 
on  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  with  the  chief  Cochise,  and  the  failure  ef  ;dl 
attempts  to  induce  this  tribe  to  leave  their  old  homes.  The  reserv.  was  s;  t 
apart  by  exi'C.  or<ler  of  Dee.  14tli,  and  by  the  end  of  the  year  over  l,0:iO 
Apaclii  s  were  being  fed  according  to  the  report  of  the  agent,  Thos  T.  Jellurls, 
The  a;;eni'y  was  at  Sulphur  Spring,  Cienega  de  S.  Simon,  I'inery  Canon,  a:id 
Apache  I'ass  successively.  Cochise  remained  faithful  to  his  death  in  Juiil' 
18(4,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Taza,  though  neither  had  full  control  uf 
all  the  ba;  Is.  There  was  no  farming  land,  but  the  Chiricahuas  were  net 
farmers,  and  did  not  care  to  learn  the  business.  The  reserv.  being  on  the 
Mexican  border,  there  was  much  raiding  across  the  line;  Iiut  Agent  .b  Herds 
insisted  that  these  ilepredatioiis  were  committed  by  Ind.  from  S.  Carles  and 
Hot  S[iring,  anil  Mexico,  and  never  by  his  Chiricahuas,  a  statement  net  iiii- 
plicilly  lielieved  outside  the  reserv.  Jetl'ords  admitted,  however,  some  slight 
ti'oiddes  with  visiting  and  renegade  Apaches  and  M<;x.  traders  and  soldiurs. 
Siipt  L.  K.  Dudley  of  N.  Mex.  eiiileavored  to  have  the  Chiricahuas  reiiiovcd 
to  Jiot,  Spring,  but  they  rifused  to  go.  Finally,  in  April  187(5,  serious  treiililo 
aro,^e  from  the  sale  of  whiskey  by  one  Rogers  at  Suli)hur  Spring  station,  the 
drunken  Lid.  lighting  among  themselves,  killing  the  liipior-dealer  and  his 
assi.>lant,  going  on  tlie  war-path,  and  committing  many  depredations.  Ac- 
cordiiigly,  by  the  iulluence  of  (lov.  SaB'ord  and  against  tlie  advice  of  (la. 
Kaulz  th"n  ill  command,  the  removal  of  all  the  Lid.  was  ordered.  A  band 
of  110  went  to  Hot  Spring;  'A'2')  under  Taza  were  sent  to  S.  Carlos  in  .Iiiiic; 
ami  the  rest — 41X)  according  to  Jeli'ords'  figures,  the  accuracy  of  which  has 
ln>eu  (piestioned— ran  away  to  commit  depredations  on  the  frontier.  The 
reserv.  was  lestored  to  the  public  domain  by  exec,  order  of  Oct.  'M,  187t>. 

The  S.  Carlos  division  of  the  White  Mt  reserv.  originated  in  1872  with 
the  ab(disliment  of  the  C.  (irant  reserv.  (which  also  seems  to  have  been  moved 
to  the  I'cgion  of  the  mouth  of  the  S.  Pedro  at  first).  Records  of  the  change, 
which  was  not  completed  till  Feb.  ]ST,\  are  not  very  clear.  The  successive 
agents  in  1872—4  were  Ed,  C.  Jacobs,  Geo.  H.  Stevens,  H.  R.  Willjur,  C.  F. 
Larrabee,  W.  H.  Brown,  J.  E.  Roberts,  and  John  P.  Clum.  There  were  from 
DiMJ  to  1,800  Lid.  on  the  rolls,  but  from  some  mismanagement  or  fre(Hieiit 
change  of  agents  there  were  constant  troubles,  desertions,  and  recaptures. 


POLICY  OF  CONCENTRATION. 


5G7 


Crook  should  have  been  left  for  several  years  at  least 
ill  full  control.     From  1875  the  policy  of  concentrat- 

Iii  May  1873  tlicro  was  a  plot  to  kill  all  the  whites.  It  was  discovered  ia 
tiiiii'.  imt  Lieut.  Aliny  was  shot,  and  three  chiefs  with  their  bands  tied  to  the 
iiiDUiitaiii.s.  Tht'so  Iiid.  were  harassed  for  a  year,  and  not  permitted  to  re- 
turn till  they  had  killed  the  three  chiefs.  In  Jan.  1874  other  serious  trouhles 
occuitimI,  residting  in  the  flight  of  several  bands,  and  in  six  months  of  war 
lii'fdie  all  submitted.  Still  considerable  progress  in  agric.  was  reported. 
Tlii'ii^  Mtre  I,(XK)  of  the  original  S.  Carlos  Ind.  in  Sept.  ISI'i,  besides  1,400 
will!  had  come  from  C.  Verde  in  March,  and  1,800  from  l'"t  Apache  in  July, 
or  a  tdtal  of  4, '200,  who  got  no  rations  except  in  payment  for  labor.  In  Juno 
ISTC)  the  Chiricahuas,  325  strong,  were  brought  m  from  the  south;  from  Oct. 
the  troops  were  removed,  and  reliance  was  placed  on  the  native  police,  not 
only  to  preserve  order,  but  also  to  pursue  renegades;  and  Clnm  took  25  of 
his  Aiiaches  east  to  the  centennial  fair.  In  May  1877  the  renegade  Chiri- 
c.ilniiis  having  joined  the  Hot  Spring  Ind.  in  depredations,  it  decided  to  break 
up  tlie  Hot  Spriui;  reserv.,  and  453  Ind  were  transferred  to  S.  Carlos,  Vic- 
tnrio  and  40  warriors  escaping  to  avoid  the  transfer,  and  300  of  the  453  escap- 
ing in  Sept.,  though  about  190  of  them  were  perhaps  brought  back  before  the 
end  ol  the  year.  The  renegades  did  bloody  work  in  N.  Mex.  Clum  claimed 
that  no  depretlations  were  committed  by  his  reserv.  Ind.  proper,  and  that  all 
was  j)ros])ero«s,  but  his  reports  may  have  been  somewhat  highly  colored. 
Jluimwhile  the  exec,  order  of  Dec.  14,  1872,  creating  the  reserv.,  was  supple- 
mented l)y  several  new  orders.  That  of  Aug.  5,  1873,  cut  off  all  the  Gila 
valky  above  ohl  C.  Goodwin,  or  about  110°  5',  and  that  of  July  21,  1874,  all 
east  o?  long.  109'  30*  (the  reserv.  had  at  first  extended  to  the  N.  Mex.  line). 
That  of  April  27,  1876,  cut  ofif  a  strip  on  the  east;  that  of  Jan.  2(5,  1877,  a 
tract  of  7,421  acres  in  N.  E.  corner;  and  that  of  March  31,  1877,  the  s.  w.  cor- 
ners, of  tlie  Gila.  RcptSec.Int.,  1882,  p.  ,309-11.  As  left,  the  reserv.  contains 
4,440  sq.  miles.  H.  L.  Hart  was  agent  in  1877-8,  AdnaR.  Chaffee  in  1879-80, 
J.  ('.  Tillaiiy  in  1880-1,  Phil.  P.  Wileox  in  1882-.3,  G.  Fordin  1884.  Tliuuj,'li 
the  [irt'sence  of  many  dififerent  and  mutually  hostile  bands  necessitated  their 
separation  to  some  extent  into  distinct  camps,  there  were  no  serious  trouldes 
with  the  masses;  the  native  police  rendered  good  service;  and  fair  progress  was 
reported  in  agriculture.  In  1878  about  400  Apaches  were  absent,  working 
in  the  mines,  etc.,  and  giving  no  cause  for  complaint.  In  the  same  year 
mining  discoveries  in  the  N.  w.  at  McMillan's  caused  some  complaint  of  en- 
croaeiunent  on  the  reserv.  In  1879  the  pop.  was  4,052;  there  were  2,000 
cattle  and  horses;  and  5,000  lbs.  of  barley  were  sold.  The  taking  of  water 
from  the  tJila  above  the  reserv.  caused  some  fears.  The  Apaches  were  gen- 
erally disarmed,  and  the  use  of  timriii,  the  native  liquor,  was  prevented. 
Apailie  Women  were  as  a  rule  chaste,  but  habits  of  prostitution,  with  result- 
ing disease,  had  been  brought  to  some  extent  by  the  Colorado  River  bands. 
In  KSiSO  the  renegade  chiefs  Juh  and  (ierouimo,  with  108  Chiricahuas,  were 
hronyht  in  from  Mexico.  Another  chief,  Vietorio,  continued  his  raids  on  the 
herder  until  killed  by  the  Mexicans.  In  1881  Nane,  Vietorio's  associate, 
continued  his  dejiredations;  and  Juli  and  Naehez  with  a  party  of  Chiricahuas 
ran  away  from  the  reserv.  in  Sept.,  and  after  a  fight  were  driven  into  Mexico. 
Petty  disturbances  increased  somewhat;  whiskey  sellers  at  Globe  caused 
some  trouble;  but  notwithstanding  a  tloml,  goods  crops  were  raised,  livestock 
increased,  good  ijuildings  were  completed,  and  a  school  was  taught  by  A.  B. 
Ross  and  wife.  The  discovery  of  rich  coal  deposits  this  year  introduced  new 
complications  for  which  no  solution  has  yt^t  been  found,  though  there  has 
been  much  discussion  of  the  subject  in  Ariz,  and  in  congress.  The  jieople  are 
eager  to  have  the  mining  tract  restored  to  the  public  domain;  while  on  the 
othrr  hand  is  advocated  either  the  working  of  the  coal  mines  by  the  Ind.,  or 
a  lease  for  their  benefit.  It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  serious  doubts 
Were  liually  thrown  ou  the  accuracy  of  Agent  Tili'any's  favorable  reports  on 


:•'■  t 


I  ) 


n  I 


« .  'i 


}'-'n 


tt\  '  1  i 


5G8 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN   ARIZONA. 


iiiijf  all    the   A]iaclies   at   San   Ciirlos  was   cnforcod. 
Tlioso  of  forts  Verde  and  Apache  were  traiisi'ei  icd  in 
Mareli  and  July;  the  Chiricahuas  m  June  187(1;  .uid 
the  Hot  Si)ring  bands  in  May  1877.     While  in  a  ocu- 
cral  way  this  policy  of  concentration  may  have  iH-en 
well  I'ounded,  while  some  changes  were  prohahly  neces- 
sary— notably  at  the  Chiricahua  reservation  on  the 
Mexican  border — and  while  no  policy  would  have  en- 
tirely prevented    the  subsequent  troubles,  yet  the  re 
can  be  no  question  that  nearly  all  the  later  outbreaks 
and  disasters  may  be  traced  directly  to  these  transl'tis. 
The  Indians  were  naturally  unwilling  to  (piit  the  re- 
gions in  which  they  had  been  born  or  which  they  liad 
chosen,  which,  as  they  understood  it,  the  goveniiueiit 
had  given  thejn  for  permanent  homes,  and  where  in  some 
instances  they  were  making  progress;  many  of  them 
obj(^cted  })articularly  to  the  Sau  Carlos  tract;  besides 
their  aversion  to  any  change  and  their  sjiccial  oh'n^'- 
tions  to  the  new  home,  there  was  much  fear  of  their 
new  neighbors;  and  the  mingling  or  near  approaeli  of 
so  many  distinct  and  hostile  bands — which  had  never 
agreed  on  any  proposition  except  that  of  hostility  to 
the  whites — was  sure  to  make  serious  trouble.      \\  itli 
the  special  reasons  assigned  for  the  change,  the  mis- 
conduct of  certain  renegade  bands  or  turbulent  char- 
acters, the  masses  of  the  Apaches  at  each  point  had 
little  to  do;  and  in  some  cases  the  influence  of  whites 
coveting  the  reservation  lands  was  a  controlling  mo- 
tive.    (General  Crook  protested  earnestl}''  against  the 
first  transfer,  that  of  the  Verde  Indians;  Init  he  was 
removed  to  another  department  to  tight  the  Sioux, 
and  was  succeeded  in  March  1875  by  General  August 
V.  Kautz.      This  officer  also  opposed  the  cluxnges,  and 
in  connection  with  the  removal  of  the  Chiricahuas  uid 
resulting    depredations  of  renegades,  he    becanh>  in- 
volved in  serious  controversies  with  Governor  Sati'ord, 

tho  coiulitioii  of  affairs.  From  1882  the  roservatiou  was  jiractiiMlIy  umlcr 
ciiiitrol  of  tho  military  commaii<ler;  ami  the  condition  of  afi'airs  was  fm'  the 
most  i)art  satisfactory,  but  for  the  escape  of  reuegade  bauds  in  18!>>>,  Mii 
their  depredatious  ou  the  border. 


VICTORKJ   ANU  CiEKONIMO. 


669 


wliicli  finally  led  to  his  removal  in  1878,  his  successor 
Kill-  (General  ().  K  \Villcox.'=' 

On  tlie  transfer  of  tlie  Cliiricaliuas  in  June  1870,  a 
considerable  numher  cscu})etl,  went  on  the  war-path, 
and  in  four  months  killed  20  persons.  On  the  trans- 
fer of  the  Hot  Spring  bands  in  May  1877,  Vietorio 
and  I'lii'ty  escaped  to  AFexico;  and  in  Se[)tembi;r  {500 
cscaprd  from  San  Cilrlos.  The  ensuing  pursuits, 
tights,  surrenders,  and  reescapes  are  too  complicated 
for  detailed  record  here;  but  large  numbers  of  the 
reni'oiules,  while  sometimes  submitting  in  New  Mexico, 
refused  to  be  removed  to  San  Carlos,  and  ran  away 
every  time  it  was  attemptc'd.  Resulting  depredations, 
sometimes  exaggerated  by  the  citizens  and  news- 
jiapeis,  and  perhaps  underrated  by  the  military,  were 
constant  and  serious  on  the  border,  es[)ecially  in  New 
Mexico;  and  for  j'ears  the  warfare  was  almost  as 
dciuUy  as  ever.  From  this  time  the  Indians  were  well 
armed  with  repeating  riHes,  and  pursuits  by  the  troops 
^vcre  generally  fruitless.  In  187..  Vietorio  came  from 
the  south,  wa"^  reenforced  by  various  renegade  bands, 
and  killed  73  victims  before  ho  could  be  driven  back 
into  Mexico.  He  was  killed  in  1880  by  Mexicans, 
while  Juh  and  Geronimo,  with  110  Cliiricaliuas,  were 
brought  in  to  the  reservation.  In  1881  occurred  the 
Cibicu  Creek  outbreak,  as  mentioned  elsewhere ;  Nand, 
Victorio's  successor,  made  a  bloody  raid  from  across 
tlie  line,  and  part  of  the  Chiricahuas,  under  Juh  and 
Xacliez,  ran  away  from  San  Carh)s.  In  April  1882 
these  were  followed  by  Geronimo  and  the  rest  of  the 
renegade  Chiricahuas,  with  Loco  and  his  Hot  Spring 

''•'TliG  gov.  accused  Kautz  of  inefficiency  in  Ind.  warfare  against  the  rene- 
gadt's,  and  in  his  message  of  1877  called  on  tiie  legisl.  to  raise  a  force  of  militia 
or  Ind.  soouts  to  protect  the  cmiiitry,  since  the  military  were  doing  nothing. 
.1;/;.  Jour.,  1877,  p.  238^.  Botii  parties  wrote  severe  letters  for  the  iiews- 
piquTs,  ami  Sati'ord  made  an  eti'drt  to  have  Kautz  removed.  The  general  de- 
fends iiiniself  at  length  in  his  regular  rei)ort  of  Aug.  lo,  1877.  U.  S.  Govt  />oc., 
4.")th  cdiig.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  IJoe.  ii.  IIW^O.  Hoyt,  Leadinij  ErcnU,  MS.,  15 
etse(|.,  says  that  Kautz  was  a  little  later  court-martialed  and  reprimanded 
fur  iiulilisliing  a  pamphlet  reflecting  on  Judge-advocate-gen.  Dunn.  Though 
tliu  Udrtli  was  generally  spoken  of  as  heing  at  peace,  Kautz'  report  .siiows 
suvtial  expeditious  in  the  C  Vurdo  region,  iu  which  38  lud.  were  killed  and 
42  captured. 


570 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


I    ! 


I   ll 


band.  Further  trouble  occurred  on  the  resorvafmn, 
and  the  general  outlook  was  very  discouragiiii)-.  ^MHi. 
tary  men  were  nearly  unanimous  in  the  o{»inion  tliat 
all  these  later  troubles  were  due  to  the  disturhaiieo  of 
Crook's  plans,  the  turning-over  of  the  reservations  to 
the  Indian  bureau  in  1874,  the  unwise  concentration 
of  the  Apaches  at  San  Carlos,  and  sub!se(iueut  mis- 
management on  the  part  of  civil  agents  with  the  re- 
sulting controversies.  It  is  clear  that  this  view  of  the 
matter  is  to  a  considerable  extent  well  founded. 

In  1882  General  Crook  came  back  to  relievo  Gen- 
eral Willcox,  to  whom,  however,  no  special  fault  avus 
imputed.  A  treaty  was  made  by  which  Indians  niin'ht 
be  [lursuod  across  the  boundary  by  United  Statts  and 
^Mexican  troops,  respectively.  And  with  Crook's  re- 
turn there  came  about  rather  mysteriously,  as  Dunn 
remarks,  "a  reasonable  harmony  between  represintu- 
tives  of  the  Indian  bureau  and  war  department  in 
Arizona."  He  found  the  reservation  Indians  sullen, 
suspicious,  and  discontented,  complaining  of  wrongs  at 
the  hands  of  their  late  agent,  distracted  with  rumors 
of  intended  attack,  disarmment,  and  removal,  and  dis- 
posed to  go  again  on  the  war-path  as  a  choice  of  evils. 
With  his  old  tact  the  general  made  them  understand 
that  war  was  just  what  their  enemies  desired,  and 
peace  their  only  means  of  saving  their  reservation. 
The  old  system  of  strict  discipline,  metal  tags,  and 
frequent  roll-calls  was  restored,  and  the  native  police 
reorganized.  Confidence  being  restored,  Crook  per- 
mitted a  large  number  of  the  Indians  to  leave  the 
river  agency  and  live  in  the  northern  part  of  the  res- 
ervation without  rations.  They  succeeded  so  well 
that  about  1,500,  or  one  third  of  the  whole  nuinher, 
were  soon  living  in  the  north  and  almost  self-sustain- 


ing. 


Meanwhile,  Ger6nimo  and  the  rest  were  raiding  in 
Mexico;  and  in  March  1883,  Chato  with  fifty  Indians 
crossed  the  line  and  killed  a  dozen  persons  in  Arizona, 
including  the  family  of  Judge  McComas.     With  about 


f'h 


CROOK'S  CAMPAIGN. 


671 


50  soldiers  aiul  200  Apache  scouts,  liavinuf  fortunately 
s;nuiv(l  the  services  as  :L^uicle  of  a  chief  who  had  tle- 
scrtcfl  from  the  foe,  and  having'  made  arranL,^fmcnts 
for  tlie  cooperation  of  the  ^Mexican  forces,  Crook 
iiiiu'clud  in  ^lay  to  the  Ai)ache  stronghold  in  the 
JSii'iia  Maih'e — a  place  never  reached  hy  troo))s  before, 
ami  which  could  not  have  been  reached  without  the 
si'i'vires  of  the  guide.  A  com])lete  surrouiKhng  and 
surprise  <->f  the  foe  was  prevented  i)y  the  ha^y  tiring 
of  the  scouts;  but  Chato's  band  was  defeated  with  a 
loss  of  nine  killed  and  five  captives;  and  the  rest 
eiiti'icd  into  negotiations.  Finally,  tlu'y  oil'ertd  to 
surrender  on  the  condition  that  j)awt  offences  should 
])('  foi  gotten,  and  all  be  settled  on  the  reservation. 
lliTUUse  a  successful  prosecution  of  the  campaign  at 
this  time  and  in  this  country  was  impossible,  Jjccause 
ti)  withdraw  and  await  a  more  convenient  opportunit}^ 
(tf  suiprising  the  foe  would  involve  renewed  disaster 
to  tlie  scattered  settlers,  and  because  the  Chiricahua 
outlireak  had  been  caused  to  a  considerable  extent 
l>y  unfair  treatment.  Crook  accepted  tin  orms  and 
Ijrou'dit  back  to  San  Carlos  neai-lv  4UU  rene!>"ades, 
including  Geronimo,  Chato,  Nachez,  Loco,  and  all 
the  cliiefs  except  Juh,  who  had  escaped.  For  two 
years  these  Indians  under  military  management  be- 
haved well,  and  it  was  hoped  that  the  Apache  ques- 
tion had  been  at  last  settled."*^ 

'"  Aiiiiuiil  Heymrt  of  /i7'i(inifii'r-'je))i'r<il  Ofonje  Crnol;  17.  S.  Anmj,  rnmminul- 
iifi<h]iiiiiiitcnt  of  Arizoii",  i.Vi'i',  n.  p.,  J'iiiio,  17,  1,  '2,  3,  12,  1,  H  p.;  A/.,  1SS4, 
L'liio,  10  p.  Ill  Ariz.  Ldir.i,  ISSU,  p.  2!»2-(),  is  a  iiiciiiorial  of  tlio  loj,'isl.,  cx- 
rlaiiatnry  of  the  situation  ami  asking  that  all  the  Apaches  he  riMuoved.  An 
Ay'tf/ii'  Ciiripiii/n  in  the  Sicrrn  Mmlrc:  an  turouut  of  llic  <\rji)'tli/iiiii  in  piir.s-nit  of 
(III-  liiidHc  Vhiricnhua  Apur/nn  in  the  Kpriwj  of  1SS3.  By  John  (1.  Biniil • ,  '.  yit. 
Tk'n-'l  ('(irdlry,  etc.,  N.  Y.,  1S8(),  ]2ino,  112  p.,  furnishes  also  a  fxood  ii.r;  i  've 
of  Cniiiks  campaign.  Crook  says:  'From  my  experience  of  late  years  I  can 
state,  unhesitatingly,  that  since  the  Ind.  have  learned  the  strength  of  our 
lK'ii[il(',  in  almost  every  Ind.  war  which  I  have  known  anything  about,  the 
rriiMo  cause  has  been,  either  the  failure  of  our  govt  to  make  good  its  jiledges, 
or  the  wrongs  perpetrated  upon  them  hy  unscrupulous  Avhites.  'J'hat  Ind.  are 
oftLii  rohhed  of  their  rations,  goods,  etc., ..  .hy  rascally  agents  and  otlier  un- 
*^i'iu|iuliius  white  men,  is  a  fact  within  tlie  knowledge  of  any  one  having 
ri-latiuiis  with  them.  These  are  the  men  who  are  responsible  for  this  uiiset- 
tli'il  state  of  affairs.  Public  sentiment  in  frontier  comniutdties  does  not 
Cdusidcr  the  malicious  killing  of  an  Ind.  nnirder,  nor  the  most  unblusliing 
iduuduriug  theft. .  .1  have  uo  knowledge  of  a  caae  on  record  where  a  white 


m^ 


1:      ^il 


572 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  AlllZONA. 


Yet  once  more  in  tlio  oarlv  sunnncr  of  188"),  (nni 
nimo  and  Naclicz,  with  a  \r.ut  of  their  ( 'lili  Icalina 
warrlofH,  fled  from  tlie  reservation,  and  I'esmiKd  t||,.i,. 
deadly  I'aidinj^  on  the  settlers  on  both  siilcs  of  tin-  liiic, 
No  definite  reason  for  the  outhreak  is  known,  tlKiiinh 
the  chief's  detection  in  the  illicit  inanufiictinc  of  lis- 
win,  the  native  licjuor,  has  been  sn^-ijrostc^d ;  and  lati  r 
fj|ei'()niin(»  has  talke'd  va^jjuely  of  plots  aj^ainst  liis  lite, 
This  occurrence,  while  not  atfectiiiiif  the  wisdom  (if 
Crook's  <j^eneral  ])olicy,  or  proving  that  past  troiililo 
had  not  been  laro'ely  dut;  to  reservation  changes  aiiil 
niisinana<j,('nient,  or  even  justifyinjjf  the  suspicion  that 
the  general  had  been  so  far  carried  away  by  his  thcd- 
ries  as  to  become  a  dupe  of  Apache  cunning'  vit 
shows  clearly  enough  that  even  with  just  and  lanful 
treatment  under  military  aus})ices  the  Apache  could 
not  be  trusted,  that  the  problem  had  not  been  so  niar 
an  easy  solution  as  Crook  had  believed,  an''  it  past 
outbreaks    were    due    in   part    to   inhereni  gisiii. 

Again,  with  his  accustomed  vigor,  and  with  the  aid 
of  Ajiaehe  scouts,  under  Captain  Crawford — who  was 
killed  in  an  unfoi'tunate  encounter  with  ]\rexicans— 
Crook   pursued    the    renegades    into    Sonora,  and  in 

man  has  been  convicted  and  punished  for  defrauding  an  Indian.  1  ai'i  imt 
an  a[H>l(>gist  for  tlic  Chiricahuau — they  are  l)ad  Ind.,  probahly  tliu  very  worst 
on  tlic  lontinent. '  'An  Ind.  in  liis  modu  ol  warfare  i.s  more  than  tlio  tijiiil 
of  the  white  man,  ami  it  woidd  ho  i)racti(\.liy  imiiossihle  with  wiiitr  .sdltiicis 
to  sulidue  the  (  hiricahuas  in  tlieir  own  liaunt.s.'  He  thinks  tlie  Ind.  •-hdiiM 
oMii  tlieir  lands  in  severalty,  as  most  of  them  desiiu.  To  disarm  tlnin  lie 
believes  im[iossible  and  undesirable;  they  must  have  arms  for  jirnirctin;! 
against  lawless  whites.  'Their  removal  would  bring  on  the  blooditr-t  Jml. 
war  this  country  has  ever  experienced.'  But  the  general  goes  imuli  tnu  i';ir 
i:i  urging  that  the  ballot  should  be  given  the  I. id.  In  his  reimrt  of  i^ivt, 
aftci  a  year  of  peace,  t'rook  expresses  great  satisfaction  with  the  prn-n^s 
made,  and  the  prospects,  niitwithstandiiig  certain  ibstaclcs — notably  thi'  ix- 
tortious  of  trailers.  One  cliief,  for  making  waihko  speeches,  was  anisteil, 
tried,  and  convicted — all  by  natives — and  sent  to  Cal.  for  imprisdiiiiinit. 
(Jeri'iamo  and  Nacliez  are  among  the  most  successful  farmers.  l'ni[n  nf  tlie 
season  were  S.S.'iO.OOO  lbs.  corn,  y.'iO.OOO  lbs.  barley,  r)4,(l(H)  lbs.  beans,  'Jll.Oiti) 
lbs.  potatoes,  r)i),000lbs.  wheat,  200,000  pumpkins,  and  00,000  melons,  in  spitu 
of  some  bad  luck  caused  by  freshets. 

It  should  be  noted  here  that  there  is  extant  in  Arizona  a  tneory  tli.it  in 
the  camiiaign  of  188.3  (ien.  Crook,  through  jdacing  too  much  eoutidtiui'  in 
his  scouts,  found  himself  really  in  the  power  of  the  Chiricahuas,  ami  win 
obliged  to  accept  (ierdnimo's  terms.  I  have  not  attached  mueli  iinportaiue 
to  this  theory,  though  the  events  of  ISSj-ij  tend  soiuewluit  to  give  it  pliiisi- 
bility. 


lS85,r,er(^- 

Cliii'I'-iIiiia 

sullied  tlifir 

5  of  tlir  liii,.. 

>\VI1,    tlldUnh 

ctuic  t>\'  (is. 
I;  and  latrr 
inst  his  life, 
wisduiii  (it 
ast  ti'oiililcs 
']iaiii;c,s  and 
spii'idii  tliat 
l)y  ]iis  tliid- 

IMllillL;'    -Vrt 

and  fiirrful 
:>aollO   Cdiild 

)e(>n  so  near 
■it  past 


'.U'isiii, 


1' 

i 

'itll  the  aid 
1 — wlio  was 
Nrexicans— 
)ra,  and  in 

li.'iu.     1  am  iiiit 

tlio  very  worst 

than  tlio  I'ljiiil 

wllitf  .SdltliriN 

tliu  Iiid.  shiiuM 

isariii  tlinii  lie 

t'(ir   jinitiTtin.! 

l)l(i()(liust    Jllll. 
18    lUUl'll    tnci  I'lir 

•e[M)i't  of  IsjW, 
li  tlio  J]^lli;|■l■,■i^ 
iKitiilily  till'  (.x- 
wa.s  iii'i'osteil, 
iiiilirisdiimi'iit. 
t'i'ii[).s  111  tlie 
ii'aiis,  '.'iMIiti) 

llL'lollS,  ill  spitu 

tlicnry  tli.it  ill 
i.'<mti(l('iK'(:  in 
liuas,  ami  was 
cli  iiniiiirtiiiicL' 
givo  It  plaiisi- 


CUOOK   ANIJ   MJLE8. 


573 


M;inli  I88r»  forced  tlicm  to  proiuiso  surrender.  But 
iK'tnir  entering  Arizona,  not  ohtaininjjf  satisfaetory 
'.'uaiiinties  of  restoration  to  reservation  lift;,  and  I'ear- 
iiw4  the  punislinient  liis  crimes  deserved,  tlic  wily 
(leioniino  and  liis  <'oni])anions  effected  their  esca-])0  to 
lava'^e  the  frontier  with  death  and  desohition  for  five 
iiiiinllis  more.  'I'his  misl'ortune,  or  bluncU'r,  hrou<4ht 
ii[)i)U  Ci'ook  a  storm  of  abuse  wliicii  resulted  in  his 
iviiioval;  and  General  Nelson  Miles  was  a))pointed 
to  take  his  ydacc.  Under  the  ricw  connnander  and 
liis  subordinates,  notable  amontr  whom  was  Captain 
bawtoii,  the  cam[)aiL'"n  was  continued;  and  after  va- 
rious delays  and  contretemps  that  did  not  fail  to 
arouse  a  clamor  of  jiopular  criticism,  the  Chiricahua 
liaiid  of  some  20  warriors  was  in  August  forced  to 
suricnder  without  conditions. 

As  1  write,  not  only  these  cajjtives,  but  all  the 
Ciiiricaliuas  and  Hot  Spring  Indians  at  San  C'l'u'los 
luivo  be(,'n  sent  to  Florida.  Arizona  is  asxain  iovful 
ill  the  belief  that  her  Indian  troubles  arc  forever  at 
an  cud.  (general  ^liles  is  the  hero  of  the  day,  natu- 
rally, and  justly  to  the  extent  that  he  has  well  })er- 
fiiinied  his  dutv,  but  unfairlv  in  so  fai'  as  his  service 
iif  a  few  months  is  made  to  outweigh  the  still  more 
valuable  work  of  Crook  for  years.  Whether  Gcro- 
iiiino  will  bo  hanged,  as  he  should  be,  is  not  yet  set- 
tled, and  for  the  welfare  of  Arizona  it  is  immaterial. 
There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  there  will  be  other 
troubles  with  the  A])aches;  but  they  should  not  be 
voiy  st-rious,  especially  if  the  ])()licy  of  exiling  all 
renegades  shall  be  stidctly  enforced. 

As  to  the  general  prospects  of  the  reservation  Indians 
ot  all  tril)es,  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  encouraging. 
A  mountainous  mininix  countrv  on  the  national  iron- 
tur,  where  white  men  can  hardlv  be  made  to  behave 
tlit'insilves,  is  not  fit  for  an  Indian  reservation.  It 
would  be  better  for  Arizona  that  all  should  be  re- 
iiii»\cd;  and  better  for  the  Indians,  if  there  be  any 
region  where  success  with  other  tribes  is  at  all  en- 


;.|:;iihl 


674 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


t  * 


!■!  :■ 


conraging.  Yet  the  removal  would  be  very  difficult, 
perhaps  impossible.  Though  no  real  progress  li'.s,  as 
yet  been  made,  reservation  annals  furnish  many  itiuis 
to  indicate  seemingly  that  the  seeds  of  advanronunt 
might  easily  be  made  to  take  root.  The  Indians  often 
show  traits  of  docility,  patience,  industry,  and  fiuil)!- 
tion  to  improve,  of  which  it  would  seeni  advanta<fe 
might  be  taken ;  but  with  these  traits  are  incxtricahlv 
mingled  others  of  stupid  perversity  and  savagisin  tliat 
practically  bar  the  way  to  all  improvement;  and  the 
monumental  capacity  for  blundering,  the  rascality,  the 
bigotry,  the  lack  of  skill,  the  fondness  for  controversy 
on  the  part  of  agents,  teachers,  missionaries,  and  all 
who  undertake  the  management  of  Indians,  have  thus 
far  cuopera  ted  most  effectually  against  success.  Pri  ih- 
ably  no  radical  change  is  to  be  expected  in  either  red 
men  or  white;  probably  a  foreign  civilization  oanndt 
be  ingrafted  on  aboriginal  stock;  apparently  the  In- 
dians, non-progressive  savages,  ever  the  victims  of 
injustice,  must  dwindle  in  numbers  and  finally  disap- 
pear; or,  at  best,  the  germs  of  civilization  be  [)lanteii 
in  a  few  individuals  surviving  the  tribal  anniliilation, 
Yet  the  line  of  our  nation's  duty  is  clear  in  the  mat- 
ter. The  Indians  must  be  fully  protected  in  their 
rights.  Outrages  upon  them  must  be  pronii)tly  and 
severely  puhished.  Every  attempt  «t  improvement 
must  be  encouraged.  As  fast  as  possible  the  trihal 
relation  nmst  be  broken  up.  Lands  must  be  given  in 
severalty  to  all  who  are  capable  of  utilizing  them. 
Government  aid  mnst  be  maiidy  in  the  form  of  im- 
plements and  instruction  and  protection.  Primary 
sclioois  nmst  be  liberally  supported;  but  religion  mu>t 
be  made  a  secondary  matter.  Above  all,  c'ariie>t, 
honest,  practical  men  nmst  be  put  in  charge  and  paid 
for  their  services.  The  survival  of  tlie  fittest  must 
be  encouraged.  If  any  nmst  perish,  let  it  bo  the 
good-for-nothing;  if  any  are  to  be  lielped,  let  it  ho 
those  who  arc  disposed  to  help  themselves. 


1;  :■'!  i'! 


OTHER  OUTLAWS. 


575 


Apaches  have  not  been  the  only  outlaws  who  have 
afflicted  Arizona.  Acts  of  lawless  violence,  includ- 
iiio'  murders,  robberies,  and  lynchings,  h:ivc  been  but 
t(n)  counnon  throughout  the  territory's  history.  Yet 
such  irregularities  have  not  been  greater  but  rather 
much  less  than  was  to  be  expected  under  the  p(;culiar 
circumstances,  in  consideration  of  which  Arizona's 
record  is  not  worse  than  that  of  the  other  western 
rerfious.  The  Indian  wars  in  themselves,  during 
wliith  every  citizen's  life  was  in  constant  danger, 
tended  strongly  to  establish  the  habit  of  reliance  on 
force  rather  than  legal  forms  for  protection  from 
otlu'r  foes.  Desperadoes  might  always  commit  out- 
rages with  a  fair  chance  of  their  being  attributed  to 
Indians.  The  geographic  position  of  the  territory 
coiitril)utcd  to  the  same  result.  Mexican  outlavs  of 
a  peculiarly  vicious  class  frequented  the  frontier  dis- 
tricts, easily  escaping  after  the  commission  of  crimes 
into  Sonora,  wdiere  tlioir  punishment,  by  reason  of 
endless  complications  of  international  red  tape,  was 
generally  impracticable.  These  Mexicans,  bad  as 
they  were,  had  like  the  Indians  to  bear  the  respon.^i- 
hility  for  hundreds  of  otfcnces  they  never  connnitted. 
The  native  population  of  Spanish  race,  liere  as  in 
other  border  regions  of  the  United  States,  has  often 
been  the  object  of  most  unfair  treatment.  Too  often 
has  there  been  a  pjopular  clamor  for  the  expulsion  of 
all  Mexicans  from  some  mining  camp,  innate  race 
prejudice  being  aggravated  by  the  acts  of  a  few  out- 
laws, and  the  result  being  utilized  by  designing  des- 
peradoes or  politicians  of  another  race  for  the  cariying- 
out  of  their  various  designs.  A  sparsely  settled 
mining  country  is  never  a  favorable  field  for  the 
proper  enforcement  of  law;  and  Arizona  for  many 
years,  by  reason  not  only  of  its  Indian  troubh-s,  but 
of  its  undeserved  reputation  as  a  desert  unfit  for 
homes,  was  chiefly  attractive  to  the  least  desirable 
class  of  adventurers  from  California,  Nevada,  Colorado, 
and  Texas.     Again  the  long  and  unprotected   stage 


Ma 


.*  i- 


111' 


■  H-'" 


\m 


;!;t 


% 


m. : 


lit  ■*#!!, 


i?     *M 


I  '  ; 


ill- 


It  '\ 


57G 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS  IN  ARIZONA. 


and  express  routes  over  which  rich  bulhon  prizes  were 
carried,  have  furnished  especial  temptations  and  faclH. 
ties  for  highway  robbery.  And  it  must  be  admitted 
that  tlie  combination  of  national  and  territorial  autlior- 
ity  has  not  always  been  favorable  to  the  administra- 
tion of  justice;  and  that  locally  the  qualities  of  ener^fy 
and  bravery  required  in  officers  of  justice  have  liein 
too  often  sought  in  men  more  or  less  identificnl  with 
the  criminal  element.  It  is  not  n^y  jmrpose  to  pre- 
sent a  chronicle  of  Arizona  crimes  and  criminals, 
though  I  append  some  items  and  references  in  a  note. 
While  it  can  hardly  be  hoped  that  troubles  of  this 
class  are  at  an  end,  yet  constant  progress  in  the  ri^lit 
direction  and  growth  of  proper  public  sentiment  are 
to  be  noted.  With  ri^ilroads,  agricultural  deveh»])- 
ment,  and  increase  of  law-abiding  population,  scents^ 
of  violence  will  be  more  and  more  confined,  as  th*  y 
have  been  for  the  most  part  in  late  years,  to  new- 
mining  districts  and  isolated  frontier  settlements. '' 

'•"Sonic  items  on  Ariz,  committees  of  vigilance,  etc.,  may  lie  foiiinl  in  my 
Po])iil(tr  Tiiliuuiili,  i.  7-2  ct  si'(j.  In  his  mes.«age  of  18G8  the  gov,  coniiili- 
meats  the  Mex.  pop.  for  tlieir  ohcdit^nce  to  law  and  general  gooil  (.haiMcti  r, 
Down  to  this  time  there  have  been  no  special  eoiaplaints  of  law  Kssiicss 
except  hi;foi'e  18(4.  In  "OS,  however,  the  gov.  otters  a  reward  of  .'f^IiOO  fur  tlio 
arrest  of  a  murderer.  Ariz.  Jour.,  ISCiS,  p.  'll'l.  From  '70  nnuMkrs  and  nJi- 
beries  attributed  to  Mex.  heeame  frenucnt  on  the  (iila.  Three  Anier.  Mere 
killed  at  Mission  t'amp.  A  reward  of  Sl,0()0  was  ottered,  and  an  iv^vwi  w;is 
sent  to  Sonora,  hut  (iov.  Pes(pnira  deelined  to  givi-  up  the  criminids.  /./., 
1871,  p.  r):{-4,  i.")7-0,  Hi;}-!,  -J-J-J  S,  'j:i4-8;  Jhtnis  Sn-iq^x,  .1  (•;:.,  iii.  Inh 
liaker  and  family  were  murdereil  at  Blue  Water  Station  in  Dec.  '71.  /'/..  iii. 
'J8!t-'.n,  ;{I'_',  'M'v,  [■.  S.  (7orf.  Do,:,  4l!d  cong.  3d  sess.,  H.  Kx.  Doe.,  i.  M.Noii, 
411-12;  and  many  newspaper  articles.  Four  or  live  murders  are  iioteil  in 
'72.  There  were  also  complaints  on  the  Sonora  side  of  outrages  on  Mix. 
Esti-dla  <lc  (h',-1,1.,  Mar.  2it,  1872;  Mr.,:,  M,m.  L'll.,  iSl'i,  annex  1,  p.  ;M.'1. 
In  1873  there  were  several  vigilance  organizations,  and  also  the  1st  ligal  ■.xu- 
cation — thatof  one  Firnandez  at  Yuma.  J/iii/,'.i'  ,S<'t;'p.%  J/v'-.,  v.  Ki.'),  l<i'.),  ISS, 
Jlti),  210;  vi.  KiO,  11)7-8,  172,  1!«;  ^IW,:.  ,SV;-</;w,  Kw.  In  1877  the  guv.  an- 
noiineed  that  for  2  years  hut  slight  troubles  had  occurred;  yet  prcdicteil  Unit 
with  increasing  wealth  the  temptation  for  rohhery  wouM  increase;  ami  ii'l- 
vised  the  legislature  to  continue  its  appropriations  for  the  arrest  of  criiiiiiiiU, 
and  to  make  highway  rohhery  a  capital  oU'ence.  Andindeed,  from  IS'S  imir- 
der.s  and  rohheries  are  frequently  eatalogned  in  the  ne\.  spapcrs  each  yi':ir. 
Tiie  Mex.  do  not  seem  to  have  been  prominently  accused  in  these  yciirs, 
but  some  eorresp.  on  the  subject  is  found  in  V/cx.  Cnnrnp.  J)i})toiiiiit'''',  i. 
770-84;  W.  S.  a.v't.  n,ir.,  4(>th  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  i.  734.  In  '7'.l  the 
Phcenix  stage  was  robbed  4  times  in  as  many  nu>nths;  (!ov.  (U)spcr  nHcreil 
S.nOO  for  the  killing  and  §300  for  the  arrest  of  a  stage  robber;  and  several 
lynchings  are  recorded.  Ariz.  Srrop,i,  120;  Plmni.r.  Jf,ri'lil,  June  2.").  '>*><); 
PreacoU  Miner,  Doc.  3,  '80;  .S.  F.  BullMn,  Aug.  22,  '70;  6\  /'.  ClirviM, ,  Aug. 


ACTS  OF  VIOLENCE. 


577 


23,  'TO-  -III  '80-2  matters  assumed  their  worst  aspect,  stage  robbers  were 
lyialieil,  cowboys  attacked  some  of  the  towns,  sheritTs  and  their  posses  were 
ni'teu  iisisted,  bh»ody  afi'rays  occurred  between  Anier.  and  Mox.,  an  emi- 
grant tiain  was  attacked  ]>y  robbers,  and  several  legal  executions  are 
rcconU'l.  Tombstone  was  a  centre  of  lawless  operations,  the  U.  S.  marshal 
wassli'it,  and  several  bloody  fights  took  place  between  the  desperadoes  and 
scarcely  less  desperate  officers  of  justice.  The  citizens  were  at  last  fully 
aroustMl;  money  was  contributed,  and  a  volunteer  force  raised;  tlie  president 
of  tilt!  l'.  'S.  issued  a  proclamati(m;  and  in  '83  quiet  was  restored,  and  the 
iirisiiiis  were  full.  See  files  of  Tombstone  and  other  newspapers  in  tliese 
yoai's;  also  Ariz.  Jour.,  12th  legis.  ass.  30-2;  (I.  S.  Oovt  Dor.,  47th  coiig.  1st 
sess.,  H.  Hx.  Doc.  188.  The  last  serious  trouble  was  at  Bisbee  in  Dec.  '83, 
wlu'ii  live  armed  men  deliberately  and  openly  robbed  a  store  and  kille<l  5 
citi/eiis  in  cold  blood.  The  5  culprits  were  speedily  convicted  and  hanged  at 
Tiiiiilistniic  in  March  '84;  while  another  accomplice,  being  condemned  to  im- 
prisdiiiiu'iit  for  life,  was  lynched  by  citizens  in  Feb.  See  Ariz.  Hist.  (.E.  & 
Co.),  154-6;  and  tlie  newspapers. 

Hist.  Aiiiz.  and  N.  Mex.    37 


■XV:^f 


'■ '  ii  .li 


mi 


■■■  ;i! 


i-ip  !| 


' 


r^r 


-ti  1 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS.' 
18G4-18SC. 

MiNINfi — FiAItLY     Ol'KRATION'S — TlIE     GoLD     Pl.ACF.ns — EFFECT    flF     APACllE 

Waks — DriiKK  OiiSTACLEs — Final  Succhss— Statistics — Sii,\  ki;  anh 
Gold  Belt — Tiik  Folk  (Jkoits,  Mo.iavk,  Yavai'ai,  Gila,  I'ima,  anh 
Cochise — Some  Local  Items — Famois  Mixes— Tomhstone—Coitku 
Mines— Diamond  Hoax — Modern  Works  on  Arizona — A(;Ki(ri.Ti  i;k 

j  — Climate  and  Products — Stock-raisino — Government  Lands  Mkx- 
ICAN  Grants — Manufactures  and  Trade — Roads,  Stages,  and  M.\ils 

/  ^Railroads  and  TELEciiiArus  —  Education — Lirrary — Histouic.al 
Society — Churches — Newspapers. 

From  tlio  time  when  it  first  became  known  to 
Europeans,  Arizona  has  been  especially  noted  for  its 
mineral  wealth.  There  is  no  (^'idence  that  its  mines 
were  ever  worked  by  the  aborigines;  but  by  the 
Spaniards  its  treasure  of  precious  metals  was  iiiueli 
talked  of,  even  before  being  found.  It  was  ciiou'^li  to 
know  that  the  country  was  in  the  mysterious  iioitli, 
and  occu[)ied  by  savage  tribes;  its  wealth  was  taken 
for  grant(Ml.  On  its  partial  exploration,  howevi'i',  and 
the  establishment  of  missions  and  })residios  on  its  Inr- 
dcrs  eai-ly  in  the  eigliteenth  centur}',  abundant  indica- 
tions of  gold  and  silver  were  found  in  all  diriH  tions. 
Yet  so  broad  and  rich  was  the  mineral  field  fnrflier 
south,  and  so  fc(!ble  the  Si)anish  tenure  in  Alta  i'inie- 
ri'a  by  reason  of  Indian  hostility,  tliat  not  evt'ii  the 
wonderfully  rich  'planchas  de  plata'  at  the  Arizona 
camp,  giving  name  to  the  later  territory  thougli  not 
within  its  limits,  led  to  the  occu[)atit)n  of  the  noitherii 
parts  by  miners.  As  I  have  already  explained,  tiie 
current   traditions    of  extensive    mining    in    Sitaiiish 


MmiNG  IN    ARIZONA. 


679 


times  are  greatly  exaggerated.  The  Jesuits  worked 
no  II lilies;  and  in  their  ])eriod,  down  to  1707,  nothing 
was  piiictieall}'-  accomphshed  beyond  irregular  pros- 
pi't'tiiig  in  connection  with  military  expeditions  and 
tlic  occasional  working  of  a  few  veins  or  placers  for 
hricf  jx-'riods,  near  the  presidios.  It  is  doubtful  that 
any  traces  of  such  workings  have  been  visible  in  niod- 
trii  times.  Later,  however,  in  about  171)0-1815, 
wliilc!  the  Apaches  were  comparatively  at  peace  and 
all  industries  tlourished  accordingly,  mines  were  worked 
on  a  small  scale  in  several  parts  of  what  is  now  Pima 
county,  and  the  old  shafts  and  tunnels  of  this  period 
have  sometimes  been  found,  though  the  extent  of  such 
oiK'i'sitions  has  been  generally  exaggerated.  With 
MoxiiMU  independence  and  a  renewal  of  Apache  raids, 
the  mining  industry  was  entirely  suspended,  only  to 
1)0  itsumed  in  the  last  years,  if  at  all,  on  a  scale  even 
sniullorthan  before  1790. 

Still  the  fame  of  hidden  wealth  remained  and  mul- 
tijilifd;  and  on  the  consummation  of  the  Gadsden 
punliasc  in  1854,  as  we  have  seen,  Americans  like 
Poston  and  !Mowry  began  to  open  the  mines.  East- 
ttii  capital  was  enlisted;  several  coi'H)anies  were 
t'iiiiiK(I;  mills  and  furnaces  were  put  in  operation; 
and  for  some  six  years,  in  the  face  of  great  obstacles 
— notably  that  of  expensive  transportation — tlie  south- 
ern silvcT  mines  were  worked  with  considerable  success 
and  brilliant  prospects,  until  interrupted  by  the  war  of 
tlio  vobellion,  the  withdrawal  of  troops,  and  the  triumph 
of  the  Apaches  in  ISiU.  The  mining  properties  were 
then  plundered  and  destroyed,  many  miners  were 
killed,  and  work  was  entirely  suspended,  not  to  be 
profitably  resumed  in  this  region  for  many  years. 
During  this  period  the  Ajo  copper  mines  in  Papague- 
n'a  Wore  also  worked  with  some  success;  and  on  the 
Inwer  Gila  from  1858  gold  placers,  or  dry  washings, 
attracted  a  thousand  miners  or  more,  being  somewhat 
profitably  worked  for  four  years,  and  never  entirely 
abandoned.     In  18G2  the  placer  excitement  was  trans- 


1. 


\m 


1 1 


680 


ARIZONAX  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


ferrcd  northward  across  tlie  Gila,  and  up  the  Colorado 
to  the  region  where  La  Paz,  Olive  City,  and  Elucu- 
berg  soon  came  into  existence.  For  several  years 
these  Colorado  placers  attracted  a  crowd  of  Califor- 
nians,  and  a  large  amount  of  coarse  gold  was  obtained; 
but  as  a  rule  the  dry  washing  processes  were  too 
tedious  for  the  permanent  occupation  of  any  but  Mex- 
icans and  Indians;  and  the  Americans  pushed  their 
prospecting  north-eastward,  under  the  pioneers  I*aulino 
Weaver  and  Joseph  Walker,  for  whom  new  and  licli 
districts  in  what  is  now  Yava])ai  county  were  named 
in  18G3.  Not  only  was  the  placer  field  thus  extended, 
but  rich  i^old  and  silver  bearinsr  veins  were  found,  "iv- 
ing  promise  of  a  permanent  mining  industry  for  the 
future/ 

Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  in  1864-5,  wlien  the 
territory  of  Arizona  was  organized;  and  the  mining 

•The  Cal.  papers  of  18G2-3are  full  of  corresp.  on  the  Colorado  plawrs, 
and  there  is  a  large  col.  of  this  corresp.  in  Hayes'  Scnip-honki,  A  /•«.,  i.,  passim. 
The  number  of  miners  in  1S()'2  is  estimated  from  500  to  1,500.  Rcpcirts  lire 
contradictory;  but  nobody  seems  to  be  making  much  money.  There  is  imuli 
discu.ssi(in  of  tlie  host  routes  from  Los  Angeles,  the  number  of  miners  retiini- 
ing  in  disgust  being  apparently  about  e(pal  to  those  starting  out  in  liigli  hdjies. 
I;i  lS().3-4  the  L*  I'az  lieldsare  comparjitively  deserted  for  the  nortli  ami  cast; 
and  we  hear  more  and  more  of  veins  and  lodes  of  gold,  silver,  and  io[iper. 
Olive  City  was  then  called  Olivia.  Many  discoveries  are  mentioned  in  Mnjave 
CO.,  and  we  hear  much  of  the  Moss  lode,  Eldora<lo  Caflon,  and  Hanlyville. 
Tlie  placer  excitement  entled  about  18(>4,  though  the  deposits  continual  U>  lie 
Worked,  and  often  with  profit.  According  to  Raymond's  rept  of  ].s';o,  the 
placer  gold  of  the  Oilaand  Colorado  lielils  is  of  local  origin  from  sinidl  {.Msli- 
veins  in  slates  and  greenstone.  The  gravel  is  angidar  and  not  nmiKitd  liy 
water,  having  little  or  no  earth  with  it.  Only  coarse  gold  had  been  siiveil, 
and  tliere  was  more  left  than  had  been  taken  out.  From  1870  tlii'ic  was  a 
revival  of  interest  in  the  placers,  though  they  had  never  been  wholly  aliaii- 
doned.  A  machine  for  dry  wa.shing  was  used  on  the  Colorado;  and  (Hi 
the  Gila  a  company  pumped  water  into  a  reservoir  on  the  liills^  Hamiltnii 
Bays  the  Yuma  co.  placers  have  yielded  over  §2,000,000.  The  census  riimit 
and  King  give  the  placer  yield  of  1880  as  $;}0,000.  Lvn.x  Crook  and  the 
Weaver  district  in  Yavapai  are  said  to  have  produced  over  SJ,00i),()li()  oacli 
from  gravel;  and  tliere  were  several  other  rich  districts,  the  jilaoor  yi  1 1  oi 
1873  being  put  at  840,000.  Richmond  Basin,  (tila  co.,  was  a  most  roiriark- 
able  placer,  over  $100,000  in  nuggets  being  picked  from  tlio  surlaco,  ami 
there  being  10  feet  of  goldd)earing  nmd  on  the  bed-rock.  In  tlio  Cjluijcitod 
regi(m,  Finia  co.,  dry  placers  have  been  worked  by  Mexicans  ami  I'ai.agos. 
Extensive  placers  are  mentioned  in  the  Sta  Rita  Mts.  In  (Jraham  co.,  on  S. 
Francisco  Itiver,  is  a  broad  tract  of  gravel  which  is  thought  to  proiiii-e  well 
for  hydraulic  work.  Har<lly  a  year  has  passed  without  a  placer  discovery  in 
seme  part  of  Ariz.,  chiefly  in  Yavapai;  and  work  has  been  continuous  aipl  in 
a  small  way  profitable,  though  interrupteil  often  in  one  section  or  annthri'  hy 
drought.  Statistics  of  jiroduction  in  this  branch  of  miuiug  are  natuially 
very  meagre  and  unreliable 


*i  r  M 


AX  ERA  OF  EXPECTATION. 


581 


excitement  in  Yavapai  doubtless  had  much  influence 
in  iiiakinL^  Prescott  the  capital.  This  excitement  con- 
tiiiutd  for  years,  new  and  rich  discoveries  being  f're- 
qmiit;  but  the  richest  lodes  were  always  those  to  be 
Jis('i»\ered  a  little  farther  on  in  the  Apache  (jountry. 
Tilt-  Apaclie  war  soon  made  mining  and  even  pros- 
])L'Cting  extremely  perilous  in  most  regions,  at  the  same 
time  preventing  the  influx  of  capital  from  abroad;  and 
ill  inuny  of  the  mines  that  could  be  worked  it  was  soon 
found  that  the  ores  were  too  refractory  for  reduction 
by  tlk'  crude  processes  and  with  the  imperfect  machin- 
ery of  the  pioneers.  One  or  two  mines  of  extraordinary 
ric'lme.ss  were  continuously  profitable;  a  few  others 
paid  well  at  times;  many  men  gained  a  living  by 
working  placers  and  small  veins;  and  some  mines  near 
the  Colorado  made  a  profit  by  sending  selected  ores  at 
enerinous  cost  to  San  Francisco.  Meanwhile  every 
military  expedition  was  also  a  prospecting  tour;  and 
the  attitude  of  the  people  was  one  of  most  impatient 
waitiiio-  for  the  time  when,  with  the  defeat  of  the 
Apache  and  the  return  of  peace,  the  deveh)pment  of 
mineral  wealth  might  begin  in  earnest.  Enthusiasm 
over  the  country's  prospects  was  unbounded;  the  local 
newspapers  were  full  of  rose-colored  predictions;  tlie 
o'overnor  and  leo-islature  were  stron<»:  in  the  faith ;  and 
the  government  commissioners  of  mining  statistics, 
lioss  Browne  and  li.  W.  Raj^mond,  gave  some  proni- 
iiunee  to  Arizona  in  their  reports.^ 

'•' See  annual  messages  of  the  pov.  in  Ariz.,  Journals,  18G5  et  seq.  Rcport'i 
U]iiin  the  Mine  ml  lit-son  revs  of  tin'  Uiti'id  St  iti's,  liy  .tpcctdl  cniniiiiiaioiicrs  J.  l'o<s 
liriiiriii'iinilJdmen  }V.  Tai/lor  (ior  li'ioii).  Wa.^h.,  18.)7.  This  contains  on  Ariz. 
(lulylldv,  McConnick's  message,  ami  the  mining  law,  p.  1155,  249.  Kqxirt  of 
J.  h'dsrt  lirninne  on  the  Mhicnil  /'(■■^nura'-s  if  the  SUttcx  ami  Territories  ivc.il  if  the 
liidif  Mniuiiiiins  (for  18lJ7).  Wash,  and  S.  F.,  IM.JS;  also  published  as  /iV- 
,«.>»/•<•(.>(  (ft/id  Pdcific  Slo)ir,  etc.,  S.  F.,  18()'.).  Tliis  rei)ort,  p.  443-81,  contains 
agiio  1  account  of  Ariz,  mines,  made  up  in  part  from  tlie  autiuir's  observations, 
lilt  iiiiiinly  from  notes  of  various  writers,  especially  tho.se  furnislied  by  (lov. 
.Mi(  orinick.  Statistics  of  J/;/»  <  and  Miiiiw/  in  the  States  and  Territories  west  of 
a,''  RiH-,/  Mountains;  bein<j  t/ic/rst  {eiij/dh)  annual  report  ofJiossiter  W.  liayiiiond, 
I'll'/"'  Stales  co:nniissinner  of  Miiiinij  Slitislics  (18.;7-7o).  Wash.,  lS(il)-77, 
1>  ing  published  i'l  tlie  House  p]x  Doc.,  from  the  4;)th  eong.  3il  sess.  to  44lh 
I'liii},'.  I.st  sess.  Tiio  report  of  1''7  '  '3  founded  mainly  on  the  personal  obserya- 
tioiis  of  IVof.  A.  Filers,  a  deputy  commissioner,  and  is  very  complete  in  its 
accnuiit  of  the  geology  of  Ariz.,  and  the  various  districts  and  mines.     Tlio  last 


f]i 


i! 


\\\     I: 


i   i 


■HflKiffilR 

gl]  llj^ 

if  Iws 
'!i  ill' 

ii  IB 


WW 

11 '4 


«   ' 


582 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


With  the  end  of  Apache  war  in  1874  canio  t]i(>  ex- 
pected revival  and  development  of  mining  industrv, 
old  mines  being  worked  with  profit,  and  nnxwy  ikw 
lodes  being  brought  to  light,  notably  in  the  central 
region  of  Uila  and  Pinal  counties.  The  revival  ex- 
tended to  the  old  districts  of  Pima  county  in  the  south, 
where  the  mines  had  been  practically  abandoned  for 
thirteen  years.  While,  however,  there  was  niaiktd 
progress  in  discoveries  and  workings,  and  in  the  in- 
flux of  population,  the  output  of  bullion  bcginniiiir 
also  to  assume  proportions,  yet  the  grand  'boom'  was 
hardly  so  immediate  or  complete  as  Arizonans,  in  their 
long  pent  enthusiasm,  had  ho[)ed  for.  Capital  was 
still  somewhat  timid  and  tardy  in  its  approach;  the 
Indians  became  again  to  a  certain  extent  troublesome; 
and  above  all,  the  cost  of  transportation  was  enormous. 
The  railroad  then  became  the  prospective  panacea  Inr 
all  the  territory's  ills.  It  reached  the  Colorado  bor- 
der in  1878,  and  five  years  later  two  lines  extended 
completely  across  the  country  from  east  to  west.  The 
railroad,  with  its  policy  of  demanding  "all  the  traffic 
will  bear,"  by  no  means  put  an  end  to  excessively  lii^li 
rates,  yet  it  aflforded  some  relief;  and  meanwhile  the 
discovery  of  the  Tond)stonc  bonanzas,  aided  by  the 
failure  of  the  Comstock  lode  as  a  paying  property, 
gave  to  Arizona  in  1880-4  a  very  high  and  previously 
unexcelled  degree  of  prosperity.  In  1884-G,  how- 
ever, the  extremely  low  price  of  silver  and  cojiper 
bullion,  together  with  labor  troubles  and  a  disastrous 
fire  in  the  south-east,  and  the  bursting  of  the  Quijo- 
toa  bubble,  have  thrown  over  the  c(juntry's  progress 
a  cloud,  which  it  is  hoped  will  soon  disappear. 

The  tota^i  gold  and  silver  product  of  the  Arizona 
mines  has  been  perhaps  about  $00,000,000.  For  the 
decade  ending  in  1809  it  was  estimated,  on  no  very 

report,  of  187"),  is  also  exUnsive.    Tho  others  are  shorter,  being  ma'lo  vp  fnnn 
i  iforiiiation  derived  from  residents. 

For  mining  laws  of  Ariz.,  see  Ariz.,  Minim)  Faiw,  Prcseott,  1804,  l-iiio, 
21  p.;  Id.,  Arts.,  187&,  ]>.  152-5;  /./.,  CompiM  Laws,  532-4;  U.  S.  dort 
Doc,  .38th  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  14;  Hintonn  Hand-book,  app.  1  I-; 
Shinn'a  Min.  i'anivs,  282. 


PRODUCT  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 


583 


spcure  basis,  at  $1,000,000  per  year  on  an  dvcrage. 
Then  it  fell  off  to  $800,000,  to  $600,000,  anil  in  1873-4 
to  $.")00,000,  being  $750,000  in  1875.  For  the  next 
foui  years  it  averaged  about  $2,000,000.  For  1880 
tlie  amount  is  given  as  $5,500,000;  for  1881  it  was 
S8,:!(iO,000;  and  for  1882  over  $8,500,000.  In  1883-4 
tlie  production  fell  off  to  about  $6,000,000,  and  to  a 
still  less  future  probably  in  1886.  Down  to  the  end 
of  tlie  Apache  war  the  amount  of  gold  largely  ex- 
ceeded that  of  silver,  but  later  was  only  about  one 
sixth,  though  exceeding  $1,000,000  in  1881-2.^ 

TIk'  most  notable  general  characteristics  of  the  Ari- 
zona lodes  would  seem  to  be  the  great  extent  of  min- 
eral! )earing  lands,  the  extremely  varied  and  compli- 
cated nature  of  the  deposits,  and  their  extraordinary 
rieliiiess,  especially  on  and  near  the  surface.  No 
description  even  en  resume  is  possible  witliin  my 
limits.  Arizona  resembles  a  kind  of  laboratory  where 
nature  has  tried  experiments  preliminary  to  a  general 
distribution  of  minerals  in  the  Pacific  states.  The 
experienced  miner  from  abroad  is  puzzled  by  the  array 

•■  Fur  statistics,  besides  the  reports  of  Browne  and  Raynion<l  already  cited, 
sec  Hiiratio  C.  Burchard's  /ieport  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  njmii  the  SUUistics 
(if  the  j)inilitction  of  the  preciotis  mitala  in  the  United  StalM  (Uiv  ISS')ot  seq. ), 
Wasli.,  ISSl  et  secj.  For  187S-9-81,  between  the  reports  of  Kayinoiid  and 
Biirciiai-d,  the  condition  of  the  mines  was  treated  in  reports  of  the  governor. 
U.  .S.  <!oH  Doc.,  4r)th  cong.  3d.  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  ix.,  pt  5,  p.  108J-t)0:  40th 
cihil;.  'Jd  .scss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  x.,  pt  5,  p.  .390-6;  47th  cong.  l.st  s'j.-s.,  H.  Ex. 
]h<c.,  X.  9*29-32  (report  of  Patrick  Hamilton);  fd.,  xi.,  pt  "/,  p.  354,  pi. 
xhiii.-ix.  (King's  (leol.  Report);  also  mint  statistics  in  the  aniiual  reports  of 
the  sec.  treasury.  Alex.  Delinar's  History  of  the  Precious  Miiids  from  tJie 
larlii'it  limes  to  the  present,  Lond.,  1880,  contains,  p.  108,  a  table  of  production 
tnr  Ariz,  in  18(59-78,  based  on  tiie  f.  V.  Moneturi/  Cominiision,  L'rpyrf,  I87(>, 
or  oil  the  estimates  of  Valentine,  su[)t  of  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.'s  express.  See 
alsii  !)th  and  10th  U.  S.  Census  Reports,  the  former  for  1870  containing  notliing 
of  any  value.  The  Arizona  newspapers  contain  some  valuable  estimates. 
.Aiiiiiiig  the  states  and  territories  in  1880  Ariz,  ranked  in  the  produi.'tion  of 
gold  it,  silver  5,  total  7;  or  in  prod,  per  sq.  mile  8,  per  capita  4.  In  '81  therj 
Were  oO  mills  running,  with  590  stamps,  in  75  districts;  1'23  distriits  in  ISSU. 
Down  to  1870  tlie  no.  of  mines  reconled  was  11,005.  llinlon.  About  030  arc 
iimiird  iu  the  index  of  Burchard's  report  of  1883.  Hinton  givt^s  for  1877-8 
liiMn  lists  of  mines  for  the  different  counties.  As  an  instance  of  varying  esti- 
iiuUis  iii;iy  be  noted  those  of  1875.  Tiiat  of  Wells,  ^>rgo,  i^,  Co.  is  8109,093; 
th:it  of  Surv.-gen.  Wasson  .§1,500,000;  a  newspapci  estimate  S'J,000,(hM);  and 
that  (if  Raymond  .$750,000.  Clarence  King  and  the  cei:sus  givi?  the  yield  of 
IfSNOiis  .•<'2,.399,'Jll  in  bullion,  but  the  assay  value  as  lg4, 7'23, 038.  As  Bur- 
clianl's  figures  are  §5,500,001,  this  suggests  uncertainty  as  to  what  is  meant 
by  tin;  ligures  for  other  years. 


B' 


I  I  i 


-i 


U  5 


iJI  w 


W'^ 


\     S' 


':mW 


.  \  ■ 


l      \      1: 


i!;;ill 


584 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


; 


li  I 


I ' 


n>i 


'hi 


,.'{ 


of  now  combinations  and  strange  geologic  conditions, 
tiiough  he  generally  finds,  sooner  or  later,  all  tliat  he 
has  known  in  other  states.  To  a  greater  exteiit  tlian 
in  other  regions,  rich  veins  near  the  surface  have  heen 
worked  on  a  small  scale,  but  profitably,  by  individuals 
with  limited  capital ;  but  the  prospects  for  dcij)  min- 
ing in  the  future  are  understood  to  be  encouraging  on 
the  whole.  The  natural  facilities  for  mining,  in  the 
supply  of  wood  and  water — except  in  a  few  sections, 
and  for  placer  mines — and  especially  in  climate  for 
continuous  working,  are  excellent  in  comparison  with 
those  of  other  states;  while  agricultural  resources 
more  than  suffice  for  the  support  of  a  dense  mining 
population.  Of  the  whole  area,  about  72,000,000 
acres,  nearly  one  half  is  described  as  mineral-bciiriiitif. 
Ores  producing  from  $1,000  to  $20,000  per  ton  in  gold 
and  silver  have  been  of  frequent  occurrence;  but  here, 
as  elsewhere,  such  are  not  the  deposits  that  pionii.se 
the  greatest  permanent  results.  Nowhere  has  more 
money  been  wasted  in  blundering  mismanagement; 
and  even  rascality  in  certain  directions  has  not  Ixou 
wanting;  yet  Arizona  lias  not  been  famous  as  tlio  field 
of  stock-board  swindles ;  and  her  record  has  beiii  for 
the  most  part  one  of  dividends  rather  than  assessments. 
In  the  north-eastern  secticm  of  the  territory,  the 
region  tributary  to  the  Colorado,  above  the  big  lund, 
an  area  of  about  40,000  square  miles  out  of  the  entire 
100,000,  including  northern  Mojave,  about  three 
fourths  of  Yavapai,  and  nearly  all  of  Apache  counties, 
no  rich  deposits  of  the  precious  metals  have  been 
found;  yet  the  extreme  north-east,  beyond  the  Colo- 
rado Chiquito,  with  the  region  of  Fort  Defianci'  and 
the  !Moqui  towns  as  a  centre,  contains  immense  eoah 
fields  that  can  hardly  fail  to  assume  great  importance 
in  time.*     All  the  rest  of  the  territory,  except  a  broad 

*  On  these  Apache  co.  coal-beds,  see  liintoti'i  Ffand-hooh,  85-7;  IlamiUm's 
Resources,  24:$-.");  ami  Ariz.,  J/ist.  (E.  &  Co.),  '204-5.  Tlie  coal  i.s  bitiuiiiiumd, 
and  .said  to  lie  of  good  quality,  having  been  tested  by  use  on  the  A.  &,  V.  K.  K.i 
and  considerable  quantities  shipped  to  Cal.  Petroleum,  according  tn  llaniil- 
ton,  has  been  found  near  the  coal-fields,  which  extend  into  Utah  and  N.  Mu.x., 


WS'iiilBUTION  OF  MINES. 


58ft 


tract  of  the  Gila  valloy,  and  adjoiiiitig  deserts,  is  dotted 
with  mines;  but  the  great  silver  and  gold  belt  n>ay  be 
clcsn  ibed  as  a  tract  from  GO  to  70  miles  wide,  and  400 
milt  s  long,  adjoining  tlie  non-metallic  region  above 
(Ksci  ibed  on  the  south-west,  extending  from  tiie  Colo- 
rado, just  below  the  big  bend,  south-eastward  to  (iila 
county,  and  thence  south  to  the  Mexican  boundary. 
Tlif  |)rincii)al  mines  of  this  belt  may  be  noticed  brietly 
in  four  groups. 

The  first  group  in  the  north-west  includc^s  the 
niims  of  Mojave  county  explored  to  some  extent  from 
iSjS,  and  worked  in  considerable  numbers  from  1803, 
though  operations  were  nmch  interrupted  in  LsOG-TO 
hy  llualapai  hostilities.  The  number  of  claims  re- 
conK'd  tknvn  to  1882  was  about  2,700.  All  the  moun- 
tain ranges  are  rich  in  minerals,  promising  discoveries 
liave  been  made  each  3"ear,  and  the  county  has  often 
seemed  on  the  verge  of  great  developments,  which 
from  one  cause  or  another — maiidy  the  great  cost  of 
traiis[)ortation  j)reventing  the  working  of  ores  jiro- 
diiciiig  less  tlum  i?500  per  ton — have  never  come.  'JTie 
coinjiletion  of  the  railroad  in  1883,  however,  seems  to 
liavc  removed  the  worst  of  Mojave's  disadvantages.^ 

Iiiiim  ]i(  rliaps  socniul  in  extent;  only  to  those  of  Pennsylvania.  In  tlio  Loi 
Ai/./'l'-^  Stir  of  Fell,  ti,  1804,  ami  S'cwn  oi  Fel).  otli,  is  noted  tlie  iliseovery 
nl  valiialile  eoal-l)e(ls  l)y  Ty.son,  in  tlie  La  Paz  region.  Five  loilus  weie  ex- 
pliir  ■  I  and  named,  and  tine  speeimons  sent  to  Loa  Angeles  ami  S.  Franeiseo, 
mil' lit  the  papers  pronouncing  the  coal  anthraoite;  but  I  find  nothing  more 
aliimt  tlii.s  Yuma  co.  coal.  In  his  message  of  1S71,  the  gov.  mentions  tlie  dis- 
tdviM'v  <if  extensive  coal  deposits  in  the  White  Mts,  near  C  Thomas;  and  in 
KST'.t  111'  recommends  a  survey  of  the  coal-tiehls  as  most  important  in  coniiec- 
tidii  with  R.  R.  devel(ppineiits.  Coal  discoveries  on  the  S.  I'edrr)  and  Arivaipa 
ari'  iiioasidnally  mentioiiiMl  from  1S78,  some  of  the  coal  heing  discrilied  hy 
Hiiitnii  and  tiio  newspapers  as  aiithi'acite.  The  dcjiosits  discovered  in  1881, 
on  Ocer  Creek,  Pinal  co.,  on  the  S.  Carlos  resiTvation,  have  heen  mentioned 
ill  tilt;  jireceding  chapter.  In  1885  the  secretary  of  the  interior  recoirimeiidcd 
the  si-.,fr('gation  of  tiiesc  lauds,  and  by  fair  means  or  foul  the  ooal  will  doubt- 
k-.s>  lir  made  available. 

'I'hi!  product  of  the  Mojavo  mines  in  bSSO-.S  ia  given  as,  gold  .S'JO.OflO, 
S'.Vi.OOO,  .'^■|,"),(X)0,  and  .*'JO,0<W);  silver,  .'rJ'ilO.OOK,  .sTo.lKM),  .SlO.OOi),  and  ,*;ir)(»,(K)0. 
Hiutdii  gives  tiie  product  in  1887  as  ?«'_'()U,(MJO  per  montii.  Hamilton,  1884, 
says  tiiat  .S,(KX)  tons  of  silver  ore  are  shipped  at  Kingston  on  the  R.  R.  each 
iiiiiiitli.  In  18t)4-7,  the  Eldorado  Carton  mines  in  the  extreme  north  are 
iiiuili  talked  of  in  the  newspapers.  The  Cerbat,  or  Hualapai,  district  in  the 
riijiuii  around  Mineral  Park,  with  the  country  eastward  to  Hackberry  in 
the  Maynard  district,  was  the  chief  silver-producing  district  before  1875.  The 
Moss  gold  miue  near  Hardyville  was  one  of  the  earliest  discoveries,  and  with 


ll  '^i 


58(5 


AUIZONAN  INDUSTUIE.S   AND  IN'STITUTKAS. 


i>  1 


Oflftlioiuain  \n)\t,  and  not  incluiloil  intlu;  fotu' ^loups, 
arc;  tlio  Yuma  county  mines  of  gold,  silver,  Imd,  and 
coj)per.  The  gold  placers  of  the  Gila  and  Coldiiulo, 
which  caused  great  excitement  in  l858-()4,  and  liavt.' 
been  worked  with  some  ])rofit  ever  since,  ha\(  lucn 
noticed  elsewhere.  The  silver  lodes  near  the  juiictidu 
oi'  the  two  rivers,  though  the  ores  are  of  low  gi'adc, 
have  hatl  the  advantage  of  comj)aratively  cIk  up  rivir 
transportation,  are  near  the  railroad,  and  in  ncunt 
years  are  attracting  renewed  attention. 

The  second  group,  hardly  sej.arated  from  tlie  firM 
includes  the  mines  of  southern  Yavapai  and  nnitlicin 
^Maricopa,  in  the  region  south  of  Proscott,  on  tln'  luad- 
watersofthe  Hassayampaand  Agua  Frio.  Thesi'iiiiiies 
were  discovered  during  the  placer  'rush'  of  lsr);i-.4^ 
and  have  been  the  chief  gold-producers  of  Arizona. 
])o\vn  to  187(5  there  had  been  recorded  7,.'')0()  niiiR.s. 
(jTold  was  found  everywhere;  the  placers  yi'ddcd  iklily 
for  years,  and  are  still  worked  with  i)rofit  in  wet  sea- 
sons; innnenselv  rich  ijold  veins  were  worked  near  l1; 
surface;  but  with  increasing  depth  the  lodes  hci'anie 
chiefly  silver-bearing.  Apache  raids,  and  ores  tluit 
])roved  refractory  under  the  rude  process  in  vo^uo, 
were  the  earlier  obstacles  to  perfect  success;  and  iu 

its  great  body  of  frcu-inilling  gold-bearing  on;  was  for  years  reyankil  ii.s  the 
coming  liouauza.  MiR'li  iiioiiuy  was  spoilt  on  mills,  tunni'lH,  etc.;  :iiiil  tor 
final  failuro  or  ahaiidonmeut  no  other  reason  is  assigneil  than  iinwisi;  inuii- 
ayi'inunt.  T!iu  McCrackun  and  Signal  silver  mines  in  tlie  soutli  \vi  r  lis- 
covereil  in  1!S74,  and  became  the  largest  bullion  pnxlueers,  tiio  tot;d  vilM 
being  over  .Sl.OOO.iKM),  and  the  ore  running  from  $00  to  §000  ])er  ton  in  silviT 
and  lead.  The  mills  were  at  Clreenwood  and  Virginia.  But  work  on  these 
mines  was  suspended  about  1880. 

Southward  across  the  Bill  Williams  River  in  Yuma  co.  are  the  ri;iuit  cop- 
per mines,  and  others,  wliieii  have  since  18(i3  sent  over  8,(X)l)  tons  of  (ue, 
yielding  'JO  to  GO  per  cent  f)f  eoi)per,  to  S.  Francisco.  Wood  and  water  are  very 
scarce  in  this  district.  The  Castle  Dome  mines  in  the  soutii  were  disci ivcitiI 
in  1  Still  and  .supposed  to  be  immensely  rich,  but  were  aliandoned  wliou  it  was 
learned  that  the  ore  was  cliietiy  lead.  Large  cpiantities  of  lead  wen-  siihse- 
quently  shipped  to  8.  F. ;  and  from  1SG9-70  the  mines  were  protitably  Wdrkeil. 
The  ore  yields  50  to  70  per  cent  of  lead,  and  $'2',i  to  ^\'M  per  ton  of  silver,  the 
cost  of  working  being  ^40  and  of  freight  $28.  Before  1881  tiie  ilistrict  had 
produced  !?'2,000,OUO.  The  Silver  district,  just  nortii  of  Castle  Di'ine,  has 
been  very  prominent  in  late  years,  and  there  are  many  other  somewhat  pnis- 
perous  districts.  The  bullion  product  of  Yuma  co.  in  187-4  is  given,  ;is  unlil 
$00,000,  silver  and  copper  5!i:{8,.')00;  1880,  al)out  .SOO.OOO;  1881,  goM  .-f:)0,(J(»), 
silver  $105,000;  1882,  gold  §20,000,  silver  250,000;  1883,  gold  $30,OOU,  silver 
$75,000. 


i  \ 


UNS. 


VULTUIIK  AND  ^^•IL■KENBURO. 


687 


four  u'loiips, 
-i",  Ifitil,  and 

ll    (-'••loiiulo, 

4,  and  luivi.' 

,   lliUr    lit'Cii 

till'  juiictidii 

"  low  ,L;i'iuk', 

clicjiji  I'ivt'i' 

(I   ill   rrcriit 

>in  till'  tir.^f, 

11(1  llOVtlu'lH 

:>ii  till'  licad- 
Tlit'SL' mines 
'  of  ISO.'M, 

of  Arizona. 
',;}()()  mines. 
i"ldt'(l  lielily 
;  ill  Wet  seu- 
ccd  near  lI:'^ 
idva  l)('i'unio 
d  ores  tliat 
s  in  \■(l^■Ul^ 

os.s;  and  iu 

s  rei,';ink(l  a.s  the 
Is,  cti;.;  :uiil  fur 
111  iiiiwisi;  mini- 
soutli  wi  r  lis- 
tliu  tiitiil   yit'M 

pur   toll    111  silVLT 

it  work  (111  tlifSL' 

i;  tlie  riiiiiL't  cop- 

000  tuns  (if  lire, 

1(1  Wiitoruii:  very 

■\vor(j  (lisciivereil 

mod  win  u  it  WiW 

loud  wore  siilisi;- 

(ititiilily  wdikfd. 

t(iu  of  .silver,  tlic 

tlio  (li.stiiot  li;ul 

ii.stlo   Doiiio,  has 

soinowli.it  prds- 

is  given,  iis  unli 

81,  ,t,'oM  .-f:iO,(J<»l), 

.d  $ijO,O0t>,  silver 


jati  r  years  rcmotont'ss  from  the  railroad  has  hoon  a 
serioii>  diawback,  tsoon  to  \>c  roinodicd  now.  The  lead- 
inii'  distriets  are  Weaver,  Hassayaniita,  Lynx  Creek, 
Tinki  y  Creek,  Hunil)u;j,',  Peek,  and  Martinez  or  J)ato 
C'lcck.  But  the  most  f'ainou-  niiiu'  of  all  wa.s  the  X'^ul- 
ture  ill  Marieopa  county,  discovered  in  18(1:5  hy  Jlenry 
\Viikral)ur«'-— tor  whom  the  town  near  hv  wa.s  named 

and  in  the  next  ten  years  produeiiii^'  over  !i5.'},00(),()00 
ill  ^(ild.  though  the  ore  had  to  be  hauled  some  1  5  miles 
til  luill.'^  on  the  Hassayampa.  Large  quantities  of  low- 
oiadi!  ore  wore  left  when  work  was  su.spende'd ;  and 
from  I  ^70,  with  water  brought  in  iron  pipes  for  an  80- 
stamp  mill,  die  mine  started  on  a  new  career  of*  pros- 
lierity." 

Still  farther  south-east,  across  the  Yerde,  in  Gila 
and  rinal  counties,  between  the  Gila  and  Salt  rivers, 
is  the  third  grou[)  of  the  belt;  the  leading  districts  be- 
iii^'  Pioneer  and  Globe,  and  the  veins  being  remark- 
al»k'  for  their  variety  and  richness  in  silver,  gold,  and 
copper.  Development  began  in  1875  with  the  dis- 
covery of  the  famous  Silver  King,  and  the  ccjually 

f'Tlu'  gold  product  of  Yavapai  iu  1873  is  put  at  .S103,(»0();  1880,  gol.l  §5,000, 
silver  s-Ji;,-),(M)0;  1881,  gold  .«!r)0,(H)0,  silvor  $4iH),0iM);  1882,  gold  i;N{(»,(XM),  wilvor 
,<4iHI.(HK):  188:^,  gold  ,S2.'),000,  silvor  .*«00,m)0.  Produot  of  Miirioopa,  1880, 
p.l.l  .<1'J0,(MH>,  silvor  .i<280,0O0;  1881,  gold  ,S'J40,0(M),  silvor  .'ST.^.OOO;  1882,  gold 
s'.':.i ),()()(),  flilvor  5!7.'J,00O;  1883,  gold  ;?3:{0,(MK),  silver  Jj'J.^.lMK).  An  avoragc 
;t>s;iy  from  10  iiiinos  in  tho  Huiiilmg  dist  was  over  §1,000  per  ton.  Lynx 
or  Walker  I'rook  was  perhaps  tlie  riciiodt  stream  in  Ariz.,  yielding  over 
•i^l.OOO.dOO  from  gravel.  Tlie  ores  were  base,  and  mills  stopped  running 
ill  1^70,  'J'iptop  from  small  rich  veins  produced  §2,000,0(M),  giving  for- 
tunes, as  Hamilton  observes,  to  many  small  chloriders.  Turkt^y  Crook 
ili<triet,  witliout  surface  indications,  gave  almost  pure  silvor  at  a  slight 
(liptli,  sometimes  in  'chunks'  worth  .'?14  a  pound.  Here  the  Goodwin 
mine  was  tlie  oldest,  and  tho  Hidden  Treasure,  Wonder,  and  Pine  Spring 
have  liceii  prominent  in  late  years.  Rich  Hdl,  in  Weaver  dist,  yielded 
s.'ii)i).(H)l)  ill  nuggets  from  an  acre  on  the  summit  4,000  ft  iiigh,  and 
s.'ii(i),()ii(t  more  from  gulches  on  its  sides.  The  Pock  lode  produced  in  1875-8 
•^1, '-'110,(1110,  .some  ore  running  from  §10,000  to  §17,000  per  ton;  depth,  312  ft. 
Ill  IST'.I  82  v.-ork  was  suspended  through  legal  complications,  but  lias  since 
liuoii  r(;suiiu'd.  The  Vulture  produced  .'ii2,")4, 1 10  in  18()8,  the  ore  yielding  $24 
per  tim.  In  1870  the  cost  is  given  as  .'?4. 12  for  mining,  §8  for  freight,  and 
!<•.'.».  for  milling.  In  1881  the  product  was  $240,0(X),  but-  involving,  ace.  to 
liurdi  ud,  a  loss,  the  cost  being  §2.81  and  yield  §2.69  per  ton;  Hamilton  puts 
the  cost  at  §2.50,  and  yield  at  §4  to  §(].  The  Tiger,  adjoining  the  Vulture, 
also  pi(  1,1  uoed  a  large  amount  of  gold;  and  there  are  several  other  districts, 
iiuludiiig  the  Myers  dist,  south  of  the  (iila,  with  the  (lunsiglit  and  Burro 
Burro  ininos.  In  late  years  Maricopa,  in  the  production  of  gold,  is  second 
ouly  tu  Cochise. 


I  $ 


'nm-  '  V. 


C«IM 


m 


iv'i 


!( 


'i'ii" 


Li 

■I       ; 


I.t"!  ■ 


588 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES   AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


:i 


wonderful  lodes  at  Richmond  Basin  and  Mc^lillaii- 
villc.  The  Silver  King  lode  differs  from  any  ntlicr 
known,  being  a  circular  chinmey  of  ore,  with  thou- 
sands of  veins  centring  in  it.  The  mine  has  r( m  lidl 
a  depth  of  over  800  feet,  and  though  the  ores  aiv  re- 
fractory, the  production  has  been  over  $r),OUO,()U()  in 
silver,  and  nearly  $2,000,000  have  btien  paid  in  divi- 
dends. The  Mack  Morris  mine,  in  Richmond  ])a.siii, 
and  the  Stonewall  Jackson,  at  McMillanvillc,  are 
among  the  best  of  other  mines,  but  the  mountains  in 
all  this  region  abound  in  rich  lodes,  and  tlie  prdspccts 
are  most  encouraijinu;,  thouijh  railroad  faciUties  are 
sadly  needed.  The  product  of  this  Gila  and  riiial 
group  in  1884,  when  work  at  Tombstone  was  partially 
suspended,  is  said  to  have  been  greater  than  that  of 
any  other  in  the  territory.^ 

Southward  across  the  Gila,  and  past  the  Casa  Cxrande 
and  Arivaipa,  or  Defreese,  districts,  we  find  the  fourth 
and  final  group  in  Pima  and  Cochise  counties,  mainly 
in  the  ranges  bordering  on  the  Santa  Cruz  and  Sau 
Pedro  valleys.  This  was  the  exclusive  field  of  all 
Spanish  and  Mexican  mining  down  to  1854,  and  hut 
for  the  lower  Gila  placers,  of  all  American  operjitinns 
down  to  18G1.  From  that  date  to  1873-4  the  mines 
were  for  the  most  part  abandoned,  but  in  later  years 
have  been  worked  in  great  numbers  with  constantly 
increasing  profits,  producing  more  bullion  than  all 
others  in  Arizona  combined.  The  Tombstone  mines, 
the  most  productive  of  all,  having  yielded  aliout 
$30,000,000,     were     discovered     in     1878     by    Ed. 

'  Product  of  Pinal,  1880,  ,«l,404,:iS0;  1881,  gol.l  82r),0()O,  silver  i?l,-'".l, ); 

1882,  gold  ^'20,000,  silver  S'JOiJ,(M););  18.S,?,  gold  .S'20,00i),  silver  S7.)(>.i'<").  I'l"- 
duct  of  Oila,  188'_',  golc'  ?i!.')(),0(H),  nilver  ?n"»70,()00;  1H83,  gold  .SI."), (Ml, I,  silur 
$120,000.  Tlio  Silver  King  wiw  tir.st  diticovered  by  Stoueiuim's  scildiiis  in 
1871,  and  on  their  rLi)ort.s  rediscovered  by  four  farmers  in  187");  l,.'i().)  Hi-!., 
lirokeu  off  the  eropjiiugs  as  a  sample,  were  sold  for  .*!800.  Ore  assays,  auc.  to 
Hinton,  5!1,0;K)  to  ,S'.'(t,(MK)  per  ton.  Product  in  1880,  S,")05,(i42;  iii  ISSH, 
|t5!)2,504  Dividends  t.,  Jan.  1S84,  .?1,;{0',),000;  depth,  814  ft.  In  th.' (Ilnli..' 
(list,  sa^  Hinton,  'nuch  amine  as  the  t'onistock  would  not  lie  looki'd  at  I 
Nine  tons  from  tlio  St'iiiewall  sent  to  S.  F.  vielded  S'2IK),00()  in  oihxr,  ace.  tn 
Hamilton.  Tlio  Mack  Morris,  to  1881,  yielded  $;i(M»,0(M).  The  Silver  Xu^'-ct 
is  anqtiier  rich  mine.  The  (roldeu  Kagle  is  the  chief  gold  mine  of  (ilnlic  ilist. 
South  oi'  the  Oila  is  the  Casa  (iraude  dist,  the  Vekol  being  the  clii'  i  silver 
miuC;  and  not  far  off  the  Copperosity,  a  copper  mine. 


[ONS. 

Mc:\ri]lan- 
n  any  other 

with  tlmu- 
has  I'l  adiiil 

oros  arc  rc- 
5,000, ()()()  ill 
{)ai(l  in  divi- 
noiui  Jla^^iii, 
laiiville,  aro 
louutains  in 
lie  prospects 
facilities  are 

I  and  riiiai 
tvas  partially 
than  that  uf 

Casa  CTi'andc 
id  the  fourth 
iities,  mainly 
ruz  and  San 
field  of  all 
854,  and  hut 

II  operations 
•4  the  uiinos 

later  years 
1  constantly 
on  than  all 
stone  niiiii'S, 

Ided  ahout 
ITS     by     Ed. 

silver  si, -J.-O,!!!)!); 
r  s7'rt),(K)i).     I'lii- 

1(1    $1"),0M,I,  s\lvrr 
lllilll's    SliliUi'I'.i   111 

187");  l.rilMllis., 
')ro  assays,  uuc.  to 
■)().'),  ()4'J;'  in  I  SSI), 
ft.     In  tiii'lil.iKo 

lot    hv.  l(inlu'4  M  1 

»  ill  .silver.  .iL'i'.  t" 
'liu  .Silvt'i'  Nu;.'-et 

iiio  of  (U.llnMlbt. 

j  tliu  cliict  Sliver 


TOMBSTONE  DISTRICT. 


589 


Sehietfelin,  and  named  from  tlie  dismal  forebodings  of 
Ills  friends  on  his  departure  from  Fort  Huachuea. 
The  tir>t  stamps  began  to  run  in  187*J,  and  from  1880 
hullioii  in  large  ([uantities  was  jiroduced.  The  veins 
aiv  larger  than  elsewhere,  and  the  ore  is  easily  worked, 
viehling,  in  one  of  the  principal  mines,  $73  in  silver 
and  ."^f  in  gold  per  ton  on  an  average.  There  are 
(iver  .'..OOO  locati  )ns  in  the  district,  the  most  famous 
mines  o  •  companu^s  being  the  Contention,  (rraad  Cen- 
tral, and  Tombstone.  The  depth  reached  is  over  750 
feet,  and  extensive  pumping  machinery  for  working 
hclow  the  water  level  was  comj)leted  in  188:3.  l^ittle 
diiulit  is  entertained  respecting  the  future  productive- 
ness of  the  lodes  at  greater  depths.  The  Bisbeo 
(•(»|)[)cr  mines  of  Cochise  county  produced,  in  1881, 
over  .So, 000, 000;  and  other  prominent  districts  of 
the  county  are  the  California,  Turquoise,  and  Swis- 
shcliii.  The  Quijotoa  silver  mines  of  Papagueria, 
rinia  county,  were  discovered  by  Alexander  McKay 
in  iss:5,  and  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  great  'bon- 
anza lii'iii'  of  California,  were  confidently  expected  to 
heeoine  the  richest  in  all  Arizona.  Respecting  the 
results  of  extensive  workings,  not  much  is  definitely 
known;  but  the  general  impression  is,  that  Quijotoa 
has  proved  a  complete  failure,  though  many  still  bc- 
lii'Vc  that  vast  treasures  will  be  uncovered  when  silver 
shall  be  restored  to  its  legitimate  value,  or  when  the 
piddic  shall  be  deemed  rii)e  for  plunder  by  a  stock 
'hoom.'  Other  districts  iii  Pima  county,  as  the  Em- 
piie,  Arivaca,  Harshaw  or  Patagonia.  Silver  Belt, 
Uro  Blanco,  and  Aztec,  rival  the  famous  lodes  dis- 
covered by  Schieffelin.** 

•■  i'Mward  Scliiefl'ulin,  a  Peiinsylvaiiian  by  birth,  came  with  his  family  to 
Cat  III  1S.")7,  being  then  only  10  years  of  age.  At  17  we  tinil  him  working  a 
iiiiiiiiii,'  elaiiii  ill  Jackson,  Or.  'I  iieiieeforth  he  engaged  in  sundry  oecuiiations, 
",'riiui|i,dly  mining  and  jirosiiecting,  uftil  187S,  almost  liy  aecident,  he  ilis- 
iiivnvil  tJK;  Tombstone  distriet.  In  1880  he  disjiosed  of  liix  interest  and  set- 
tli'l  lit  I.Ks  .\ngeles,  removing  in  18S4  to  Alameda,  where  he  lias  sinee  resided, 
tli"iii;li  making  oecasional  trips  for  pleasure,  health,  or  profit  from  Arizona 
iinitliward  to  Alaska. 

Pr.MliK.t  of  Pima  co.»  in  1880.  15.^012.222;  ISSl.  gold  .<?l.").0O0.  siUer 
8;.''M.lliHi;  18S2,  gold  870.000.  silver  Sl.lO.OOO;  18S:1,  gold,  §8.-),(H)0,  silver 
J:'dU,(l(M).     Product  of  Cochise  co.,  18S1,  gold  §045,000,  silver,  $4,0()0,000; 


■'  44 

itt 

:     ',fi? 

iNHIiSm^ 

iiH||H 

::]. 

'  IH 

!: 

i' 
,il. 

■; ,,:    i'    ,  ' 

690 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


liiEr' 


Arizona  is  almost  as  famous  for  its  copper  inimsas 
for  its  deposits  of  silver  and  gold.  Tlie  oics  are 
widely  distributed  and  of  high  grade,  often  }  \  Idiiiir 
from  GO  to  80  per  cent  of  metal.  Production  on  a 
large  scale  began  in  1881,  from  which  date  the  ti.tal 
product  per  year  was  about  six,  seventeen,  tweiity-Hvc, 
and  perhaps  thirty-five  million  pounds  in  18 84.  Lead- 
ing mines,  or  groups,  are  the  Planet,  Centenni;il,  and 
Copper  King  of  Bill  Williams  River  in  northern  ^^lnla; 
the  United  Verde  Company's  mines  in  the  Blark  liilU 
of  Yavapai;  the  Globe  district  lodes  of  Cila;  tlic  old 
Ajo  mines  in  western  Pima;  and  the  Copper  Queen 
and  others  of  Bisbee  in  southern  Cochise,  j^utat  tiie 
3iead  of  all  stand  the  wonderful  copper  deposits  mar 
Clifton  in  (^rraham  county,  where  rich  ore  is  ({iiai'ricd 
rather  than  mined,  and  whence  a  railroad  has  lnvn 
built  to  carry  the  product  to  the  main  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific." 

1882,  gold  i?()00,000,  silver  .$5,200,000;  1883,  goM  $410,000,  silver  !?.S.O:i(l,niHI. 
rroiliK't  of  (Jruhain  co.,  ISS'J,  gol.l  .SU),0(K),  silver  S5,0'K>;  IbS'A,  goli!  .-:|:i,(khi, 
silver  SliO.OOO.  The  Toiiil)stoiie  mills  n-ere  at  first  on  tliu  S.  I'uilro;  liul  later 
some  of  tiifiii  at  the  mines,  sili>plieil  with  water  from  tlio  mines  ami  li\  iiiju-rt 
from  the  Dragoon  and  Huauhnca  Mts,  8  and  25  miles  away.  The  tnx-a  :ire 
said  to  yiel  1  IJi)  per  eent  of  assay  value  iiy  stamping  process.  The  I'eiiteiitiuii 
produceil  !?l,(i7ti,00()  in  1SS2;  and  down  to  May  IhS.S,  with  a  depth  oi  tKIO  it, 
had  produced  ??5,0(M),(K)0  and  paid  §2,475,000  in  diviilends.  Tlie  .(.st  nt 
working  is  ahout  one  tliird  that  of  the  Comstoek  ores.  The  piiniiis  mst 
§;}50,(KK).  Tiie(!ranil  <\:itral  in  1883  had  reached  a  depth  of  T'lO  1.  .r  .iiiil 
Jjroduced  .>{,(KK),OIK).  Tlie  Tombstone,  including  II  mines,  down  to  |N">o  liinl 
produced  .':!2, 870,0(10,  and  paid  in  dividends  .SUGoOjOiK).  Tlie  Bronkow  nuiie  in 
this  region  was  discoven'<i  as  early  ay  1858,  and  relocated  in  18.S0.  A  l'hIiI 
mine  at  Apache  Pass  is  mentioned  hy  the  gov.  in  18()i)  as  just  starting'  "ith  a 
10-.stamp  mill  and  good  prospects;  htit  tl;e  superintendent,  Stone,  vas  liillnl 
1)y  Apaclios  in  Oct.  Tlie  Empire  district,  with  the  Total  Wreck  as  tli.  luiii- 
cipal  mine,  is  descrihcd  in  IS82  as  having  .'*4,000,0(X)  in  sight  and  a  ilo  -t  imp 
mill  nearly  ready.  Iti  1883  the  mill  in  a  run  of  5  months  had  iir."lik'nl 
§450,{X)I);  depth,  MO  ft.;  assay  value,  .?00  per  ttiu.  The  Arivaca  di-t  is  ih- 
scribed  by  H.uiiiltoii  as  not  vi'ry  prosperous  on  account  of  bad  manaiiL'uniit; 
but  the  Cerro  (.'olorado  mine  liad  produced  .*2,000,000.  The  Heniio-.i  is  the 
principal  mine  of  tin;  Ifarshaw  dist,  producing  .*!70l>,000,  but  tlie  iiiill  lieiiig 
idle  in  188.3-4.  The  famous  Mowry  mine  is  not  successful  in  late  years.  Mill- 
ion says  that  !*75  mines  were  recorded  in  Pima  co.  down  to  187t). 

"ThoeoppiT  product  in  1883  was  worth  about  §4,000,000.  Twenty  fur- 
naces were  running,  with  a  capacity  of  1,000  tons  per  day.  Leading  iteiii.t  iif 
this  year's  production  are  given  by  Elliott  &  Co.  as  follows:  Aii/nnaCo. 
(Clifton),  •;,10l>,(X)011)s.;  Detroit  Co.  (Clifton),  4,035,000;  Copper  (,>iueii  (IJis- 
bee),  7,i).'i0,n00,  Old  Dominion  ((ilobe),  4,.5'.)0,(KK);  Un.  Venle  Co.  ( Va\apai), 
1,703,000.  Many  new  conip.  to  begin  operations  in  I8S4,  with  genii  pros- 
pects. Discov.  of  copper  in  18()3.  S.  F.  Altti,  Sept.  ^',  1874.  The  Ajo  mines, 
though  rich,   were  abandoned  from   1870,   on  account  of   exponuivc  freiglit 


THE  DIAMOND  HOAX. 


691 


In  1872  the  alleged  discovery  of  diamond-fields  in 
Arizena  created  a  great  excitement  tlirougliout  the 
nation.  Arnold  and  Slack  were  the  discoverers; 
spleiiJid  diamonds  and  rubicT  wore  exhibited  in  Xt'W 
York  and  San  Francisco ;  Harpending,  Lent,  Ivoberts, 
Do(lg>',  «'iiic1  other  capitalists  became  sponsors  for  the 
crreat  tiud;  Henry  Janin  visited  the  fields  as  an  ex- 
ert, reporting  them  rich  in  diamonds;  a  com[)any 
with  a  capital  of  ten  millions  was  formed,  witli  sucli 
men  as  Latham,  Selby,  Ralston,  Sloss,  l^arlow,  and 
GtMicral  ]\IcClellan  as  directors  ;  a  title  to  ;},000  acres 
was  obtained;  large  sums  were  paid  for  interests  in 
tl)e  scheme;  and  all  was  made  ready,  not  only  to  work 
the  claim,  but  to  offer  the  stock  to  a  credulous  and 
excitt'd  public.  Meanwhile  the  })apers  were  full  of  the 
luatter,  though  there  was  less  excitement  in  Arizona 
than  I'lsewhere;  a  dozen  })arties  visited  the  fields, 
some  connected  with  the  Harpending  Company,  and 
others  not;  and  most  of  them,  finding  the  spot  with- 
out (litficulty,  brought  back  a  variety  of  beautiful 
stones.  All  agreed  that  the  place  was  iji  the  i-egion 
of  Fort  Defiance,  some  locating  it  across  the  line  in 
New  Mexico,  but  most  in  the  extreme  north  of  A])aelie 
county,  near  the  junction  of  the  Chelly  and  San  Juan, 
whore  the  inscription  ])iamond  Fields  is  to  be  seen  on 
modei'u  maps.  Arnold,  however,  said  the  sjxjt  was 
soutli  of  the  Moqui  towns  near  the  Colorado  Chiquito. 

tlirn'.ii.'li  a  watorloss  desert.  Work  was  resumed  after  ISSO.  Tlie  (llolio 
Iiiims,  (l.Avii  to  KSS3,  yielded  1'2,(MK)  tons,  and  in  l.SS;{-4,  '^..^OS  tons  of  '.>S  ]]ir 
cint  liullion.  The  I'laiut  mine  sent  (),0(K>  tons  of  'JO  to  (iO  ]>er  eent  on'  to 
S  Fraiicisoo,  work  l)ej,'iiinini;  in  ISd.S.  The  United  \'erde,  in  a  run  ot'  'JItO 
(lays,  prixhieed  2,000  tons,  l)esi(h'S  l2'jr),00()  oz.  of  silver,  jiiyirit,'  .S'.'T.-'iOO  in 
(liviiliiid-i.  The  ]{isl)ee  mines  were  iliseov.  in  IfsTo  (i.  'J'lie  ('c)[i]>rr  (j'uieii, 
Inciitcdin  1878,  and  worked  from  1S80  at  a  dejith  of  ;i(M)  ft,  li;id  an  orelmd/ 
150  liy  NO  ft,  and  .sold  for  .'?l.L'r)0,00l).  U  prodneed  in  lSSI-4  !r:!,:i(;s.OO.),  anil 
IMid  •*l,'2'jr>,0U()  in  dividends.  .Vverage  yield  of  ore  l.'{..">  jier  eint;  aviiajxe 
yii'ltl  (if  hullion  SKS  jier  e(Uit.  J)own  to  April  I,  ISS,"),  aec.  to  the  statement  of 
^iqit  Williams,  the  Copper  (^iieeu  has  produeed  l."),'.l'_".t  tons  of  Id.iek  (dp|ier, 
wnrtli  .*.'), 000, 000.  The  leadini,-  niinijs  of  the  Clifton  ^rouii  are  tlie  l.onj;- 
fi'lliiw,  Coronado,  Metealf,  .md  Queen.  They  were  discovered  in  ISTI,  and 
Were  soniewliat  protitahle,  when  the  eopper,  costing  T)  cents  per  ll>.,  «aH 
filiippcd  to  Baltimore  at  a  cost  of  (i  cents.  The  R.  R.  to  Lordslmry,  N.  .Me\., 
Wastdinpleted  in  188.'?.  The  mines  have  prodneed  '.'((.(KJO.OOO  ll)s.  of  copper 
uowu  to  1S8'J,  and  are  mainly  owned  by  a  Scotcli  company. 


m 


liiii 


111 


i§' 


(.  I 


;' 


■"f'Mirii 


.  :.^l::;i:tt^Ii 


){!'' 


!;!!     ;;'    if: 


S  f 


'    If 


592 


AllIZONAH  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Finally,  Clarence  Kin;^,  United  States  geoloirist,  vis- 
ited  the  fields,  and  discovered  that  tlie  claim  luid  been 
artfully  'salted'  with  rouj^h  diamonds  from  Africa 
Brazil,  and  other  parts  of  the  world.  Fortuiiatily, 
the  exposure  came  in  time  to  prevent  the  swindliinr 
of  the  general  public.  Of  the  capitalists  iuxolved, 
who  were  victims  and  who  culprits  was  never  exactly 
known.  The  point  of  the  whole  matter,  however,  lies 
in  the  fact  that,  while  in  all  that  was  written,  it  was 
the  Arizona  diamond-fields  that  were  describetl,  and 
the  'Arizona  diamond  swindle'  that  was  denounced, 
not  only  were  there  no  diamonds  in  Arizona,  but  the 
salted  claim  was  in  north-western  Colorado,  hundreds 
of  miles  from  the  Arizona  line!^'' 

In  closing  what  I  have  to  say  of  mining  industries 
in  Arizona,  it  is  proper  to  acknowledge  my  indebted- 
ness to  the  works  of  Hinton,  Elliott,  and  Huiuilton, 
who  have  treated  the  subject  more  minutely  tlian  I 
have  had  space  to  do.  And  not  only  on  the  subject  ef 
mining,  but  on  all  others  pertaining  to  the  history  of 
late  years,  and  to  the  country's  resources  and  condi- 
tion, do  these  works  deserve  much  praise,  comparing 
very  favorably  with  such  works  of  the  better  class 

'"TlicS.  F.  papers  of  1872  are  full  of  this  matter;  and  a  good  cnlluotiun 
of  clii)piiigs  is  fouiiil  in  JIai/fs'  Srnipi,  Ariz.,  iv.  258-90.  Arudlil's  xirsioii 
Hrst  aiipuareil  in  the  Ldniiiiie  Sciitiin'l  in  Aug.  1872.  Tlie  gov.,  in  his  mosage 
of  18715,  expresses  satisfaetion  that  the  Arizona  press  and  perjplc,  iniit  h  as  llu'y 
desired  immigration,  hatl  not  eneourageil  the  diamond  exeitemrnl.  An:., 
Join:,  1873,  p.  38.  And  this  was  true  as  a  rule;  yet  tliere  was  nauli  srardi- 
ii'g  for  preeious  stones  in  different  parts  of  the  territory;  and  even  in  Yuiiki 
Co.,  ;iear  Arizona  City,  the  finding  of  diamonds — one  of  them  l)y  a  jiuli,'i'— 
was  reported.  A  party  from  Prescott  claimed  to  have  found  tlie  Jl.u|niiiliiig 
co.'s  notices  posted  in  tlie  northern  part  of  Apache  co.,  and  it  is  possiMo  that 
such  notices  were  posted  there  with  intent  to  mislead  treasiire-seekiis.  Uli- 
viously,  it  was  desirable  to  ccmceal  the  real  locality  of  the  '  stilted '  jridnnds,  as 
tlie  dianioni!  'salt'  cost  (iiany  thousands  of  dollars  in  London;  the  Ariz.  liiM 
was  too  distant  for  the  safety  of  such  opi^rations;  Imt  it  was  well  fitli'l  iHrtlio 
false  location,  because  it  ahounded  in  a  variety  of  pretty  stones,  crystallizi'il 
quartz,  petril'aetions,  garnets  of  slight  value,  etc.  Even  after  the  e.\|»i^iin'  nf 
tlie  fraud,  one  Stanton  seems  to  liavo  maile  an  effort  to  renew  the  Arizmia ex- 
citement by  exliil>iting  a  line  ooUection  of  alleged  rubies,  emeralds,  eti.  The 
dianioiid  company  was  called  the  .S.  F,  &  N.  Y.  Mining  and  Comnit  rci  il  Cn.; 
additional  directors  being  A.  (iaiAsl,  Win  F.  Habcock,  Maurice  Don  ,  aii'l  W. 
M.  Lent,  with  l>.  D.  Coltoii  as  manager.  It  is  ))rr)bahle  that  most  dt  UilmU- 
rectiirs  were  innoceut  victims;  that  there  may  have  been  one  or  two  such 
.xmong  tlie  original  capitalists — Harpending.  Kolierts,  Lent,  Dodge,  etc.;  auu 
that  Arnold  and  Slack  were  willing  tools  of  the  awindlera. 


Mj 


ONS. 

oloirist,  vls- 
111  ]i;i(l  lii'cil 

•oiii  .\fiii.'a, 
''ortunatily, 
c  HwiiidliiKT 
ts  involved, 
IV or  exactly 
owovcr,  lies 
itU'ii,  it  was 
scriUi'd,  and 
denoiuici'd, 
ma,  l)iit  tlu; 
lo,  liuiidrods 


\<X  industries 


lustriL 
ly  indi'bted- 
\  Hiuniltoii, 
itcly  tliau  I 
le  sulijcct  (if 
le  history  of 
and  ciiiidi- 
>,  colli] larinij 
butti'i'  class 

v  goo<l  cnlloction 

AriKiIil's  Vfi'siiiu 
ill  his  hn'.-«igo 

j^ili',  miU'ii  .'is  tlii'y 
cituiui'iit.  -In:., 
as  iiuu-h  scardi- 
I  I'vi^u  ill  Yuma 
III  1>\  a  jiiilsif— 
iIk.'  llariii'iiiliiig 
i.s  ji(is>ililo  tli;it 
ri-NSL'iiUirs.     (Ill- 

.IttMrirnmiiikas 
;  till'.  Ariz,  liflil 
11  llttfl  iDi-the 

)uos,  cry  stall  izeil 

till!  OXpnsUIVof 

tlio  Arizona  ex- 
iralils,  t'ti:.  The 
L'oniiin  ri'i  il  '"•_! 
cu  J)(iri,  and  W. 

most  lit'  llifili- 
HID  or  tun  siah 
Dodge,  otc;  auii 


LATE  WORKS  ON  ARIZONA. 


693 


rclatiiii^  to  other  parts  of  the  country.  Of  the  three, 
Hinton's  work  is  the  earliest,  and  on  many  points  is 
fullowud  by  the  others;  Elliott's  folio  is  the  lar^•l!st, 
and  has  perhaps  the  greatest  percentage  of  tlelects, 
resulting  mainly  from  its  class  rather  than  from  any 
fault  of  its  editors;  and  Hamilton's  book  is  the  most 
coiiipact  and  readable  presentment  of  the  sul)ject. 
On  al)t)riginal,  Spanish,  and  Mexican  annals  these 
works,  as  I  have  already  had  occasion  to  point  out, 
arc  ^<  ry  faulty,  the  author  who  has  least  to  say 
bciiiu'  the  least  inaccurate;  but  their  defects  in  this 
respect  were  to  a  large  extent  unavoidable,  since  the 
writers  had  no  access  to  the  veritable  sources," 

"  Tic  lliind-hook  to  Arizomr:  its  remurre.%  history,  towns,  miiirs,  ruins,  (iiid 
sri'iicri/.  A  infill/  illitJitritttul.  Accoiiip(Uii<'il  with  ii  new  map  of  the  tcrrilory.  By 
Rkhu-il  ,/.  Iliiitoii.  S.  F.,  1878,  12ino,  431,  c.  p.  The  author  was  a  proini- 
iioiit  jininialist  of  S.  Francisco,  who  hail  spent  some  time  in  Arizona.  Tiie 
liodl;  is  an  excellent  one  of  its  class.  Ilistorij  of  Arizona  Territory,  shuirinij  its 
rtmuri's  it„d  adranttuji's;  ii'ith  illnsti'otions  diseriptirc  of  its  scenery,  re^idetu'i'S, 
fiirnis,  mines,  tnills,  hotels,  tiiutiness  houses,  schools,  churches,  etc.,  from  oriijinal 
(liviriin/s.  Wiilliice  ]V.  Elliott, i-  Co.,  jmhlishers.  S.  F.,  1884,  fol.,  3:2:5  p.  'The 
vriteis  or  editors  are  not  named;  but  it  is  stated  that  'we  visited  every 
ciiuuty,  village,  and  mining  camp  of  importance,  anil  by  personal  examina- 
tion Wire  enabled  to  give  statements  about  all  localities  in  Arizona,  wliicli 
^\l^  think  are  substantially  correct.'  These  j^ictorial  subsiTiption  book.s  of 
the  '  11  iiuity-liistory  '  variety,  notwithstanding  their  peculiar  bleudini,' of  lit- 
iratuir  ami  liusiness,  contain  a  good  deal  of  useful  information,  and  deserve  in 
snine  nspects  a  better  repute  than  they  enjoy.  Tlie  J'esources  nf  A  rizona.  Its 
iiiiiirnil/firiiiinij,  ijrazinij  and  tiinher  lands:  its  history,  climate,  productions,  cicil 
ami  iiiliil'iry  'lorernnient,  prehistoric  ruins,  early  inissionnries,  Indian  triliis,  pioneer 
(/i7y.<.  ifi:  Third  edition,  revised  and  enlanjed,  icith  a  neiv  map  a<id  illiis/ rations. 
Biil'xirirJ;  J/nmilton.  S.  F.,  1884,  I'Jiuo,  414i).  I  have  also  the  ed.  of  rresmtt, 
]>j|,  Svii,  120  p.  This  work  was  originally  a  report  embodied  in  that  of  the 
gov  on  the  condition  of  the  country.  The  author  lias  been  long  a  resident  of 
Ariz,,  and  is  an  intelligent,  observant  man,  enthusiastic  in  admiration  ot  ids 
turritory,  Hiram  C.  Hodge's  Arizona  as  it  is;  or.  The i'oiniw,!  ('onntry,  cmiipiled 
j'imii  ti'iis  of  travel  diiriny  the  years  1874,  ^•"''?''i  and  ISi'tJ.  N.  Y.,  1877,  ll'iiio, 
273  p.;  and  ]•;.  Conklin's  f'ictures'/ne  Arizona,  licimj  the  resnlt  of  trarcls  and 
o''ii'n-iuioii>i  in  Arizona  dnrinij  the  fall  and  irintcr  of  1S77.  N.  Y.,  IS7S,  n.*mo, 
SSUp.,  ilhist. — are  pleasing  and  useful  little  works,  by  travelling  newsiiaper 
liiun,  snliiiieiitly  described  liy  their  titles,  the  former  being  much  the  more 
vahialilc  of  the  two. 

On  iiiiiiinir  topics,  otiier  references — besides  the  J fayes'  Scrap-hooks,  Ariz., 
passim,  and  lilcsof  Cal.  and  Ariz,  newspapi.rs — are  as  follow .s:  Sitliinans  Joiir- 
'"'/,  xxxvi.  l.-)i>;  xl.  388;  xli.  '28l>;  //)(/.  Af.  Jlcpoiti  and  Land  Ojlirc  /,', ports, 
lfjl)4  I't  seij.,  passim;  Moicry's  Arizona;  The  Miner,  i.,  lu'snim;  Whielir'.i  Sur- 
mix:  I'fii'ifc  Ciia.^t  D'nctory,  1871-3;  Anderson's  Siicer  Country,  4(1-7,  dO  73; 
%/'■•<. I, v-.oH.i,  M.S.,  17-2(5,31-4;  The  M'''>inij  Review,  1870  et  seip  ;  The  fali- 
/■inwiii,  .Inly  1881,  p.  50-3;  Minimj  L.lus'try,  ii.  22;  DisturnelCs  Jiminess 
lHr<i-!nni,  1881,  p.  23-70;  Atlantic  ,i- Pac.  Ii.  R.  Co.  Prospectus;  Sllirr  Kiini 
Mhi.  („.  Report,  1880;  Hall's  Creat  Wed,  74-88;  Hand,  McXally,  ,(■  Co.'s 
"'■'il.  iliihlr,  13ii-G?;  and  especially  Wm  R.  Ralcii's  Mines,  Miners,  and  Min- 
iiijl,'/'nst..,f(hc  United  States,  Phil.,  1882,  fob,  ll'Jl  p.,  illust. 

IIIST.  .\.RIZ.  AND  N,  ME.X.     38 


M 


M 


Il9^« 


1    I^J 


594 


ARIZOXAN  INDUSTRIES  AND   INSTITUTIONS. 


Several  tribes  of  aborigines  in  Arizona  were  found 
by  the  Spaniards  in  the  sixteenth  century,  su[i])i.itiu'p 
themselves  wholly  or  in  part  by  tilling  the  soil.  Tliusu 
tril)cs  occupied  but  a  limited  area,  but  widely  scattered 
groups  of  ruins  prove  that  in  earlier  centuries  all  tlie 
principal  valleys  were  inhabited  by  a  numerous  people 
who  could  have  lived  only  by  agriculture ;  and  ind^rd, 
in  many  districts  clear  traces  of  their  irrigating  canals 
are  still  to  be  seen.  From  the  eighteenth  eeiituiv, 
the  Spaniards  irrigated  and  tilled  small  tracts  in  tlio 
Santa  Cruz  vallej^,  producing  such  grain,  vegetal ilos, 
and  fruits  as  were  required  for  home  consuni[iti(in; 
and  they  also  introduced  the  new  industry  of  .stock- 
raising.  During  the  period  of  peace  with  the  xV}iaeli.  s 
in  1790-1815,  many  flourishing  farms  and  haciendas 
were  established  in  the  southern  region;  and  mean- 
while the  Indians,  from  the  southern  Pii[)agos  and 
Pimas  to  the  Moquis  of  the  north,  including  some 
bands  of  the  Apaches,  continued  to  depend  to  greater 
or  less  extent  on  their  crops.  Some  of  the  trii)es 
raised  cattle  and  sheep  on  a  small  scale  after  the  Span- 
iards came;  other  tribes  preferred  to  steal  their  live- 
stock. 

To  Americans  in  the  earliest  years,  Arizona  seemed, 
except  a  small  portion  of  the  later  acquired  (jadsdeu 
purchase,  an  utterly  barren  and  worthless  ^^aste  of 
sandy  deserts  and  rocky  mountains,  prt)ba])ly  rieh  in 
m  inerals,  but  of  no  agricultural  value  whatever.  There 
was  no  tliought  of  seeking  farms  in  Arizona;  but  liav- 
ing"  come  there  in  search  of  silver  and  o'old,  thev  lieiiaii 
to  till  the  soil  in  spots  to  supply  their  necessities,  and 
found  it  wonderfully  productive  wherever  water  eonU 
be  obtained.  Proo-ress  has  been  constant  if  not  veiv 
rapid  from  the  first;  the  press  never  tired  of  exaltm:^' 
the  country's  advantages  in  soil  and  climate;  the  gev- 
ernor  and  legislature  often  called  attention  to  tiie 
subject;  the  Mormons  came  in  as  agricultural  ininn- 
grants;  and  finally,  about  100,000  acres  have  been 
brought  under  cultivation  with  the  most  encouragiii;: 
results.     The  climate,  agreeable  in  winter  and  in  the 


AGRICULTURE. 


izciua  si^cintd. 


mountains,  the  mean  temperature  at  Preseott  ranging 
fioiii  ;}0''  in  January  to  72"  in  July,  though  disagree- 
iihlv  hot  in  the  lower  valleys  and  in  summer,  frequently 
over  100"  from  May  to  September  at  Phceuix  and 
TiK'soii,  and  over  115°  for  the  same  period  at  Yuma, 
is  iiiiiarkably  healthful,  and  altogether  favorable  to 
fariuiug  operations.  The  soil,  a  sandy  loam  with  rich 
adolie  on  the  banks  of  streams,  is  easily  worked;  and 
its  strength  and  recuperative  power  are  shown  by  the 
uudiniinished  yield  in  spots  cultivated  by  the  Indians 
for  centuries.  All  the  cereals,  vegetables,  and  fruits 
of  temperate  and  semi-tropic  climes  are  successfully 
]ir(i(hiced;  cotton  has  alwa^'s  been  raised  in  small 
(juai.tities;  in  recent  years  the  culture  of  oranges, 
grapes,  and  olives  has  passed  far  beyond  the  stage  of 
experiment;  and  sugar-cane  is  produced  in  consid- 
craltlo  (quantities  for  the  manufacture  of  syrup. 

Still  the  area  of  farming  lands,  as  limited  by  the 
supply  of  water  for  irrigation,  without  which  practi- 
f;illy  nothing  can  be  })roduced,  does  not  probably  ex- 
ceed 2,000,000  acres  out  of  a  total  of  72,000/JOO; 
though  in  the  distant  future,  with  constant  cultivation 
lessening  the  amount  of  water  required,  with  the  [)lant- 
itig  of  trees,  M'itli  artesian  wells  and  other  devices  for 
irrigation,  a  surprising  encroachment  on  what  is  still 
regarded  as  a  desert  may  be  expected.  In  the  Colo- 
rado bottoms  of  Yuma  and  Mqjave  counties  is  a  broad 
tract  of  land  that  in- time,  with  the  construction  of 
expensive  reclamation  works  on  a  large  scale,  l.»ids  fair 
to  produce  large  (|uantities  of  sugar,  rice,  tobacco, 
fottim.  and  other  ci'oj).s.  The  largest  body  of  avail- 
alile  lund,  however,  is  found  in  the  Gila  and  Salt 
liiver  valleys  of  Maricopa  and  Pinal  counties,  al)out 
Piuenix  and  Florence  as  centres.  Here  also  have 
Iteeii  made  the  greatest  ini[)roviMnents,  though  only 
alx.ut  50,000  of  the  500,000  acres  have  been  brought 
under  cultivation.  A  dozen  canals  have  been  con- 
structed to  take  water  from  the  rivers,  and  their 
number  and  extent  are  being  constantly  increased. 
Here  we  have  already  a  prosperous  agricultural  com- 


rfJl 


fc'';:i:i 


{"■■■ 


ill: 


'i    i 


69G 


AlllZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTION'S. 


IM    I 


muiilty,  wlilch  must  grow  rapidly.  In  Pima  couiitv, 
tlic  field  of  early  Spanish  and  Mexican  cultivatifni,  tlic 
lands  lie  cliiefiy  in  the  Santa  Cruz,  Souoita,  and  Ari- 
vaca  valleys.  Cochise  has  a  limited  but  fertile  arm 
in  the  San  Pedro,  Sulpliur  Spring-,  and  San  Siiiidii 
valleys.  Pueblo  Viejo  valley  in  Clraham  has  soino 
40,000  acres  of  excellent  land  in  a  body.  Yavupai'.s 
largest  body  is  on  the  Rio  Yerde,  but  here  iiianv 
small  tracts  are  cultivated  without  irrigation.  Apacire 
has  a  fertile  tract  of  13,000  acres  on  the  Colorado 
Chiquito,  nearly  all  taken  up  by  the  Mormons.  Otlu  r 
agricultural  tracts  are  scattered  in  small  pieces. 

A  large  portion  of  the  aijricultural  area  is  still  "nv- 
ernment  land,  and  open  to  sottknnent;  though  part  nf 
it  in  the  south  was  burdened  down  to  1885  In  a 
doubtful  railroad  title  to  the  alternate  sections,  otlur 
])arts  are  included  in  Indian  reservations,  and  still 
others  held  in  grants  not  yet  confirmed.  Wild  lands 
in  priv^ato  ownership  are  sold  at  five  to  ten  dollars  ]ni' 
acre,  and  improved  lands  at  $15  to  $40,  prices  tliat 
are  rapidly  increasing.  Limited  as  they  are  in  cn- 
tont,  it  will  be  seen  that  Arizona's  lands,  if  the  wnbr 
su])ply  is  ])roperly  utilized,  are  amply  sufficient  for  the 
requirements  of  a  population  ten  or  twenty  times  that 
of  the  present.  A  country  of  mining  camps,  such  as 
Arizona  proniiscs  to  be  for  many  years,  affords  the 
best  possible  market  for  small  farmers.  In  the  exjuiit 
of  agricultural  })roducts — pending  wide-spread  recla- 
mation of  the  Coh^rado  bottoms — not  much  can  be 
expected  from  grain  and  the  other  ordinary  crops;  l)tU 
fruits  ripen  nearly  a  month  earlier  than  in  California, 
and  if  the  industry  of  fruit-shi])ping  in  the  latter  state 
proves  as  successful  as  it  promises,  there  is  no  appar- 
ent reason  why  Arizona  should  not  receive  a  rich  share 
of  the  i)rofits.  The  country  also  is  admirably  Htted 
for  the  production  and  curing  of  raisins;  and  the  export 
of  olive-oil  may  yet  prove  profitable,^' 

"  Agric.  statistics  from  the  lOtli  U.  S.  census,  showing  increase  from  1870 
to  1780,  and  supplemented  in  some  items  by  figures  from  the  U.  S.  ji^jn''- 
rept  of  1882,   are  as  follows:  no.  of  farms    172-7C7;   acres  •.;l,S07-13J,>'i3, 


ll, 807-1 35, ''T3, 


LIVE  STOCK. 


y!)7 


Si<>rlt-rai.sing  was  for  many  years  unprofitable,  on 
acroiint  of  Apat'Jio  hostilities;  but  the  couiitry's  nat- 
ur.il  advaiitajifcs  for  this  industry  liave  lt»ng  been 
known,  and  since  1875  Hocks  and  herds  have  increased 
rapidly.  Over  Inilf  of  Arizona's  area,  or  nearly 
4().<H)0,000  acres,  is  available  for  grazing  lands  of  a 
suptrior  quality,  the  native  granuna,  bunch,  and  nicz- 
(jiiiU'  grasses  affording  an  abundance  of  the  most  nu- 
tritious food,  the  climate  being  yieculiarly  I'avorable, 
both  to  the  healthful  development  and  inexpensive 
care  of  animals,  and  their  various  diseases  being  as 

aires  iiiqiroved  14,r>S5-r)fi,071,  value  §101, JUO-SIJ'-T, 04(5;  iiorsoiis  ongago<l 
in  .v^rir.  |,i>8iV;},4:r>;  iiro.luct  of  harh'y  iW.OTT-'-W,),!).")! -;{-_'7, ")()(>  Imsh. ;  wluiat 
•.'7,ii:.:!  i:W,4-J7-'J'JO,(K)i)  i)usl).;  t^nrn  .'ii/,04l-:U,74t»  :)7,(H)0  Imsli.;  (Mts 'J.Vfn)! 
hush.;  hay  lOD-ojUMi  l'J,5ltOton.s;  t(>l)acc()  KM)  (i(H)  ll>.s. ;  l^otatous  r)7.Vl'(),'J4;t- 
7i7')l)  liiisli. ;  sweet  potatoes  l()-o,.S()()  Imsli.  The  acreai,'e  ami  value  in  )S8"2 
w,is,  Lcpi-ii  '_',70(»,  S(i2,70O;  wheat  I.^.TiOO,  .'i':!08,(MI();  l)aiky  17,:itili,  .^.'Ml.CJ."); 
pot;itoes  ii7(),  !580,0'2rj;  hay  ]'_',0()(),  !5'J:n, !.'.")(>;  total  48,")1.'),  .-JiMn,  l(K).  Ham- 
ilton s  statement  of  aeres  eultivateil  in  188;{  is,  Maricojia  Sr),00(),  Aiiueho 
l:i,OI)ll,  Pinal  7,()00,  (Jrahani  7,0(10,  Yavapai  Ct.Mi,  Coehise  4,0(M),  J'iin.i 
XiiiHl.  Cila  1,500,  Yuma  ],o00,  Mojave  1,000,  total  7i»,")0(),  l)esiih',s  ahout 
a.OilO  hy  iudians.  His  estimates  of  laiiils  that  might  tie  cultivated  seem 
til  lout  up  less  tliau  1,000,000  aeres.  Hiutou  puts  tiie  area  irriyalih;  )>y 
surface  water  at  2,8(X),0O0  aeres,  ami  thinks  there  are  l(),0(JO,000  or  more 
to  he  reclaimed  for  agric.  by  artesian  wells.  Farming  hy  wiiitc  men  in 
Miuienpa  dates  from  18()8;  :i2,O0O,O0O  Uis.  of  grain  produced  in  I.SSo,  25 
imsli,  ]Hr  acre;  8  tons  of  alfalfa  per  acre  in  4  crops;  4  irrigations  on  an  aver- 
liJe;  jilauting  Nov.  to  March,  harvest  June  to  .luly;  average  prolit  per  acre 
jS..")!);  -JOO  acres  with  50,(100  fruit-trees,  eiiielly  peaches;  400.000  vines. 
The  Arizona  Canal  on  Salt  River  will  he  40  miles  long,  and  reclaim  100,000 
acres,  costing  §500,0(M),  and  furnishing  also  a  line  watei'-power.  Several 
canals  |irojccted  near  Gila  Hend.  J'iual  co.  in  1S8.'{  produced  450,000  lbs.  of 
gnuii,  two  crops  per  year  being  raised.  Jn  Yavapai  corn  is  the  chief  crop, 
whicli  iloes  not  flourish  so  well  in  the  south.  .SoTue  of  the  best  laml  in  Pima 
CO.,  including  10,000  acres  at  Arivaea,  is  lii'ld  under  Spanish  grants.  In  Co- 
chise CO.  water  is  very  near  the  surface,  and  some  flowing  wells  have  lieeil 
loiind.  In  Mojave  eo.  1,(J00  acres  are  cnltiv.  in  liig  Sandy  valley.  Hemp  is 
cultivated  on  the  Colorado  Chi([uito,  the  old  liio  del  Lino.  In  1S8.'<  an  act 
was  passed  to  encourage  the  cultivation  of  cotton.  Ar/z.,  Lain.^,  140.  The  gov. 
j-'ives  attention  to  agric.  in  his  biennial  messagc^s.  Ariz.,  Jour.,  !8(j4  et  sen. 
In  1N75  he  complains  of  a  surplus  product  afterall  demand,  has  been  supplied. 
^'ce  also  Ijiiml  Offiri'  licporU,  l.S(i4et  seq. ;  Aijrir  J'lpurU,  18(i0  et  se(p ;  Jfnin- 
*.//.<  /,'r.sitinr('.'<,  81-00,  :W7-4().  .•i(il-70;  Hhi'lon\-<  Jhntil-hnok;  l(iS-'J4;{,  passim, 
'.'i.'l  :{!)7,  appen.  40;  ]VI<vili-r'.sSiirr<  i/.>;  iii.  57;i-4,  ,58;i-()0.'{;  A/.,  I'l'yorts,  1875, 
1'  f-M  0;  ],(.,  187(i,  p.  42-(>;  Pnrtrr'.'i  The.  Wr.st,  ('n,.~,„.i  of  JS.^'O,  p.  4G0; 
ll'xi.y.f  ArizoiKi,  4'2-5(J;  <  ■oiikiiii's  I'irt.  Ariz.,  1I()-"J8,  170-80;  Ariz.,  ]/>■■</.  {K. 
>t>'o.),  l'-'7  38,  l.'70-4;  <loililnril'<  Whrrr.  to  Imvihjrati;  l.'{4-5;  Bcndles  H'e-Zi/zi 
11'./.,   \-S.\  (i;  RolK'rU'  Will,  thr  lnr,id,r,  107-9. 

On  irrig.ition,  especially  the  etibrts  to  encourage  the  sinking  of  artesian 
Wilis.  I'lir  which  the  legislature  otl'ers  premiums,  see  Ariz.,  Artf,  18(!8,  p.  liO; 
isr.'i,  |i.  (il,  17(i-7;  1875,  p.  'Jl ;  Id.,  J„iir.,  187:5,  p.  4li-3;  1875,  p.  -M);  Id.,  Comp. 
I.  :,!■<,  ,')(H-4;  U.  ,S.  Govt  Dor.,  4'.h\  c(mg.  1st  .sess.,  H.  Miscel.  Doc.  57;  Uin- 
tm'f  JJa„d-buok,  1)8-0;  Ariz.,  JJid.  (E.  &  Co.),  illi,  282-4. 


^''   S 


is' 


ARIZONAX  TNDUSTIUKS  AXD  TNSTTTUTTOXS. 


;li:i 


yet  for  tlic  most  part  unknown.  ConsidoruMc  pro- 
gress has  already  been  niado  in  the  introdu  ■tioii  of 
in»i)roved  breeds  of  catth;,  sheep,  and  horses.  'Ylw 
best  ran-^es,  with  natural  water  su}tply,  are  ulnady 
occupied,  but  by  means  of  an  artesian  supply,  I'tir 
which  the  conditions  are  favorable,  and  of  surtlicr 
wells  and  windn\ills,  nearly  the  whole  extent  of  graz- 
ing land  may  be  utilized;  and  it  is  believed  that  in 
most  sections  a<i^ricultural  operatior.s  can  never  en- 
croach o-reatly  on  the  ranges.  As  in  all  countries 
where  alfalfa  flourishes,  the  fattening  of  cattle  ami 
hogs  on  the  valley  farms  also  promises  to  bctoiue 
profital)le.  A[)parently  the  exportation  of  meat  ami 
wool  must  increase  rapidly,  becoming,  after — pei-haps 
eventually  before — mining,  the  territory's  leading  in- 
dustry.^" 

A  surveyor-general  for  Arizona  was  appointiHl  in 
18().'l,  and  made  a  report  on  the  country's  resources; 
but  in  18G4  the  territory  was  attached  to  the  Xew 
]\Iexico  land  district,  whose  surveyor-general  made  a 
tour  with  some  estimates  and  suggestions,  selecting' 
an  initial  point  on  the  Gila  opposite  the  mouth  of  Salt 
Iliver,  finally  adopted  as  fixing  the  base  line  and  me- 
ridian of  .Vrizona  surveys.  In  18G7  a  land-oflict'  was 
creatc;d  at  Prescott,  but  the  territory  wan  attached  to 

'"The  10th  U.  S.  cc^nsus  gives  tlio  increase  of  live-stock  in  1S70-S0  .is  tol- 
lows:  valuo  f  14;$,90(Ka,lG7,'JS<),  cattle  .S, 007-3 l,S-i:],  slieej)  8;):5-7 0,5:21,  li.nscs 
3:!5-0,7y8,  luulcs  and  asses  401-S'JI,  oxen  Oj7-'Jt>4,  inilk-cows  St.'iS-'J,!.')!), 
swine  7l20-;?,Sl<),  product  of  wool  G7y-:!i;5,Gi)8  lbs.,  Imttor  800-01, S17  11«., 
cheese  14,o00-lS,300  lbs.  llamiltou's  statistics  for  1SS.3  are  as  follows:  Ya- 
vapai CO.,  cattle  75,000,  horses  0,000,  mules  2,000,  swiuo  1,000,  shcei)  T)  1,0'JO; 
riiiia,  c.  75,000,  h.  0,000,  m.  2,000,  s\v.  1,100,  sh.  5,000;  Cochise,  c.  70,000, 
L  4,000,  m.  3,000,  sw.  500,  sh.  5,000;  Apache,  c.  4.'], 000,  h.  .3,000,  i.i.  hoOO, 

sw. ,  sh.  000,000;  Graham,  c.  20,000,  h.  4,000,  m.   1,000,  sw.  5;^0,  sli. 

10,000;  riual,  c.  2.5,000,  h.  2,000,  m.  1,000,  sw.  000,  sh.  .3,500;  (iila,  c.  b'l.OOO, 
li.  1,000,  m.  SOO,  sw.  300,  sh.  3,000;  Maricopa,  c.  8,000,  h.  5,000,  m.  1,')00, 
sw.  7,000,  sh.  1,500;  Mojave,  o.  10,000,  h.  1,000,  m.  500,  sw.  200,  sh.  2,000; 

Yuma,  c.  5,000,  h.  800,  m.  300,  sw.  200,  sh. ;  total,  cattle  340,000,  linrses 

31,800,  mules  1.3,000,  swine  11,400,  sheep  080,000;  value,  cattle,  at  !i-')  jxr 
head,  i?7,200,000,  sheep  about  $2,.380,000,  wool  for  year  5,440,000  \h<.,  worth 
$1,100,800  (not  including  Cho  wool  product  of  the  Navajos).  naiiiil/oii<  J!t'- 
«o»/v(',-.,  250-S8;  Arizona  jbVwp.s'.  11-20,  222;  Gov.'s  mess.,  etc.,  in  Ariz.,  Ji'ni:: 
Sun\-(j<n.  Tti'ports;  Ariz.,  Jlial.  (E.  &  (Jo.),  139-40;  Wood  Brothers,  Liir-M(«-h 
Mom.iiienl;  Ktit.  Council,  of  Cattlemen,  I'roc,  12-13;  Jloi/t's  Ariz.,  MS.,  2(i; 
Thoiiipmiifi  Liwoftlu:  Farm,  82;  Porter's  West  Ceimis,  4*00-1.  The  gov.,  iu 
1S7'J,  notes  liarily's  success  iu  raising  Angora  goats  in  ^lojave. 


LAND  AND   LAND  GRANTS 


5<)9 


the  California  surveying  district.  It  was  not  until 
18(icS  that  a  beginning  of  surveys  \vas  made,  and  tlio 
WDi'k  Avas  continued  soniewliat  slowly  from  that  year. 
In  Lsro  a  S('})arate  district  was  ereated,  and  John 
)V;i^s()ii  appointed  survtyor-geiieral,  holding  tlie  office 
f(ir  twelve  years.  The  Gila  district  was  created  in 
187.1,  witli  office  at  riorence,  n-nioved  in  1882  to 
Tucson.  Tlio  total  area  of  public  land  sur^  yed  <l(nvn 
to  1S8;3  was  a  little  ovur  8,000,000  acros,  and  that 
disposed  of  by  the  vari(jus  nn^tliods  of  sale,  hoiu(istead, 
tiiiilter-culture  entry,  etc.,  was  about  270,000  acres.'* 

^[oxican  land  grants  in  Arizona  are  much  less  nu- 
merous than  in  California  and  New  j\[exico,  being  all 
ill  Pima  county  and  in  the  territory  ceded  to  t]i(( 
United  States  in  1853.  Troubles  resulting  from  these 
claims  are  similar  to  those  arising  in  California, 
though  on  a  much  smaller  scale.  Most  of  the  claims 
are  doubtless  equitably  valid  and  will  eventually  be 
coiillrmed,  though  some  are  fraudulent.  X<>t  nnu-h  is 
knew]i  of  them  in  detail,  thoufjh  since  ISJi)  the  sur- 

^^ Ldiid  OlUce  I}<:}-iortx,  ISO-t  ct  scq.,  including  annual  reports  of  tlio  siir- 
viynr-^ijueral.     In  Lf.  S.  (lort  Doc.,  47tli  cong.  2(1  suss.,  Jl.  Kx.  J  toe.  72,  ji. 
1 1.1,  is  a  statement  of  tho  lamls  disposed  of  from  1S72  to  1S;S2  as  follow.,: 
.'),,s,-,7  acres  in  72,  0,71)0  in  '7.%  7,124  in  '74,  9,()J4  in  '7.'),  S,S(12  in  '7(i,  '>-ljM) 
iu  77,  (l.'},.");..-)  in  '7S,  2S,2S1  in  '7'.>,  17,0(;7  in  '80,  10,203  in  '81,  21.1.'>0  in  '82, 
iiiid  (aeo.  to  Elliott  &  Co. )  3:1,878  in '83.     Under  t'.ie  ti:nl)er-enltun3   act  in 
1  i77-!l,  the  entries  were  7, .320  acres.     I'ossilily  tlio  total  of  survey.s  s^lioiild  Ite 
ovii'  ',l,0();),000,  as  there  are  in  each  set  of  annual  reports  two  or  tliree  con- 
flicting totals  wliicli  might  perhaps  bo  understood  if  liie  were  .'i  little  longer. 
ItM;is  said  in  ISSO  that  tlio  5,800,000  acres  surveyed  incluiled  nearly  all  tho 
ini.;aljlo  agricutural  land;  13  iiiiiitary  reservations  in  1881  iiieluded  107,0,')2 
.uri's,  ace.  to  a  newsj)aper  resiimi5  of  tlie  land-ollico  report  in  ISSI),  r);>4,  l.S!) 
aires  were  disposed  of  in  that  year.     Tlie  peculiar  situation  of  1  ii'ge  portions 
of  tlie  fanning  lands  in  narrow  strips  along  the  streams  added  gre;illy  to  the 
{iriii'lical  dilliculties  of  surveying  by  the  rectangular  system,  ono  instiuice  be- 
lli,' iiicntioned  in  which  one  claim  included  14  corners  !     The  hick  of  a  law, 
Iiy  M!;icli  the  grazhig  lands — valueless  in  tracts  of   100  acres — tMnild   be  snr- 
vcycil  and  sold,  has  been  tho  suliject  of  constant  complaint.     The  timber 
liui  Is  liave  also  caused  some  troulile.     Tho  territory  contains  a  broad  extent 
— !>' iliiips  lo  or  20  thousand  sijiiaro  miles — of  nii^niticeiit  forests,  but  these 
{.'ri.w  on  mineral  and  mountain  laud  nseless  for  agriculture,  and  not  subject 
til  jmicliase  f)r  entry  under  the  laws.     In  1878,  after  iiiucli  urging,  congress 
piis. 1(1  ail  act  permitting  the  cutting  of  timber  for  home  xise,  exci^it  liy  rail- 
riiiiis,  oil   \J.  ,S.  mineral  lands  in  Ariz. ;  and  in  1873  the  legislatuie  forbade 
tar  .shippuig  of  .such  lumber  out  of  the  territory.  Ariz.,  ArU,  1S73.  p.  2(i2. 
llie  A.  k  v.  K.  11.  grant,  however,  opens  a  vast  lumbering  region;  and  there 
ciiii  lio  no  doubt  that  the  country's  forests  are  to  be  an  imp-rtaiit  tltJiuent  of 
it.s  intural  M-ealth. 


I    t  I": 


■;> 


600 


AUIZONAN   INI)USTR1F<S  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


1    ;!' 


voyor-gcncral  has  invostitTfated  fourteen  of  tliciii  or 
mor(\  and  rccoiimioiKled  tliein  for  a|»[>I•o^■al  or  irjcc- 
tioii.  This  dehiy  on  tlio  part  of  tlie  j^overiunent  has 
be(Mi  (iiitirely  iiioxcusal)U',  as  tho  matcor  inij^lit  havo 
been  easily  settled  fifte(!U  years  ago.  Since  that  tiiiic 
lands  Jiave  increased  In  value;  ronHictiiig  iiid  rests 
ha\e  come  into  existence;  ])rol)al)ly  fraudulent  schciiicLS 
have  heen  concocted;  and  civen  a  lioju'  has  hern  dr- 
vi'ioj)ed  that  all  the  ^[exican  titles  might  he  deftiilcd. 
(Jwners  have  no  real  protection  against  S((uatti'r.s, 
cannot  sell  or  make  improvements,  and  in  fact  have 
no  other  right  than  that  of  paying  taxes;  wliilf  dn 
tho  other  hand  the  rights  of  settlei's  are  jeojianlizi d 
by  possil)ly  invalid  claims,  and  a  generally  unsettl'd 
and  unsatisfactory  system  of  land  tenure  is  producid.'^ 

'^nic  Laud  Ojfftre  Ifppnrts  contain  nearly  all  that  is  known  alimit  tlii;,  suli- 
ject,  tJu.ii^'li  till!  uuws|iui)i'rs  liiivi;  Honietliiiig  to  way  aliout  it.  Jii  iMi.")  tlu; 
li^j^islaturi;  jia.i.H'd  a  law,  apparently  inoinTativo,  r((|uiriii;;  all  claims  to  lii' 
rcconlttd  in  tliu  ci'unty  rucordor  a  ofiicc  ln'ture  Jan.  ],  18til>.  'I'lu'rc  v  is  im 
naliiiMiil  l,iw  on  tho  riihject  until  1870,  when  the  ssurviyor-gen.  was  r<i[uir('il 
hy  act  (it'  (undress  to  iiivustigato  tho  titles  and  rejiort  to  congiH-ss  fur  tlic  IIikiI 
issuing'  (if  iiatents.  But  no  definite  instruetions  were  isHU(.il  or  means  lur- 
nislied  (iiitil  IS77,  and  tlio  investigation  was  not  hegnu  till  1S7'.I,  tlmii^li  tlie 
surveydf-Lien.  constantly  urged  the  iinportaneo  of  the  matter,  at  the  siiiio 
tiinu  declaring  his  inability  to  do  justice  to  the  suliject,  and  reeoinniiinlini,' 
the  ereatiiin  of  a  conmiissioii,  or  the  devising  of  some  otiier  means  of  iirmiqit 
action.  In  ]i~i>,  liowever,  an  act  was  passed,  ou  the  governdr's  recdiinncii- 
dation,  authorizing  jiatents  forsmall  tracts  occupied  hy  Mex.  el.iimants  in  tliu 
Sta  Cruz  valley,  on  proof  bcfdre  the  register  and  receiver  of  the  land-etiiix' 
that  these  tracts  hint  been  occupied  for  UO  years  by  claimants  or  their  ancus- 
tors.  Ziil^rix/,-ii:\s  Lauil  Ldim,  sup[il.  1877,  p.  7">;  Oormior's  Mi.is.,  IST.'l.  I 
suppose  that  some  of  tliese  patents  Were  issued,  though  I  have  fiiiinJ  no 
record  of  the  fact.  Meanwhile  also,  in  lS7Ii-4,  corresp.  was  had  with  Mix. 
national  authorities,  and  R.  0.  Hopkins  was  sent  to  Mex.  and  (Juailalajar.i, 
witli  a  vii'W  to  iind  records  of  the  Arizona  grants;  but  none  were  fnuud -ia 
Mexico  Ixcause  Ariz,  had  belonged  to  the  I'rovincias  luternas,  and  in  (lua- 
dalajara  liecauso  most  of  tho  records  had  been  destroyed  by  (ire.  ('.  S.  dx'i 
Doc,  4.")d  eong.  2d  sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  3.  Tlio  claims  favorably  repin'feil  hy 
Surv.-gin.  Wasson  in  1870-82  wert  ss  follows:  S.  Rafael  del  Valle,  4  h  agius,^ 
Cainiin  lirothers;  Tumacacori  and  Calabazas,  11  1.,  Sykt^sand  C'uriey;  S.  .Inse 
Sonoita,  JJl.jAlsn.a;  S.  Ignacio  do  la  C'i.noa,  4  1.,  Maishetal.;  Arivac;i, '.' 1., 
Poston  and  Ainza;  S.  Juan  Roipiillas  y  Nogales,  41.,  Howard  and  lliarst; 
Los  Nfigales  de  Elias,  2  1.,  Caniou  and  Elias;  unnamed  small  tracts  ni  -l-.M 
acres,  Otero  ct  al. ;  Bucna  Vista,  41.,  Maii-h  and  Driscoll;  Raiulio  de  M'lr- 
tiiiez,  .small  tract,  Martinez  et  al.  Those  rejected  as  fraudulent  were  l':i'0 
do  Algiidones,  51.,  Colorado  comj).;  and  El  Sopori,  31  1.,  Sopuri  Lanl  le.; 
wliilo  S.  Ignacio  Babocf>mari,  81.,  I'errin  et  a!.;  and  S.  Rafael  de  li  /.aiiji, 
nil.,  Romero  etal.,  were  cut  down  from  the  area  claimed  to  that  gr"iiti'il. 
In  tlie  n  port  of  ISSl!  it  is  stated  that  most  claims  were  not  presented  al  ua, 
holders  of  v.did  ones  l)(nng  confident  they  nuist  be  finally  contirnn'l,  :i"il 
others   not  desiring  iuvestigatiun.     Probably  more  have  been  invcstii^ati.i.1 


10\S, 


MANUF.UTUKKS  AND  TUAlJi:. 


601 


of    tllt'lli    nr 

'111  (ir  iTJcc. 
nuiic'iit  liiis 
inij^lit  have 
'(J  that  time 
1,1,''  iiitriTsts 
I'llt  Srliciiici; 
lis    llcrli   (If. 

1>C!  (Ict'cjittd. 
:  s<|Uiittfrs, 
.11  fact  luivc 
s;  wliilc  on 
jc'opardi/id 
y  imsftti'il 
produced.'' 

n  alioiit  tliis  sill). 
it.  Ill  iMi.j  tliu 
all  chiiiiiM  to  liu 
).  Tlu'ic  Wis  no 
VII.  M'a.s  rri|uiiTil 
'ress  for  till:  tiiiiil 
eil  or  iiiiMiis  liir- 
IST'.I,  tlioii,i;li  the 
T,  iit  tliu  same 

rci'dlllliii'lnlili;,' 

ll!,-lllS  llf    pl'illllpt 

mr's  rci'dlilinrll- 
luiiiiiiuls  111  tliu 
tlio  liind-iitliix' 
or  tliL'ii'  aiu'us- 

J/r.«.,  I8::i.    I 

Ikivu  fiiiiinl  no 

luil  villi  .Mix. 

Ill  ( ■ll.'i<1al:i{;ii'.'i, 

WLi'l!    t'nmiil    ■   ill 

as,  iiiiil  in  (ilia- 
iiro.  /'.  S.  (!<>d 
ily  rciiorti'i!  Iiy 
'alk',  4  lra;:iu:s, 
C'm-rL'v;  S.  .Inse 
Ai'ivaiM,  '1  1., 
rd  ami  ilrarst; 
trai't.s  (if  l-MW 
aiuiio  (Ic  M:ir- 
Icut  wci-e  I'aso 
jHiri  Laml  Co.; 

•I  (U)  la  Z.iiii;i, 
I  tliat  ;„'r."li;ril. 
fcsulitL'i  I  a  I  :iu, 

ililirintil,  anil 
111   invest ii^atud 


>[aimructuriu<^  industries  in  Arizona  call  for  no 
sinri.d  mention  in  an  liistori<'al  work,  hcinj^  confiiKMl  to 
a  t'cw  cstaMiHlimtats,  cliii^fly  floufiiiin'  and  lunibrr  mills, 
tor  tilt'  partial  su[tply  of  territorial  needs.  Future 
(livtlopments  will  naturally  be  limited  for  a  loniic  time 
hv  li'iiiie  re(iuirenients,  most  of  wliicli  may  eventually 
lie  sii|»plied ;  yet  with  the  j^^rowth  of  stock-raisinL,Mt 
would  appear  that  taiiniiii^  and  tin;  manufaeturt;  of 
liatlirr  Ljoods  should  assume  lai'^cr  proportions;  and 
(liiiilitless  other  industries  will  in  time  produei^  articles 
fur  export.^"  Connnerce  may  he  disposed  of  for  the  most 
[laitas  summarily.  The  territory's  trade  has  consisted 
(if  tlic  hi'In^ing  from  ahroad  and  the  distrihutinj,''  to 
towns  and  cam[)s  of  the  various  supplies  re<piired. 
Kiuli  settlement  has  its  shops  for  tlie  su[)[)ly  of"  local 
ili'inaiids,  and  each  of  the  dozen  larger  centres  its 
wliiijcsale  establisliinents,  whence  ijfoods  are  hauled  in 
all  directions.  In  those  estahlishments,  some  of  tlieni 
(111111!/  business  on  a  large  scale,  many  a  fortune  has 
lin  II  ma<]e.  There  are  no  ax'ailahle  statistics  of  vahu3 
di' iiiti  rest,  except  in  local  jihases  of  the  subject,  for 
wliicli  I  have  no  space.  1'he  great  (|Uestiou  has 
always  been  one  of  transportation  routes  and  rates, 
and  the  latter  have  been  invariably  high,  with  the 
natural  result  of  excessive  prices,  l^efore  the  build- 
iiit,^  of  the  transcontinental  railroads  of  the  south,  a 
considerable    amount   of   freifjlit   was    broujjht   in   at 

siiii'o  1882.  A  scurt'li  of  the  iircliivo.i  in  Sou.  aiul  t'liih.  is  roconimeudud,  not 
uiily  nil  aL'uouut  of  the  Ariz,  draut.s,  liut  in  viuw  of  '  luanil'cst  destiny  '  fartluT 
soiuli.  No  patents  have  lieen  grantiid  so  far  as  I  know,  and  dilliculties  ■will 
lirolialily  he  iicrniitti^d  to  a.ssuiue  still  lari^er  proportions  hefore  the  matter  is 
sittled.  Jliiitou,  llaml-liook;  .SOU,  points  out  the  facts  that  while  .see.  5  of 
the  (ladsden  treaty  reeiiacts  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  (iiiadaliipo 
liidalL;o,  ji't  see.  0  provides  that  no  title.s  shall  he  valid  unless  recorded  in 
llif  .\1.  \.  archives.  Also,  that  a  Me.x'.  law  of  IS,"):?,  repealed  in  1S.")5,  deelared 
invalid  all  Ln-auts  hy  states  and  territories.  Therefore,  the  Ariz,  grants  must, 
iiv  thinks,  he  defeated.  Evidently  there  are  legal  quiliMes  enou;;li  on  which 
to  found  such  action  if  the  U.  S.  govt  ciares  to  en;:age  in  that  kind  of  liu.-diiess. 
''Statistics  of  maniif.  showing  increase  in  LS70-8(),  froiu  HUli  LI.  S.  cen- 
sus: no.  of  cstali.  IS- CC),  capital  ft'l.")0,70()-.?'272,(iOO,  oinploycs  8-l-'J-J0,  wai'cs 
^^!.^.",sO-,$lll,I^;o,  pniihuts  .'^lS.">,41!)-.'^iil8,:{{;."),  raw  material  .^d  10,()'.)0-.'?:!S0,- 
Itj:!.  Of  ;,he  estah.,  l.'J  were  saw-mills,  8  Hour-m'lls,  2  liufter  and  cheese,  1 
liiitliyard.  There  are  uLo  soiuo  distilleries  and  hrcwerics,  and  tobacco  anil 
I'.gar  laetories. 


602 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUriONS. 


times  by  mule-teams  from  the  terminus  of  the  iJcin.r 
railroad,  from  Austin,  Texas,  by  way  of  ^lesilla,  and 
to  a  slight  extent  fi'om  Salt  Lake  City  and  throuoli 
Sonora  from  Guaymas;  while  there  was  fret^ueut  aoi- 
tation  of  a  project  to  open  a  route  from  Tucson  to  thf 
nearer  port  of  Libertad  on  the  gulf;  but  the  bulk  of 
all  freight  came  in  teams  across  the  desert  from  San 
Francisco  via  Los  Angeles,  or  by  the  gulf  and  ('(do- 
rado lliver  in  boats.  But  the  railroads  gave  the  whole- 
sale trade  mainly  to  the  eastern  cities,  and  destroyed, 
for  the  most  part,  the  prominence  of  Yuma  as  a  (hs- 
tributing  centre  in  favor  of  Tucson  and  otiier  iidaiu] 
stations.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  a  tlmrishiiio' 
branch  of  Ariz<ma  commerce  has  k>oen  an  'jxteii^ive 
contraband  trade  with  Sonora,  a  large  |)art  of  that 
territory's  supply  of  dry  goods  being  smuggled  a(io>> 
the  line  from  Tucson.  According  to  the  census,  5*)1 
persons  in  Arizona  were  engaged  in.  trade  in  IS70, 
and  in  1880  the  number  had  increased  to  3,2.r2.'' 


■i     il 


( 

* 
f 


'"  Ilinton  givoS  the  most  completo  dotails  on  routes  of  trade  and  tr.uHpcir- 
tatiou.  In  the  early  years  tliere  was  unieh  agitaticu  iii  projeets  for  imprdviiii; 
the  navigation  of  the  '.'(dorado;  hut  very  little  v.as  ever  done,  '['hf  Immiim- 
iiing  of  steam  navigation  has  been  noted  elsewh  re.  Down  to  187I-'J  sailiiij: 
vessels  plied  irregularly  to  the  liead  of  tlie  gnlf,  and  freigiit  was  tnwed  m 
liarges  hy  small  steamers  up  to  Yuma  and  Hard^ville.  Suhsec(Uciitly.  tlie 
('ill.  Steam  Nav.  Co.  ran  a  line  of  steamers  i  ugularly  from  S.  l'\  tn  Viiinii. 
[lodge,  Ariz.,  inO,  gives  tli;  amount  of  freight  brought  to  Yuma  in  IsT.Vis 
over  4,r>(M)  tons,  and  e.xportsas  over  1(),0(K)  tons,  the  largest  item  he,iig  liiilts. 
On  the  eliorts  ami  explorations  of  18(14-70,  ineluding  the  operatioun  nf  Caiit, 
S.  Adams,  see./l;v-.,  ArU,  l.S()4,  p.  70;  ISlir),  p.  7.'{,  77-8;  1S()(),  p.  (il:  1,1.. 
Jour.,  ]8(14,  p.  lO!-'-';  18()."),  p.  4:5;  U.  S.  dort  Do<:,  .38tli  eoiig.  lM  sess.,  H 
Mis.  Doc.  17,  14'_',  1";);  Kept  See.  W'ar,  8().VG;  41st  eong.  '2.1  .sess  .  II.  Kv 
Doc.  i2Nl;  Sen.  Mis.  Doe.  17;  41st  eong.  ;?d  sess.,  H.  Mis.  Doe.  VI;  4-Jd  ceiii,'. 
1st  se.ss.,  H.  Mis.  Doe.  87;  4'Jd  eong.  'lA  sess.,  11.  Kx.  Doe.  lt)();  4:id  emig.  bt 
sess.,  M  .lour.,  p.  1257;  It.  Kx.  Doc.  iri4;  44th  eong.  2d  sess.,  Sen.  lupt  ('i'J4; 
50th  eong.  3d  sess.,  vol.  xvi.,  pt  1,  p.  81-2;  U.  S.  A'cjif.  (Vii</'  of  h'li'/iii..  iMiS, 
p.  1I88-1*.;;  /A;v'w'  Srr,i]..\  Arlz.,i.  1(1;")  (J,  120,  12.'),  23'. t,"  208;  v.  141;  A/., 
S.  J>iiyn,  1.  2()3-i(),  21.3;  ii.  l'»3;  Ariz.  Srr(ip.%  437-43;  S.  /•'.  Tlm<s,  Nov.  li, 
17,  1800;  Mareli  2.3,  April  15.  .May  11,  Sept.  28,  Oct.  15,  10,  18,  Nov.  2,  16, 
18()7. 

In  large  portions  of  the  territory  the  natural  loads  are  (!xe(dletit,  so  far  ,it 
least  as  graile  is  eiiiieerned,  stage  routes  being  practicable  wherever  watering- 
place!)  can  be  .'ound.  Many  good  mountain  roads  have  also  been  CDnstnutiil 
from  time  to  time,  as  miniTjg  and  military  needs  li.ive  demanded.  Tin-  lujjis- 
laturc  from  year  to  year  iniMirporated  many  road  companies;  l>ut  mily  I'luii- 
paratively  few  of  the  enterprises  were  carriid  out.  At  'vu-li  '"■^;<i(iii  "I 
congress  also  various  mail  routes  were  opened;  but  for  a  h  ag  tiini  iie  ihhiU 
were  ■arriiid  on  horseback.  In  his  messau'e  of  iMlO  thi^  gov.  st^ites  that  tJHTf 
is  not  a  stage  running  iu  the  territory.     Indian  hostilities  naturally  iuctrtcriil 


r"!l 
•  I 


ON.S. 

tlio  iJcnwr 
^lesilla,  iuid 
nd  tliroiigli 
'cqufnt  au'i- 

LCSOU  to  tllf 

the  bulk  of 
t  from  San 
f  and  Colo- 
3  the  wholu- 
.  destroyed, 
aa  as  a  (Hs- 
)hher  inland 
tlourishing' 
n  extensive 
)art  of  that 
>'i>'ied  aeross 
census,  .j*i1 
do  in  1870, 
3,252.'" 

i(lo  ami  trniiijior- 
jts  fur  iiiipi'dviii^ 
)iie.  'I'lic  lifi;iii- 
to  IS" I-'.'  siii'ljij: 

it    was    toMfil    ill 

ul)st-c(iiciitly,  the 
S.  1'".  t.i  Viiiim. 

Viiiiiii  ill   I  "^"."i  .H 

tciii  l)i.'iiif.'  liiiks. 

rations  uf  (.'a)it. 
S(i(i,  p.    01 ;  1,1.. 

llg.    2ll    Sl'riS.,    H. 

•_'il  sfss..  H.  Ev 
I'J;  4'_M  cniig. 
Ki;  \:\'\  omi:.  1st 
,  Sen.  Kc|it  ('i'J4; 
of  Kii'/iii..  IMiS, 
OS;  vi   141;  W., 

'J'illHii,   NnV.  U, 
,   IS,  Nov.  •.',  19, 

icUetit,  sii  far  ,it 
on^ver  waHM-int:- 
icc'ii  CDiistrmti'l 
It'll.  Till/  lojiis- 
;;  but  only  I'liiii- 
-ai'l)  "..^sidii  lit 
i;  tiiiu  iir  mails 
.-itati'^i  that  tlirrc 
urally  iiiccrtLrcil 


RAILROADS. 


ro3 


With  two  of  the  great  transcontinental  lines  passing 
throuiifh  the  territory  from  cast  to  west,  and  a  connect- 
jii^f  line  to  Guaynias  on  the  gulf,  Arizona  is  'n\  a  sense, 
for  so  new  a  region,  well  su})p]icd  with  railroads. 
Bmnch  roads  in  several  direetici...  are  urgently 
needed,  and  some  of  these  have  been  or  are  being  con- 
.structed.  Tiic  complicated  history  of  the  main  lines 
pertains  but  very  slightly  to  Arizona,  though  tl'C  mili- 
tary necessities  and  prospe(;tive  resources  of  that 
territory  ir.ay  be  supposed  to  ha\e  had  some  little 
intliitnee  in  favor  of  their  '">iistraction.  Therefore 
that  history  is  not  given  here,  nor  is  any  attempt 
made  to  chronicle  the  hopes  and  fears  and  rumors 
respectinsjc  routes  current  for  nianv  years  anion*'-  the 
peojde  on  this  vital  matter.  Early  surveys,  by  which 
the  piacticability  of  the  routes  by  the  25th  and  82d 
paiallels  was  ascertained,  have  been  recorded.  From 
\bi\\:  the  subject  wasalways  under  discussion,  and  vari- 
ous projects  took  more  or  less  definite  shape  ;  but  there 
was  a  broad  region  to  be  crossed  before  the  iron  I'oad 
.should  even  approach  Arizona.  In  18GG  the  xVtlan- 
tio  and  Pacific  was  cliartercsd  with  a  land  grant  on  the 
.'iotli  parallel,  but  no  western  })rogress  was  made.  In 
1870  1  this  company  was  reorganized,  making  some 
.show  of  active  work;  and  the  Texas  and  Pacific  was 

seriously  vith  the  mails  and  stcages;  Init  jirogrrss  was  constant,  if  not  so 
ripi'l  as  the  jiuopk!  desired,  and  Uefore  1870  the  service  was  tuloralily  coin- 
pl'tf.  The  man  stage  line  corresiKimled  with  the  overlaml  routi  of  KS,")'.I  (il 
Inmi  Los  Angtdes,  via  Vunia  and  T'lieson  to  Me.siUa,  N.  Mex.  Anotlur  line 
was  from  Viiina  to  Wickeiihurg  ami  IVescott,  connecting  with  others  to 
.\lluir(|Uor([iio  iu  th.c  east  and  ilojave  in  the  west.  At  times,  howivci',  tin; 
I'l'isriitt  st.ij^e  left  the  Cal.  route  west  of  tlu'  Colorado,  crossing  at  IClirenlierg. 
A  luii'  troMi  Tucson  ail'orded  communication  with  Souora.  As  the  railroads 
a|iiiro:icli(!<l,  of  course  the  stage  lines  were  constantly  changed,  until  the  sys- 
tiiii  hiH-anie  one  of  comparatively  short  routes  from  R.  R.  stations  to  the 
various  towns  and  districts.  The  most  important  ave  lieen  tlioso  from  the 
A  fi  I',  til  Prescott,  from  tlic  S.  I',  to  I'honix,  Florence,  (ilolie,  and  Oraliam 
'  II.  ill  tlu!  north,  and  to  'J'omhstono  in  the  south.  R.  ( '.  i  riimaii  was  sent  to 
Ariz,  as  mail  agent  in  18(i7.  The  suliject  of  mails  and  stat;cs  was  natuniUy 
111  all  ye.irs,  and  es))eeially  in  c.irly  times,  one  of  great  popular  iiitenst  to 
Arizoiians,  and  then^fore  1  timl  in  puhlie  iloc,  newspaiiers,  etc.,  a  Imlky  ni.i.SH 
of  ilala;  hut  I  have  no  space  to  chronii'le  details,  and  do  not  deem  it  neces- 
sary 1,1  jire.sent  even  the  latiist  e.italogue  of  routes,  mail  statistics,  etc.  'I'lie 
aiuiii  il  reports  of  thu  1*.  M.  general  coutain  most  that  is  essential  on  this 
niuticr. 


Pi 

r..;;.i: 

::.;. 

,  1 '  j_ 

mi' 


m 


604 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


.  '',11, 

iiiii''' 


hi  !i 


*  !' 


organized  to  reach  San  Diego  by  the  Gila  route,  witli 
a  land  grant  like  that  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacitic,  in- 
eluding  the  alternate  sections  for  a  width  of  80  miles 
throughout  the  whole  extent  of  Arizona  from  east  to 
wt!Ht.  For  a  few  years  from  1872  Arizonans  be- 
lieved their  railroad  future  assured  from  this  source; 
but  financial  obstacles  proved  insuperable,  and  Seott's 
line  never  reached  the  eastern  line  of  the  tcrritdiv. 
In  1877,  however,  the  Southern  Pacific  from  Cali- 
fornia was  completed  to  the  Arizona  line  at  ^'ulna, 
and  in  the  following  years,  not  without  sonio  scridus 
complications  with  the  rival  company,  was  rapidly 
continued  eastward,  reaching  Tucson  in  1880,  and  in 
1881  effecting  a  junction  with  the  Atchison,  Topeka, 
and  Santa  Fe  road  at  Deming,  New  AIexic(j.  J*rao- 
tically  by  the  latter  company  the  Sonora  road,  cdii- 
necting  Cruaymas  with  the  Southern  Pacific  at 
Benson,  was  completed  in  1882;  and  the  conijiany  is 
accredited  with  the  intention  of  securing  a  thioiiudi- 
line  to  Guaymas,  b}-  building  a  new  road  from  i)oniiii<^' 
to  Benson  or  l^'airbanks.  Meanwhile  the  coniplitinu 
of  the  Atchison  line  down  the  Rio  Grande  valKy  tii- 
ablcd  the  Atlantic  and  l*acific  to  resume  operations  in 
the  west,  and  in  1880-3  this  road  was  completed  I'loia 
Isleta  to  the  Colorado  at  the  Needles,  connecting  there 
with  the  (California  Southern.  As  all  these  roads  were 
built,  so  they  have  bi!en  operated  without  any  sjucial 
regard  to  the  interests  of  Arizona ;  yet  they  have 
necessarily — even  as  niastc;rs  instead  of  servants  of 
the  people,  as  they  should  be — been  immensely  1»'  ue- 
ficial  to  the  territory.' 


18 


"■  J/ci"'/7/'.v  .\riz.  iiHtl  Sonnriiy  217-  !?1,  gives  a  good  iiU'a  of  the  W.  I! 
tidii  ill  l!S()I{  4.      In  till!  giiverunr's  imissagus  to  the  legislature  may  l"' 
a  losuiuo  of  jirogrcss  ami  iirosin'ct.s  from  tiiiiu  to  tiiiio.     Nu\v.s]pa|ier  Ii 
Arizona  and   Cai.,   many  tliii|iiii;;,s   fnim  wliich  are  found  in  Jlai/'s'  S' 
t'oiitaiii  a  largo  amount  of  K.  It.  inforiiiatioii  and  rumor.     For  iiiioi)Mir 
and  .siili.sidios  to  railroad.s  in  tiiu  torritory,  vitli  soino  slight  attemiils 
K'gi.slature  to  regulate  fares  and  freii;lit.s,  see  .Ice.,  Ar/fi,  l.St)4,  \>.  'J*>  i 
ISi;."),  i).  4.")^:,  7S;  I,/.,  Join:,  1.S(m,  j).  4i)-r)0,  21G   17;  A/.,  -Ic/.v,  iMT'.t,  i'.  4 
/./.,  hurs,  |,SM,  11.   «(»,   lis,    i:V,{;   lSS;i,   )..    01-5,    i:i7,    150-5,    11)0-71.'.' 
U44  .".I,  ■i'SAC). 

On  most  o''  the  liraiuli  ro.ids  iiicor]ioratcd,  no  work   ha.s  e\ cr  hfiii  ■ 
The  Ariz,  (.'ojnier  t'o.  ha.s  huilt  a  narrow-gauge  road  of  71  inile.s  freiu  1 


lolMul 
i.S   of 

•'■"/"' 
iticll 
V  till' 

:d  ;i: 

•J  IK); 

■-•1  :f, 

l.ilH>. 
.Old.-,- 


rioxs. 


SCHOOLS  AND   EDUCATION. 


605 


a  route,  u'itli 
:1  Pacific,  in- 
1  of  80  miles 
from  east  to 
rizonans  bo- 
th i.s  source; 
,  and  Scott's 
lie  territory. 
c  from  Cali- 
10  at  Vuuia, 
souic  serious 
was  rapidly 
1880,  and  in 
son,  Topi'ka, 
xico.  I'rac- 
■a  road,  con- 
PaciHc  at 
;  conijiaiiy  is 
;  a  tlirou^ii- 
rom  J)(iiiiiii4- 
:)  coniplrtidu 
le  valley  cii- 
)j)eratioiis  in 
i[»K'te(l  tVoin 

COtillo'  tlli'rr 

0  r(iads  wcrr 

any  sjiecial 

they  liu\e 

servanis  of 

uisoly  Imie- 


tlie  K.  I!.  Mtiui- 
[•e  may  I"'  iiniinl 
ws|i,i|pi'r  til' s  (if 
1  //"//'.<'  .S'''/-.(^..<, 
IV  iii((ir]iiirati(iii 
alti'iiilil-  liV  tlio 
I,  1 1.  'J.'i  7.  "'il  •": 

ISTD.  ]..  -IJ  III); 

IDO-Ti.  •J-.'l  :i. 

•VtT    llciMl    ilollO. 

k'.s  froiii  l.iiid.-;' 


Tlif  important'  of  education  has  hoc:i  realized  in 
Ari'.  'iia  fi'oni  the  beginnino'.  In  early  years,  tlie 
sistiis  of  St  Joseph  maintained  a  small  hut  useful 
.school  at  Tucson.  The  fii'st  leijcislature  of  18(14  not 
only  provided  in  the  code  for  the  estaldishino-  of  com- 
mon schools  when  needed,  but  a])pi'o[)riated  small 
sums  for  the  mission  scliool  at  Bac,  and  for  public 
scli('(»is  at  the  larger  town.s.  Pro.scott  alone  took  ad- 
vantage of  this  a|)})ro[)riation,  maintaining  a  [)rivate 
school  ill  1805.  But  no  progress  was  made  for  years, 
hi  1^7!  the  governor  announced  tliat  with  1,923  chil- 
dren Arizona  had  not  a  sin<»'le  I'ublic  school,  thouijh 
Isds  is  generally  given  as  the  date  when  the  first  was 
fdUiided,  bi'causc  in  that  year  was  passed  an  "act  to 
rstaolish  public  schools,"  levying  a.  tax  of  ten  cents  on 
each    hundred  dollars,  and  creating  a  board  of  edu- 

Imru.  N.  Mi'x.,  on  tlie  S.  I'.  R.  11.,  to  their  mines  at  Clifton.  On  a  rn.ad  from 
Tuc-'ii  til  ( Uolic  a  fi'W  miles  liuve  been  gradoil,  tlu;  line  rereiviiii;  a  subsidy  of 
Jildll.lKli)  fiinii  I'ima  eo.  A  road  i.s  also  i)rojcctod  from  Tiic-iin  uii  the  Sta 
(.'niz  to  (':d:iii.iza.s,  eounecting  tile  S.  V.  R.  R.  Iiy  a  direct  line  with  tlie  (!uay- 
iiias  rii.iil;  and  aiiotluT  from  Tucson  to  Port  Loho.i  on  the  gtdf  in  .Soiiora. 
I'lwils  triiiu  MariciH)a  to  I'honix,  and  from  ( 'a.s.i  (Iraude  to  Floreuee  and  Silver 
King,  are  talked  of  and  needed.  A  line  to  coimeet  Toinlistoiie  with  one  of  the 
muin  lines  is  among  the  probabilities  of  the  near  futuri';  or  jierhaiis  the 
Atcliisiiii  extension  may  touch  Tomlistone  on  its  way  to  Fairbanks.  In  the 
north  tli(!  Central  Ariz.  R.  R.  Co.  is  building  a  I'oad  from  the  A.  &  P.  at  a 
[uiiiit  III  ur  A.sh  Fork  southwanl.  Some  SO  miles  have  licen  couniletod,  and 
the  road  is  expected  to  reach  I'reseott  early  in  bSST.  A  hraneli  is  to  be  built 
toJt'MM'.e;  and  the  road  i.s  to  be  continued  down  the  Aiitia  Fria  to  I'honix. 
Ammi^ other  ))ossibilities  arc  a  road  from  Flagstaff  on  the  A.  &  1*.,  through 
the  hiiiitn'r  region  to  (Hobo  and  lieiison,  and  an  extension  of  the  Cal.  Southern 
fiiiiii  the  Needles  to  ^^'ickenburg,  I'honix,  and  Florence,  rredictions  rc- 
sja'ctiiig  these  projected  roads  are  very  hazanlous;  but  if  the  county  is  to 
lirosiiir,  iii.iny  branch  roads  mu.st  and  will  lie  built. 

Till  teU'ur.iiili  was  talked  of  from  ISIiti,  but  nothing  was  done  until  1873, 
wlioi  with  an  approiiriatioii  from  congress,  and  ]iriiiiarily  for  military  juirposcs, 
a  line  was  constructed  from  S.  iJieno  to  Yuma,  and  thence  to  I'rt'scott  and 
Tuc^uii,  being  in  a  few  yeais  I'xtended  to  all  the  military  ]iosts  and  to  .Sta  I'e. 
Three  succi:ssive  ap[)ropriations  amounted  to  .s  I  "JO,  01 10;  and  before  the  R.  R. 
reached  Viima  in  1S77  there  wei'o  about  1,000  miles  of  wire  in  ojieration 
witliiu  the  territory.  This  military  telegraph  was  regarded  as  an  especial 
liuiii'lit  to  Aj'iz.,  as  the  rates  were  much  lower  than  on  corporation  lines. 
^\estcrii  I'liiou  wires  were  however  added,  and  to  some  extent  substituted, 
on  tile  completion  of  the  R.  R. ;  ami  there  are  some  private  or  mining  co, 
liin's  ill  iiperation.  See  gov. 's  messages,  18()-i-71,  187.">,  IS77;  L'.  S.  (lort  Dor,, 
4'.'il  roiig.  2d  sess..  Sen.  .lour.  305,  44.";  Sen.  Doe.  \\;  3d  scss..  Sen.  Doo. 
I'-';  4:M  rniig.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  1204,  23L',  '270;  2dses,s.,  Kept  Sec.  W;ir, 
i.  l'.l,"i  ii;  47th  coiig.  1st  sess.,  II.  Kx.  Doc,  vol.  vii.,  \i.  2I7--7,  being  a  sta- 
tisticil  table;  sec  also  Ariz,  and  Cal.  iicwspajiurs,  cspccidUy  of  1873;  llninU- 
U)»»  l!i.<Mnxs,  12'J;  Widoii))  Hand  book, 'ii^-V3;  HoiUji's  Arii.,''2.VA-\\;  ElUM 
it't'w.,  317. 


COG 


ARIZONAN  INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS 


1 


cation,  with  tlie  governor  and  probate  judges  ;is  v\- 
otfieio  territorial  and  county  superintendents,  (juv- 
ernor  Safford,  particularly,  distinguished  himself  liy  his 
efi'urts  in  this  direction;  a  good  beginning  had  Ixou 
made  by  1873;  and  from  the  close  of  the  ApaolKj 
wars,  progress  was  rapid.  A  new  act  was  j)as!>((l  in 
1875,  increasing  the  tax  to  15  cents,  and  recjuiriuy  a 
county  tax  ef  35  cents — subsequently  increased  to  50 
cents  -and  making  school  attendance  conipiilsoiv, 
though  this  ])r()ved  for  the  most  part  a  dead  icttci', 
Various  supplemental  acts  were  passed  from  session 
to  session;  and  in  1883  a  new  school  law  was  framed, 
under  which  ]Vr.  II.  Sherman  became  superintendent. 
Still  another  law,  with  no  very  radical  changes,  was 
enacted  in  18S5,  and  in  that  year  R.  L.  Long  heeanie 
superinteiidiMit.  The  sj^stem  seems  fully  e(|ual  to 
that  in  other  states  and  territories,  and  the  schools  arc 
rejjorted  as  pros})erous.  As  in  all  new  territnriis, 
children  in  the  more  remote  districts  are  inade(|uately 
providi'd  for;  but  in  all  the  towns  there  are  comuii)- 
dious  school  buildings  and  competent  teachers.''^ 

19  Scliool  statistics  of  1882  show  98  districts,  126  teachers,  10,2S,S  .sdiof.! 
children,  caiid  value  of  .schooldiouses  5!l](),7r)0.  The  avcrajj;e  .sidarv  "f  tcacli- 
ors  is  S7.")  p<r  month.  The  territorial  apjiortiounieut  of  1.S.S4  was  SS,0'.lli,  or  Ni 
cents  for  each  of  i),I}7()  scholars.  County  taxes  for  schools  amount  to  almut 
!?1 00, ()()().  A  uniform  series  of  text-hooks  has  been  used  since  ISS'2.  The 
j)crc(!iitage  of  persons  unable  to  read,  .13oin  1880,  is  larirc,  but  this  is  lirgcly 
due  to  the  Mex.  population.  There  areas  yet  no  institutions  fur  a  Jiiiiliur 
education,  though  there  are  a  dozen  private  schools.  In  Isd-l-")  provisimi 
was  made  for  a  university  and  regents  Mere  ap[>ointcd,  but  notliiu),'  \v;w 
acconijilished.  lu  1881  congress  grantcil  "2  sections  of  govt  land  for  a  luiiv., 
which  were  selected  in  the  timber  region  of  the  S.  Krancisco  Mnuiitaiiis. 
Finally,  in  ISS."),  an  act  was  pass(id  by  the  legislature  to  organize  such  an  in- 
stitution at  fir  near  Tucson,  with  ti  regents,  including  the  gov  and  8ii]iti.t 
oliicio.  A  loan  of  !?'-'."), OtlO  M'as  authorized  on  condition  of  I'inia  in.  giviiii,' 
40  acres  of  laud.  What  prospects  of  success  this  enterprise  may  liavi',  I  ilii 
not  know.  The  school  law  in  its  tinal  form  may  lie  found  in. 1 /■/:.,  Liur-i,  bitli 
sess.,  lIW-70.  C'ompU'te  informatitin  on  the  progress  of  schools,  etc.,  is  i;ivtii 
in  the  governor's  messages,  in  .!  riz.,  Jour.,  18(14  ct  seij. ;  A riz.,  .-d'As  (and  l.iiii'<\ 
,18('i4  et  sei).;  U.  S.  (/(iiiiiiii.sKiDiirr  o/  Eiliic.  Ii'tjH)//-:,  18()',)  ct  se(j.;  [',  S.  Cm- 
SII.1,  !Hh  and  lOth,  1870-80;  IL  S.  Sfa/ii/C'^,  4(ith  cong.  .'id  sess.,  H2t);  C.  S. 
(f'ort  Dor.,  4:td  cong.  1st  sess.,  II.  Mis.  Doc.  8;{;  sec  also  .1//;.,  Hi^/.  (10.  &l'o.), 
147  '.•;  Hdiiiiltoii'.i  /iV.so/ovr.s,  247-ol ;  llhiloii'.s  lluinl-liook,  W'i^:  lloihii'i  .\fr.., 
l!»li  !);  Il,,iit\i  Ariz.,  .MS.,  5-7;  Siijl'ori/',s  Arizomi,  in  S.  F.  Syir'd  of  lln' Turn'', 
Dec.  2."i,  1877;  Ariz.  SrnijM,  57;  jlujt.s'  Srriii>.t,  Ariz.,  v.  10;  vi.  Hi,  'JIHi. 

Provision  was  made  by  tiie  first  legislature  in  18(14  for  a  territorial  library 
at  the  capital,  to  contain  ndscellancous  as  well  as  law  books;  tliroiiL'h  tlio  hi- 
duuuuo  of  McOorniick,  a  cousidorable  (j^uautity  of  books  was  ubtainul  fruiii 


oxs. 

ido-fs  as  ex- 
ciits.  (,lov- 
intselfliylii.s 
\r  liad  been 
;lio  Apacho 
,s  passed  ill 
rccjuiriu^'  a 
'casfd  to  50 
colli]  lulsorv, 
dead  Icttor. 
roiii  scssiuii 
was  tVaiiK'd, 
ci'iiitcntK'iit. 
Iian^'cs,  wiis 
lOno-  Kci'.-iiiii' 
\y  ('(|iial  ti) 
)  schools  aru 
'  torritorics, 
iia(l('(|uatily 
aiv  coiaiiM- 
liers.''^ 


iUl 


ut 


](),'JSS  school 
U'V  "f  toai'li- 
s  S.S.O'.Ki,  or  hi) 
ouiit  til  aliout 
Lo  ISS'j.  The 
.  tlii.s  is  l:ii'i;i'ly 
s  f(ir  a  liij,'licr 

nil-.')   ]llMVlsioll 

it  iiiitliiiii,'  w;w 
iiiil  fof  a  uriiv., 
,ro  Mimutailis. 
iiz(!  .siuli  ail  ill- 
IV  aiiil  8ii|it  tx 
'iiiia  Oil.  givii^' 
may  liavo,  I  ilo 
/•/:.,  L'lii--!,  Kith 
ils,  (■ti'.,  is  trivi-'ii 
|.'/s(auil  Liii:<), 
i'({.;  (L  S.  On- 

;,'->.,  .•!'-'(;;  r.  .•?. 
//;-/.  (!•;.&  Co.), 

'11/  if  tlic  Tiiiii% 

;\.  '.i|,  -(H). 
n-itorial  liln-iry 
tlir(i\iL'li  tiiL'  111- 
ubtauKil  from 


LIBRARY   AND   NP^WSPAPER.S. 


607 


the  east,  as  a  beginning;  and  the  journals  of  the  oarly  scs.'iions  contain  cala- 
hiijufs  of  the  collection.  According  to  the  governor's  message  of  1877,  tlin 
lilirary  then  contained  2,'200  vols,  worth  .*8,'J00.  Respecting  the  status  of 
this  institution  in  recent  y<,'ars,  I  have  found  no  information. 

The  lil)rary  was  to  have  a  'historical  dejiartnunt '  for  tlie  especial  pemer- 
v.itiou  of  all  written  and  printed  mattiir  pertaining  to  the  territory.  Wiien- 
cvir  tlie  accumulation  of  MS,  was  sufUcient  for  a  vol.  of  'JOO  p.,  it  was  to 
lift  puliHshed  at  the  public  expense.  At  the  same  time  an  Histoi-ieal  Snciety 
was  or_'aiii/ed  an<l  chartered.  A  few  years  later  tliis  society  and  a  Pioneer 
Assoiiation  had  united  and  opened  a  lihrai'y  and  reading-room  at  Prescott; 
hut  in  the  blooily  ordeal  through  whic;h  Ariz,  was  called  to  pass,  all  tlieso 
jii-;ii.--cw(irtliy  enterprises  come  to  naught.  At  the  hegiiining  of  1S.S4,  how- 
i;\xr,  a  new  Pioneiir  .Society  was  organized,  which,  I  thiniv,  still  exists,  witli 
some  prospects  of  usefulness.  Ariz.  Hiit.  Sit<\,  C/inHi-.r,  ctr..,  Prescott,  18()4, 
IJiiui,  l(i  p.;  /(/.,  Coiiip.  Ldirs,  a41;  lloircll  (_'ni/i.,  171;  I/ni/r.i'  Si'ni}i.'>;  Ariz., 
ii.  ;f.s-',),  llM);  l[oijt\<i  Ariz.,  MS.,  .S-l;  S^u:  AWonl-Union,  Pel).  -J,  ISS-l 

The  various  .secret  and  otlu'r  societies  of  Masons,  Odd  l'"elli)W.s,  <!tc.,  are 
liniily  estal)lished  in  most  of  the  Arizona  towns;  and  a  very  g(.od  account  of 
siu'li  organizations  is  found  in  the  work  of  Elliott  &('o.  Hamilton,  /'r.-<nii rc<:% 
]i.  'J.'l-;!,  and  K.  &  Co.,  p.  lijl  .S,  give  eluirch  stati.-tics,  from  wliirh  it  appears 
that  tiiere  are  'J.>  churches  in  the  territory,  of  wlueh  the  cat!ioli"s — under  .1. 
B.  Salpiiintc^  as  Ijishopof  Tucson — have  8,  the  nietlio  lists — w'th  ('<.  H.  Adams 
as  [iresulcnt  of  the  mission — (1,  liapti,-ts4,  jiresliyterians  .'?,  congregationalists 
L',  and  episcopalians  0,  besides  the  Mormon  churches  on  tlu;  Colorado  Chi- 
(luito,  (ilia,  and  Salt  River.  The  ligures  gisen  rei»resent  cliureli  buildings, 
hut  tlie  dillerent  associations  do  some  missionary,  clMritable,  ami  Sunday- 
.sclidol  work  in  other  settlements.  There  are  also  some  religious  exercises — 
hoth  Christian  and  aboriginal — on  the  dillerent  Ind.  reservatinii.s.  Aecor  ling 
ti.i  the  census  of  1S70,  there  were  only  4  eliurclujs,  worth  .':''_'4, ('()().  Tl'.e  finest 
(ililiee  is  the  old  mission  church  at  l>ac,  where  services  are  held  every  Sunday. 

A  list  of  Arizona  newspapers  in  1884  is  given  by  I'^Uiott  &  Co.  as  Inllows: 
I'hn'iiix  (j).  and  W.)  Ariz.  (;ii-.</.f,\  from  'SO,'  li.  11.  McNeil,  editoiv  I'ho'uix 
(b.  an<l  W.)  J/indil,  from  '7'.',  N.  A.  .Morfonl,  ed.  Plueiiix  (\V.)  I'liimi,  from 
'.s;>,  Auuirre  &  Cells,  cd.  Plnenix  (\\'.}  Mtrnirio,  from  "84,  F.  T.  Pavila,  cd. 
i  littdii  (^V.)  (liirion,  from  'SI?,  1).  i^.  Sayre,  im1.  Tucson  (1).  and  W.)  Ci'.izfn, 
tioiii  '70,  W.  \V.  lIay^^■ard,  ed.  Tucson  (\V.|  Miiiiii;/  Iiii/(.i\  from  "S.S,  (1.  W. 
liaitur,  eil.  Tucson  (I).  an<l  W.)  Sf'ir,  from  '77,  b.  C.  Hughes,  ed.  Tucson 
(\V.)  /,/'(•''  .ilrirk  Jiiuniiit,  from  '84,  Cameron,  ed.  Tucson  (W.)  Fruntrrizn,  from 
'7S,  C.  I.  Velasco,  ed.  Tucson  (\V.)  ,1/-/:.  McIIidiUM,  from  '81,  (ieo.  |[. 
Ail.niis,  ed.  yuijotoa  (W.)  J'rii.-tp(r/nr,  from  'S4,  H.  Hrook,  ed.  (Jlobe  (W.) 
Ari-..  Silrn-  B(l/,ivt)m  '78,  A.  11.  Hackney,  ed.  I'reseott  (1).  and  \V.)  .i  riz. 
J'liniiil,  from  '7'2,  J.  C.  Martin,  cd.  Prescott  (i).  and  ^\'. )  ('(Hiricr,  from  '82, 
J.  II.  M.irion,  ed.  I'reseott  (1).  and  \V.)  .1/7:.  Miiiir,  from  '(14,  \V.  O.  O'N'eil, 
cl.  l''lagstatl' (W. )  ( 'Ii'iiii]>ii)n,  from  'S;{,  A.  K.  Pay,  ed.  Tond)stone  (1).  and 
W.)  L)ii/.,i]i/i,  from  'SO,  C.  1).  Repiiy,  ed.  Benson  (VV.)  Ifcnili/,  from  '8:5,  \V. 
A.Nash,  ed.  Florence  (W.)  Ariz,  h'lift'rjirixi',  from '80,  L.  F.  Weeiliii,  ed. 
.St  John  (\V.)  Orion  Era,  from  '8,'i,  M.  P.  Romney,  eil.  .St  .bihn  (W.)  A]iarlic 
Vhiif,  from  '84,  (ieo.  A.  McC.irter,  I'.l.  Mineral  P.irk  (W.)  Mnjnn'  <'n.  Miner, 
from  S-J,  .1.  .1.  Hvde,  e.l.  Yuma  (\V.)  Ariz.  S<  ni.inrl,  from  '71,  .1.  W.  Dor- 
rintrtnii,  ed.  Hol'lirook  (\V.)  V'/'wra,  from  '84,  H.  Reed,  cd.  Wilcox  (\V.) 
Siiljiliiir  I'dl.  Xcir.t,  from  '84,  Monta,i;ue,  ed.  SeviTal  other  p.ipers,  suspended 
liL-fore  '84,  have  been  incidentally  mentioned  elsewhere.  The  ohlest  was  t!ie 
Ariz'iiiiiiii,  pui).  at  TiU)ae  and  Tucson,  in  18r)8-'.(.  Tlu'  jiioneer  press  used  for 
this  paper  was  later  u.sed  for  the  Toml)stone  A'«;/;/''/,  and  was  retidereil  worth- 
k'ss  1)\  ..III'  <>i  the  tires,  ace.  to  K.  it  Co.  The  Miitcnil  I'ark-  Miner  of  .\ug.  'AO, 
.V5,  iiii-mlions  the  C.i.sa  (ininde  Vdicf.  0/  Ariz.,  I'hcenix  '['(rrilnrinl  Vlironicb', 
one  a;  K.ingnvi»n,  ai4d  another  at  Nogah^s,  making  '2S  at  that  date.  .'See  al.so 
Phi., ./ill's  X>r.s)i.  />ir.,  l;»7  et  se((.;  A'./cA /'.s  Pir^  Tiir.nn,  1881,  p.  .S8-<.t;  I'nr. 
'■'"■■  />//■..  l871-;\  p.  104-;-);  Tio:m<i  D.  Citizen,  Oct.  14,  ISSO;  S.  F.  liidktin, 
tV'h.  (i,  liSsB. 


m' 

Ul^  pHp'i^r 

J  g^Brg  Hlf: 

IJ\ 


i  ,  ■ 


liiiii 


i  ^, 


*.. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

COUNTIES  AND  TOAVNS   OF  ARIZONA. 

18G4-1887. 

County    Map — Apache   Copnty — Coal,   Live-stock,    and    Mormons— St 
John  and  HouiUOOK — Yavapai— Mines  of  Gold  and   Silvkr— Citv 

of     PuksCOTI — MOJAVE    AND    PaH-UtE — MiNINO    DISTRICTS— MiNEKAL 

Park — Yuma— Colorado  Bottom — Gold  Placers — Hot  Deskuts— 
Yi'MA  City  and  EiiRENiiEKii — Pima- A  Land  of  History  and  Tra- 
dition— PAI'AUUERiA--TucaON  THE  METROPOLIS — Ql'LIOTOA— CoCIIISK— 

Land  of  the  Chiricahuas — Mineral  Wealth — Tombstone,  Blsbee, 
BENst)N,  AND  WiLLi'ox— New  Co!-nties  of  the  Gila  Valley- Mari- 
copa— Farms  and  Canals — Piuenix — Pinal  County — Mining  ash 
Aoricultuke  —  Florence  —  Casa  Grande  —  Gila  County  — (! lobe- 
Graham   COUNTV— CtRAZINO  LaNUS  AND   CoPPER  MiNES — PlEBLO  VlEJO 

Valley — Sjolomonville  and  Cliiton. 

A  MAP  showing  the  county  boundaries,  as  accurately 
as  is  possible  on  a  small  scale,  is  given  on  the  next 
page.  Apache  county,  so  named  from  the  Indian 
tribe,  or  ])erhaps  immediately  from  the  fort,  has  an 
area  of  20,940  square  miles.,  ranking  second  in  extent 
It  was  created  from  Yavapai  by^  act  of  1879  and  cur- 
tailed in  1881  by  the  cutting-off  of  that  part  of  Gra- 
ham between  the  Black  and  Gila  rivers.  The  county 
seat  was  originally  at  Snowiiake,  but  was  moved  to 
Springerville  in  1880,  and  to  St  John  in  1881.  That 
portion  north  of  latitude  35°,  or  of  the  railnuul,  is  a 
regiori  of  plateaux  and  mesas  from  4,000  to  7,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  with  peaks  rising  to  nearly 
twice  those  heights.  The  few  streams  run  in  deep 
canons  and  are  dry  in  summer,  and  though  the  ]ilateau 
produces  good  grass,  the  country  is  for  the  most  part 
valueless  for  agricultural  purposes.     Here,  however, 


Mormons— St 

I    SlLVKU— CiTV 

iicTrt— Mineral 
loT  Dksehts— 
Toiiy  AND  Tka- 
roA — Cochise— 

3ST0NE,    BlSDKE, 

Valley-  Mari- 

r_MlSIXO  AND 
:NTY  — (I  LOBE— 
— PlEBLO  VlEJO 


ArACHE  COUNTY. 


009 


aro  iiniucnso  coal  deposits,  which  arc  sure  to  assume 
niiiit  vnhie  in  time.  Tlie  northern  ])ortion  is  covered 
liv  tlie  Moqui  and  Xavajo  Indian  reservations,  liavinjj 


V^  yo  Sk    F'   ■'  '^ 


C'diNiii.s  'II'  .\i;i/iiN\. 


practically  no  wlute  iiilialiitants.  The  ^fncjui  towns 
iiiid  the  ruins  of  Chclly  Canon  ar(>  anioiijj;  the  most 
iiitnvsthig  relics  of  anti({uity  tii  ho  found  in  the  United 
•'  't  s;  Fort  Defiance  is  the  oldest  post  in  the  county ; 
ami  the  famous  'diamond-fields,'  of  1S72  are  to  ho 
found — on  the  map-     in  the  extreme  north.     South 

lU>i,  Aki^.  a.nu  N.  Me.v.    31) 


j^! 


:.:':  n 


»■ 


i;  ' ,     ii 


610 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


of  the  railroad  the  county  is  well  watered  by  the 
Cftlorado  Cliiquito  and  its  branches,  supporting-  a 
population  of  nearly  (5,000,  a  ])roniinent  elcnuiit  be- 
ini!;'  the  AEornions,  numbering  about  J], 000,  and  wjiosc 
occupation  dates  from  187(5-7.  Besides  the  gia/.iu'r 
and  farming  lands,  there  are  valuable  forests  of  piiiu. 
The  extreme  south,  about  Fort  Apache,  i.s  included 
in  the  San  Carlos,  or  White  Mountain,  Indian  reser- 
vation. St  John,  the  county  seat,  is  a  thriving  viliaiic 
of  over  1,000  inhal)itants,  with  two  newspa[)cr.s ;  and 
Holbrook  on  the  railroad,  with  a  ])opulation  of  about 
500  and  one  newspaper,  is  the  distributing  point  tur 
a'U  the  county.^ 

Yavapai  county,  so  named  from  the  Indian  tiilie, 
was  one  of  the  four  original  counties  created  by  the 
first  legislature  of  18G4.  At  that  time  it  included  over 
half  of  the  whole  territory — all  north  of  the  Gila  and 
east  of  the  meridian  of  113°  20';  and  it  still  comprises 
more  than  one  fourth,  with  an  area  of  about  •J^s.UOO 
te({uare  miles."     North  of  latitude  35',  or  of  the  rail- 

*Tho  successive  county  changes  have  l)(>cn  noticed  in  diaj).  xxi.,  in  cimiieo- 
tion  with  legislative  proceeilings;  so  also  tiie  Iml.  reservatioiis,  coal-liel  Is, 
Mormons,  anil  some  otiicr  topics  in  other  cliapters.  Census  .statir)tics  of  ISXJ 
are  as  follows:  jiop.  ^.'JS.S;  liy  towns,  St  .lohn  54(!,  Sininuervillr  'M'A,  Simw- 
Hake  275,  Bi-igham  City  191,  Walker  !().">,  Sunset  Uil,  Wooilrutl'  lid;  im.  (if 
farms  'J(),  value  Sfi-.oUti,  im[ili'inents,  etc.,  S4,;}S4,  produce  StiS.'.MU);  lwih, 
barley  '20.701  liush.,  wheat  11,07'),  corn  4,;!()S,  oats  i)M;  improved  kind  '<.'.ib\) 
acres;  liorses  005,  mules  and  asses  7"2,  oxeu  440,  cows  l,01l.'?,  cattl'  H.S,", 
sheei)  ;{(),(■)()(),  swine  !Ui;  wool  8I),0H1  Ihs.,  Initter  5,742  Ihs.,  cheese  IM.N.'i  llis,, 
value  of  live-stock  §l'2.'i,ll!l2;  assessment  S^OOO,000,  tax  §15,570.  llaiailtim's 
Stat,  for  1SS2  :i  are,  jiop.  0,810,  St  .lolni  1,200,  Holhrook  500  (200  a^v.  t.iK. 
&  Co.);  land  under  cultivation  1H,000  acres,  cattle 4I{,()00,  horses  8,000,  inukd 
1,500,  sheep  OOD.OOO;  assessed  valuation  of  all  jiroperty  in  1S84  Sl,0!)(l.(l(K). 

'I'hc,  stock  industry  is  rajiidly  increasing  in  late  years.  E.  &  Co.  stat'.'  that 
the  Mormon  .settlements  have  been  nearly  aliiindoneil  on  account  of  alkah  in 
the  soik  Tlie  St  John  pajjcrs  are  the  Ajutrhc  C/iiif  and  Orion  Ern,  i\\r  lattir 
a  Mormon  organ;  at  Holbrook  is  published  the  Tiinaf.  Near  llolhnicik  iiii 
extensive  petrilied  forests.  Winslow  is  a  new  railroad  town  in  tlie  east,  cm- 
respiiuding  nearly  to  tlie  old  lirigliam  City.  Elien  Stanley  of  la,  a  soMiei' in 
the  war  of  1801-4,  tirst  came  to  Aii/.  with  a  dr(  .e  of  govt  cattle  in  ivlii, 
returning  in  180!>.  For  seven  yeais  he  was  a  chief  of  scouti  undei'  ( !cn.  <  rnnk, 
ami  since  ]87i>  has  been  raising  stock  near  Springerville.  lie  has  a  M'iu, 
Mary  Stickard,  and  two  cliildren.  K.  C.  Kimler,  engaged  in  sheep-raisin.', 
ia  a  native  of  Ilk,  who  canu;  from  Cal.  in  1870. 

■'A  ]iart  of  .Maricopa  was  cut  oil  in  1871  and  1877,  part  of  Pinal  in  IST'i. 
Apache  in  1870,  part  of  (lila  in  l.ss|,  and  finally  a  part  of  Mojave  in  IS.'ili. 
See  legisl.  acts  in  chap.  xxi.  Hanulton  gi^es  the  area  as  S0,()I5  sq.  m.,  Imt 
he  seems  not  to  have  accounted  lor  the  loss  of  the  N.  w.  corner.  Iv  &  (.'n. 
make  the  area  87,000  m. 


1,  ,,n 


tored  by  the 
suppcn-tiiig'  a 
element  be- 
lO,  and  whose 
s  tlie  !j,r;t/.iii^' 
a'csts  ut'  jiiiR', 
e,  is  incliidLii 
Indian  ifser- 


age 


irivniji;  vil 
;'spa[)ers;  and 
,tion  of  al)out 
,ing  point  fur 

Indian  trihc, 
reated  by  the 
i  included  over 

the  (Jihi  and 
still  eoni[irisL'.s 

about  28,000 
or  of  the  rail- 

li.'Hi.  xxi.,  in  conneo- 

•vatioiis,  ciial-llills 

ius  st;iti»tif>s  111'  l.v>0 

;i:rvilK'  .'!()(,  Snow- 

I'ooiliMitl'  (iii;   iiu.  of 

npnivc'il  laiiil  'i.lWJ 

l,ti'.i:{,  ciittl.'  H.S,", 

,  cliooso  tU.S.')  Ills, 

fj.oTO.      llaniiltuirj 

:M)  (200  avc.  tn  E. 

;iorsos  ;^,00l).  iiiukii 

1SS4S1.0'.I0,(IIKI. 

E.  &  C.i.  statr  tllilt 

|aco<mut  (if  iilkuli  in 

1//  h'ni,  the  lattit 

Mcar  Udllii-i'iik  lire 

wii  in  the  uust,  fur- 

(if  I:i,  a  sdl.iicriii 

i\  t  eallk'  ill  !N'''li, 

viuik-r  <  leu.  '  nii'l;, 

lo.      111.'  hus  a  wilt, 

1  ill  slic('pi;iisiii..', 

rt   of  Pinal  in  l\;'i. 
if  Mdjavc  ill  ISSX 

;w,oir)  sq.  m.,  i'>it 

coru(jr.     iv  li  t-'^' 


YAVAPAI  COUNTY. 


Oil 


road,  is  the  Colorado  plateau,  cut  to  a  depth  of  1,000 
t(i  (i.t)OO  feet  by  the  grand  canon  of  the  gi-eat  river, 
and  liy  the  hardly  less  wonderful  canons  of  the  Colo- 
rado Chiquito  and  other  liranches.  This  region  has 
some  fine  forests  and  extensive  grazing  lands,  but  as  a 
rule  little  watcT  available  for  agriculture;  and  it  is  for 
tlu'  most  part  unoccupied,  excc})t  by  the  Hualaiiai  and 
Suppai  Indians,  and  i>y  a  few  Mormons  on  the  Utah 
frontier.  South  of  latitude  35^  the  country  is  moun- 
tainous, but  has  many  fertile  valleys,  of  which  tliat  of 
the  \'erde  is  most  extensive.  It  is  well  tind)ered,  and 
lias  in  most  j)arts  })lenty  of  water,  the  climate  being 
the  most  agreeable  t(j  be  found  in  the  territory.  Here 
the  lands  arc  tilled  to  some  extent  without  irrigation. 
All  the  mountains  are  rich  in  the  precious  metals;  but 
most  of  the  mines,  as  of  the  population,  about  10,000 
S(!uls — perhaps  considerably  more" — are  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  the  county.  Prescott,  founded  in 
18G4  on  Granite  Creek,  at  an  altitude  of  ai)out  5,500 
feet,  is  delightfully  situated,  and  has  many  fine  build- 
ings of  wood,  brick,  and  stone.  ^Fore  than  others  in 
Arizona,  it  is  described  as  resembling  an  eastern  town. 
In  18()4-7,  Prescott  was  the  temporary  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, and  since  1877  has  been  the  permanent  cap- 
ital: it  has  many  large  mercantile  establishments;  is 
Will  sup]jlied  with  banks  and  with  public  buildings; 
and  lias  three  daily  newspiipcrs,  incduding  the  Arizona 
Miner,  the  (ddest  journal  of  the  territory.  Its  [)opu- 
lation  is  about  2,000.  Flagstatr,  with  perhaps  500  in- 
habitants, is  the  leading  railroad  town,  and  the  centre 
of  an  active  lumliering  and  mercantile  industry.  The 
Arizona  Central  llailroad  to  connect  l*rescott  with  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  in  the  north,  and  with  IMuenix 
in  the  south,  is  expected  to  accomplish  great  things 
f'r  the  capital  and  for  the  country.* 

^  Hamilton  gives  the  pop.  in  1S82  as  27,*)80,  which  is  donhtless  a  groat  ex- 
aggeration, though  I  have  no  iiierns  of  detei'miniiiL;  tlie  correct  ligures.  Ace. 
t'l  the  U.  iS.  census  of  ISSO,  Yavapai  had  a  pop.  of  ."),()l."i,  and  I're.seott  l,S.S(i. 
iliiil^e  gives  the  county  pop.  a.s  l;>,7:>S>in  ISTO.  iliiiton,  l.j,000  in  1S7S.  All 
tills  is  Very  confusing. 

'  t  euHus  statistics  of  1880  are  as  follows:  no.  of  farms  244,  extent  4,"),01.S  a., 
avuragc   size    184  a.,  improved    ]1,'_'3'J  a.,  value  SIJISTjUoO,    val.    iiiiplements 


■1 

j 

1 

1 

11  III  ill 

hit- 

«-;;'  1  n  IHHt 

nMuil 

1 

ill::     I 


!'!■ 


in 


l!  11 


n 


V  ¥  ■' 


m 


612 


COUNTIKS   ANM)  TOWN'S   OK  ARIZONA. 


^[ojavo,  uamod  tV(Hii  tin.'  Iiuliiiu  triho,  was  iiiniriMr 
of  tlu,"  four  {•ouiitus  oi'i^uiiizcd  iu  18(»4.     At  tliiit,  time 

l?'J( >..'!.">•.';  Imrsiw  'JJlS,',  iimiIin  '.'(iT.  oxcii  'JSll,  iiiilk-cuws  l,!i;>l'p,  cattli'  l-',(t;u, 
k1ic>|i  ."U.OM),  swilU'  iiTO,  viiliic  (it  live-stnik  .S4.'i.").r)(CJ;  woul  clili  2<ll,;iJI  11.-,  ; 
inilU  s,,ii|  -J'l/Mi't^iA.,  liiittir:il,.S'.l51lis.,  clictM'  7,().")(tlliN, :  ciniint  l.;iili>  li;,'.;i|' 
Imsli.,  ((pfii  11, Ml.  wlicit  ."),(I7<I.  \.iliH!(it'  fai'iii  |iri"liuc  .'i<l-l!l,,s7'_'.  a.•'s^•^^llll■|lt 
tsl.SOS,  l(i-_',  .lcl)t  .^I.VJ.r.TO,  tax  .-di^'JOL'.  llainilldii's  istat.  loi-  |,S,s:i  arc,  r;itll.; 
Tu.tWW),  htifttvH  (i,(HI(),  iiiul.'.s  •J.IMHI,  fswiiH'  IJKH),  sliicp  .'id.OOd;  lan.l  niltiv. 
I't.olM)  a.;  asMiissinciit  lor  1.S.S4.  ."^ILTs.*), Kll.     V..t<'  in  iss'J.  •J.ITl. 

J'rcsciitt  i.s  also  tl;c  iiiililary  lii'ail(|iiartt'r.s  of  the  (I'lfitmy,  Ft  \\'ln|p[ilc  1,(.. 
iiiu;  sitiiattil  at  a  di.staiu  c  ui  <iiily  ciiiu  mile,  ami  ( 'aiii|>  NuiiK-  alpniii  ."ill  m.  (i>t. 
It  has  twii  toiritorial  lilirarius,  law  and  niiscfUaniinis.  Then!  is  a  liiii'  luick 
Hi^hiKil-hiuisL'  anil  .")  chniclu.'s.  'I'lio  newspapers  are  llu'  Miin  r  (ust;ili.  hy  (.uv. 
.Mc( 'niinieU  iu  1S(14),  Jininiiil,  ami  < 'nnriir.  Simu!  of  the  _//;-.v/  tliiM;:;s  uie  us 
follows:  1st  lioiisc  of  Ions  Flenry's,  still  .standinj^';  1st  eler^'yinaii  Wm 
H.  Iveid,  who  cstal).  a  Sunday -seliool  in  'M;  1st  niarria>,'e  .1.  II.  I'lrlo.ii 
to  Maiy  .1.  Khle,  Nov.  17,  Vi4,  liy  (iov.  Ooodwin;  tiist  ehihl  lioin  Mull;,  Sim- 
mons  .Ian.  !(,  '(15;  1st  liall  Nov.X,  (14;  1st  Ma.sonie  lod^e '(i."),  Odd  I'lllnws 
'liiS;  1st  ami  only  earth(jiiake  '71;  tele{,'i'ai>h  '~'\.  U'own  ineoriioiated  IhNi  ami 
I.SIS.S.  ,1/r,.,  /IfYs,  llth  isess.,  i:!!!;  I'Jth  sess..  (Hi  |07.  Sec;  also  on  I'reseott,  cs- 
jieeially  its  cailier  hi.stoiy,  besides  Hinton,  ilaniilton,  and  KUiott  i'(;  Cu,, 
J/(ii/(s'  Srritjis,  Ariz.,  i.  |{l7,  -'(H>,  -'li'.»;  ii.  I'JO  2;  //m/.y.i  Arh..,  It,  I  IN  ,"il; 
Jl,)'ij/:.i  Ariz.,  iMS,,'J7  8;  I'.  S.  <l,>rl  Dor.,  \\\\t\\  eonji.  •Jd'ses.s.,  II.  Misrel.  l),io. 
24;  Iwl.  Aff.  Ilipt,  ISG4,  y.  l.").');  J.amI  Off.  /.V;//,  iSOi'),  p.  120;  Mr(„n,il<i'.i 
OniliiDi,  .Itlly  4,  IN()4,  l2nio,  I.")  Ji;  /{iriliii'/'.-i  .lc;vw.s'  , I ;//()-.,  .■l'.»7  4IS;  .1,;-.. 
Smqis,  120  4;  /'rr.-<rn//.  Miwr,  .Ian.  2ti,  Mar.  '.),  -lunu  2!>,  .Inly  20.  I've.  •Jl, 
1877;  Dee.  27,  1878;  June  II,  ISM);  'J'ruwiiti,  in  ,>)'.  /'.  Bidlitin,  M  ly -'i-  '^liT; 
J'r(>iriit/  Arizonidii,  Aug.  17,  1^7'.*;    'J'iir.siiii  S/nr,  .Mar.  tJ,  187'.). 

Otiier  towns  of  Yavapai  aie  sinijily  iinning  eairijis,  one  of  tlie  most  tlniir- 
ishin^  lieiiig  deronie,  at  the  United  Vei'du  ( 'o.  s  eoppiT  mines,  witii  almut  luU 
inhal).  .Mini's  of  this  and  otiier  counties  have  been  hiielly  notieed  in  tlie  [ni- 
ceding  chapter.  Flai;stali'  is  noted  for  its  stone  stort',  its  elevation  of  li,.'ilK) 
ft,  and  line  climate,  its  forests,  mills,  game,  and  farming  lands.  A  trail  leailj 
to  the  wonderful  (irand  t'anon,  hut  I'each  Springs  is  the  R.  K.  statioiineaivst 
to  that  most  woudciful  natural  attraction,  and  al.so  to  the  Jlualapai  Imi.  rus- 
ervatiou. 

I'auline  Weaver,  one  of  tlie  earliest  Americans  wlio  visited  Ari/.,  |iii'liiiii.s 
liefore  KS.'iO,  certainly  as  early  as  I8;{2,  was  a  native  of  Tenu.,  ahout  wlmse 
life  in  detail  veiy  little  is  known.  ll(!  was  a  famous  trapper  and  e.\|iliiri  r, 
ae(|uainted  with  all  the  liroad  interior  and  its  Ind.  trilies.  He  <liscoviieil  in 
ISIi2  the  Colorado  jilaeers,  and  the  next  years  the  }lassayaini)a  mines,  in  tlic 
district  heai'ing  his  name.  In  18(1.1  ho  was  tilling  a  pati'h  of  land  on  the  siiiiio 
stream.  I  have  not  found  the  date  or  cireinnstames  of  his  death.  .)osi|ili  U. 
AValker  crossed  Ai'i/.  between  I8HU  and  1840,  was  captain  of  the  ])rosimti  r.s 
of  18()1  S,  and  discoverer  of  many  mines  in  Yavajpai.  For  a  biog.  siatili  et 
tiiis  lamous  guide  and  mountaineer,  see  Pioneer  Registe-r,  iu  If  iff.  CiiL,  w 
A.  E.  Fay  of  N.  Y.  came  to  Ariz,  iu  187t),  and  for  two  years  edited  tlir  Tuc- 
son St'ir:  was  clerk  of  the  lOth  legisl.;  establishe  I  the  Tombstone  yi",i;i'l  in 
lS7!t;  was  clerk  of  the  house,  12tii  legist.;  and  iu  I88.'<  started  the  Ari-wt 
CiMiiqtiiiii  at  Flagstati',  where;  he  now  resides  as  proprietor  ami  business  eilitnr 
of  till'  [lapi'r.  liis  wile  was  Amanda  Hickliu.  Kdniond  W.  Wells,  a  lawvir 
of  I'ri'scott,  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  who  came  to  the  territory  in  18(14.  lie  was 
for  a  time  clerk  in  the  i.).  M.  dept,  and  has  been  threi;  times  a  member  nl  tiie 
council.  His  wife  was  Rosa  Haughart,  and  they  have  four  children.  Wm 
U'llkerson  of  Mo.  crossed  the  plains  to  Cal.  in  ISI.'i,  and  came  to  Aiiz.  in 
IStlil,  mining  for  a  time  at  Lyn.x  Creek,  lie  was  tor  many  years  cleik  "f  tlie 
district  and  supreme  courts,  and  was  four  times  elected  county  reoordi  r.  He 
resides  at  I'rescott  with  his  wife,  who  was  Hattie  Skiukle.  S.  t'.  Diektii.sun, 
a  native  of  N.  Y.,  came  to  the  territory  in  1875,  and  is  a  farincr  at  I'lte 
Creek,  w  ith  a  wife  and  several  children.     Joseph  R.   Walker,  born  lu  Mo. 


% 


v.m 


'as  illlntlli'l' 

b  thill,  time 

1,  I'attlc  l'.',(i:U, 
li|i  -^(iMt-J)  IKs,; 
..|l.;irlf\  ll'i.'.lU 
ST'J.  as.sc,-.>liiriil 

|S.S:i  HIT.   (Mttlu 

III;    hilid    lUltiv. 

n. 

Ft  Willi, [lie  '"  ■ 
li(i\lt  .'iD  III.  cot. 
i't;  is  II  liiir  lirifk 

(ust:il>.  Iiy  lii'V. 
rst   tllilljjs  iur  IIS 

c'li  rgviiiiiii   Will 

.1.    II.     lMrk„„l 

liiiiii  Miill'v  Siiii- 

i.").   Olid     I'VlluMS 

Mifiiti'il  KSM  mill 
I  on  I'ru.sriitt.  i'.>- 
.  KUiott  iS:  In., 
W:.,  U,  14.^  :,\; 
II.  Mi.snl.  l),r. 
•Jl);  Mr(„niiid'.^ 

,  :!'.i7  -US;  .1,;-.. 

uly  -3).  l>,v.  -Jl. 
'Jii,  M  IS  :>.  biiT; 

if  the  iii(i>t  tliiiir- 
,,  with  iilicut  mo 
iticfil  ill  thi-'  I'l'i'- 
■itinll  111   li..'ilH) 

A  ti'nil  K'liils 
stiitiiiii  ik;ii'i.--t 
lulaiiiii  Iml.  res- 

Ari/.,  iiii'liuiw 
,,  alidut  wiinse 

mill  t'.\[lln)vl', 

t;  (liscovrii-il  ill 
[111  iiiint's,  in  tlie 

ml  on  till'  siiiiie 
ith.     ,li)si|iii  U. 

the  prosiiri'ti  r.s 
ioj.'.  skcti'li  ul 
1  llhi.  r,(/.,  V. 

cditi'il  ihr  'i'lif- 
istoiio  y ii'j'j't  ill 
tuil  the  .  I /■;-.•.».( 

liusilie.-i.s  rilitor 

S,   II  lllWVlT 

1SI)4.      Uewii.^ 

iiieiiiliiT  "1  'III' 

eiiiUlivii.     Will 

line  to  Ariz,  in 

irs  clerk  < it  the 

y  reoorilrv.    Hf 

C.  Dickfiisnii, 

inner  at  I'^tc 

.   born   in  -^1". 


W 


MOJA\K  COUNTY. 


613 


ir  iiirludcd  all  that  i)art  of  Xiivada  south  of  latiiiulo 
:;7,  tlic  t'oiiiity  seat  hciii^n'  Ilarclyvillc  Jii  isCif)  ail 
imiih  of  l{<iai'iiH4'  Ka[)i(l,  or  about  Wb"  .")()',  was  si.'t  off 
as  raii-L'tf  county,  with  the  county  scat  at  CalK  illo, 
iiiiiNcil  tlic  next  year  to  St  Thomas.  In  IS(i<!tliat 
]i;iit:  of  hoth  counties  lyiiiiLjf  west  of  the  ( 'oiorado  and 
liiii^iliide  I  14  was  attached  to  Nevada;  in  1871  what 
was  lelt  (jf  J*ah-Utc  was  reattacjied  to  ^roja\c;  in 
ls77  tlio  county  seat  was  moved  to  jNIiiu'ral    Park; 

hll'.',  wii.s  one  of  the  fiiinoiis  p  irt y  of  jiro.spector.s  uiiiler  lii.s  uiielo,  C'ii|it.  .loo 
Wilki  r,  in  ISIil  8.  Inil. -lighter  iiinl  niiiier  for  iniiny  yeiirs,  lie  wii.s  .shcriU'of 
Viiviilnii  in  IS7S  SO,  iinil  since  liiis  raised  stock  and  curried  on  ii  hiiteiieriin; 
Im-iiicss  at  I'lescott.  Portrait  in  K.  it  Co.  s  IIikI.,  111).  W .  .J.  Miihunoii  of 
.Maa.s.  came  in  IS7.">  from  N.  .Me,\.  He  has  heeii  a  miner;  also  deputy  sherilf 
mid  .slieritr  of  Vii\ii]iai,  residiiiL' at  I'rescott.  Win  Towell  of  111.  came  from 
N'hrnska  in  liS7"i,  and  is  a  stoek-rai.ser  at  Cherry  Creek.  His  wil'o  was  Julia 
.•\.  .Mlrii,  and  he  has  a  family  of  si.\  children.  Charles  H.  Rush  of  .Mo.  eiimo 
iivciliiid  via  Cal.  in  IS77.  Jle  is  a  lawyer  ami  stock-raiser  of  I'rescott.  hav- 
ing'licld  the  otlicc  of  district  attorney.  Jle  married  MaryCivens  iii  ISSO, 
aiul  lias  two  children. 

Cliarles  I,.  Silencer,  !\,  inercliant  of  I'rescott,  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  Imni  in 
IS.VJ.  He  was  in  Ariz.  1870  . '5,  ami  c.ime  hack  in  1.S7").  W.  W .  llutchiiisnii, 
a  wciiltiiy  eattle-miiu  of  I'rescott,  came  to  Ariz,  in  1S7I).  He  was  Ipoiii  in 
Mo.,  caiiie  across  the  pliiins  to  (.'ni.  in  IS")!),  and  was  siilisei|iieiitly  a  miner  at 
I'liizir  Uivir  and  in  Idiilio.  He  was  married  in  1S77  to  .Mary  Hawkins,  and 
ill  iNiS.'),  while  on  a  pleasure  trip  in  the  east  'with  his  wife  and  adopted 
ilauL'litrr,  died  suddenly  at  N.  Orleans.  He  had  lieeii  mcinlic'r  of  the  hirisla- 
ture  and  county  super\isor.  .lames  Ij.  Hall  of  N.  II.  was  ;i  soldier  in  \\u-  ,")lli 
U.  S.  inf.,  serving  in  tlii'  Navajo  wars  of  isili)-]  in  N.  iMex.  Later  In;  was  a 
iiiiiii  r,  trader,  and  luitclier  in  Id.,  Or.,  and  Cal.,  until  ho  came  to  Ariz,  in 
li<77.  He  is  a  Imtcher  at  I'rescott,  having  also  held  tin?  positions  of  iiiavor 
ainl  prohate  .judge.  His  wife  was  Catharine  Odell  of  Canadii,  who  has  horne 
liiin  live  children.      He  sends  nie  some  items  iihout  Navajo  customs. 

•Iiiiiies  .M.  Baker,  a  Missonrian  who  came  overland  to  Cal.  in  IS,")."!,  and 
trii\ilUd  over  the  I'lic.  territories  from  ISIll,  came  to  Ariz,  with  l>r  •Inne.s 
iiipiii  S,dt  Lake  in  ISIill,  married  Siirali  Klile  in  1S7U,  and  has  been  engaged  in 
stnck-riiising  near  I'rescott. 

I'liiiik  Keiily  Ainswortli,  M.  1).,  was  born  in  Vt,  and  came  to  Ariz,  in 
ISM).  His  wife  is  Nellie  H.  'rrowbridge.  He  lias  lieeii  iiieiiibir  of  the  coun- 
cil, surgeon-general  of  the  territory,  and  presiileiit  of  the  Medical  ,Soe.,  re- 
siiliiig  at  I'rescott. 

•Iiilin  (louldcr  Campbell  is  a  Scotchman,  aged  liO,  who  came  to  Cal.  over- 
laiiil  by  way  of  Me-xico  and  ^Mazatlan  in  I84i).  In  18114  he  came  to  Arizona, 
liwijiiiing  a  jiromincnt  merchant  and  stockman  at  I'rescott.  He  w.as  twice  a 
iiitiiibcr  of  the  legislature,  county  supervisor  in  1871  'J,  and  delegate  in  coii- 
P'css  in  187!).  He  married  in  Cal.  Ls.">7,  and  again  at  Washington  in  1880, 
having  three  children.  I.  N.  JJcrry  sells  liipior  at  Flagstall'.  Ho  oiiine  Iroin 
hiiliiiiui,  and  silent  some  years  in  N.  .Mex.;  wife,  .Mary  Parker. 

Ciiiirles  S.  Black,  from  Maine,  drii\eaband  of  cattle  from  Cal.  in  187.'5, 
having  a  farm  and  stock  ranch  in  Kirkland  valley. 

Ibibcrt  Council,  a  liipior  mercliant  of  I'rescott,  and  member  of  the  leizisla- 
turc  111  1883,  is  a  native  of  Ark.,  who  came  from  Col.  in  1874.  He  v.eiit  to 
111.  tor  a  wite  in  1878,  and  has  several  children. 

■bilin  Cliartz  raises  cattle  in  Thompson  valley.  Ho  is  a  Canadian,  age  30, 
whu  lias  been  a  bailor,  and  cauio  from  Cal.  in  1873. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


22 


IIM 

m 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

M 6"     — 

► 

<^ 


w 


/ 


A 


^&' 


>. 


V 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    14580 

(716)  872-4503 


V 


^<%. 


<♦  -■ 


4^ 


,  V    ,J, 


ts 


1^    m-P- 


^i^. 


C/a 


^ 


A 


614 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWTCS  OF  ARIZONA. 


and  ill  1883  the  county  north  of  the  Coloratlo  was  (  x- 
tcncUxl  cast  soinu  50  miles  to  Kanal)  Wasli.  The 
present  area  is  alx^ut  1 2,500  scjuare  miles.  The  nijioii 
is  traversed  from  north  to  south  hy  a  successinn  ol" 
mineral-bearin;^  mountain  ranrres,  separated  by  naimw 
valleys,  fertile,  hut  for  the  most  j)art  without  wiitcr, 
tht)Ugh  ])rospec'tively  valuable  for  grazing  purposes 
with  the  aid  of  artesian  wells.  The  most  valuiihle 
agrieulturul  lands  are  embraced  in  the  Colorado  Imt- 
tom.  The  county  has  many  rich  mines  of  gohl,  silver, 
copper,  and  lead,  and  from  the  beginning  has  been  tlie 
field  of  freijuent  excitements,  alternating  with  ])erio(l!s 
of  depression.  The  railroad,  however,  has  l)roUL;lit 
the  promise  of  increased  prosperity.  Its  population 
is  about  1,500,  of  which  Mineral  Park,  the  county 
seat,  contains  nearly  one  third.  It  is  built  chiefly  of 
adobe,  and  is  the  distributing  [toint  of  su))[»lies  for  the 
dilferent  mining  camps.  Kingman  is  the  principal 
railroad  town.^ 


■'Statistics  from  tho  10th  census  arc  as  follows:  pop.  1,100,  ,it  Miiiril 
Park  .'US,  Ft  Ai.ijavo  78;  no.  farms  41,  avcragu  size  !S4  ac,  exti'iit  l{,4.li)  ;i,. 
iriiprovi'il  \,r>'u  a.,  value  .S^i'J.tiTO;  iiniiltMiit'iits,  etc  .  ^'I  '''•">;  valiio  of  lann 
prfxlucts  .'JlO.iC.tS;  horses  :WS,  iiiul.'s  (JO,  oxe.i  l.S,  in  <  248,  cattli'  .■{,4s:), 

Bwiiie  Kil;  value  of  live-stock  .*(i'J,r>.V>;  crop  of  liai  ">I7  husii,,  coin  4:iil, 

vhcat;i'JO;  itiilkTI'J^'al.,  butter  l,r)0.")ll.s,  Asscssium  -HO,'.U:{,  t  ix  .<i:i,7:;i, 
<lflit  .■?•_'.■{, '-'.■).'{.  Haiuillou'sstat.,  pop.  l,lt!0,  as.se.ssed  val.  of  property  .'^I.T.VI.diiii, 
laiiil  c'lltivated  1,000  a.,  cattle  10,000,  horses  1,000,  mules  500,  swiiu-  L'(H), 
sheop  •:,0(K). 

The  ref;i()ii  north  of  the  Colorado  is  for  tho  mo.st  part  uniahahitiil.  an  I 
but  partially  e.xphircil,  A  portion  of  tiie  Mojave  la  1.  live  niMr  tii.>  loit,  an  I 
not  on  tho  re.scrviition  farther  south,  freipienting  tho  stiition  at  the  Niiuhs, 
whore  tho  li.  K.  crosses  tile  river.  Ft  Al(jjavo tlates  froiii  l.S,">8.  Haiiiyvill  •, 
ho  nanu'il  from  Wm  11,  Hardy,  a  prominent  pioneer,  is  at  tiie  practuMl  lied 
of  navi<,'ation  on  the  Colorado,  M'as  formerly  county  seat,  and  was  in  early 
liiiniiiy  excitements  a  hu.stliiig  place,  l>ut  is  now  nearly  deserted.  Aidm y 
Landing,  at  tho  junction  of  tiie  Colorado  and  Williams  fork,  is  a  point  ol  ilis- 
trihutiou  for  tho  soutiiern  mining  <listricts  of  Mojave.  Lar;,'e  (juantitics  ni 
ore  are  shipped  at  Kingman  station  botli  e;ist  and  west.  Tho  Mojuir  Minrr 
is  piildislied  at  Mineral  J'ark. 

Wm  or  '  Hill '  Williams,  for  whom  a  branch  of  the  Colorailo  w;is  naincil, 
was  a  famous  mountain  man,  who  in  early  years  visited  most  parts  ot  Ariz. 
as  of  other  regions  ui  the  gri'at  interior.  He  is  sJiid  to  have  l)ccri  in  Mn.  a 
Metiioilist  preacher,  and  was  finally  killed  by  tho  Ind.  I  find  w<  nlial'le 
dates  or  details  respecting  his  Ariz,  explorations.  Atlamson  Cornw.dl,  ;i  ii:i 
tive  of  Oregon,  and  sonietimo  teacher  m  Cal.,  resides  since  IST'i  n»ar  Sigril 
as  a  ranohero.     Ho  has  been  a  mend>or  of  the  legislative  assembly, 

Itobert  Stocn,  of  N.  V,,  came  to  Nev.  in  1859,  served  as  siierilf  of  Nyo 
CO,,  and  came  to  Ariz,  in  ISTIl.  He  was  a  miner  until  18S'J,  and  mih  r  that 
tiiiiu  hiw  buiiu  iilkvrill'  of  Mujavo  uo.,  reuidiug  at  Miueral  Tark. 


YUMA  COUNTY. 


G15 


ado  was  cx- 
Vash.     Thf 

The  rcijioii 
ucccssiiiii  ot' 
A  by  naiTow 
,lu>ut  \\i\Ur, 
n^  |)ur\>(>si'S 
)st  valuiililc 
oloraxlo  liot- 

g(»kl,  silver, 
luis  bt't'ii  tlic 
with  periods 
bas  brouuiit 
s  population 

the  county 
ilt  cliietly  ttt' 
iphcs  for  till- 
,ho  priiicijtal 


1,190.  :it   Mii^nl 

.,  L'xtiiit  :{.4.iou,, 

"i;    valiu;   iif    tiinil 

248,  cattle  ;<.4.s:t, 

Imsh..  cmii  4:iil, 

i,<.u:<.  t:i\  si:i.;:!i, 

)l.oi-tySl.T:iii,iNNt, 
js  500,  swiiu-  L'tKl, 

uiiiiiluiliiti'il,  ail  1 
liuar  ill''  loi't.  :i"l 

ll    at    tlu'  N'V.llrS, 

OS.  Hanlyvilb, 
llic  ^iraitieal  lif.ut 
Lii'l  was  ill  C'Wly 
;sL'rtiMl.  Aiiliri'V 
is  a  )iiiiiit  lit  ili»- 
[r;,'o  (luantitiis  .if 
Vho  J/o/iic'  ''^'""' 

Jrailo  was  ii:iiiit''l, 

|i.st  parts  ol  Ariz. 

Ih.,11  ill  M".  a 

Itiiid   ll"  nlial'lo 

Coriiwall,  ;'  "^ 

|187'>  iH'ii'  Sigi.il 

Is  shoi-ill   I't  \v« 
ail. I  siUL'i.'  llwt 


Yuma  is  another  of  the  original  counties,  named 
like  tl»e  rest  from  its  chief  aboi'iginal  tribe;  and  it  is 
tlic  only  county  who.se  bountlaries  have  never  been 
changed.  It  has  an  area  of  10,138  square  miles,  and 
is  tor  the  most  part  an  arid  desert,  marked  in  the  west 
hy  ]mrallel  north  and  south  ranges,  and  in  the  east  by 
detached  spurs.  The  chief  characteristic  of  its  climate 
is  extreme  heat.  It  will  never  do  to  publish  a  work 
on  Arizona  without  repeating  John  Phc^nix'  old  story 
of  the  wicked  Yuma  soldier,  who,  after  death,  was 
stationed  in  a  region  reputed  to  be  hot,  yet  was  obliged 
to  send  back  for  his  blankets.  The  heat,  however,  is 
much  less  oppressive  than  the  thermometer  would  in- 
dicate, the  air  being  pure  and  healthful.  Agricultural 
possibilities  depend  mainly  on  the  reclamation  of  Colo- 
rado bottoms  by  extensive  irrigation  works,  and  there 
are  also  broad  tracts  of  grazing  lands  that  may  be 
utilized  by  means  of  wells.  With  these  artificial  aids, 
it  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  in  time  Yuma  may 
take  a  very  prominent  rank  among  the  counties  of  the 
teiiitory.  Its  ])lacers  on  the  Gila  and  (\)lorado  were 
the  foundation  of  several  'rushes'  from  1858  to  1804, 
and  are  still  worked  to  some  extent,  the  sands  in  many 
places  being  rich  in  gold  if  water  could  be  obtained 
tor  washing.  Deep  mines,  as  elsewhere  noted,  have 
yi(  Ided  rich  treasures  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper,  the 
mining  industry  here  having  been  less  disjistrously 
aH'ected  than  elsewhere  by  Indian  hostilities,  and  by 
trans] tortation  dilHculties.  Yuma,  or  the  region  about 
the  (iila  and  Coloradt>  junction,  figures  prominently 
in  the  early  Spanish  annals,  as  already  presented  in 
this  voluirre,  though  the  ill-fated  mi.ssifurs  were  on  the 
(  alifornia  side,  where  also  in  later  emigrant  and  ferry 
times  Fort  Yuma,  now  abandone<l,  was  the  centre  of 
desert  life.  A  remnant  of  the  Yuma  Indians,  a  once 
powerful  tribe  of  the  Gila  valley,  has  irow  a  reserva- 
tion on  the  California  shore  at  the  old  fort.  Arizoira 
City,  since  called  Yuma,  opposite  the  fort,  came  into 
e.\isteiice  with  the  old  ferry  establishment,  and  thougk 


I;!l!i 


I 


m 

V  1 


s  41  _ 


,i^ 


» ,f' 


il 


tes.;;: 


ai6 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


encounterinpf  many  obstacles,  including  several  |)nitial 
destructicMis  by  Hood,  it  |tr().s|»ered  exceedingly  from 
18G4-5,  as  the  principal  distributing  point  for  ail  tluj 
military  })osts,  towns,  aiu  mining  cam})S  in  tlie  tmi- 
tory.  The  coming  of  the  railroad  in  1877 — and  Yuma 
had  the  honor  of  a  first  visit  from  the  iron  horse— tonk 
away  much  of  its  connnercial  glory;  but  it  is  still  a 
town  of  about  1,000  inhabitants,  site  of  the  territoiial 
prison,  M'ith  a  brisk  local  trade,  and  an  excellent  m  \vs- 
paper  in  the  Arizona  >)e)itiiicl ;  and  its  position  on  the 
railroad  and  the  great  river  gives  promise  of  perma- 
nent prosperity  within  somewhat  narrow  limits.  Tho 
county  seat  has  been  here  since  1871,  being  reniovtd 
from  La  Paz,  a  town  wliich  rose  and  fell  witli  the 
Colorado  mining  excitement  of  l8(J2-7.  Ehrenlxi'^, 
founded — as  Mineral  City — in  180,1,  a  few  miles  l»c- 
low  on  the  river,  flourished  with  the  decay  of  La  Paz 
from  18r»7-9,  and  became  an  active  trade  centre, 
though  losing  for  the  most  part  its  prominence  win  u 
the  stage  gave  way  to  the  locomotive.  The  Ctjlorado 
Indian  reservation  above  La  V&z,  where  a  part  of  tho 
Mojavo  tribe  have  their  home,  has  been  noticed  in 
another  chapter.*' 

"Yuiiia  CO.  statistics  of  the  lOtli  cciiana:  pop.  3,21.'),  Yuma  city  1,'JOO, 
EhrcnlKTi;  i.'4S,  Haw  Hide  40,  Ploinosa  Sit;  fariiiii  2,  avuragu  si/.c  '.••mu.,  ex- 
tfiit  I.'.kIo  a.,  iinpriivcd  i)(M)  a.,  value  !j<(i,.")(K>,  iiiiplcmuiits  ?<'.MK);  Ikhms  HH, 
mules  3,  cows  7,  cattle  2.5,  Mliec'ii  1(K>,  swine  .'<."),  val.  of  live-stock  .'*1,I(HI;  wmil 
3(K)  llis.,  barley  3,00()  1).,  com  1,2.')1  1).,  wiieat  40()  1).,  value  ot  farm  inmluits 
§!t,(KX);  assesaiiieut  S4I1»,;{!>7,  tax  .§12,802,  <le!)t  ft^tiO.lKK*.  Haiuilton's  stat., 
pop.  3,!»22,  assesHincnt  .Sl.OOO.OlK);  cattle  .5,(MK>,  horses  S(K),  mules  HiM).  swiin; 
200;  acres  cultiv.  l,iH)0.  Ho(li;e  puts  the  ])op.  at  2,212  in  1870,  ami  (i  tlie 
city  1,.")(K),  KlirenlierK  3(M).  For  skt'tch  of  Yuma  co.  ami  its  history,  sec  YmiKt 
Svtilbui,  Nov.  10,  1S77;  Apr.  i!t,  187i>.  Name  of  Arizona  city  chaiiLitil  to 
Yuma  city  in  I87.J.  Arh.,  .[••!■*,  187.'^,  p.  .'W.  See  also,  on  tlie  town,  ll'iii<i' 
Smip.'i,  Ariz.,  iv.  182,  188,  I'.CJ,  272;  v.  37,  100-10,  130;  .1;/;.  .Srmj,...  IJ-J  :>, 
133;  /•/•«■.«•()«  Mhin;  .luly  13.  1877:  />Mnni<'ir.s  Dir.,  1881,  ji.  1 '.»'.»  20n.  (»ii 
Klireiilierg,  Conk-tin's  /'irt.  Ariz.,  108;  Ariz.  Scnip't,  124.  Ou  La  Vm,  !■!., 
r)(K>;  S.  F.  Tiiiw.i,  Sept.  18,  ISOS. 

Herman  KIirenlierK,  a  tierman  enij;inecr,  after  an  advinturous  caniT  in 
Ti'Xa.s  and  in  ("al.  from  1847,  came  to  .-Vriz.  in  1854,  and  was  one  of  tlic  trin- 
tory's  most  notahle  pionci^rs  and  prospectors.  He  gave  his  name  to  tii'  inwii, 
anil  was  killed  l>y  Ind.  on  the  Cal.  side  of  tho  Colorado.  He  was  a  wiitrias 
well  as  adventurer.  See  Pioneer  Kej^ister  in  I/i.st.  Ciil.  J.  W.  Dorriii.tnii  is 
a  j>romineut  newspaper  man  of  Yuma,  heini;  editor  and  proprietor  of  tlic  .\ri- 
atiiii  Snitiml,  a  pajter  wiiicli  next  to  the  Pri'srot/  Miner  furnishes  moii'  ii<  iiis 
on  territorial  annals  than  any  other.  l)orrington  wiis  horn  in  N.  V..  I''*''. 
and  came  via  Cal.  iu  1 801).     Serving  as  clerk  iii  the  distriut  court  ut  l>i  i'ti2 


Mm 


PIMA  COUNTY. 


617 


'cral  pintial 
linLfly  tViiiii 
;  for  all  thf 
.11  the  tcrri- 
-and  Yuiiiii 
[lorsc — tunk 
it  is  still  a 
o  territdi'lal 
L'llent  iKWs- 
iticin  oil  the 
o  of  })t'i'iiia- 
iiiiits.  Till' 
iiLj^  roinovcd 
•11   with  the 

Ehrc'iihri'^', 
w  miles  l)c- 
y  of  La  I'az 
•ado  eeiittv, 
inence  \vinii 
he  (.'olerado 

part  of  tlio 
noticed  in 


uma  city  l.'JOn, 

si/.o  '.Mm  ;i.,  tx- 

S'.MK);  horses  ."Ht, 

.rk..'<l,l(X>;  wool 

il   farm  iiri«liKts 

laiiiiltiiii's  Stat., 

miles  'MK  swuio 

ll87t>,  ami  III  liio 

istory,  si'o  )  'iiiiii 

ity  cliall;;('il  to 

|lie  town,  //■'.'/'.<' 

;.  .V.-/v(;k,  I'J'J  :>, 

..  I'.tlt-'JOII.     Oil 

iu  J-a   I'a/,  /■/., 

Iiiroiis  cari'ir  in 
Tinie  of  tlif  imi- 
liiie  to  tin-  i""ii. 
Iwiis  a  wiitrr  us 
I'.  Dorrin-iiiH  h 
letor  of  tlir  .1''- 
lilies  iiioic  itiins 
111  N.  Y.,  IxW, 
lourt  at  l-a  !';>'' 


Pima  county,  bearini^^  like  the  others  the  name  of 
its  ahoriiijinal  inhabitants,  included  at  the  time  of  its 
()i!4aiiization  in  18(j4  all  south  of  tlie  Gila  and  cast  of 
Yuina,  or  nearly  all  of  the  Gadsden  pundiase.  A 
]»ai  t  of  Maricopa  was  cut  off  in  1 873,  of  I'inal  in  1 875, 
Ci»ehise  and  a  j)art  of  Graham  in  1881.  Its  present 
area  is  about  10,500  square  miles.  Tucson  lias  always 
Urn  the  county  seat,  and  in  1807-77  was  ah^o  the  ter- 
ritorial capital.  Western  and  northern  Pima,  the 
former  known  as  Papagueria,  is  an  arid  plain  s})arsely 
covered  in  spots  with  grass  and  shrubs;  not  without 
fertility,  but  having  for  the  most  part  no  water,  and 
dotted  here  and  there  with  isolated  mountains  and 
short  ranges.  The  south-eastern  portion  in  and  ad- 
joining the  valley  of  the  Santa  Ci'uz,  the  county's 
only  stream  of  importance,  but  sinking  in  the  sand 
before  reachino;  the  (xila,  is  a  fertile  and  ajjfreeuble 
rei;ion,  though  not  well  wooded  or  watered,  and  bor- 
deied  by  lofty  mountain  ranges.  Here  were  the  only 
Arizona  settlements  of  Spanish  and  Mexican  times, 
the  |>residios  and  missions  of  the  Apache  frontier  dat- 
ing- from  early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  This  early 
history  has  been  as  fully  presented  as  the  fragmentary 
reeords  permit,  and  need  not  be  even  outlined  here. 
The  prosperity  and  antiquity  of  these  establishments 
have  ahvavs  been  exaofgerated  bv  modern  writers,  hut 
their  very  existence  under  the  circumstances  was  re- 

aiid  Vuina  to  1870,  hp  was  later  several  times  a  ineniber  of  the  legislature  and 
cuuiicil. 

diaries  liiiker,  a  hutclier  at  Yuma,  is  a  New  Yorker,  who  oaiiu!  overland 
to  I'.il.  in  1858,  and  to  Ariz,  in  ISO'J.      Wife  Coiieepoion  llodriyuez,  '2  ehildnii. 

.\liraham  Frank,  of  (ieriiiau  i)irth,  eaine  to  the  U.  S,  in  I8."»4,  and  to  Ariz. 
ill  IM(7.  He  opened  a  store  at  Khreiiherj^,  wliieh  lie  still  owns,  h.iving  al.so  a 
stiiiT  at  Yuma,  and  being  also  a  eontraetrr  for  j,'ovt  suiiplies.  He  married 
'riiinisa  Sortillon  in  1S8H,  and  has  one  ehild.  Has  heeii  member  of  the  legis- 
liituii'  and  supervisor  of  Vavapai. 

'ii'i.  E.  Bateinan,  whotte  1*.  O.  addriiss  is  Yuma,  is  interestoil  in  the 
Hlulic  eoloiiy  ou  the  lower  Colorado.  He  is  a  native  of  Mass.,  wiio  came  to 
ed  lu  i849,  anil  has  lived  and  travelled  much  in  Mex.  Has  a  .Mex.  wife  and 
;i  .•*iiii. 

Ofo.  M.  Thatcher  of  Me,  a  liquor  merchant  at  Yuma,  was  a  miner  in 
W.  I'  .  also  visiting  Australia,  until  he  came  to  Ariz,  in  18t»()  by  way  of  Utah 
ami  ilown  the  C'olorailo  in  a  boat.  He  lias  been  supt  of  the  penitentiary  and 
iniiiity  supervisor.  His  wife  was  Aurora  iSautoya,  aud  they  have  two 
clilldreu. 


hi 


i 


1  ■.)|!>IH.|  _ 


I' 


618 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


inaikable.  Their  nearest  approach  to  real  prosjitiltv 
was  ill  1790  to  1815.  The  north-eastern  and  smitll- 
eastein  parts  of  tlie  county  are  traversal  I  \>\-  tho 
Soutliern  I'acitic  and  Guaynias  railroads,  nsjKctivilv. 
Witii  about  15,000  inhabitants,  Pima  is  tlic  most 
populous  of  all  the  counties,  and  many  of  its  miniii.. 
districts,  as  I'lsewherc  noted,  give  good  jiiomist'  u\' 
future  wealth.  Tucson,  founded  in  1770,  haviii<,'  at 
times  ill  the  old  regime  a  population  of  ovrr  l.iioo, 
but  greatlv  reduced  in  the  last  davs  of  AEexHan  .uk 
first  of  American  rule,  gained  something  by  the  disas- 
ters of  18()1,  which  depopulated  the  rest  of  the  couiitv, 
still  more  by  the  renewal  of  mining  industry  follnw- 
ing  the  peace  of  1873-4,  and  received  its  last  and 
greatest  impetus  on  the  completion  of  the  raihoad. 
With  10,000  inhabitants  or  a  little  more,  about  one 
third  being  of  Mexican  race,  Tucson  is  and  is  likely  t<t 
remain  tho  territorial  metropolis  and  centre  of  trade. 
Large  ])ortions  of  the  city  have  still  the'  charactriis- 
ties  of  a  Spanish  American  town  with  itsadcdie  huiU- 
ings;  but  recent  improvements  have  been  niark'd  and 
rapitl,  brick  and  wood  replacing  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent the  ori«ijinal  buildin<if  material.  Its  s(1i(hi1s, 
churches,  and  other  pul)lic  l)uildings  are  not  dis- 
creditable to  an  American  town  of  the  century,  while 
many  merchants  transact  wholesale  business  on  a 
large  scale.  The  other  old  settlements  of  the  valley, 
such  as  Bac,  Tubac,  Tumacilcori,  and  Calabazas.  must 
still  seek  their  glory  in  the  remote  past  or  future. 
At  San  Javier  still  stands  the  famous  old  cluuvli  nf 
mission  times,  which  constitutes  the  county's  iuii>t 
notable  relic  of  modern  antiquity.  Here  also  is  the 
reservation  set  apart  for  the  Papagos,  an  inter"  stinu^ 
portion  of  l*ima's  population,  and  in  many  respeets 
Arizona's  most  promising  aboriginal  tribe.  At  <^)ui- 
jotoa  in  the  west  two  new  towns  sprang  into  existi nee, 
Logan  and  New  Virginia,  but  their  future,  deiMndin^ 
on  that  of  the  mines,  is  at  present  problematic  or  e\  t n 
doubtful.     Noirales  is  the  frontier  custom-hous.  town 


riMA   COUNTY. 


r.i9 


oil  llio  railrcKitl,  part  of  it  being  in  Sonora.  With 
riiiiii  county's  position  on  the  Mexican  burJur,  its 
.strong  oleniont  of  foreign  and  Indian  poimlation,  its 
olil-linie  liistory  and  traditions,  its  bloody  Indian  ■wars 
]i(iliaps  finally  ended  in  188G,  its  pecidlar  political  and 
sii  rssion  experiences  of  1861-2,  and  its  successive 
jioriods  of  excitement  and  depression  in  mining  indus- 
try, it  must  be  regarded  as  the  representative  county 
of  Arizona  in  the  past;  and  in  the  future,  witli  its 
lui'ti'opolis,  its  undeveloped  mineral  resources,  its  fcr- 
tilo  though  limited  farming  lands,  and  its  existing  and 
projected  railroad  facilities,  Pima  is  not  unlikely  to 
retain  its  prominence/ 

''  I'iin.'i  statistics  of  the  IGth  census  of  ISSO,  including  Cochiao  and  Oraliam 
at  ili.it  time,  as  i.iust  In;  uotucl:  jM;p.  17,l'Uo,  Tucson  7,007,  Smitiivillu  J4S, 
M:i\.  y  lij,  ILirlowvillo  55,  Ft  Lowell  -'-7;  no.  fari::s  lo7,  avurago  size 
IT'i  a.,  extent  'J:{,986  a.,  imiiroveil  9,11.5  a.,  value  l-'220,'MJ,  iini)leinents 
.^1^. (■.;..'>;  horses  1,328,  muLa  '2i)S,  oxen  '218,  cows  3,171,  catllo  8,353,  sheep 
ll,l-"i,  swine OnC),  value  of  llvo-.'<tock('i'.;5,!i73;  barley  3.3,511 1).,  corn  9,4Co  h., 
vh.at  9,S<!0  1).,  wool  i.';),3C0  lbs.,  milk  0,'J80  gal.,  butter  8,:i901bs.,  cheeco 
],!-  libs.,  value  of  farm  products  4^88,8.37,  a.ssessmcntC-,  8";  1,1212,  tax:  1 17,325, 
(!  '.i.i  §i)5,2o4.  Hamilton's  stat.  of  1882-3:  assessment  05,O(;!),(;!);),  pop. 
17,:J5,  catJe  75,000,  horses  G,0;»0,  nniles  2,0(»<),  swine  I.ICO,  sheep  5,(KK), 
t'il.iv;ited  land  3,000  a.  For  sketches  of  the  county,  see  Arhvui  Smijin, 
Vl'<;  Yiiiiia  Sentinel,  March  15,  Nov,  16,  1S78;  Jan.  18,  1879;  Tucnoii  Star, 
•Ian.  !»,  1879. 

Tucson  was  incoq)orated  in  1877,  extended  in  18S1,  and  reincorporated  in 
]s>;i.  ,i riz.,  Acfi,  Ki/ 7,  p.  52-03;  JiL,  Lawx,  18S1,  p.  20;  Kio.3,  p.  l;ll-l.ll. 
Hii.iilton  says  the  I'imaa  pronounce  Tucson  (7too/i.vo/(,  and  that  it  means  '  lilack 
crii'k.'  I  tjuestion  the  first  jiart  of  this  statement,  or  at  lea  t  tli;;t  such  was 
the  (irighial  I'ima  pronunciation.  The  city  has  tine  pu))lic  buildings,  cathe- 
dral, 4  churches,  5  hotels,  public  and  high  school,  opera  house,  two  flour- 
iiiiUi,  11.  11.  shops,  8  newspapers — 2  of  them  daily  and  2  .Spanish — electric 
li'^lit.s,  and  water  brought  in  pipes  7  miles  from  the  river.  Hotel  arrivals  in 
]>•;•_>  were  over  40,000.  On  Tucson,  besides  Hamilton,  Hinton,  and  Elliott  & 
Cii,,  see  Baiitrs  Directory,  ]S;il,  p.  9-13;  DintiinieU'x  Bim.  l)ir.,  1881,  p. 
I'vl-T;  C<d{/'or>iiiui,  Apr.  1880,  p.  37-)-l;  Jfoifijc'/i  Ariz.,  15.3-5;  P>i4itiffs 
A ■■)■■  i.-<.i  Amer.,  374-5;  Wiisldmrn,  in  Vinci iimitux'  Tnic,  343;  Jfai/i-i'  ]J!(ir;f,  MS., 
4.")-',i;  IfiKjIirs'  {f.iur),  Pima  Co.  and  Tnrsim  MS.;  Ar'.z.  Srr(i]>.i,  37-8,  112,  123, 
i.'iil,  .".02;  ILujes'  Scraps,  Ariz.,  iii.  15.3,  104-5,  312-13;  iv.  70,  111-12,  140-7, 
301-2;  V.  349-50;  Tucson  Stnr,\s\, Ych.  13,  1879,  .Ian.  1,  Aug.  20,  1880;  IJ., 
Jan.  20,  1880;  hi.  Citizen,  W.,  March  7,  1879;  .lune  20,  1880;  D.,  Aug.  11, 
issii;  Yuma  Sentinel,  Sept.  22,  1877;  Pluenic  Her<ilil,  June  12,  1882;  Prescntt 
Minn;  Feb.  5,  1875;  S.  F.  BuUdln,  Nov.  19,  1S58;  Mar.  1,  4,  l;>79;  S.  F. 
All'i,  Aug.  31,  18G7;  June  5,  1880;  S.  F.  Herald.  Jan.  18,  1858;  S.  F.  Times, 
Oct.  24,  1808;  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Mar.  14,  1881;  6\  /'.  Call,  Apr.  2,  1881;  S.  F. 
Po4,  Jan.  4,  1881. 

.Many  I'ima  co.  pioneers  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  terri- 
torial annals.  Sanniel  Hughes  was  born  in  Wales,  1829,  coming  to  the  U.  S. 
in  1N38,  and  ovcrhind  to  C'al.  in  1850.  In  Cal.  and  Or.  ho  had  a  varied  ex- 
ptniciico  as  fisherman,  cook,  miner,  cattle-trader,  and  Indian-figliter.  In 
IS.'iS  he  camo  to  Ariz,  and  settled  at  Tucson,  where  he  has  become  a  wealthy 
owuer  uf  live-stock  and  real  estate.     Ue  has  furnished  many  items  for  my 


),|| 


Fl>i< 


U)    ' 


C20 


COUNTIES   AND  TOWNS   OF  ARIZONA. 


ij.i. 


Cochise  county,  named  for  tlie  famous  chifif  of  tlie 
Cliiriciiliua  Apaches,  hes  east  of  Pima,  from  whidi  it 
was  cut  off  in  1881,  forminj^  tlio  soutli-easteni  ( nrinr 
of  the  territory,  and  liaving  an  area  of  5,925  s<iuiuc 
inihs.  Tlic  county  seat  is  at  Tombsttmc.  It  is  ii  ro- 
gion  of  wooded  mountains  and  grassy  vaHeys,  aflnidiiiir 
a  considerable  area  of  «;razinf^  kinds,  but  only  slinlit 
aj^ricultural  promise,  for  lack  of  water.  Tlir  San 
Pedro  is  the  only  permanent  stream,  carrying'  Imt 
little  water  in  summer;  imt  artesian  wells  have 
proved  successful  in  Sulpliur  Sprinj^,  one  of  the 
county's  eastern  valleys.  The  stock-raising'  industry 
promises  well;  but  it  is  to  tlie  wonderful  nutallic 
wealth  of  its  hills  that  Cochise  owes  its  worid-widu 

use  respecting  early  times  in  Pima  and  the  growth  of  Tucson.  Snloinoii 
Warrca,  according  to  Elliott,  came  from  Yuma  in  l.S.")!),  and  ojicncd  flu:  tii--t 
Aincricim  store  at  Tucson.  Tuodoro  Ramirez,  a  native  ami  forincrly  an 
olllcial  during  tlie  Mcx.  regime,  died  at  Tucstm  in  1S71,  at  the  age  <pf  aliiiut 
'J4.  Amasa  U.  Sampson  is  fv  native  of  ^liiss.,  who  went  to  Kansas  in  |n.".'i, 
serving  with  (rcn.  Lane's  free-state  forces,  and  later  going  to  I'lkc's  I'lak, 
wlicre  he  was  shcritf.  In  181)1-5  he  serveil  with  the  Col.  volunteers  iii  N. 
Mex.,  and  was  sul-.secpiently  a  merchant  at  Helena,  Mont.,  and  at  S.  Fniiui-^cd, 
C'omi.ig  to  Tucson  in  liiTl)  he  has  since  carried  on  a  large  toliacco  luisiius^, 
aiil  was  elected  county  recf)r(lcr  in  1SS4.  He  married  Anna  OalliiLrlni-  in 
]'l^^}.  III!  seems  to  be  a  deservedly  popular  mau.  Clias  To/er,  a  wellkiieuu 
milling  e:;[pert,  was  speaker  of  the  1st  legislature.  Ho  came  to  Tuesun  aKciiit 
IvioCJ,  and  commanded  the  party  that  attempted  to  rescue  ("rahh  and  his  lili- 
Im iters  in  Sonora.  II.  H.  Paul,  for  several  terms  sheriff  of  Pima  ee.,  is  a 
native  of  Mass.,  who  was  a  sailor  in  early  life,  coming  to  Cal.  iu  KS4'.>.  'I'licre 
he  was  a  miner  in  liS41)-54  and  lSl>l-7i2;  constalile  and  sheriff  in  (';davtras 
CO.  in  lci.")4-<Jl;  and  from  1872  an  employe  of  Wells,  Pargo,  Sc,  Co.,  ii:  wliieli 
capacity  he  came  to  Ariz,  in  1S78.  Ho  nuirried  Margaret  t'oughlau  in  l^ii-,  aii.l 
has  three  cliildren.  Portrait  in  E.  &  t'o.'s  JIi.-<t.,  244.  (Jeo.  J.  Roskrn'.'c,  a 
prominent  s\irV('yor  and  Freemason  of  Tucson,  was  born  in  Englan^l  IM.j, 
coming  to  the  U.  S.  in  1870,  an<l  to  Ariz,  from  Col.  iu  1872.  He  came  in  a 
party  .secliing  tindier  lands,  and  had  at  the  start  some  exciting  adventnn.s 
widi  Iiulians.  Joining  a  surveying  party  as  cook  and  packer,  he  lieeaine 
chief  draughtsman  in  the  surv.-gen.  s  office,  deputy  sur\'eyor  of  Ariz,  anil 
N.  Mex.,  and  city  and  county  surveyor.  He  was  also  supt  of  iiTi;_' itinii, 
member  of  the  boanl  of  education,  and  grand  sec.  of  the  Masons.  H.  I'. 
Lacy,  an  Englishman,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  18G4,  and  served  witli  tlie  Cal. 
volunteers  in  Ariz.  ISOo-G.  He  came  back  to  Ariz,  in  180G,  and  was  a  tiaiKr 
at  l"t  ( ioodwin  and  Camp  Apache,  representing  Apacho  co.  in  the  cdinuil  of 
ly.iU,  and  now  living  at  Tucson  as  a  numey-lender.  Gilbert  W.  Ho[ikins, 
one  of  the  early  pioneers,  Wiis  a  member  of  the  1st  legislature,  and  recent  (it 
the  university.  He  was  killed  by  Apaches  near  Ft  Buchanan  in  Feli.  l^**)'". 
B.  H.  Hereford,  a  native  of  Miss.,  went  to  Chih.  in  184!),  and  to  Cal.  in  IS'i:}, 
))eiug  for  seven  years  clerk  for  his  brother  who  was  district  attorney  ef  >ac- 
ranumto  co.  From  18G3  ho  was  county  clerk,  deputy  sheriff,  and  bdok-keejiir 
for  the  Bonanzii  firm  iu  Nov.,  coming  to  Ariz,  in  1876,  and  there  practi-inni 
law.  He  was  a  member  of  tlie  council  and  district  attorney  of  I'inia,  nsiil- 
ing  at  Tucson.     His  son  Frank  was  (_rov.  Tritlo's  jirivate  secretary. 


COCIIISK  lOlNTY. 


681 


It  is  ;i  w- 
,  art'iriliiiij 
)nly  slight 
Tlif  San 
rviiiL;"  liut 

/■('lis  llJlVr 
10    of     till' 

^  iiidiistrv 
il  nictalUc 
A't)rlil-\vi(li' 

;sim.     Siplmiiiiii 

(I  foniiiMly  im 

0  rtfii!  (it  aliuiit 
aii.siis  ill  l^.'i.'i, 
1.  I'lkf'.s  Tiak, 
iluiiti'fis  ill  N. 
it  S.  Fr.iiuiscii, 

H'(,*M    llUsiUfSS. 

( J;illiii.'lii'r  in 
,  a  veil  Uiiiiwn 

TiU'siiii  iilicpiit 
1)  and  liis  tili- 
riiiia  c'ci.,  is  a 

1  1S4S>.  'I'li'-re 
f  in  t'alivir.is 
Co.,  ii:  wliiuh 
mill  jMi-,  iiU'l 

Rdsi^rni.ri.',  a 
uglaiul  |N4J, 

0  caiiu'  ill  a 
g  ailvi'iiturrs 

,  he  liccaiiie 

of  Aii/.  aii'l 

of  iiTigiitimi, 

ISOIIS.       II.   I'.. 

with   till'  r:il. 

was  a  trailer 

the  I'duiii'il  of 

W.  }l..i.kiiis, 

and  rc':;i'iit  nl 

1,  Frl..  isiu. 

t'al.  Ill  ^."i:t, 

(inu'V  I't  ^'i*^- 

1  lldoU-kc'ipcT 

ri!  jinicti'Oii;; 
I'iiiia,  rcsid- 


faiiii',  and  particularly  to  ilcveloiuncnts  in  the  Tonib- 
stmio  lodes,  which  have  proved  hy  I'ar  the  most  txtin- 
>ivi'  JHul  ])roductive  in  tlu;  territory.  This  ri'jjfion  has 
liiH  II  the  field  of  the  most  hloody  and  lonj^est  continued 
liitlian  atrocities;  juid  it  has  suffered  nmch  in  later 
viiirs  from  the  pest  of  horder  outlaws;  hut  it  is  hoped 
tliiit  its  pioneer  trouhles  and  youthful  irre<;ularities 
;nr  for  the  most  ])art  at  an  end.  Tomhstone,  where 
till  lirst  house  was  huilt  in  1879,  and  which  has  heeu 
twire  nearlv  destroyed  hv  fire,  has  bee!i  the  most 
ll.iiii  ishin<jf  mininj4  camj>  in  the  t(!rritory,  and  is  now 
a  tnwn  of  nearly  4,000  inhabitants,  chiijfly  built  of 
iidnlir,  but  liavinjj  many  fine  brick  structures.  An 
imi|ili'  and  excellent  supi)ly  of  watiT  is  brought  from 
the  I luachuca  mountains,  ovtr  'JO  miles  distant;  and 
tlif  city  is  Wi'll  suj)})lied  with  newspapers,  schools, 
(liiiiclies,  and  mercantile  establishm«!nt-;,  to  say  noth- 
ill^•  (if  sal(»ons  and  other  adjuncts  of  civilization.  Jiis- 
licr,  ill  the  extr-cme  south,  is  a  town  of  nearly  500 
iiiliabitants,  built  up  at  the  works  of  the  ('oi)pi'r 
Qurcii  Company,  and  the  prospective  centime  of  a  rich 
iiiiniii!.;  district.  IJenson  is  at  the  junction  (»f  the 
(iiiaymas  railroad  with  the  main  overland  Yuu),  and 
till'  centre  of  a  lai-^i^c  u^raziuL;;  district,  ha\  iuLJf  lar<i;"C 
simlting-works,  a  newspape!-,  and  a  }>opulation  of  r)00. 
Fairbanks,  on  the  Guaymas  railroad,  is  the  point  of 
(It  [larturc  v)f  stages  for  Tondistone.  Willcox,  with 
aliniit  the  same  jiopulation,  is  a  railroad  station  in  the 
iH'itli-east,  the  point  of  departure  Ibr  j)laces  in  Orahani 
and  fiila  counties,  having  also  its  newspaper.'* 

'Till'  lUlh  census  lias  no  statistics  for  Cocliisc,  tlieii  a  part  of  Pima,  cxci'])t 
tlui  ]inp.  of  tlic  foUowing  towns:  Tomhstone  '.t7;t,  L'liarlestoii  SfH),  C.  JJuwic 
IS4,  Ciiiiti'iition  ITiO,  ])os  C'alnzas  111).  Hamilton's  statistics  arc:  pop.  !l.(i40, 
;is.si's.si.d  value  .s4,'Jt);{,()S4,  cattle  7il.(HK),  horses  4, (KM),  muhs  :{,(MH»,  swine  r>(M), 
slici')!  "),{)tH),  cultivated  laii(l4,((lM»  a.  Mining  stat.  have  liecii  jiiven  in  aiiotluT 
(iiapt.r.  Elliott  &C'o.'s  stat.:  cattle  ".•_',(  KM »,  horses  4,(KM),  mules  •2,'-'()(),  swine 
i.(H)(i.  shi'ep  5,000,  value  of  live-stock  M'.KSO.OOI).  5,()(H)  of  the  ."i.'.li;.'!  >.|.  in. 
ari'  agricultural  lands!  Sometliiiig  of  tlie  growth  of  loinhstoue  has  hecii  re- 
wvi\ri\  in  connection  with  mining.  The  destructive  fires  were  in  ISSl  •_',  hut 
the  (Ni  client  water  sujiply  has  now  greatly  reduced  the  danger,  tIioii;:h  it  did 
tint  jirevent  the  destruction  of  the  jmmping-works  in  IcSSti.  The  jiiihlichiiihl- 
iiiif.s  include  a  county  courtdiouse  of  hricU,  costing  .*4:<.0(¥),  a  ti:ie  city  hall, 
aiul  ^.  huol  building.     'J'Lurc  are  4  churches,  2  hotels,  theatre,  auil  bank.     Tho 


:   ':   H 


i  'M 


■•.t» 


COUNTIES  AND  TO^VNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


We  now  come  to  the  four  new  counties  alon.;-  the 
Gila,  cut  oH' at  different  dates  since  1871  from  V.-iviipui 
on  the  north  and  Pima  on  the  soutli.  The  castriu- 
most  is  Maricopa,  created  in  1871,  increased  fn»iii  I'iinji 
in  187.'},  losini*  part  of  Pinal  in  1875,  extcndrd  in  the 
north-east  to  longitude  110"  in  1877,  and  losing  iKnth- 
crn  Gila  in  1881.  Its  present  area  is  9,354  Wjtiaro 
miles,  and  its  county  seat  has  betsn  Pha'nix  frniu  tin- 
first.  The  name,  like  those  of  all  tiie  counties  hi  r.irc 
mentioned,  is  that  of  the  principal  ahorigiiiiil  tiilic. 
The  extnjme  western  portion  does  not  differ  iiiinh  in 
its  natural  features  from  Yuma,  having  in  the  noith 
the  famous  Vulture  mines  and  in  the  south  the  Myers 
district.  AI»ove  the  big  bend,  however,  on  the  Gila. 
Salt,  and  Verdt;  rivers,  the  plain  is  favorably  situattd 
for  irrigatif)n  fromtiie  streams;  and  tiiis eastern  pertidu 
of  ISIaricopa,  especially  the  Salt  liiver  viilley,  (uiins 
tlie  largest  and  most  av;ula1)le  body  of  farming  lainl 
in  the  territory.  ]^y  canals  that  have  been  and  aiv 
being  constructed,  large  areas  of  the  desert  are  iirin^' 


fl 


newspaper  is  the  Kvitnph.  For  sevenil  ye.irs  tlie  city  has  Iieeii  uinltr.-i  ilninl, 
but  there  seems  tn  lie  iiii  perinanent  fouiidatidii  for  depression.  The  iit .  «;..s 
incorporated  in  KS81.  .1 W;.,  AcU,  1  Ith  leg.  ass.,  IW-TS.  The  lilesol  the  Tninli- 
stone  A)iit.ii]ili,  Xiiii'jit,  ami  lltcord  contain  of  course  much  iniortnatioa  alicnit 
the  town,  as  also  the  San  Francisco  jiapers.  Sec  also  ('nl'/oniinii.  .luly  |S,SI, 
p.  r>:i-7;  J)iifnriieir.i  Jiiis.  J)ir.,  IMSI,  p.  171-5;  Ariz.,  ,Scrii}i.^,  4:il;  and  d 
course  full  descriptious  in  Hamilton  anil  Elliott. 

Ed  Schietrelin  and  Uieliard  Oird,  l)oth  rcsnlents  of  Cal.  in  l.itrr  ywirs, 
were  the  discoverers  of  the  Tondtstone  mines.  \\ .  11.  .Savage,  couni\  .iiidcity 
attorney  at  Tombstone,  is  an  Irishman  who  came  to  tlie  (j.  iS.  m  l"<l..  In 
the  war  of  181J1-5  he  enlisted  four  times  in  the  navy,  cavalry,  and  iiii;iiiti.\, 
reacidng  the  rank  of  lieut  J.  V.  \"iclveis  is  a  real  estate  and  iii.suiaiicu 
agent  at  Tombstone,  also  interested  in  miidng  and  stock-raising.  IK  raiiiu 
to  Ai'i/.  in  IHiSO,  being  a  native  of  I'a,  and  a  merchant  in  N.  V.  city  ni  \\i- 
80.  lienj.  Williams,  a  native  of  Hnnlainl,  came  to  tlic  U.  .S.  in  l.Vi.'i,  toCil. 
ill  1874,  and  from  Nev.  to  Ariz,  in  l>78.  lie  has  furnishel  inten  Siting  ainl 
useful  information  aliout  the  town  and  its  mines.  Among  other  iirnMiuaiit 
citi/.ens  of  rond)stono  are  the  following:  .Judge  W.  II.  .Siilwell,  iii  1>>*  u>so- 
ci.ite  judge  of  the  supreme  court;  Iv  C.  l)unn,  M.  D.,  who  settled  .il  TiiiiIp- 
stone  in  I8SI;  F.  L.  Moore,  the  vice-president  and  manager  of  tiie  ('hcImhl' 
Hardware  and  Trailing  Company;  I*.  1}.  Warnekros,  a  general  mi'rchant;  >.  C. 
BagL,',  proprietor  of  tlio  ToiiilMtniic  /'rrtsinrtnr:  -h  V.  .MrAllisier.  a  loinnlry- 
inan;  II.  S.  ("otfrnan,  superintendent  of  the  Water  N'ail  .Mining  Coiiiiiaiiy: 
J.  K.  Diirkee,  tho  l-irgest  freighter  in  Arizona;  J.  .1.  I'atton,  who  i.s  in  the 
harness  ami  saddlery  business;  J.  S.  Kobbins,  manager  ;ind  half  owner  nt  the 
Whitl)eek  Land  and  Cattle  (.'o.;  .S.  L.  Hart,  a.  dealer  in  hardwarr  and  lire- 
arms;  and  L.  W.  niinn,  a  lumber  merchaut,  aud  prcsidout  of  the  Teuipe 
Laud  Iniproveiueut  Company. 


MARICOPA  COUNTY. 


023 


transformed  into  pfrain-fiflds,  orchards,  vineyards,  and 
rjanli'iis.  Apparently  the  county  must  always  niain- 
taiii  its  ajjjriciiltural  supremacy.  Here  is  one  of  the 
I'iiii.i  Indian  reservations,  and  here  the  Mormons  have 
tilt  ir  most  prosperous  scttlcuients.  The  county's  irifat 
iRfd  is  additional  facilities  for  transportation,  which 
will  he  afforded  hy  a  railroad  comiectinjj^  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  and  Prescott  in  the  north  with  the  South- 
ern l*acific — which  traverses  Maricopa  fr<»m  east  to 
west,  south  of  the  Gila — and  Tucson  in  the  s(»uth. 
Tlif  |»oi)ulati<m  is  ahout  (5,000,  The  first  settlement 
was  at  Wickenbur^  in  the  extreme  north  in  ISd:};  hut 
the  valley  settlement,  the  dijjfgin;^  of  canals,  the  raisinijf 
(if(i'oj)S,  and  the  buildin<(  of  houses  date  from  18()7-8; 
ami  the  founding  of  Phrenix — so  called  fi-om  the  now 
civilization  that  was  ex[)ected  to  rise  here  from  the 
ashes  of  the  past — from  1870.  This  is  a  thriviiii,^ 
town  of  somo  .'?,000  inhabitants,  built  larufely  of  adobe, 
hut  with  many  structures  of  brick  and  wood,  on  an 
opcii  }>lain  formerly  classified  as  desert  but  nttwdistin- 
.;uislied  amonj^  Arizona  towns  for  its  wealth  of  shatle 
tivfs  and  attractive  Jiomes.  Excessive  heat  is  the 
niily  drawback  to  comfort  in  this  favored  reunion.  The 
cltv  is  reached  by  a  stasj'e  route  of  about  150  miles  froui 
Maricopa  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific,  but  railroad 
(diiiiecticm  with  the  north  and  south  cannot  be  long 
ch'lavcd." 


'M.iricopa  (including  northern  Gila)  statistics  of  the  10th  rensus:  jiop. 
.\i'.V,i,  I'hci'iiix  1,708,  Soymiiur  'J.VS,  Musa  City  l.")l,  Toiiiiio  lit.'),  Utalivillu 
Ijii,  Wickealiurg  104,  Wheatliclil  7-;  no.  of  farms  171,  avcraL't'  si/i:  -0.")  a., 
txtciit  3."),011  a.,  improved  19,447  a.,  value  5?'JS7, ISO,  iiii|ilciiiints  S-.U.-Jii,'); 
lupiscs  1,1.')1,  niiilcH  102,  oxen  115,  cows  l,(i'j;j,  cattle  'J.'.I.M,  slucp  S,  N\vi;it; 
l.'.MU,  value  of  livo-stock  §101, 400;  mooI  '24  lbs.,  milk  4,0(M)gil.,  Knttcr  sT.MlO 
liis.;  h;uKy  rjr),i;58  1).,  Corn  2,10"),  h.,  whuat  X7,l{ir);  value  of  firm  pidduuts 
t^L'l(i,7S."),  assessment  S'.H."),1.11,  tax  !?-7.">7."),  debt  87l>.."i;i4.  Ilaiiiiltou's  stat. 
of  \ss-2~:h  pop.  6,408,  assessed  value  jS-i, 078, 147,  cattlo  S.OOO,  hursrs  ."),000, 
milium  l,r)00,  swine  7,000,  sheep  l,r)(K),  landoultivated  .S."),OitO  a.  KUiott.V  Co.'s 
Stat,  of  1883:  assessment  S1,0:W,2:U,  acres  of  alfalfa  ;i,'.l7;!,  vims  213, 420, 
fruit-trees  30,260;  product  of  wheat  13,(iS(i,780  llts.  or  24:'i  h.  per  acre,  barley 
l\7'.i-.',(titl  lbs.  or20.\  1).  peracre,  wheat  raised  by  Ind.  2,000, 01>0  lbs.,  cotton 
S.lillii  lbs.  oil  5  a.  These  stat.  were  taken  from  tiie  I'liii'iiix  (1<it.iIIi\  On  the 
"rjiiiiization  of  the  county  ami  successive  chain^e.s  in  the  boundaries,  sec  ,1  /•/;., 
.I'-'-,  IS71,  p.  53-4;  1873,  p.  87;  1S77,  p.  12.  On  Maricoja  o.  an. I  Salt  Uivc-r 
valliy,  see,  besides  the  reforeuces  given  below  for  I'huenix,    Yuma  .iciitiiiel, 


IT; 


IV"; 


"  a 


624  COUNTIKS  AND  TOWNM  OF  AUIZONA. 

Fartlicr  oast  on  tlio  CJila  is  Pinal  county,  iianud 
for  itn  |»iho  «^iov(>s,  or  jurliaps  dinctly  I'roni  tin  I'in.il 
Apacii'H,  floated  in  IH7;>  tVoin  I'iuia  and  Vii\;i|)iii, 
Hlii;iitly  extended  westward  in  1877  to  correct  i\u  ivmr 
of"  liciundary,  and  losin<;  tlio  (jilol)e  district  of  sdiitlK  in 
(iila  in  JhBl.  Its  present  area  is  [),'2\0  s(|uarc  niil.s, 
and  its  county  seat  Florence.     The  southern  jinitinn 


coui 
coui 


r  the  county  is  largely  a  desert,  traversed  in  the  w.  st 
l>y  the  railroad  and  the  underjLfround  dianiiel  of  tlic 
Santa  Cru/,  and  in  the  east  hy  the  San  JViho  aiiil 
several  ranges  of  inineral-biaiinLi;  mountains.  In  the 
northern  hills  are  several  minin<jf  districts  i^ivupdl 
aiound  the  famous  Silver  Ki:i<j^  as  a  centre.  Alnn^r 
the  Gila,  which  traverses  the  county  fi<»in  tiist  to 
west,  IS  a  body  of  fine  irrij^ahlo  land,  similar  to  that 
in  Maricopa,  thoui^h  of  le.ss  extent.  In  the  west, 
lyinuj  alonjjf  the  ri\er,  is  the  IMma  reservation,  |i;uts 
of   which    have   been    cultivated    for   centuries    willi 


und 


immis 


hed 


'ield;  while  farther  up  the  valliy 
eastward  is  a  tract  irrigated  and  utilized  by  settln-s 
in  recent  years,  and  closely  reseuibling  in  most  re- 
spects that  on  Salt  lliver.  The  lower  Sjui  ri<||.) 
also  contains  a  limited  amount  of  irood  farmin*'-  laud. 


April  21,  1877;  April  12,  1870;  ProKcnit  Miner,  J  .v.  2,  9.  1877;  7'hc*//(  Cifani, 
Miiy  :{(),  187!l;  .S'.  /'.  (all,  Feb.  1(>,  187!>;  Arhonn  Scniya.  !'.».  \'1'A. 

I'liii'iiix  liiiM  5  t'liurchuH,  2  of  adolu',  2  of  brick,  ami  oiio  of  wood;  ,i  two- 
story  brick  scliool-iiousc;  line  brick  cfiurt-lif)ii.se;  4  lU'Wspapcrst.  tlu'  llii'iil, 
d'lizi'tti',  Mirrii rin,  ixnil  Union;  an  icc-fiictory,  brewery,  uiul  tloiiriii^  ii,i!l  wliich 
in  ISS;$  turneil  out  ;},0(M),(XH)  11(«.  of  Hour.  The  city  was  iiicoriiorati d  iii  l^M. 
Arh.,  Arff,  lOiVlG.  Ou  the  history  anil  condition  of  I'lucnix,  the  I'h'iuif. 
Hfnilil  tile  contains  a  lar^'e  aniouiit  of  information;  see  also  J/m/is'  Smijis, 
Ariz.,  vi.  110;  Ariz.  Srrii}>.t,  lit,  VS.l;  Prrsrutt  Arizoninn,  .)\\\y  lit,'  isT't;  ' -i/. 
Aiirk'ultiiriit,  ii.  10.  Joliesvillc,  the  oldest  Mormon  settlemiMit,  d.iti  ^  hum 
1877,  and  has  a  pop.  of  about  150;  Mesa  City  wa.s  founded  in  1878;  T.  iii|ii'  is 
a  pleasant  village  Mitli  a  large  flouring  mill. 

tlohn  V.  T.  Smith  is  named  as  the  1st  .settlor  in  Salt  River  vallr\ .  md  •'. 
W.  Swilling  as  the  originator  f>f  the  1st  irrigating  canal,  lltiny  W  i'  K'II- 
Imrg,  for  whom  the  town  was  named,  camo  from  C'al.  in  18(i2,  and  ili>iuvrriil 
the  famous  Vulture  mine.  He  was  still  living  in  187r>,  and  p<'rliai)s  |i»  \uar9 
later.  Jamea  Stinson  resides  at  Flueni.x,  and  \\n»  a  stock  ramh  in  tlif  Tinito 
Basin.  Ho  is  a  native  of  Maine,  came  to  C'al.  in  18;"),"),  and  after  ixtciisive 
wanderings  in  the  northern  territories,  to  Ariz,  from  Colorado  in  IST^!.  His 
wife  was  Melissa  Bagley,  and  they  have  two  children.  M.  H.  Sin  im  in  uf 
N.  Y.  came  in  1873  a»  principal  of  the  Prescott  schools.  He  was  rlnttil 
supt  of  public  instruction  in  1880,  and  appointed  adj. -gen.  in  ISSH.  Hi;  in 
president  uf  a  bank  at  Phwuix, 


PINAL  <:OUNTY. 


625 


tlir  I'iiial 
Vii\  ;i|i;ii, 
't  an  riitir 
f  .sttutlu  rn 
tu'i!  Ml  ilea, 
•u  1 1<  "It  it  III 
n  the  W'St 
llfl  nl'  the 

IV'tlio  uiid 

S.        Ill   till' 

•e.      A  loll',' 
ilil    ciist    tit 
livr  tt»  that 
the   west, 
itioii,  I'iuts 
urius    with 
tlie    valhy 
l)y  sctth  IS 
11  most  IV- 
vm    r-iho 
miii>j'  hiiith 


Tiicntiii  ( "ifi'.i'ii, 

woDil:  ii  t\v(i- 
Irs.  thr  //.-■■'/./, 
I'lllg  Illlll  "lll'.'ll 
liorati  (1  III  l""^l' 
[x,  the  I'li'iiiif. 

\  J  Illlll/   \.'V/JW, 

10,'  JsT'.i;  '"'• 
|iit,  iliiii-  ii'""> 
(S7S:  '1'.  iiii'i'  w 

J  VullrV.  ■ill'l  •'. 

Ilciiry  W  I'  '<'■"• 
lind  ai.-r>.v.  ri.l 

yiiaiis  111  ,\i-'i" 
li  ill  till'  'i'liiito 
liter  tx tensive 
Jill  l.sT:i.     His 

ll.  Slienii.lll   ef 
It;  \v;is    rleeteil 

ISS;!.     lie  ia 


Tilt  railroad  extends  al»out  70  milos  acro^ifi  tin;  soutb- 
wtstmi  part  of  tlio  county;  ami  in  this  n'<»ioii  staiids 
also  the  f'unious  Casa  (jlrandc,  an  a<lol)t!  structun! 
whirli  was  pro! »al)Iy  soon  Ity  tiio  Spaniards  in  If)  10, 
and  was  certainly  Imilt  at  a  n:»i  h  ;'arlier  date.  Flor- 
iiKv,  on  the  (iila,  ia  the  county  .  "at  and  nu'tropolis, 
•111(1  has  a  population  of  over  1,000,  in  many  respects 
irsi  nihling  the  town  of  Phtenix.  Casa  (irande  sta- 
tiuii,  with  nearly  500  inhahitants,  is  the  ])rineipal 
raili'i'ud  town,  and  Silver  Kinjjf  and  IMnal  are  the 
most  tlourishinj^  settlements  of  the  nnnin»^  region. 
Hy  reason  of  its  situation  and  varied  resources,  this 
(iiuiity  hids  fair  to  be  pernuuu'ntly  one  of  the  nio.s' 
]ir(is|)(«rous  in  Arizona.  The  J)eer  Creek  coal-field,  of 
i.'nat  prospective  valuj,  is  on  the  eastern  frontier  of 
riiial,  within  the  Indian  reservation.  A  larfj;e  por- 
tion of  the     >unty  is  included  in   the  Keavis  land 


('rant. 


10 


"Tinal  statistics  of  tho  10th  census:  pop.  3,044,  Florence  902,  Tin.-il  IfiG; 

Mariiiipa  ltd,  Miami  r)."),  Sanfortl  3U,  Casa  (Jramlo  33.  no.  of  farin.s  7t>,  average 

MZf'JI."ia.,  extent  l(i,337  a.,  improved  7,H4I,  value  If  173,750,  inlplel)lent^<  a!13,- 

IHK),  lidrscs  54*2,  mules  83,  oxen  S),  cow.-*  478,  cattle  3,5.37,  sheep  5.  swiiio  417, 

value  (if  live-stock  S88,(M>I,  wool  14  Uw.,  milk  3,(i.">0  gal.,  butter  !t.4l'5  llw., 

cliepse  S'J5  Uis.,  harley  3.3,800  1).,  corn  2,205  b.,  wheat  22,357,    value  of  farm 

|iri«hiet.-i  .*7I,875,  assessments  .?2,205, 12!>,  tjix  $3(),831.      Hamilton's  statistics; 

1(11.  H.:{(12,  assessed  value  ;ii!l,753,0(K),  cattle  25, (MX),  horses  2,000,  mules  1,(KH); 

^wllle  lilMI,  siiee|>  3,5(M),  cultivated  land  7,000  a.,   not  including  the  Indian 

iariiis.     Assessed  value  in  188.3,  ace.  to  K.  &.("<).,  $I,8St8, 142.     Florence  was 

i"iiii(le(l  ill  1809,  the  1st  hfmsc  havini;  been  built  in  18(i0.     Its  buihlings  are  of 

ailiilie,  ami  a  large  element  of  the  pop.  is  Mexican.     There  are  2  hotels,  2 

!( liddls,  catholic  church,  court-house,  brewery,  flouring  mill,  and  many  stores, 

sli(i|w,  etc.     The  new8])aper  is  tiie  h'litciyrisi:     FUiott  notes  J'rimnisc  Hill, 

mar  the  town,  where  Poston  propo.sed  to  1>iiilt  a  temple  to  tho  sun  for  tin* 

I'lirsic  \Mirship,  spending  several  thousand  dollars  in  grading  a  spiral  road  to 

the  sumriiit.     Anotiier  of  I'oston's  schemes  was  to  establish  an  ostricli  farm. 

I'liial  was  formerly  called  Picket  Post.     It  has  a  church  and  school,  and  a 

I'lip.  (if  nearly  400.  '  Here  are  the  mills  of  the  Silver  Kinf{  Co.     Its  newspaper 

is  tlic />/v7/.     Silver  King,  with  5(K)  iiihab.,  is  at  the  mine.     It  li:is  2  hotels, 

and  a  line  hall.     The  mine  was  located  in   1875.     Ca.sa  (Jrandeis  an  adobe 

town,  and  i.s  the  principal  shipping  point  and  stage  station  for  Florence, 

•'Idbe,  and  t^uijotoa.     Adanisville  on  the  (!ila  is  now  abaiuloned.     Levi  Ung- 

gles,  the  founder  of  Florence,  where  he  resides  as  a  merciiant,  came  to  Ariz. 

mlsCiO  as  Iiid.  agent.     He  was  a  member  of  the  council  in   1873  a' (I   1877, 

also  registrar  and  receiver  of  the  land-oHicc.     He  is  a  native  of  Oliio,  and  his 

wife « as  Cynthia  M.  Tharp.     Arthur  Macy,  born  in  N.  Y.  city,  1852,  and 

grailiiatc  of  the  school  of  mines,  was  R.  11.  and  mining  engineer,  and  expert 

uiN.  v.,  N.  C,  Co'.,  and  Id.  down  to   1883,  wIumi  he  came  to  Ariz,  as  supt 

t'f  tiie  JSdver  King  Mining  Co.     He  has  furnislied  an  excellent  account  of  tho 

liiatuvi.'iy  and  histcjry  of  this  most  famous  of  all  Ariz,  miues. 

illST.  Akiz.  anu  N.  Mex.    40 


h*  i 


t!  .1/-! 


■fil.I 


i  l':?h! 


il;>r-l 


i  If 


626 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


Gila  county,  named  for  the  river,  was  created  fnnii 
Maricopa  and  Pinal  in  1881,  being  extended  castwiud 
to  the  Han  Cdrlos  in  1885.  Globe  City  is  its  countv 
seat,  and  it  is  the  smallest  of  Arizona  counties,  li.ivini; 
an  area  of  3,400  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
about  ],500.  Gila  is  essentially  a  mining- countv,  its 
settlement  dating  from  the  discovery  of  the  (Jlolie 
district  lodes  in  187G,  and  all  its  many  mountains  ami 
ranges  being  rich  in  gold  and  silver,  as  noted  in  an- 
other chapter.  The  mountains  are  also  well  timhered, 
and  the  valleys,  small  but  numerous,  are  fertile,  with 
abundance  of  grass,  and  some  of  them  well  watend 
by  the  Salt  River  and  its  tributary  creeks.  Much  of 
tiie  best  land  is,  however,  within  the  limits  of  the  San 
Cdilos  reservation,  and  thus  closed  to  settlers.  (iKthe 
City,  the  chief  town  and  county  seat,  is  a  flourisliiii^r 
place  on  Pinal  Creek,  in  the  centre  of  the  soutlieiu 
part  of  the  county,  a  town  of  wood  and  briek  hiiild- 
iiigs,  having  nearly  1,000  inhabitants.  The  great  mid 
of  Globe,  and  of  all  the  Gila  camps,  is  railroad  com- 
munication with  the  outer  world,  the  distance  at 
present  to  railroad  stations,  Willcox  in  the  soutli-cast 
or  Casa  Grande  in  the  south-west,  being  omv  lUU 
miles." 

Graham  county,  so  called  probably  from  the  moun- 
tain peak  of  that  name,^Was  created  in  1881  from 

Tlionias  F.  Woedin,  editor  and  jjroprietor  of  the  Florence  Etiiti-prw,  is  a 
native  of  Mo.,  born  in  1854,  who  learned  his  trade  as  printer  at  Kansas  I'ity, 
tirst  coming  to  the  I'ac.  coiist  in  1875.  He  was  a  member  of  tlic  DUh  l(j;is- 
lature,  and  ia  a  man  euthuttiaHtically  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his  Uiwu  n\\ 
county. 

"  in  the  10th  census  Gila  i.s  included  in  Maricopa  and  Final,  The  ii»ii.  "f 
Glolie  is  triven  as  704.  Hamilton's  statistics  of  18S2-3:  i>op.  I.TjS'J,  a>.sesMii 
v.ihie  511,115,000,  cattle  15,000,  horses  l.tMK),  mules  800,  swiue  ;i(X),  sli.rii 
3,000,  cultivated  laud  1,500  acres.  (Uobe  may  have  been  ii.iiin'il  fnau  a 
globe,  or  bowlder,  of  silver  weighing  .SOU  lbs.,  found  here  at  tlu^  lpe(,;iiiiiiiig. 
The  town  has  an  altitude  of  over  4,000  ft,  with  an  agreeable  aiid  In  altliii.l 
cliiiiate.  It  has  '1  churclies,  scliool,  hotel,  two  newspapej-s — tlio  SUnr  li'ii 
and  Climnii'lc — bank,  brewery,  12  stores,  and  all  the  usual  n.'taMi,>hiinMtsni 
a  mining  camp  and  distributing  point  for  other  camps.  Hamilton  and  I'.lli"lt 
liave  but  little  to  say  in  detail  of  the  other  camjis,  except  in  connection  witlitlu 
mines,  on  wliich  their  existence  depends.  By  reason  of  exitt-nsivc  tiaii^mr 
tation.  with  unwise  and  extravagant  management,  most  of  tin;  ninii>  Iwvo 
jjceu  under  a  cloud  in  late  years.  Here,  ajj  in  most  other  regions  ot  Arizona, 
a  raib'oacl  is  projected. 

'^  Tlie  name  Mt  Graham  ia  used  by  Emory  iu  the  report  of  his  rccounuis- 


NA. 

1  created  from 
ided  (.'astwaid 
J  is  its  county 
unties,  liaviiii; 
population  ot" 
ino"  count y.  its 
of  tliti  (IIoIh' 
mountains  and 
s  noted  in  an- 
wcll  tin\l»t'rr'(l, 
re  fertile,  with 
1  well   watered 
eks.      Much  of 
[iiits  of  the  Sail 
ettlers.     (Jlohf 
is  a  flourishiiiL' 
)f  the  southern 
lid  brick  hudd- 
Thc  ^-reat  need 
s  railroad  coni- 
,he    distance  at 
1  the  south-east 
jcinii:  ONcr  lO'j 

[from  the  nioun- 
in  1S81  tVniii 

korcnce  £'»''  'T"-'"  •  .'^  * 
frintor  at  Kansas  City, 
Lbcr  of  tlic  null  l.>:i=- 
[crests  ol"  his  town  I'lul 

Lirinal     'ni>il"t."| 

[sob,  swiui'  *Kt,  slurp 
L  boon  iiaiiii'.l  t'n.m  a 
Iiere  at  tin'.  UcKi"""'?; 
Vecal.lc  aii.l  l"'^'"*'','" 
Jailers— tlu'  N''"''  '"". 
Isual  e.tal.l»lnm_nt.oi 

Hainiltou  aii'l  '•  H''" 
.iueoiuR't'tioinvitlitlK 

l,f  exiK'iisiv.'  tnin>l«ir- 
l,8t  of  the  luin.'.-  iw-' 
jier  regions  .t  Ara-ua, 

Lport  of  \n^  rccounoui. 


GRAHAM  COUNTY. 


627 


rinia  and  Apache,  the  county  seat  being  at  first  Saf- 
furd,  but  !}inved  to  Solomonville  in  1883.  In  1885  a 
small  tract  west  of  the  San  Cdrlos  was  cut  ofli'  and 
added  to  Gila,  the  remaining  area  being  about  (),475 
sijuare  miles.  Its  population  is  about  4,000.  In  the 
iiditli,  west,  and  south  are  large  tracts  of  excellent 
grazing  land,  the  half-dozen  raiudios  of  H.  C  Hooker, 
and  especially  the  Sierra  Bonita  of  500  square  miles, 
with  its  thoroughbred  horses  and  cattle,  being  famous 
tlir()Ugh(»ut  the  territory;  but  a  very  large  part  of  the 
north-western  region,  about  one  fourth  of  the  whole 
countv,  is  within  the  White  Mountain  Indian  rcserva- 
tion.  In  the  central  portion  of  the  Gila  is  a  fine  tract 
nf  fertile  and  irrigable  land,  notably  the  Pueblo  Vie^o 
vaHcy,  once  inhabited  by  Pueblo  tribes,  as  is  indicated 
\x  traces  of  aborifjinal  structures.  This  resj^ion  is  as 
yet  but  sparsely  settled,  but  is  being  gradualljr  occu- 
|)icd  by  Mormon  and  other  settlers.  In  the  east, 
adjoining  New  Mexico  on  the  tributaries  of  the  San 
Francisco,  are  the  copper  mines,  which  are  among  the 
most  productive  in  the  world,  this  region  being  con- 
nected by  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  with  the  Southern 
Pacific  at  Lordsburg,  New  ^lexico.  Solomonville, 
named  for  a  pioneer  family,  is  an  adobe  town  of  nearly 
4110  inhabitants,  in  the  centre  of  the  Pueblo  Viejo 
valh  y.  Clifton,  the  metropcdis,  with  a  population  of 
ahout  1,000,  is  built  in  a  canon  of  the  San  Francisco 
River,  where  are  the  reduction-works  of  the  Arizona 
Copper  Company,  and  is  the  termiims  of  the  railroad. 
Fort  Grant  and  Cami)  Thomas  are  the  countv's  mill- 
tary  posts,  Smithville  and  Central  are  Mormon  villages 
on"tlie  Gila." 

same  (if  184fi,  its  origin  not  being  stated,  (Hherwise,  1  shoulil  suppose  it  to 
liivr  lii'cn  named  for  (rraliani,  who  was  proiniuent  in  the  boumlary  survey  of 
1S.")()  •_'.     Tiie  facts  have  escaped  my  scarcli. 

'^  Matistics  of  the  lOtii  I'ensus:  ]io[i.  of  Solomonvillo  175,  San  Jr)se  IStt, 
Saffiiid  17.S,  C.  Thomas  ll'J,  C.  Crunt  'J4;t.  Haniilt(m's  stat. :  pop.  4,l.".".t, 
n.-s.-is.,i  value  !?l,lHl,(»tH,  catUe  '_'a,0()0,  horses  4,()(K),  nmles  l.iXK),  swiiic  ."lUO, 
sherji  l(),0(H»,  cultivatc.l  land  7,0(10  acres.  A  large  part  of  the  pop.  is  Me.\i- 
I'lii  Clifton  has  a  newspaper,  the  Clnrion,  a  school,  '2  iiotcls,  H  stores,  an<l 
sil"(iiis  more  tiian  suthcient  for  it  needs.  'I'lie  town  lias  all  the  characteris- 
tic!. (.1  ,1  prosperous  niiuiug  cump.     Solomouviile  has  a  tiuc  u(iubo  court-house, 


if 


i* 


I  ^  ii 


!'  ul    I 


i-l  11 


628 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  ARIZONA. 


:i' 


»   t 


i 


,"■    I 


! 


M: 


school,  liotel.  and  tlio  necessary  stores  and  shops.  It  will  douhtloss  liecnme 
the  metropolis  in  time,  being  in  tlie  centre  of  a  rich  ayrieiiltural  and  jjiaziii  ■ 
region.  Satford,  farther  down  the  Ciila,  i.s  a  plea-sant  village,  with  if  I;,,),;" 
flouring  mill,  and  wo  stores.  Fruits  jiromise  well  in  this  region.  Tin'  M,  r 
mon  settlements  are  below  Safl'ord.  Tliomas  i.s  a  town  of  10  stores,  •_•  lut. !-, 
shops,  etc.,  supported  mainly  by  the  adjacent  military  post. 

Geo.  H.  Stevens,  county  recorder,  .was  luirn  in  Alas.s.  1S44,  and  came  t 
Ariz,  iu  ISCti.  He  served  as  Indian  agent  at  Camp  Grant  and  S,  Cinl,,,. 
serving  with  Gen.  Crook's  .scouts,  Iwing  employed  to  remove  the  W 
Apaches  in  1875,  and  being  post-trea.surer  at  S.  Carlos  till  1878,  bciiiL: 
owner  of  Kureka  Springs  rancho,  and  later  of  the  Eagle  Creek  niiirhd.  t  ,; 
driven  out  by  Ind.  in  18S0,  Mlieu  lie  settle.l  in  Pueblo  Viejo  valley.  \\v\\.,. 
three  times  a  member  of  the  legislature,  clerk  of  board  of  supcivisois,  an  i 
sheriff.  \Vas  at  one  time  the  only  resident  of  the  county.  He  resides  ;t 
Solomonville. 

The  following  residents  of  Arizona,  who  have  kindly  furnishcrl  me  \i:'!i 
dictations,  are  also  deserving  of  mention.  In  Tucson,  M.  (J.  Saniani  l'i..  ii, 
1881  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  in  1888  county  assessor;  (1.  \.  Ti.  li- 
enor, a  manufacturer  and  mining  man;  H.  H.  Tenney,  editor  and  man  i:i  r 
of  the  Arizniin  CiUzi'ii;  A.  Steinteld,  one  of  the  leading  merchants  in  An/uia; 
A.  (roldschmidt,  a  wholesale  grocer;  M.  S.  Snyder,  a  mend)er  of  the  li  u'l  !  i 
ture;  C.  A.  Shil)ell,  clerk  and  recorder  of  I'ima  county;  (r.  H.  Uainhiut.  i 
mining  man;  F.  L.  Proctor,  a  stock-raiser;  C.  R.  Wore.s,  the  owner  oi  >aii, 
pling  works;  Major  F.  \V.  Smith,  a  native  of  Virginia;  \V.  K.  Meadr,  V  S 
marslKil;  H.  I).  Underwood,  a  cammissiim,  mining,  and  real  estalc  iii:iii; 
Gen.  T.  F.  Wilson,  a  lawyer,  and  formerly  U.  S.  consid  to  Hrazil  and  iIm- 
where;  F.  A.  Austin,  a  mendiant  and  mining  man;  .luilge  .1.  11.  \\ii::lir. 
chief  justice  of  Arizona.  In  I'rescott,  S.  C.  Miller,  a  stoekraisir;  ('  > 
Hutcliinson,  a  druggist;  J.  Lawler,  a  mining  man;  T.  .F.  Eamin,  a  -{mk- 
raiser;  J.  Douglierty,  a  general  merchant;  F.  Q.  Cockburn,  manager  el  iL 
Arizona  Sampling  Works;  Judge  S.  Howaiil,  iu  1884  cliief  justice  et  ilu'tn 
ritory,  and  in  1887  mayor  of  Prescott;  T.  \V.  Hoggs,  a  mining  man  and  iiiuli 
owner.  In  Pli<eni.\,  A.  L.  Meyer,  in  1888  its  mayor;  O.  L.  Malioney,  M.  Ji . 
superintendent  of  tiie  insane  asylum;  W.  .1.  .Muri)liy,  a  contractor;  II.  V.. 
Kemp,  wliose  business  is  in  hardware  and  agricultural  implements;  K.  fiaiiz, 
a  wiiolesale  li(]uor  merchant;  A.  (,'.  Baker,  the  city  attorney;  .1.  W.  K\:iii-, 
a  real  estate  agent;  C.  Eschman,  a  druggist;  .1.  Campbell,  probati'  juiL'': 
L.   H.  Chalmers  and  Judge   \V.  Street,  lawyers;  F.  Cox,  district  attnnuv; 

F.  M.  ScoHold,  a  ranch-owner;  Cul  W.  Christy,  ca.shier,  and  E.  J.  Uenintr, 
assistant  cashier,  of  the  Valley  Hank  of  Pluenix;  C.  Churchill,  formerly  attii- 
ney-general  of  Arizona;  Dr  J.  E.  WHiarton,  county  physician,  etc.;  S.  K.  I'l;- 
ton,  a  contractor  and  builder.  In  Nogales,  (r.  Christ,  a  mine,  rancli,  :ii,  i 
hotel  owner;  J.  T.  Hrickwood,  a  rancii  and  city  real  estate  owiw  r;  1.  .' 
Cluitliam,  proi)rietor  of  the  Suii'lai/  lit  raid,  and  member  of  the  leuislatur  •. 
Major  H.  A.  Read,  a  rdning  man;  Capt.  John  J.  Noon,  a  native  of  In  laii^i, 
an  experienced  and  successful  mining  man,  having  travelled  extensively  ii 
the  territories  of  the  PaeiHc  coast,  discoverer  of  the  well-known  Nneii  iniii 
in  N(tgales;  Louis  Proto,  a  substantial  merchant  ami  mining  man.     In  Mayir. 

G.  E.  Brown  ami  J.  Miller,  and  in  .Stoddard,  Roberts  and  Wells,  cattle  raisnv 
Mention  is  also  refpiired  of  W.  C.  Land,  a  member  of  the  well-known  call!' 
firm  of  Tevis,  I'errin,  Land,  &  Co.,  whose  interests  are  in  Cochise  and  I'iiii 
counties.  To  'his  gentleman  I  am  indebted  for  a  valuable  dictation  on  tli' 
cattle  interests  of  Arizona  and  her  adjoining  territories. 


iHl 


:ONA. 


mU  (louhtlcss  heenme 
iuultiinil  iiii<l  giMziii:.' 
villiige,  witli  a'  Imt.  1, 
ii8  region.  Till'  M,  r- 
nf  10  Btorus,  '2  \wUU, 
post. 

s.  1S44,  and  oainc  !>■ 
jrraiit  and  S,  Culu-, 
einove  tliu  W'liitc  M; 
,11  1878,  1iiiu.;ul.ii  til' 
,'le  Creek  raiiiliii.  til 
/iejo  valley.  Ilo  w:i< 
d  of  supervisois,  an i 
juiity.     Hu  resides  nt 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

1851-18G3. 

Organic  Act  —  Li.st  of  Govr.RNOR.s  and  Other  Officials  —  Civii,  vkusus 
Military  Aitiioritv — Sumn kk'.s  Sitoc! f.stions— Leui.'slative  A.ssk.m- 
ULiEs — Members  and  Act.s— System  Followed — CArriAL  and  Capitol 
—  Akciiivf.s  and  Historical  Society  —  Counties  —  I'opi'lation  — 
Finance — Edcxation — Industries — Trade— Fairs — AiiRiciLTiRE  and 

.*^^(K■K-RAISIN(i — SlATLSTICS     KRO.M     CENSUS     RePORT.S— riBLIC    LaN  DS — 

I'KiVATE  Land  Claims— 1'ukiilo  Grants — Minino  Indu.stry— New 
Mkxico  in  Congress — Contested  Seats — Appropriations — Disputed 
Boundary — The  Mesilla  Valley — Explokations. 

In  an  earlier  chapter  the  history  of  New  Mexico 
lias  heeu  brought  down  to  the  organization  of  a  terri- 
torial government  by  act  of  congress  in  1850,  and  in 
ctrtain  matters,  notably  the  Mexican  boundary  con- 
troversy and  survey,  has  been  carried  somewhat 
furtlier.'  The  organic  act  of  September  9,  1850,  was 
similar  to  those  by  which  otlier  territories  were  cre- 
ated, and  need  not  be  analyzed  here,  so  far  as  minute 
details  are  concerned.  By  its  provisions  the  president 
was  to  appoint  for  four  years  a  governor  at  a  salary  of 
81,500,  a  secretary  at  $1,800,  attorney  at  $"-'50,  mar- 
shal at  $200  and  fees,  and  three  justices  of  the  supreme 
court  at  3lj800  each.  The  governor  was  to  act  also 
as  superintendent  of  Indian  altairs  for  a  compensation 
I'f. '^1,000  per  year.  The  secretary  was  to  act  as  gov- 
ernor in  the  absence  or  disability  of  that  officer.  A 
K'L^■i^lative  assembly,  consisting  of  a  couticil  of  thirteen 
niemhers  elected  for  two  years,  and  house  of  '21!  rep- 
iiseiitatives  elected  for  one  year,  was  to  hold  annual 

'  Sio  chap,  xviii.  of  this  volume, 

(629') 


;:ji! 


!     I 


630 


TKKRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


i  n 


I  *f'4 


.)■  I 


sessions  of  40  days  at  a  compensation  of  three  dollars 
per  dii}^  for  each  member,  and  mileage  at  the  rale  of 
three  dollars  for  20  miles.  All  acts  must  be  subinitttd 
to  congress,  to  bo  null  and  void  if  disapproved.  Tlio 
supreme  court  was  to  consist  of  a  chief  justieo  and 
two  associates,  appointed  by  the  president  fir  tniir 
years  at  a  salary  of  $1,800,  each  to  reside  and  Imld 
district  court  in  one  of  the  three  judicial  districts 
assigned  him,  besides  an  annual  session  of  the  wliole 
court  at  the  capital.  A  delegate  to  each  congress  was 
to  be  elected  by  the  people.  The  choice  of  a  teiiiim- 
rary  seat  of  government,  apportionment  of  repn^sciita- 
tives,  time  and  })laces  of  election,  and  the  ap[)oiHtiiiriit 
of  local  and  subordinate  officials  were  left  at  tlic  lie- 
ginning  with  the  governor,  but  were  subsequently  td 
be  regulated  by  territorial  law." 

The  otiicials  appointed  by  the  president  in  ISJl 
were  James  S.  Calhoun  as  governor,  already  in  Xrw 
jMexico  for  some  years  as  superintendent  of  Iiidiaa 
aifairs;  liugh  N.  Smith,  not  confirmed  by  the  senate. 
and  replaced  by  AVilliam  S.  Allen,  as  secretary;' 
(Irafton  Baker  as  chief  justice,  with  John  S.  Watts 
and  Horace  Mower  as  associates;*  Elias  P.  West  as 
attorney;  and  John  G.  Jones  as  marshal.  Govoriiur 
Calhoun  was  inaugurated  on  the  3d  of  March,  and 
thus,  very  quietly  so  far  as  the  records  show,  tlie 
territorial  government  went  into  operation;  an  elec- 
tion was  held  by  the  governor's  order,  and  the  new 
legislature  was  ready  to  begin  work  in  June.     I  ap- 

-Sec  ^V.  Mcr.,  Compiled  LairH,  4i>-r>4,  for  the  organic  act,  followoc],  pji.  ■''> 
et  sc(i.,  by  organic  acts  comuion  to  all  tlie  territories.  Tlie  legislature  was 
Vrohihiteil  from  interfering  with  the  primary  disposal  of  lands,  innn  t;ixiiig 
iJ.  S.  property,  and  from  taxing  the  property  of  non-residents  liighrr  than  tli  .t 
t)f  residents;  otherwise,  it  might  pass  any  acts  not  inconsistent  with  the 
organic  act  or  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S. 

■*  Delegate  Weightman  opposed  the  nomination  of  Smith  and  defeatod  liini, 
lint  could  not  secure  the  appointment  of  Manuel  Alvarez  as  he  desiri'l.  Cowi. 
(Unl,,;  IS.VJ-.^,  app.  108.  Allen  <lid  not  reach  N.  Mex.  till  June,  and  ]>.  V. 
Wliiting  acted  as  sec.  by  aiipointment  of  the  gov.  from  April  5tli  toJiua'Jdtli. 
t'orresp.  about  his  claim  for  pay  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  H2  cong.  Ist  sosm.,  11.  Kx. 
Doc.  81. 

*  Ace.  to  list  in  A^.  .Vex.,  Ifrpor/'f,  i.,  these  justices  were  appointeil  in  IS.i.; 
but  Jiitch,  lilui-linok,  iia.s  it  IS,")!,  wliicii  I  have  no  doubt  is  accurate.  1  Iw^t^ 
found  no  original  records  of  these  early  appointments. 


OFFICIAL  LISTS. 


631 


pond  a  list  of  the  territorial  officials  in   1851-03,  the 
liiiiitH  of  this  chapter/     These  early  officials  were  for 

'■''^ci;,  besides  iniswl.  records  in  U.  S.  and  X.  Mux.  documents,  I\'Urh''<  Leijk- 
latiir  Jiluf-Booi:,  wliicli  is  the  be.st  and  most  comprehensive  list;  for  i>urliaj)s 
that  in  McL'niiyn  Statistician,  1S84,  from  material  furnished  by  Ritcii;  also 
Aiiifi:  Atinatiiir,  IS.ll-CS;  ami  ('aiiip's  Year  Book,  18()ll,  i».  GD.  Tlie  datcis 
given  in  tlie  following  lists  are  those  of  appointment  or  election.  I  liave  in 
most  ciisi's  found  no  original  records  of  exact  dates,  and  as  to  the  years  there 
id  .siiiiio  discrepancy,  especially  respecting  the  judges  of  the  sup.  court,  tlie 
dati's  of  the  list  in  N.  Mex.  Jicports,  i.,  being  apparently  inaccurate  in  this 
respect, 

(Idvernors,  1851-2,  James  S.  Calhoun;  1852,  Col  E.  V^.  Sumner,  mil.  com., 
acting  as  gov.  for  a  few  months;  1852,  John  Greiner,  sec.,  acting  as  gov.  for 
2  iiiniitlis;  1852-3,  WniCarr  Lane;  1853-4,  VVm  S.  Messervy,  sec,  act.  gov. 
fur  -i  months;  1853-7,  David  Merriwether;  J854-7,  W.  11.  H.  iJavis,  sec., 
act.  j4()V.  for  11  months;  1857-01,  Abraham  Reucher;  18G1  et  seq.,  Henry  Con- 
nelly. 

Sciretaries,  1851,  D.  V.  Whiting,  acting  for  a  time  by  gov.'s  appointment; 
IS,')!  -,  \Vm  S.  Allen;  1852-3,  John  Oreiner;  1853-4,  \Vm  S.  Messervy; 
1S.'4  7,  W.  II.  H.  Davis;  1S57-G1,  A.  M.  Jackson;  1861,  Miguel  A.  Otero; 
ISlil  '_',  Jas  JI.  Holmes;  18G2etseq.,  W.  F.  M.  Amy. 

Drlcgates  in  congress,  32d  cong.,  1851-2,  11.  H.  Weightman;  33il  cong., 
IS.'i:!  4,  Jos(5  M.  Gallegos;  34tli  to  3Gth  cong.,  1855-GO,  Miguel  A.  Otero; 
37tli  cong.,  18G1-2,  John  8.  Watts. 

t'liirf  justices,  1851-3,  Graftou  Baker;  1853-8,  Jas  J.  Davenport;  1858  et 
sell.,  Kirby  Benedict.  The  chief  justice  was  assigned  to  tiie  1st  district  re- 
siiiini,'  at  Sta  Fe.  Associate  justices  of  2d  and  3d  districts  res])ectively  (but 
the  districts  were  changed  from  ISGO),  Jolm  S.  Watts  1851-4  and  Horace 
Mower  1S51-3;  Perry  E.  Brocchus  1854-9  and  Kirby  Benedict  1853-8;  \V.  F. 
BdiiMc  KS.'i'.MU  and  Wm  G.  Blackwood  (preceded  by  L.  L.  Nabers  and  fol- 
liiwed  l)y  W.  A.  Davidson,  ■whoM'ere  apparently  ajjpointed  Imt  did  not  servo) 
1S,')S-()1;  Sydney  A.  Hubbell  and  Jos.  8.  Knapp  18G1  et  seq.  Clerks  of  sup. 
court,  18."i'J-4,  Jas  M.  Giddings;  1S54-G,  Lewis  D.  Sheets;  185G-9,  Augu.stino 
Deiuarle;  1850  et  seq.,  Sam.  Ellison. 

.Attorney -generals,  1S52-4,  Henry  C.  Johnson  and  Merrill  Asliur.st; 
lh,->4  8,  Theo.  D.  Wheaton;  1858-9,  R.  H.  Toini)kins;  185y-G(),  Huyh  N. 
Siiiitli  (died  in  office);  18G0-2,  Spruce  M.  Baird;  1862,  Chas  P,  Cleaver  anil 
Saiii.  15.  Elkins;  1863  et  seq.,  C.  P.  Cleaver. 

Treasurers,  1851^  (from  '46?),  Chas  Blumner;  1854-7,  Chas  L.  Spencer; 
]Sr)7,  llezckiali  S.  Johnson  (resigned);  1857  ct  se(i.,  Chas  Blumner. 

Auditors,  1851,  Jas  W.  Richardson;  1851-2,  Robert  T.  Hreiit;  1852-3, 
Lewis  D.  Sheets;  18.5.3,  J.  W.  Richardson  (but  named  in  laws  of  '51  2  as  ap- 
liniiitc<l  in  place  of  Slieets,  resigned);  1853-0,  H>  .ace  L.  Dickenson;  1850-01, 
A\ig.  Uemarle;  1801  .,  Demetrio  Perez. 

U.  8.  attorneys,  )  >iii.  E.  P.  West;  1853,  W.  H.  H.  Davis;  1855,  A\'m  C. 
Jones;  1858,  R.  H.  Tompkins;  ISOO,  T.  D.  Wheaton. 

I'.  8.  marshals,  1851,  John  (1.  .lones;  1853,  Clias  L.  Rumley;  18.54,  Clias 
H.  Merritt;  1856,  Clias  Blumner  (but  named  in  laws  of  '54-5);  180U,  Clias  P. 
Cleaver;  1801,  Abram  Cutler. 

Surveyor-generals,  1854-60,  Wm  Pelham,  with  C.  B.  Magnuler  as  clerk 
and  1).  V.  Whitney  as  translator;  18;;0,  Alex.  P.  Wilb.ir,  with  1>.  J.  Miller 
deik  and  trans.;  1861  et  seip,  John  A.  Clark,  with  Miller. 

Ptogisterof  Sta  Fe  land-ofhce,  1858,  W.  A.  Davidson;  IStiO,  0.  P.  Richard- 
son; 18()1  et  se<p,  .Joab  Houghton.     Receiver,  1858  et  se(i.,  W.  A.  Stout. 

Adjutant  general,  ]8(}1  ot  se(i.,  C.  P.  Cleaver.  Assessor  of  internal  rev- 
enue, 1802,  J.  M.  Vaca  (did  not  (pialify);  18(>2,  Vicente  8t  Vrain.  Collector 
int.  rev.,  18(12  et  seq.,  Chas  Blumner.  In  charge  of  U.  S.  depository,  1858  et 
se(|.,  Wm  A.  Stout.  Librarian,  1852-4,  John  Ward;  1854-7,  Juan  C.  Tapia; 
lSi'>7  et  acq.,  vacant. 


,!!»! 


'\n 


i  i 


I  \ 


TEUklTOKY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


i  it  I 


i'  .■■'■.. 


the  most  part  men  of  fair  ability  and  honesty,  tlioufjh 
not  as  a  rule  appointed  with  any  special  view  to  tlitir 
fitness.  Governor  Calhoun  was  a  politician  of  consid- 
erable executive  ability,  honorable  in  his  intentions, 
popular,  but  intemperate,  who  was  for  some  time  un- 
fitted by  illness  for  his  official  duties,  and  died  in  .1  une 
1852  on  his  way  to  the  states.  Colonel  E.  V.  Sum- 
ner, the  military  commander,  in  the  absence  of  the 
secretary,  took  charge  of  civil  affairs  until  Governor 
Lane  arrived  in  September.  This  act  of  Sumnei-,  i»ar- 
ticularly  his  dealings  with  certain  criminals,  led  to  a 
controversy.  The  people,  or  the  little  clique  of  poli- 
ticians masquerading  as  the  people,  claimed  the  riolit 
to  clioose  their  temporary  rulers  in  the  absence  of  the 
appointees,  and  some  public  meetings  were  held  to 
protest  against  military  despotism.  On  the  other 
hand,  anarchy  and  even  intended  revolt  were  talked 
of,  all  apparently  without  any  real  foundation.  All 
was  indeed  an  outgrowth  of  the  old  quarrel  of  Ks4'J- 
50  between  the  advocates  of  state,  territorial,  and 
military  government,  which  for  several  years  did  not 
wholly  disappear.  The  masses  knew  but  little  and 
cared  less  about  the  matter.  Colonel  Sumner  in  li  is  re- 
port of  May  took  a  very  unfavorable  viewof  the  country 
and  its  prospects.  No  civil  government  euianating 
from  the  United  States  could  be  maintained  without 
the  army,  making  it  virtually  a  military  governnant, 
costly  and  burdensome  to  the  nation,  without  lulping 
the  New  Mexicans,  who  would  become  only  tlu;  more 
worthless  the  more  public  money  was  spent  in  the 
country.  "  Withdraw  all  the  troops  and  civil  officers," 
was  his  advice,  "and  let  the  people  elect  their  own 
civil  officers,  and  conduct  their  government  in  tluir 
own  way  under  the  general  supervision  of  our  govern- 
ment. It  would  probably  assume  a  similar  form  to 
the  one  found  here  in  1846;  viz.,  a  civil  government 
but  under  the  entire  control  of  the  governor.  This 
change  would  be  highly  gratifying  to  the  jicoplc. 
There  would  be  a  pronunciamiento  every  mouth  or 


RULERS  AND  CONTROVERSIES. 


G33 


two.  but  these  would  be  of  no  consequence,  as  they 
are  very  harmless  when  confined  to  Mexicans  alone." 
Tilt'  secretary  of  war  went  a  step  further,  and  sugij^ested 
tlie  buying  of  all  New  Mexican  property,  either  for 
money  or  in  exchange  for  other  lands,  and  abandon- 
iiiij^  the  territory  as  much  cheaper  than  employing  a 
military  force  at  an  armual  cost  of  nearly  half  the 
total  value  of  real  estate.  And  indeed,  it  would  have 
ItcLii  cheaper  in  dollars  if  humanity,  civilization,  and 
tii'iity  rights  might  have  been  disregarded.  But 
Delegate  Weightman  spoke  eloquently  in  defence  of 
the  character  of  his  constituents  and  their  claim  to 
protection;  and  presumably  there  was  no  danger  that 
congress  would  seriously  entertain  so  remarkable  a 
proposition.^  Nearly  every  prominent  official  became 
iiiv(»lved  in  controversies  and  the  object  of  divers  ac- 
cusations, into  the  merits  of  which,  with  the  often 
mtagre  and  one-sided  evidence  at  my  command,  I  can- 
not enter  with  any  hope  of  doing  justice  to  the  parties 
in  to  rested.  Governor  Lane  was  highly  esteemed  as 
a  man  of  superior  ability,  and  his  rule  ended  in  his 
attempt  to  be  elected  delegate  and  his  defeat  by  Padre 
(lallegos.  Governor  Merriwether  had  his  foes,  and 
wa.s  even  burned  by  them  in  effigy.^  Secretary  Davis 
has  l)ecome  famous  for  his  books  on  New  Mexico  else- 
where noticed,  in  one  of  which  he  describes  to  some 
extent  his  experiences  in  these  years.  Governor 
Keiicher  was  a  lawyer  who  had  been  member  of  con- 
gress and  minister  to  Portugal.  Governor  Connelly 
was  an  old  resident  and  trader  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail, 
a  man  of  good  intentions,  of  somewhat  visionary  and 
poetic  temperament,  of  moderate  abilities  and  not 
laueh  force.     All  these  rulers  performed  their  routine 


111  ■ 


"Sumner's  reports  in  LT.  S.  Govt  Doc,  32il  cong.  2(1  sess.,  i.  pt  ii.  23-C; 
WtiL'litiiian's  speccli  iu  Vodij.  <H<thi>,  IS.VJ-.'J,  app.  W^  ut  seq.  Anotlior 
spi'ich  (if  W.  /(/.,  )8.")l-2.  App.  ;{23-3G,  contains  an  intercstinj^  narrative 
01  |iiiliti(tal  vrangk's  for  tlio  past  fuw  years,  but  far  too  oomplit-'atod  to  be 
utih/.Ml  ln're.  EUixona  lli4.  X.  Mfx.,  MS.,  contains  notes  on  the  eharauter 
fit  tlir  early  governors  and  otlier  otHeials. 

'  Widjjield'x  /h'/eiire,  D,  which  work  also  contains  many  petty  details  of 
pruvalcnt  complications. 


I     \i 


6S4 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


■;        I 


F-! 


duties  with  commendable  zeal  and  skill;  and  tlicir 
annual  messages  are  filled  with  expressions  of  patriotic 
and  intelligent  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  tonitorv.^ 
The  first  legislative  assembly  convened  at  Santa 
Fe  on  June  2,  1851.  A  large  majority  of  the  iiiciii- 
bers  of  council  and  house  were  naturally  native  Xrw 
Mexicans.  I  append  a  list  of  members  of  this  and 
the  later  assemblies  down  to  1863."     About  twenty 

*Tlio  governor's  messages  are  printed  in  the  N.  Mex.  Jounutl  of  tacli  sea- 
sion,  ami  many,  perhaps  all,  of  them  were  also  separately  pulilisliud  in 
pamphlet  form. 

'  The  names  are  to  he  found  in  the  successive  Laws  and  JoiirmtU:  and  i 
satisfactory  list  is  also  given  in  liitx-Kx  Lt'ijin.  lilue-Bnok. 

1st  assembly,  1851.  (."ouncil:  president  Ant.  J.  Martinez  (2(1  sess.  .luau  F. 
Ortiz),  sergt-at-arms  Robt  Cary,  clerk  Fern.  Pino;  members,  1st  (list  iTaoa 
and  Rio  Arriba  co.),  Pablo  (iaLegos,  Geo.  (Jold,  Ant.  J.  Martinez.  Viixntj 
Martinez,  Ant.  Ortiz;  2(1  dist  (Sta  Fe  and  S.  Miguel  co.),  Jose  Fran.  Li'iva, 
Juan  F.  Ortiz,  Hugh  N.  Smith;  3d  dist  (Bernalillo  and  Sta  Ana  (.'n.  I,  Timiaji 
C.  Vaca,  Jose  M.  (Jallegos;  4th  dist  (Valencia  and  Socorro  co.),  Fldrcncio 
Castillo,  Juan  C.  Chavez,  Fran.  A.  Otero.  House:  speaker  ThiM).  Whiiitnii, 
clerk  Robt  A.  Johnson  (2d  sess.  Thos  D.  Russell),  sergt  John  M.  Clitloril; 
members,  Taos  co.,  Rainmndo  Cordova,  Dionisio  (ionzalez,  Pascual  .Martiiuz, 
Miguel  Miisi'urena,  Theo.  Wheaton;  Rio  Arriba,  Oerdnimo  .Jaraiiiilln,  .Jusij 
Ant.  Man/.iiiares,  Diego  Salazar,  (,'eledonio  Valdes,  Ramon  Vigil;  Sta  Ami, 
J().se  A.  Sandoval;  Sta  Fe,  Candido  Valdes,  Palmer  J.  Pilans,  .Merrill  .\sliur.it, 
Robt  T.  Brent;  S.  Miguel,  Hilario  Gonzalez,  M.  Sena  y  Quintana,  M.  Swia 
y  Romero;  Bernalillo,  Juan  C.  Armijo,  Spruce  M.  Baird,  Jose  L.  I'crca;  Va- 
lencia, Juan  C.  Vaca,  Juan  J.  Sanchez,  Wm  C.  Skinner;  Socorro,  .liiaii  Tnr- 
res,  Ksijuipala  (?)  Vigil. 

2d  as.sembly,  IS.Vi-S.  Council:  pres.  Juan  F.  Ortiz,  clerk  Tomas  Ortiz, 
sergt  Fran.  Vaca;  members,  1st  (list,  Pablo  (iallegos,  Geo.  (Jolil.  Ant.  J. 
Martinez,  Ant.  Ortiz,  Vicente  Martinez;  2d  dist,  Jose  F.  Leiva,  H.  \.  Smith, 
Juan  Fel.  Ortiz;  3d  dist,  Tomas  C.  Vaca,  Jose  M.  Ortiz;  4th  dist,  Kiaii.  (':is- 
tillo,  Juan  C.  Chavez,  Fran.  A.  Otero.  House:  speaker  Wheaton,  clerk  Itiis- 
sell,  sergt  Fran.  Ortiz;  Taos,  Wheaton,  P.  Martinez,  Fran.  Gonzalez,  .liwt)  K. 
(iallegos,  Bibiano  Sisneros;  Rio  Arriba,  (r.  Jaramillo,  Jose  L.  (ialk;,'(is,  .Fcse 
M.  Cliavez,  Q.  Valdes,  Fran.  Martinez;  Sta  Fe,  Jose  E.  Ortiz,  C.  Ortiz,  Dniia- 
ciano  Vigil,  Fern.  Pino;  S.  Miguel,  H.  Gonz;ilez,  Mig.  Sena  y  R.,  .Iiiaii  M. 
Varela;  Sta  Ana,  Jesus  Silva;  Bernalillo,  J.  C.  Armijo,  Juan  Perea,  Miinay 
F.  Tuley;  Valencia,  Raf.  Chavez,  Mig.  Otero;  Socorro,  Jose  A.  Vaca,  Itdiiiu- 
aldo  Vaca;  Dona  Ana,  John  C.  Craddock. 

3(1  asscnddy,  1851^.  Council:  pres.  Jas  H.  Quinn,  clerk  Elias  T.  Clark, 
sergt  J.  B.  Edelen;  members,  Taos,  J.  H.  Quinn,  Geo.  Gold,  Jos»''  M.  Mar- 
tinez, V.  Martinez;  Rio  Arriba,  Jose  A.  Manzanares;  Sta  Fti,  Tomas  Ortiz; 
Sta  Ana,  Fran.  Sandoval;  S.  Miguel,  Jose  Ulibarri,  Bernalillo,  lluii.  C'Hi- 
nelly;  Valencia,  Juan  C.  Vaca;  Socorro,  Jose  A.  Vaca,  Ant.  M.  Vaca.  Ihmse: 
speaker  Wheaton,  clerk  1).  V.  Whiting,  sergt  Garcia  Necibio:  incinliera, 
l.io.s.  Albino  Chacon,  P.  Martinez,  Inocencio  Martinez,  Jose  M.  \'alil(;,s, 
Wheaton,  Rio  Arriba,  Diego  Archuleta,  Lafayette  Head,  .lose  A.  Koibal,  <-'«!• 
Vald(5s,  (rer.  Jaramillo;  SUi  Fe,  Jose  Vaca  y  Delgado,  Facumlo  I'iiid,  C'iius 
L.  Spencer,  Caleb  Sherman;  S.  Miguel,  Faustino  Vaca,  Juan  N.  i  lutii-rrez, 
Juau_M.  Vaca;  Sta  Ana,  J.  Sandoval;  Bernalillo,  Man.  Armijo,  Scraliu  Ra- 
mirez, Morris  (?)  F.  Tully  (?);  Valencia,  Damaso  Chavez,  Jose  Jarainilln;  So- 
corro, Jose  Apodaca,  Andres  Romero. 

4th  assembly,  1854-5.     Council:  pres.  Jose  A.  Vaca  y  Pino,  clerk  Clark, 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


633 


JouruaU:  and  \ 


ino,  clerk  Clark, 


family  names  include  a  very  large  majority  of  tho 
iiK  inbership  for  the  whole  period ;  and  indeed,  a  few 

serj-'t  Aiiiooto  Valdes;  members,  Taos,  Quinn,  Gold,  J.   M.   Martinez,  Vic. 


MarUiie/;  Kio  Arriha,  Mu 


Sta  Fe,  Ap.asta 


iloval;  S.  Miguel, 


lares; 
Ulil'airi,  Ant.  Vaca  y  Sisneroa;  .Sta  Ana,  Sandoval;  Bornalillo,  (oimelly; 
V.iUiu'ia,  Vaca;  Socorro,  Vaca  y  P.,  Vaca.  House:  speaker  Facnndo  Pino, 
til  I  ii  .Ksus  M.  Sena  y  Vaca,  sergt  Sebastian  Abria;  members,  Taos,  Juaa 
lliruailet,  (luad.  Luj.m,  Ful.  Sanchez,  Pas.  Martinez,  Santiago  Valiles;  llio 
Amli:i,  Pablo  Gallegos,  Diego  Archuleta,  J.  A.  Roibal,  Ger.  Jaramillo,  Fran. 
.M.utiiie/;  Sta  Fe,  RPino,  Gaud.  Ortiz,  J.  Vaea  y  I).,  Mig.  K.  Pino;  S,  Mi- 
gufi,  Man.  Varela,  Faust.  Vaea,  Juan  Gutierrez;  Sta  Ana,  Man.  Vizearra; 
Birnalillo,  S.  Ramirez,  Sidney  A.  Hul)bell,  Narciso  Santistevan;  Valencia, 
.Mini.  Sanchez,  Aut.  ('liavez;  Socorro,  Rom.  V^aca,  Celso  C.  Medina. 

.'itli  assembly,  18.")5"G.  Council:  pres.  Facumlo  Pino,  clerk  Clark,  sergt 
Ant.  .1.  Salazar;  mend)era,  Taos,  Jose  A.  Ortiz,  Juan  IJ.  Valdes,  Pas.  Mar- 
tini/; Kio  Arriba,  J.  A.  Martinez,  Pablo  (iallegos;  Sta  Fe,  F.  Pino,  Simon 
lifluado;  S.  Miguel,  Man.  1).  Pino;  Sta  Ana,  Fran.  Sautloval;  Bernalillo, 
CunMclly;  Valencia,  Jose  Salazar;  Socorro,  Anast.  Garcia;  I).  Aila,  Domingo 
Culici'co.  House:  speaker  Celedouio  Vald(^s,  clerk  Wliiting,  seryt  Fran.  Sa- 
la/:ir;  members,  Taos,  Juan  A.  Vaca,  Julian  Solis,  Jose  D.  Giron,  Domingo 
.Mcailcz  (or  Montes);  Rio  Arriba,  D.  Archuleta,  Je9U.s  Trnjillo,  Man.  Trujillo, 
Man.  Valdes;  Sta  F(5,  Man.  Vaca  y  D.,  Vic.  Garcia,  Cand.  Ortiz,  Anast. 
Saiiiloval;  8.  Miguel,  Ant.  Vaca  y  B.,  Jose  Gonzalez,  Jose  G.  (Jallegos;  Sta 
.•\na.  .lesus  M.  C.  Vaca;  Bernalillo,  Hubbell,  S.  Ramirez,  Juan  Montoya; 
Valencia,  Demesio  Chavez,  Juan  Vigil;  Socorro,  Caudelario  Garcia,  I'edro 
Tones;  1).  Ana,  Raf.  Ruelas. 

(itii  assenddy,  18.5(5-7.  Council:  prea.  Pino,  clerk  Clark,  sergt  Jose  Ta- 
fiiya;  niend)ers,  Tao.s,  Ant.  J.  Ortiz,  Pas.  Martinez,  L.  Heail;  Rio  Arril)a,  J. 
A.  Manzanares,  P.  (iallegos;  Sta  Fe,  F.  Pino,  S.  Delgado;  S.  Miguel,  M.  D. 
l'ni(i;  Sta  Ana,  F.  Sandoval;  Bernalillo,  Connelly;  Valencia,  Salazar;  Socorn., 
liiicia;  1).  Ana,  Cubero.  House:  speaker  Jose  S.  Ramirez,  clerk  Clias  B. 
.Mau'ruder,  sergt  Fran.  Sandoval;  members,  Taos,  Santiago  V^aca,  Jesus  Ve- 
las.|ucz,  Man.  Martinez,  Juan  A.  Romero,  Jose  D.  Duran;  Rio  Arriba,  D. 
Aitlndeta,  J.  Trujillo,  M.  Trujillo,  Man.  Valdes,  Jesus  M.  Vigil;  Sta  Fe, 
•"^1111.  Ellison,  Victor  Garcia,  Jas  J.  Webb,  Jose  Vaca  y  Delgado;  S.  Miguel, 
-M.  Sena  y  Romero,  Juan  M.  \'aca,  J.  M.  Gutierrez;  Sta  Ana,  Jose  Molera, 
L'icnzo  Montatio;  Bernalillo,  Juan  Jose  Luero(?),  Jose  S.  Ramirez;  Valencia, 
■l"sc  I'uio,  Juan  C.  Chavez;  Socorro,  Rom.  Vaca,  Jose  A.  Torres;  D.  Ana, 
Ctsaiio  Ihiran. 

Ttii  assenddy,  1857-S.  Council:  pres.  Donaciano  Vigil,  clerk  C.  P. 
<'i,aver,  sergt  Seb.  (ionzalez;  members,  Taos,  Albino  Chacon,  L.  Head,  Jose 
li.  Martinez;  Rio  Arriba,  (rer.  Jaramillo,  Pedro  Salaziir;  Sta  Fe,  Xasario 
'■"H/alcz;  S.  Miguel,  Don.  Vigil,  Miguel  Sena  y  R. ;  Sta  Ana,  J.  M.  C.  Vaca; 
Brinalillo,  Connelly;  Valencia,  Juan  J.  Sancliez;  Socorro,  Mariano  Silva;  D. 
Ana,  ('.  Duran.  House:  speaker  Merrill  Ashurst,  clerk  R.  H.  Tompkins, 
si'ryt  .Max.  Montoya;  members,  Taos,  Sant.  Valiles;  R.  Arril)a,  Jesus  M. 
lliiiVLTa,  Fran.  A.  Salazar,  Gervasio  Orte,>,'a;  Sta  Fe,  Fran.  Ortiz  y  Delgado, 
M.  Asliurst;  S.  Miguel,  Man.  Pino;  Bernalillo,  Juan  Perea,  Juan  C.  Armijo; 
otiiir  counties. 

Mil  assenddy,  1858-9.  Council:  pres.  L.  Head,  clerk  Nic.  Quintana, 
stMi.'t  .lesus  Sandoval;  mend)ers,  Taos,  J.  B.  Martinez,  A.  Cliacon,  Head;  R. 
Anilia,  tier.  Jaramillo,  Pedro  Salazar;  Sta  Fe,  Nasario  (Jonzalez;  S.  Miguel, 
I'.  \'igil,  M.  Sena  y  R. ;  St;i  Ana,  J.  M.  C.  Vaca;  Ikrnalillo,  Connelly;  Va- 
I'liiia,  J.  J.  Sanchez;  Socorro,  M.  Silva;  D.  Ana,  C.  Duran.  House:  speaker 
Jiisti  (i.  Gallegos,  clerk  J.  M.  Sena  y  B.,  sergt  Lorenzo  Martin;  members, 
Felipe   Sancliez,    Mateo   Romero,   Pedro   Valiles,    Raf.    Vigil,    Pedro 


Ta 


•Maries  (?);"R.  Arriba,  Pedro  Aragon,  Ant.  G.  Cordova,   Fran.   E.  Salazar, 
Miin.  Jaramillo;  Sta  Fe,  Bonifacio  Romero,  0.  P.  Hovey,  J.  H.  Herrera,  Juan 


l'»  i;  if 


•Mi 


VVA' 


m 


M5 


■  <  .   Ji: 


!      1? 


!-.::i 


H 


■ii 


C36 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


wealthy  and  influential  familieH  in  each  county,  in  cdn- 
nection  with  the  few  American  residents,  natural-lmrn 
jtoliticians,  controlled  the  election  of  representativrs 
and  all  other  matters  of  territorial  <j^overnnieiit,  with 
oidy  the  sliufhtest  interest  or  action  on  the  part  oftlii; 
masses.  Yet  the  legislators  were  as  a  rule  intelligent 
and  patriotic  men,  but  rarely  accused  of  corruption, 

Ik'ii.avides;  S.  Miguel,  A.  11.  Aragon,  .F.  O.  Oallcgoa,  Man.  Herreri;  St;i  Aiki, 
Nil'.  LuctTo;  Boiiialillo,  Mig.  (i<in/.ak'z,  .lose  Lui!ra.s,  Fran.  IVrou,  I'liui. 
Linn'z,  .loso  Vigil;  Socorro,  A]>o(laca;  1).  Ana,  Mig.  Salazar. 

•Jtli  a.s»(niilily,  18.VJ  (K).  Council:  pres.  J.  (}.  (ialli'gos,  clerk  .T.  M.  .Sciii 
y  H.,  Hcrgt  Fcl.  Sandoval;  nieniltcrs,  ^lora  co.,  Fcl.  Roiiifro;  Tios,  .\.  ,1. 
Ortiz,  Sam.  Valdes;  K.  Arriba,  Ant.  l.I.  I'achuco,  Pedro  B.  OalleL'o.s;  Si.i  \'\\ 
M.  A.sliiir.st;  S.  Migiiel,  .1.  (i.  (Jallegos,  Fran.  Lopez;  Sta  Ana,  T.  ('.  \'ao.i; 
Hernalillo,  S.  M.  liaird;  Valencia,  Jofiq.  A.  Bazan;  Socorro,  J.  A.  Torres;  I). 
Alia,  Igtiacio  Orrantia.  Houhc:  speaker  Levi  Keitldy  and  C.  C.  Mi.liii.i, 
tierk  I.,ouia  Felsenthal,  sergt  Clemente  Ortiz;  nienilH'ra,  Mora,  Aga]iitn  N'lL'il; 
'i'aiis,  Matias  Medina,  Jose  V.  Oarcia,  Mig.  Ortiz,  N.  (Jallegos;  H.  Arrilia, 
Man.  S.  Salaair,  Jose  M.  Cliavez,  Vicente  Trujillo,  Agustin  Sisncnis,  .Insti 
A.  Martinez;  Sta  Fe,  F.  E.  Kavanaugh,  Pablo  Delgado,  lianion  Sru^i  y 
Jiivera;  S.  Miguel,  L.  Keitlily,  Teod.  Vaca,  Ant.  Tafoya;  Sta  An.i.  .Iiiau 
Torres;  jiernalillo,  Fern.  Aragon,  Mig.  Ant.  Cobato;  Valencia,  J.  A.  Chavez; 
Socorro,  Caudcl.  Garcia,  C.  C.  Medina;  I).  Ana,  . 

lOtli  assembly,  18()()-1.  Council:  pres.  J.  (i.  (iallcgos,  clerk  K.  II.  Tciiiiii- 
kins,  sergt  J.  M.  Bazan;  menibers,  same  aa  in  uK-tiO,  except  S.  A.  iluliliill 
ill  Hernalillo.  House:  speaker  J.  M.  (iallegos,  clerk  Facundo  i'inn,  srrgt 
Man.  (Jonzalez;  niend)cr.s.  Mora,  Jose  Mestas;  Taos,  Wlieaton,  Sabino,  Mmi- 
dragon,  Fel.  Sancbez,  Jose  A.  Martinez;  Kio  Arriba,  Juan  A.  Koibal,  *>rr. 
Jaraniillo,  I'ablo  (Iallegos,  Fran.  Salazar,  Man.  Trujillo;  St'i  Fe,  .1.  .M.flillc- 
gos,  Mig.  E.  Pino,  Vic.  Vables;  S.  Miguel,  L.  Keitlily,  John  Whitloi  k.  KKii- 
terio  U<iel;  Bernalillo,  Jose  A.  Oarcia,  Mig.  A.  Lobato,  Vic.  Cliavez;  Sta  Ana, 
llernienegildo  Sanchez;  Socorro,  Rom.  Vaca,  Candel.  Garcia;  Valemia,  !>. 
Ana  and  Arizona, . 

11th  assembly,  1801-2.  Council:  pres.  F.  Pino,  clerk  Saiit.  Va<a.  serL't 
Andres  Salazar;  members,  Mora,  Toiniis  Lucero;  Taos,  Pas.  Martinez,  Ant. 
.f.  Martinez;  Uio  Arriba,  Fran.  Salazar,  Fran.  A.  Mestas;  Sta  Fe,  !•'.  I'lim; 
S.  Mijniel,  Prudencio  Lopez,  Ant.  Vaca;  Sta  Ana  ami  Bernalillo,  Tom.  •'. 
Vaca,  Diego  A.  .Montoya;  Valencia,  Man.  Sanchez  y  Castillo;  Socorro,  ,).  A. 
Torres;  D.  Ana  and  Arizona.  House:  speaker  .J.  M.  Gallegos,  clerk  Ant, 
Sena,  sergt  Ramon  Ortega;  members.  Mora,  Fel.  Tafoya,  J.  M.  Bernailut; 
Taos,  J.  I).  Crallegos,  Juan  A.  Zamora,  Man.  A.  Sanchez,  Esti''van  (iarcia;  Iv. 
Arriba,  Luciano  Herrera,  Pablo  Vables,  Man.  Jaraniillo;  Sta  Fe,  .1.  M.  (ialle- 
gos, Vicente  Garcia,  O.  P.  Hovey;  S.  Miguel,  Man.  Gonz;ilez,  Rdinulo  Lncero, 
Pascual  Vaca,  Faustino  Vaca;  Bernalillo,  Pablo  Perea,  Pablo  Vaca,  J  use  A. 
(rarcia;  Sta  Ana,  Patricio  Silva;  Valencia,  Perfecto  C.  Hidalgo,  Juan  Men- 
toya;  Socorro,  Rom.  Vaca,  J.  J.  Garcia;  1).  Ana  and  Ariz.,  . 

12th  assembly,  18()2-.3.  Council:  pres.  F.  Pino,  clerk  Nic.  (»*nintana, 
sergt  Crcacencio  Torres;  members,  saiiie  as  in  '(51-2,  except  Meliton  \  ijil  l^r 
Sta  Ana  and  Valencia.     House:    speaker  J.  M.  Gallegos,  clerk  J.  M.  Sena, 

sergt  Canuto Torres;  members.  Mora ;  Taos,  Sant.  Vables,  Pedro  Sinclnz 

Man.  Atencio,  .lose  Tafoya;  R.  Arriba,  D.  Archuleta,  Diego  Salazar,  Aut.  M. 
Vigil;  Sta  Fe,  F'cl.  Delga<lo,  J.  M.  Gallegos,  Mig.  E.  Pino;  S.  MiL'Uel,  Valen- 
tine Vasquez,  J.  J.  Herrera,  M.  (i.  Montoya,  .Jesus  G y  Vigil;  Hernalillo 

and  Sta  Ana,  John  A.  Hill,  Wm  H.  Henrie;  Valoucia,  Frau.  A.  Cliavez,  Crcso, 
Cliavez;  Socorro,  Caudel.  Garcia,  Roui.  Vaca. 


■t  ] 


LKOISLATIVE  ACTS. 


687 


ty,  ill  cnn- 
turiil-lpdrn 
scutativfs 
lU'iit,  with 
)art  (if  the 
intoHiL,'cnt 
'orrujitiuii, 

TCTi;  Stii  Aua, 
I'lirfa,    Knui. 

rk  .1.  M.  Sean 
>;  T.iiis,  A.  J. 

lli'giis;  Sta  I'l', 
,a,  T.  V.  V;um; 
,  A.  TiilTcs;  1), 
C.    C.    M.,liii;., 

Agiijiitii  N'Il'iI; 
o.s;  U.  Aniliii, 

SisiuTiis,  .liisu 
iciiiiiiii  Siii.i  y 
Sta  Aim.  .luaii 
,  J.  A.  (Iiaviz; 

•k  II.  H.  TiPiiii)- 

S.  A.   IImI.ImII 

|(lo  riiiii,  srrgt 

Saliiiiii,  M'lii- 

Roiliiil.  Cir. 

.1.  M.(;all(- 

itlock.  KU'ii- 

iVfz;  Ma  Ana, 

Valfiiiia,   1). 

Vaca.  siTL't 
larlincz.  Ant. 
I'V,  F.  I'mo; 
illc),  Tom.  ('. 
■^iicorn>,  .1.  A. 
IS.  clci'k  Aiit. 
M.  Bernaait; 
an  (iarcia;  U. 

.1.  M.Calle- 
Jimilc)  l^iuuro, 
ai'a,  .liiM'  A. 
[o,  Juan  .Mnn- 


ic.   (.'nintana, 

iton  Vi-il  I'"" 

li  ,1.  M.  Still, 

't'dl-oS.ilirlli  7, 

izar,  Aiit.  M- 
crut'l.  Val<  n- 
ril;  Bernalillo 
,'IiavLZ,  C  rose. 


li 


li 


and  pr()l)al)ly  superior  in  n'spcct  of  lioiicsty  to  r(<|)rt>- 
sriitativos  of  later  years.  All  proeeetliiijj^s  were  car- 
ried on  in  the  S[)aniHli  lanj^ua^e,  the  acts  and  jounials 
hciii:;'  pi'iiited  in  that  language  and  also  in  English 
translations.  In  session  the  uienihers  pulled  their 
oin'arettes  and  indulged  in  other  peculiarities  of  con- 
duct unknown  to  American  assemblies;  hut  the  results 
will  I  think  compare  favorahly  in  most  risp(>cts  with 
tiidse  of  early  legislative  efforts  in  other  territories. 

In  a  note  1  give  a  resume  of  legislative  acts  for  the 
successive  sessions.^"     To  a  large  part  of  these  acts  no 

,   JHIMStll    III/    till'   jiivf    [H     If  If.) 

itlu  ill  Spaiiifilil,  Sta  I'V,  KS.'j'J, 


'"  Xiw  Mr.rirn,  Laws  of  the   Tcrritonj  of 
JjulUlatirv  Anxviiililij,  etc.   [Id.,  Lcyex,  etc., — Maine  till 


Tiie  Siiaii,  law.s  anil  Kiigl.  traiiHlatiou.i  arc  {ii'iiiti;il  nii  altcriiatu 
The  first  Vdl.  liaa  4l'i  \).,  containing  an  a  iirilix  the  fiuistil.  of  tliu 


ft  stM[.,  8vo. 
iiaj^cs.     The  !ii 

U.  S.  anil  tlic  organic  act  of  18")0,  Kearny  code,  etc.;  ami  a.s  an  apiiemlix  the 
acts  of  1S47.  Siu'oeciling  volumes  to  18Gl-'2  vary  from  71  to  US  \>.  caili. 
Tliu  1st  Vol.  contains  both  sessions  of  the  l.st  legislature.  The  early  sessions 
arc  nninhereil  from  1st  to  ijth,  but  when  the  nuuihering  is  auaiii  resuiiR'il  in 
71  -  that  session  is  called  the  'JOth  instead  of  21st,  one  of  the  twc>  sessions 
lit  Til-'J  heing  thus  ignored.  Mr  Ritcli  in  his  lilne-liixik  has  carried  this  niiiii- 
lieriiig  haek  to  the  lieginning,  and  I  liave  found  it  most  convenient  to  foUnw 
liiin,  aiijilying  the  numbers  to  the  asse-My  ratlier  than  to  i\w  sessions  as 
lirinteil.  The  acts  of  the  1st  sess.  are  also  printed  in  U.  S.  <!<iH  I>i<'\,  ;i"_M 
cull.'    1st  sess.,  H.  Mis.  JJoc.  4. 

1st  assembly,  18.")l-2  (1st  sess.,  June-.July  '51);  acts  declaring  a  bill  of 
rights;  making  Sta  Vi  the  capital;  appropriating  8'2((,0()()  for  exjienses  of 
govt;  ]irnvidiiig  that  existing  laws  not  repugnant  to  thosi:  of  the  L'.  S.  ami 
the  organic  act  bo  still  in  force,  except  the  registry  of  lands  under  Kearny 
Cdile;  for  publication  of  laws  in  Engl,  and  Span.  "itK)  copies;  fur  a  board  of 
cmn.  to  compile  the  code;  tiie  Icgisl.  to  meet  1st  Monday  in  I)ec. ;  the  gov. 
til  a|iiiiiiiit  a  translator  at  a  salary  of  $2,0()0;  approp.  money  for  a  territorial 
census;  incorporating  city  of  Sta  Fe;  incorp.  order  of  Odd  Fellows;  organiz- 
ing the  militia;  regulating  contracts  between  master  and  .servant;  detining 
jii'lieial  di.stricts  as  follows;  1st  dist,  under  chief  justice,  counties  of  Sta  Fe, 
S.  .Miguel,  and  Sta  Ana;  2il  dist,  Taos  and  Rio  Arriba;  3d  dist,  Bernalillo, 
Valencia,  Socorro,  and  Dofia  Ana;  and  an  election  law  providing  for  election 
(if  clelet;ate  to  congress  and  \'^  councilmeii,  on  1st  Mimday  in  Sept.  from  '53 
tvei y  two  years,  of  2(5  representatives  yearly  from  u2,  ami  of  eonnty  ollicers 
yearly  from  '.")! ;  voters  must  be  white  men,  and  not  connected  with  the  army. 
Jiiint  resolutions  authorizing  loan  of  S20,(KX)  against  U.  S.  aiP[>roii. ;  asking 
fur  protection  of  wood  and  timber,  salt  marshes,  etc.,  and  jierpetnatioii  of 
Mex.  mining  law.  Memorials  asking  for  a  road  from  Taos  to  Sta  Ft),  and  for 
ageiil.  and  min.  survey  of  the  territory. 

1st  assembly,  lSr)l-2  (2il  sess.,  Dec. -Jan.  '51-2);  acts  dividing  X.  Mex. 
iiitii  !l  counties  (see  Cnnipilcd  Lmrs),  providi^ig  that  former  bounds  remain, 
i.'Xce|it  a  change  between  Socorro  and  iJoiia  Ana,  changing  seat  of  \'alen- 
cia  to  Tome,  Rio  Arriba  to  S.  Pedro  C'hamita,  and  Sta  Ana  to  I'ena  Bl.mea, 
iiiul  apportioning  numb,  of  legisl.  as  follows:  for  council,  Taos  and  Arriba  5 
iMeinli.,  Sta  Fe  and  S.  Miguel  3,  Sta  Ana  and  Bernalillo  2,  \'aleneia,  Socorro, 
aiiil  Uona  Afia  .S;  house  of  rep.,  Taos  5,  Rio  Arriba  5,  Sta  Fe  4,  S.  Miguel  .'i, 
i^ta  .\na  1,  Bernalillo  3,  Valencia  2,  Socorro  2,  iJoiia  Ana  1.  Acts  s\ispemling 
aud  repealing  iucorp.  of  Sta  Fe;  e&tablishing  au  annual  fair  of  8  days  from 


,::, 


S^  I'.i 


ii     :1' 


m~ 


'til" 


I 


^■H 


\i'-'il 


6.18 


TKUKlToRy  OF  NKW   MKXK'O. 


^•:i'^' 


I  i] 


jii.stice  can  !)(<  doiio  in  sucli  a  ruHUino.     ^Fany  (tf  tlidu 
at  facli  HosMion  rclato  to  the  subdivision  ol"  ('(tuutits 


Aii^j.  Hill  lit  l.aH  Vc^'iw;  rcpoiiliii^  nil  valorciti  t:ix  (if    f   of  oim   [icr  ,i  ut 
iiM^i'i'li'iiiili.st!  (Ktsiriiy  <'iiiIl'|  to  all  wlio  [iity  tlic  |irt'.s(Mit  lii'uuic  tax;  m.il 
iM'('U|iati<iu  anil  iiii|ii'<>vi'iiii'nt  on  pulilii'  lanil  a  trauxtrraiili!  intrr'i^st;  iH" 
in^' liir  iMililio  ii)'i'(|uiai4  anil  ri^tuntiun  of  thu  olil  rii^ulatiun-i;  rugiiUtm^  \m||h 
anil  inlii'i'itanui';  I'Mtali.   justicuH'  courtH;  making  <i  |irr  cent  Ic^iil   nitiicxt- 

Jiriiviilini,'  fur  a  niri'lianicM'  liiui;  aiul  licrn.Hiii^  ^iainlilinj^liini.sc^  at  co.  scit^  at 
kXM).  .Iiiint  ri'Hol.  UHking  for 'J  volimt.  ri'uiuK'ntH  ami  otluT  aid  a^aniNt  lii- 
(Hans;  fm- li'^'ali/atimi  of  this  hcss.  of  thu  Icgisl. ;  for  extension  of  ni'>.i.  Iu  tH) 
(lays;  ]iroviilin>,'  for  Hpcmling  tlu;  Si'JOJMM)  a|i[iroii.  for  |iiililir  ImiliJiM).'-;  ;iiii| 
iirotiiatint{  a^jainst  any  treaty  with  thu  Navajos  not  iuclmlini,' a  n-^ini  innu 
^lex.  eaptivi's  anil  imlcninity  for  ]iast  injuries. 

'Jil  asiiMiihly,  ]S')'2  ',i,  acts  antenilin^'  tho  aet  on  masters  ami  servant-;  inr- 
biililin>;  salu  of  lii|Uor  to  Ind.,  exeejit  rnelilos;  unalilini;  owmis  to  nlitaiii 
jirojierty  reeovere  I  troni  1ml.  hy  trailers,  jiayiu)^  not  less  than  10  pi  r  nut; 
(•han^;inu  seat  of  Uofla  Ana  eo,  to  i<iis  <'riiees;  est.ii).  an  annual  fair  of  s  ilay^ 

from  Feo.  '2d,  at  l>i>ria  Ana;  on  rnliliury  ami  its  ininishinent;  on  imnisl ut 

of  (Iriinkarils,  ete. ;  iiiniits  to  get  30  lashes  iu  [(uhlie,  ami  rido  on  an  ass  mi  a 
feast  day  aeeoni)).  oy  the  town-oriur;  for  inanagoin(Mit  of  tlie  t(^r.  lil'iiiy, 
lihrarian  to  get  .I^IOO  per  year;  autliori/.iiig  erection  of  piih.  Imildiugs;  ainl.iii 
aet  aj;ainst  vat;rants.  Joint  resol.  in  favor  of  a  rei^t  of  rai.gers,  askiii;,'  pir- 
inis.>ii)n  to  tise  for  tcr.  nnuxpcnded  halanee  of  U.  S.  approp. ;  eomplinu  ntiiij; 
(leeeaseil  gov.  Calhimn,  anil  approp.  .*.■(()()  for  a  tahlet;  claiming  the  n^lit  to 
hunt  liutlilo,  etc.,  on  the  plains  adjoining  N.  .Mex.,  lately  iiiteitered  witli  Iiy 
the  mil.  in  hehalt  of  the  Ind,  Memorials,  asking  that  judges  he  men  f.unilMr 
with  tlie  Sitaii.  language;  asking  for  a  penitentiary  to  cost  .<")0,()(HI,  i.ra 
yearly  approp.  for  education,  for  roads  to  other  states  ami  ter.,  esprciully 
the  .Mo.  line,  for  mail  facilities,  and  for  wells  on  the  /((/■«'"/'(. 

Hil  assenilily,  l.S."iI{-4.  Acta  estahlishing  annual  fairs  at  Las  Crinr-i,  .\1- 
l)ur((uenpie,  and  Socorro;  changing  seat  of  Hernalillo  co.  fiom  r;im  Ihs  to 
town  of  .\llpuri|ueripie,  ami  seat  of  Socorro  co.  to  town  of  Socnri  u;  incoi|iiirat- 
iiig  Sta  I'Y'  Artesian  Well  Co.,  N.  Mex.  Mining  Co.,  and  order  of  MiiMins; 
and  autliori/ing  gov.  to  api>oint  a  person  to  revise  tiio  laws.  Miiiinn  ds  mi 
roads,  geological  survey,  artesian  wells  in  the  Jornada,  archives,  lihli.uis, 
Mex.  land  grants,  puhlic  liuildings,  and  Fort  Atkinson.  Resolutions  dii  mail 
route  from  Independence  to  California,  and  hridges  across  tlie  Uio  (irninlc. 

4tli  asseinlily,  IS.'it  ■").  Acts  estah.  annual  fairs  at  .Mesill.i,  8  d.ivs  irmn 
March  1st,  at  Tome  12  d.  from  Sejit.  1st,  ami  at  Sta  V6  8  d.  from  .Inly  4tli; 
changing  seat  of  Uio  Arriba  eo.  from  S.  Pedro  to  Lo.s  Luceros;  aiithnii/mg 
gov.  to  call  out  1,000  volnut(^ers  for  Iiul.  service  when  cxjiedieiit;  att.iiiiing 
theCJadsden  purchase  to  I )oi"ia  Ana  co. ;  providing  f  ir  govt  of  territ.  pnsmi; 
and  permitting  prohate  j  dges  to  issue  gamliling  licenses  in  and  out  of  on. 
seats,     iloiiit  resol.  to  clu   'sc  a  territ.  printer;  to  appoint  a  com.  to  cumct 

iianking  Lieut  Stnrgis  for  service  iu  ati  .\ii,u'iic 

Vrain  as  col  of  a  vol.  regiuieut;  calling  fT  the 

Memorials  for  payment  of  post  lud.  claims,  for 

nils  of  anus,  active  campaigns,  etc.     MeiimriaU 


and  amend  criminal  law 
campaign;  reconi.  CV'ran 


organiz.  of  more  volunteei 
further  protection,  1,000  i: 
asking  aid  for  schools. 

5th  assembly,  lSr)."i-6. 
creating  otiico  of  public  rei 
organizing  Atlantic  &  I'ac. 
Memorials  for  pay  of  voluut 


L  i 


;ts  changing  seat  of  Dofla  Ana  co.  to  M.sill.i; 
rder;  aliolisiiiug  otiico  of  tcrritiu'ial  tiaiisLiiur; 
'..  K.  Co.;  and  estalilishing  means  of  cihicatimi. 
..ers  and  militia,  mails,  bridges,  roads,  and  linli.iii 
depredations.  Resolutions  for  removal  of  Justice  Brocclius,  thaiikin:. 
army  and  volunteers,  asking  for  establishment  of  forts  and  on  Indian 
(latious. 

tjth  assembly,  1850-7.     Acts  changing  seat  of  Socorro  co.  to  Liiiiitar;  ro 
pealing  acts  permitting  annual  fairs,  ami  aet  providing  means  of  eihic  ilinii; 
restraining  gambling,  auil  closing  stores  on  Sunday;  on  free  negroes;  iucor. 


the 
.[iro- 


m 


LKdISLATIVK  ACTS. 


«W 


11    l"'r    11  lit    nil 


iuLo  precincts  and  otlicr  local  matters  wliidi  arc  here 
alt<t;4cthor  omitted.      Another  lars'e  elass,  also  omitti'd, 


!:' 


ii)r.itiiij{    AU)urfj«erquo    Aciuli^iiiy,    itinl    N.    Mcx.     Miiiiii);    k    H.    U.    Co. 

li'iiiiii'ialM  fur  mil.  roiidti,  iioU,(MM)  to  coiiiiilutu  iiulilic  liuililiiigH,  un<t  fur  puy- 
iiiciit  iif  voluiiti-'frs. 

Till  ii.sHoiiilily,  l.Hr)7-N.  ActH  a\itli(irixiiig  I'lcutioii  (if  a  iniMie  printtT;  ro- 
111','iliM)^'  ai't  c'HUiltliHliiii^  a  ln'iiitoiitiary;  iiiconioratiiiu  N.  Me\.  Miii.  Co. 
Ili'HiiliitiiiiiM  on  tliu   i'alauio  and   it8   ^roumlH,  Jud^u    Urovuhu!*,  and  mcIiooI 

lillllls. 

iStli  onsoi.ildy,  lH.">H-{).  Acts  'to  jirovidti  for  the  jiroteotion  of  projicrty  in 
hI.ivis;  '  for  arrest  of  runaway  HcrvantH;  to  rn|uir)!  juMticcs  of  tin,'  ptMici!  to 
ki  r|i  a  rci'iird  of  all  Iiid.  iU'[inuIatioiis;  to  citsite  ollice  of  attonu'y-p'ncirai, 
KiUry  $I,."><H)  and  fees;  that  owners  of  iiiifi'iii'id  orchard.'',  I'ti'.,  cannot  claim 

(l;uii.if:c'<   in   winter;    aH.signing   Ju»tict!  ^V.   F.    i no   to   Hd   jud.    di.strict; 

aiitliori/in^,'  puhlication  of  decisions  of  sup.  court  at  U.  S.  «'xpcnsu  (no  reports 
\n  re  pul(.,  1  tliink,  till  IHSl);  to  estal>.  a  market  in  Sta  Fe  at  county  expense; 
t(i  iippoint  a  com.  for  revisii  ".  of  t!c!  laws,  .loint  resol.  to  [iriiit  IJKK>  co])ie8 
(it'iiov.  Kencher's  mess.,  and  tliu  resol.  of  the  leginl.  on  the  Navajo  war  (not 
given). 

'.Kh  aMsenilily,  1  S.IO-OO.  Acts  providing  for  education  of  chihlren;  authnr- 
i/.iii;;  any  man  to  niise  '2lK)  or  '_'.")U  volunteers  and  engage  in  liul.  campaigns; 
iniliiilding  Ind.  to  leave  animals  within  a  league  of  any  ciiltiv.  liehl,  under 
["•iialty  of  having  to  jiay  damages  and  .*'J  hesiiles  to  recover  the  animal;  to 
|iriihiliit  the  pasturing  of  cattle,  etc.,  in  eonsideralilo  nnmliers,  within  H  1.  of 
the  .sittleiiicnts,  creating  Arizona  eo.  from  the  (Jad.sden  purchase,  seat  at  Tu- 
liiic;  also  creating  co.  of  .Mora,  with  seat  at  Sta  <  lertrudis  de  Mora;  clianging 
silt  of  llioArriha  co.  to  I'la/a  del  Aleahle,  and  that  of  S.  Miguel  to  lower 
jil  i/.irof  l.as  Vegas,  (lualifying  those  who  formerly  signed  the  declaration  to 
rniiain  Mex.  citizens,  hut  liave  since  decided  to  hecoine  citizens  of  U.  S.  to 
.«trve  on  juries;  forhiilding  sale  of  licpior  to  ofiicers  and  soldiers;  prohihiting 
till'  lari-ying  of  weapons,  with  strict  ndes  for  fandangos;  proviiling  that  no 
man  shall  holil  two  odiees  of  honor  or  profit;  incorporating  the  N.  .Mex. 
l;  K.  Co.,  Henry  C<innelly  et  al.,  tiie  llio  (irando  Co.  to  hulld  a  hridgo  near 
Mi'silla,  the  Mesilla  Min,  Co.,  and  tiie  Historical  Soc.  of  N,  Mex.  .loiiit 
ri'siil.  asking  for  a  reestahlishmcnt  of  the  overland  mail  route  via  Allmr- 
(jiitriiue;  asking  information  as  to  wlietlicr  the  Naviijos  iiave  coin|ilied  with 
tlie  comlitions  of  the  treaty  of  '.")!•;  urging  the  organiz.  of  volunteers,  and  an 
aiiprop.  hy  congress,  also  of  a  mil.  post  in  the  Navajo  country,  one  on  the 
I'lH-ds,  and  others  out  on  the  plains. 

iOtii  assemhly  I8()()-1.  Acts  re(iuiring  Ind.  agents  to  make  their  distrih. 
iif  i;uods  at  least  10  miles  from  any  settlement;  extending  act  of  '(»()  on  dam- 
agi-.s  hy  animals  of  Ind.  so  as  to  include  the  I'uehlos;  prohihiting  gamhling, 
and  apjiarciitly  doing  away  with  the  license  system;  to  investigate  means  of 
iiii'ieasing  water  supply  of  Sta  Fc;  amending  election  law  in  details;  to  in- 
cmpiirale  J'ious  Fraternity  of  the  Co.  of  Taos,  Mining  Co.  of  the  Ni'rtli,  N. 
.Mcx,  Wool  Manuf.  Co.,  S.  Miguel  Feather  Manuf.  Co.,  S.  Miguel  Wool  Maiiuf. 
Co.,  Ahiiiuiii,  I'agosa,  &  Baker  ('it "  iload  Co.,  .Sta  Fe  Fire  (Jo.,  Montezuiiia 
Clipper  Mill.  Co.,  llio  Arriba  Uridgi;  Co.,  and  Rio  <lel  Norte  llridge  C'). ;  to 
ciiange  seat  of  Arizona  co.  from  luliae  to  Tucson;  to  create  co.  of  S.  .luan 
ill  extreme  N.  \v.,  seat  at  Haker  City,  .loint  resol.  calling  for  reports  on  Ind. 
(lipri'dations.  I'roclam.  of  gov,,  Feh.  ti,  'til,  apportiniiing  the  ri'iiresentatives 
uhuh  the  Icgisl.  had  failed  to  do,  as  follows;  couiicil,  'I'aos,  S.  Miguel,  and 
Kill  Arriha  '2  me  in  h.  eacii;  Mora,  Sta  Fe,  Sta  Ana,  liernalillo,  Valencia,  and 
Niirnri'o,  1  each;  Dona  Ana  and  Ariz<ina,  1  togetlier;  repres.  Taos  and  S. 
-Miguel,  4  each;  Rio  Arriha  and  Sta  Fi'',  3  each;  Mora,  IJernalillo,  Valencia, 
SiKiiD'o,  and  Dona  Ana,  2  each;  Sta  Ana  an<l  Arizona,  1  each. 

1 1th  assemlily  18Ul-'2.  Acts  authorizing  tlie  gov.  to  call  into  .service  the 
whole  force  of  the  territory  to  aid  U.  S.  troops  in  repelling  invasion  (hy 
Texan  rebels;  repealing  act  of  '01  to  create  S.  Juan  co.,  and  also  adding  the 


i;'^; 


Ji' 


!/, 


', 


i     i': 


640 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


mm:M 


■\p  ::'Li  mi 


m  ' 


Lii'r 


is  tliat  relating  to  court  sessions  and  legal  methods  in 
civil  and  criminal  practice.  Of  acts  of  still  audtlici' 
class,  that  bearing  on  the  agricultural,  stock-raisin^-, 
mining,  and  other  industrial  interests  of  the  tenitoiv, 
an  analysis  would  seem  desirable  from  certain  points 
of  view,  but  is  found  to  be  absolutely  imprarticaldo 
within  the  space  at  my  command.  The  general  nu'tiiod 
observed  in  these  matters  was  to  continue  the  ancient 
usages  and  the  Mexican  laws  in  respect  of  irrigating,' 
ditches,  herding,  fencing,  etc.  The  laws  passed  wwe 
as  a  rule  special  and  local,  such  as  seemed  to  be  lallid 
for  by  the  needs  of  the  time  and  district.  Tliuunh 
thifi  plan  led  to  the  accumulation  of  a  mass  of  special 
laws,  complicated  and  even  contradictory,  which  in 
later  years  had  to  be  replaced  by  general  legislation, 
yet  it  is  probable  that  under  the  peculiar  circumstances 
no  sj'stem  likely  to  be  adopted  would  have  led  to  bet- 
ter results.  With  the  exception  of  the  classes  here 
referred  to,  all  important  acts  of  the  legislature  are 
mentioned  in  the  note. 

Among  the  acts  thus  mentioned  in  my  rt'sume,  there 
are  many  bearing  upon  a  few  special  topics  so  clearly 
historical  in  their  nature  that  they  may  proiierly  re- 
ceive brief  additional  attention  in  my  text,  witli  fur- 
ther information  in  some  cases  from  other  sources. 
At  the  first  session,  the  ca{)ital  was  fixed  at  Santa  Fc, 
where  it  had  always  been,  and  has  since  roniaiiied 
without  controversy.  Congress  had  appropriated  in 
1850,  for  the  erection  of  public  buildings,  $20,000, 
with  which  the  foundations  (jf  a  grand  capitol  were 
laid  on  a  lot  adjoining  the  old  2)alacio.  A  new  a|>]in)- 
priation  of  ,$50,000  was  obtained  in  1854,  and  w  itii  it 
the  walls  of  the  awkward  and   ill-planned  structure 


remaining  p.irts  of  Arizona  co.  to  Dofla  Ana;  changing  scat  of  S.  Mimul  '■!>. 
to  S.  Migiiul;  rt'iicaling  tlic  act  for  protection  of  slave  property;  calling  tiT 
reports  ot  liid.  ilcprcil. ;  clcclaritig  ;ill  piililic  lamls  lit  for  grazing  to  liu  re- 
served as  piililic  pastures  for  common  v....  •  rciialing  act  of  '57  wliii  li  ]irnliili- 
itcd  keeping  stores  open  on  Sundays;  rcpeaxiiig  act  of '00  which  iirnliiliitccl 
one  man  from  I:  'ding  n.iore  than  one  olHce;  providing  for  vaccination;  imnr- 
porating  the  Union  Min.  Co,  A  manifesto  of  the  legislature  is  alhulcJ  to  in 
a  joint  resol.  to  print  1,000  copies,  but  its  purport  is  not  givou. 


UVil^ 


i  !1      •'     I      i 


I  methods  in 
still  another 
tuck-raisiiiu-^ 

he  territory, 
ertain  points 
inprai'ticalilo 
iieral  iiirtliocl 
3  the  aiiciciit 
of  irrioatiiiL,' 
passeil  wi're 

I  to  be  eallfd 
et.  Thouii'h 
iss  of  s[)L'c'ial 
ry,  which  in 

II  leijislation, 
;ircuinstai\rfS 
k-'e  led  to  bct- 
!  classes  here 
ixislature  are 

resume,  there 
lies  so  clearly 
properly  rc- 
xt,  with  fur- 
ler  sources. 
t  Santa  Fe, 
ee  remained 
)ro])riati'd  in 
s,  $20,000, 
capitol  were 
new  appro- 
and  with  it 
■d  structure 

of  S.  Mi^'U'li'o. 
)fcrty;  oallmg  t'T 

grazing  to  In'  tu- 
'57  wliiili  I'rnliiij- 
whicli  in-cliiliitoil 
iicoiuatiiiM;  iiuiT- 

o  is  alluaed  tu  m 


ILT 


CAPITAL  AND  CAPITOL. 


641 


were  raised  a  story  and  a  half  in  height  to  stand  in 
the  same  condition  for  over  30  years."  Meanwhile, 
the  ad(>l)e  palacio  served  for  all  public  purposes,  frc- 
(jueiit  ert'orts  to  obtain  funds  for  proper  repair's  l)eing 
unsuccessful.  The  importance  of  prcservino;  the  Span- 
ish archives  was  more  or  less  fully  realized,  and  often 
uiU'ed;  but  there  was  no  money,  and  these  invaluable 
rtcoi'ds  of  the  past  were  left  for  the  most  part  uncared 
tor,  to  be  (exposed  in  later  years,  as  wo  shall  see,  to 
still  more  disastrous  neglect.  An  historical  society 
was  organized  in  185*J-G0,  but  practically  nothing  was 
acromplished.^'^ 

The  first  legislature  at  its  second  session  divided 
Xew  ]\[exico  into  nine  counties — Taos,  Rio  Arriba, 
Santa  Fe,  San  Miguel,  Santa  Ana,  Bernalillo,  Valen- 
cia, Soct)rro,  and  Doiia  Ana — with  names  and  bounds 
substantially  as  in  earlier  times.  In  1854-5  the 
Gadsden  purchase  was  added  to  Dona  Ana  county, 
hut  in  185'J-G0  was  organized  into  a  new  county  of 
Arizona  with  county  seat  at  Tubac,  and  a  little  later 
at  Tucson.  At  the  session  of  18(51-2,  on  the  orijfani- 
zation  of  Arizona  territory,  the  county  act  was  re- 
lualed,  and  all  of  Arizona  remaining  in  New  ^[exico 
was  restored  to  Dona  Ana.  In  18()0  the  county  of 
Mora  was  created  in  the  north-east,  with  seat  at 
Santa  Uertrudis  de  Mora.  In  18G1  was  created  the 
ciiunty  t)f  San  Juan  in  tho  nortli-west,  with  s'>at  at 
Baker  City;  but  the  next  year  this  act  was  re})ealed. 

''  An  approp.  of  §60.000  was  n\a.i\v  in  'dO.  Imt  it  was  soon  offset  l>y  a  war 
t'\",  ami  the  money  was  never  ex|ieriileil,  or  even  raised.  Tlie  guvcrnor's 
iiussagc  of  ISTl  eontains  a  sketch  ol  .apitol  history,  ami  the  suliject  is  ofteu 
iiR'ntii'iicil  ill  other  messages. 

'W.  ,1.  Howard,  Joliii  B.  Grayson,  1).  V.  Whiting,  C.  P.  Cleaver,  Dr 
>l(Wii,  and  others  are  named  in  the  att  of  incorporation.  Sci^  also  mention 
ill  Jli.<i„nr„i  M,„j.,  ix.  77-8,  14-_'-:{.  Kllisoii,  Hi<.  X.  Mr.r.,  .MS.,  and  Watts, 
>''!  /'•  A[l'iiir.i,  MS.,  have  much  to  say  on  the  oarly  neglect  of  tiic  archives. 
On  siiini  ctl'orts  in  congress,  see  (J.  S.  (lort  Doc.,  33d  cong.  'Jd  sess.,  H.  Jour. 
'J4,"i;  liltli  Cong.  1st  sesB.,  H.  Mis.  l>oc.  13S.  In  ri'sponse  to  tlie  gov.'s  urg- 
111.',  a  law  was  p,-ssed  ill  '63  for  the  cnstody  and  jirescrvation  of  tlie  arciiives. 
.V.  M'.i\,  /)'.  riscil  Lawn,  674.  Congress  ap[irop.  i:..)tH)  for  a  territorial  library 
la '."mI,  ami  with  this  sum  a  beginning  was  made,  hut  the  librarian's  salary 
Mas  only  !ji|0()  per  year,  for  which  no  competent  person  could  be  employeii, 
ainl  the  post  WIS  much  of  the  time  vacant.  The  census  of  1860  showa  15 
imblic  and  "2  ch'irch  libraries,  with  a  totu!  of  10,670  volumes. 
Hist.  Akiz.  and  N.  Mex.    41 


t!'V 


■:j: 


t  ;,iV 


s :  r 


5^1: 


■':l  i 


...    ■!;  '1 


„1! 


642 


TERRITORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


W'.J 


Um\ 


i    ' 


]  I 


;  1 


Changes  of  county  seats  will  be  mentioned  in  ji  later 
chapter  on  local  matters,  and  a  map  will  indicate  the 
boundaries  as  finally  fixed. 

In  1850,  according  to  the  United  States  census,  Yvay 
Mexico  had  a  population  of  61,547,  exclusive  o\'  In- 
dians, and  in  18G0  the  number  had  increastd  to 
80,5G7.  Of  these  numbers  respectively,  58,415  and 
73,85G  were  natives  of  the  territory,  772  and  1,1(18 
being  natives  of  other  parts  of  the  United  States, 
while  2,151  and  5,479  were  of  foreign  birth.  I  ap- 
pend some  details,  deducting  as  accurately  as  possiMe 
the  figures  for  Arizona. ^^  Financially,  as  the  salaries 
of  territorial  officers  and  legislature  were  paid  by  the 
United  States,  the  burden  of  taxation  was  nut  licavy. 
The  total  valuation  of  property,  which  was  $5,174,471 
in  1850,  had  in  18C0,  according  to  the  census  ropurts, 
increased  to  $20,838,780,  of  which  sum  $7,01 5, 200 
is  given  as  the  value  of  real  estate;  $2, .'3(1 1,070 
should  be  deducted  for  Arizona.  The  total  taxation 
in  18G0  was  $29,790,  or  $9,255  for  territory,  $12,485 
for  counties,  $3,550  for  towns,  and  $4,500  miscHane- 
ous.  A  direct  war  tax  of  $G2,G48  per  year  Avas  im- 
posed in  18G1,  but  this  was  offset  a  little  later  l>y  the 
capitol  and  road  appropriations,  and  was  never  col- 
lected. The  territorial  debt  in  18G0  was  ^il.'uo, 
which  was  constantly  diminished,  until  in  18G;5  tliere 
was  a  surplus  of  $3,080,  in  the  treasury. 

'^  v.  S.  Cciixii.1  Ifpports,  7th  and  8th  census,  .'ho  figures  bcinj^  i>'iM:iti'il  in 
various  other  works.  Pop.  by  counties,  tlie  douiJe  numbers  throuLilidiit  rap- 
resenting  tlie  two  years  1850  and  18G0:  Bernalillo,  7,74',),  8,.")74;  UId  Anilw, 
10,G«7,  y,:V_'0;  Sta.  Ana,  4,()44,  1,50");  SU  Fe,  7,099,  7,99.");  S.  Mi-iul,  7,(170, 
l.'i,C70;  Taos,  9,507,  13,479;  Valencia,  14,189,  8,482;  new  eouiitie.-i  in  'DO, 
Dofla  Ana,  6,'JI59;  Mora,  5,524;  Socorro,  5,70();  total  of  -whitts  (Jl.'i'Ja, 
80,503;  males,  31,725,  42,001;  females,  29,800,  38,502.     Free  colnriMl  po]). 

22,  G4;  slaves,  .     Natives  of  N.  Mcx.,  58,415,  73,850;  natives  ,if  1.'.  S., 

772,  1,1()8;  foreign,  2,151,  5,479;  unknown,  209.  Occupation:  hakiTs,  11, 
39;  butchers,  4,  23;  carpenters,  etc.,  215,  287;  clerks,  tiO,  201;  chr^'yiiioii, 
24,  37;  coopers,  22,  G;  (Irivers,  3,  37;  farmers,  7,889,  5,922;  goMsmitlis  aiijl 
silversmitlis,  30,  37;  hatters,  43,  (i;  herdsmen,  G5,  412;  huntvps,  1,  >>'»', 
laborers,  G,128,  13,821;  lawyers,  II,  23;  mechanics,  44,  175;  niimiN,  9,  1)1"; 
luiisons,  14,  101;  merchants,  134,  3G3;  musicians,  41,  G8;  oflicials  (local),  22, 
13;  ofhcials  (U.  S.),    184,   5G;  physicians,   9,    14;  printers,   G,   15;   .servants, 

1,204,  2,500;  soldiers,  055,  ;  smiths,   1.32,   181;  soambtresses,  ,  211; 

students,  5,  19;  traders,  12,  34;  teachers,  8,  59;  tailors,  97,  9S;  (cunstors, 
72,  551;  weavers,  59,  50;  all  employments,  17,478,  28,933.  Some  .le.luctioiia 
should  bo  made  for  a  part  of  tho  territory  linally  added  to  Colorado. 


throu.elHiut  rv[<- 

4;  Kid  Arrila, 

Mi-ufl,  7,(170, 

1  coimtii:.-*  in  IW, 

■whites  (')!,. VJ5, 


r201;  eK'ivyiiH'ii, 


EDUCATION. 


643 


'JS;  ti'iiiiisttjrs, 


Xowhere  in  the  United  States  was  popular  educa- 
tion in  so  lamentable  a  condition  as  in  New  Mexico 
during  this  period.  Of  the  population  in  1850  the 
census  showed  a  total  of  25,085  adults,  and  in  1860 
of  ;52,785,  who  could  not  read  or  write;  and  the  cor- 
rect figures  would  doubtless  have  been  considerably 
larger.  The  reports  of  1860  show  that  600  pupils, 
tliough  one  table  makes  the  total  attendance  1,466, 
were  being  educated  in  four  colleges,  academies,  or 
private  schools,  and  17  public  schools,  with  33  teachers 
and  a  revenue  of  $13,149.  There  were  practically  no 
public  schools  at  all.  The  priests,  though  iii  theory 
friends  of  education  and  somewhat  awakening  from 
their  apathy  of  centuries  sufficiently  to  regret  that 
they  had  no  funds  to  establish  catholic  schools,  prac- 
tically used  their  influence  against  any  common-school 
system.  Territorial  officials  and  leading  citizens 
realized  the  importance  of  educating  the  masses ;  and 
several  memorials  were  sent  to  congress  asking  for 
money  aid  in  place  of  the  usual  land  appropriations, 
which  as  yet  could  not  be  utilized.'*  At  the  session 
of  1854-5  was  passed  an  act  establishing  a  system  of 
schools  to  be  supported  by  a  tax;  but  in  four  counties 
this  ])roposition  was  submitted  to  the  people,  with  the 
result  of  5,016  votes  against  to  37  in  favor  of  the 
tax.''  In  1859-60  an  act  of  the  legislature  provided 
fnr  a  school  in  each  settlement,  to  be  supported  by  a 
tax  of  fifty  cents  for  each  child,  the  justice  of  the  peace 
to  employ  a  teacher  and  require  attendance  from 
X(iv(  luber  to  April,  and  the  probate  judge  to  act  as 
county  superintendent.  This  was  the  system  for  many 
years  with  but  very  slight  modification. 

All  industries  were  at  a  standstill  in  those  years. 
Thei'o  were  no  modifications  of  method  worth  noticing, 
aiKl  it  is  not  my  purpose  to  present  here  the  slight 
avail;ii)le  statistics  and  details  of  non-progressive  mo- 

".V.  }fex.,  Art^,  18,'>4-5,  p.  125;  U.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  3.S<1  cong.  2d  sess,,  H. 
Jour.  ;i'2;)j  Sun.  Jdur.  208;  34tli  cong.  ."^il  sess.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  40. 

''6\  i'.  Govt  Doc,  43d  cong.  1st  sess.,  Rent  Sec.  Int.,  ii.  320-8;  Davis'  El 
Orin.jo,  193-5. 


I'U 


m 


iHi^rr 


v.  1« 


644 


TERlUTOllY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


••  >Hi 


i  I: 


notony.     Some  statistics  of  18 GO  may  be  utilized  later 
for  purposes  of  com})arison.      Indian  depredations,  as 
we  shall   presently  see,  were  worse  than  ever,  eUcctu- 
ally  preventinf^  all  })rogress  in  the  old  industries  of 
commerce,  aj^rieulture,  and   stock-raising  as  well  as 
the  develo[)ment  of  mining  and  other  new  iudustriis. 
Merchandise  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  people  Mas 
still  brought  in  wagon  trains  from  the  Missouri  over 
the  old  Santa  Fe  trail.     We  have  few  details  of  the 
business,  but  Davis  estimated  the   amount  at  from 
$750,000  to  $1,000,000  per  year,  the  freight  costing- 
nine  or  ten  cents  per  pound.     The  trains  arrived  in 
August,  after  a  trip  of  45  to  60  days.     The  circulating 
medium  was   gold    from    California  and    silver  from 
]\Iexico,  the  merchants  making  their  remittances  to 
the  states  in  drafts  obtained  from  United  Statis  offi- 
cials.   Merchants  })aid  a  license  for  transacting  business, 
and  by  the  act  of  1852  were  relieved  of  the  ad  valorem 
tax  of  the  Kearny  code.     In  18r)2  Acting-governor 
Arny  had  high  hopes  of  being  able  to  take  advantage 
of  the  United  States  and  French  blockades  of  Texan 
and  Mexican  por-ts  to  supply  large  portions  of  ]\rexico 
with  goods  by  way  of  New  Mexico  and  restore  tlie 
past  glories   of  the  Santa    Fe  trade.     The  old-time 
ammal  fairs  were  still  a  prominent  feature  of  trade, 
and  the  legislature  in  1852-5  legally  established  tluse 
fairs  for  eight  or  twelve  days  at  Las  Vegas,  Dona  Ana, 
Mesilla,  Tome,  Las  Cruces,   Alburquerque,  Socorro, 
and  Santa  Fe.     Trading  at  these  periods  was  free  from 
all  taxation,  and  gambling  was  j)ermitted  by  payment 
of  a  small  license ;  at  Santa  Fe,  indeed,  all  the  prohihited 
games  might  be  played  free  of  license,  and  tlie  oeca- 
sion  was  to  be  marked  by  an  oration  and  other  literary 
exercises,  the  pueblo  Indians  being  invited  to  come 
in  and  indulge  in  their  characteristic  dances,     l^ut  the 
acts  establishing  these  fairs  were  repealed  in  1850-7. 
There  was  a  marked  increase  in  the  number,  size, 
and  value  of  farms  in  the  decade  of  1850-60,  though 
the  census  reports  show  a  diminution  in  the  acreage 


tfii  *4\ 


AflRICULTURE  AND  STOCK-RAISING. 


64S 


,.;!?;■ 


ot  improved  lands,  tlic  increase  being  in  grazing  farms. 
;-H-veral  acts  bearing  on  irrigation,  fencing,  and  other 
iiuitters  connected  witli  these  leading  industries  are 
.lUMitioned  in  my  resumd  of  legislative  proceedings, 
and  many  more  of  a  local  nature  arc  omitted.  The 
presence  of  the  United  States  trooi)s  afforded  an  im- 
proved market  for  many  products;  but  at  the  same 
time  the  monny  s[)ent  by  the  government  gave  an 
opportunity  for  many  to  live  with  less  exertion  than 
l)L'tore,  and  that  seems  to  have  been  now  as  ever  the 
main  purpose  of  tlic  masses.  Seasons  of  drought  were 
tlionght  to  be  of  more  frequent  occurrence  than  in 
earlier  times.  The  borini;  of  artesian  wells  for  an  in- 
cicased  water  sup})ly  was  often  urged,  and  sometimes 
discussed  in  government  reports.  In  1858-9  a  well 
was  bored  near  Galisteo,  as  an  experiment,  to  the 
di'ptli  of  1,300  feet,  but  though  it  showed  the  practi- 
cahility  of  wells  for  the  supply  of  travellers,  it  did  not 
bring  water  to  the  surface,  and  so  far  as  irriijation  was 
ooiiccrned,  was  deemed  a  failure.  Horses  and  mules 
increased  during  the  decade  from  13,733  to  21,30"; 
cattle  from  32,977  to  88,729;  and  sheep  from  377,271 
to  8:')0,lir),  notwithstanding  the  constant  dej)redations 
of  Indians,  which  were  commonly  asserted  to  have 
paralyzed  stock-raising.  A  large  number  of  sheep 
Were  driven  from  New  Mexico  to  California,  especially 
in  1858-9.'^ 

"■'Statistics  from  the  census  of  1850  ami  IfifiO:  no.  of  farms  .1,7.')0,  .'),n.8(); 
avcrago  atTcagc,  77,ti78;  land  iiiiprovcd  Kiti/JOl,  lt!>,'274  ao. ;  uiiiiiii)n)ViMl 
l'.U,;f7(),  ],l.'(!5,():{.5  ac;  value  of  farms  §1, ()"):<,  1C22,  ;*'2,7(»7,38(i;  value  <if  inii-li:- 
mwits,  eU:,  877,!)(i(),  $]!I*2,'.H7.  Farm  products,  wiicat  litd.r.KJ,  4:U,:!()'.t  li., 
ciirii  :!()."), 411,  70!»,304  b.,  tobacco  8,407,  7,044  ll>s.,  beaiiH  anil  jieasc  ir),(iS8, 
3^,511  1).,  wiue  2,3ll3,  8,'2()0  gal.,  nardeii  produce  .'ir(i,ti71l,  j?17,*)()4,  fruits 
^\'SM,  SI!),*)-)!,  wool  .32,'.K»1,  4".t'_»,()4r)  ll)s.,  butter  111,  \:\,'2M  lbs.,  ch-eso 
5,(>4S,  37,'240  lbs.,  mola.ssus  4,'23(i,  5,419  gal.  Horses  5,07!>,  lO.OlMJ,  unilesaiul 
asses  S,t),-)4,  11, '201,  cows  10.ti:!5,  ;U,;i(;!t,  oxen  1'2,'257, '25,'2(U),  other  cattle 
lil.OH,-),  '2!).()04,  sheep  .377,271,  8:«),11(;,  swine  7.314,  IO,:ii:i.  Value  of  live- 
stock .•5l,4'.»4,()'2!>,  H4!»'.>,74C.;  value  of  sto.  li  slaughtered  .*<8'2,1'2.5,  8347.105. 

I'.ivis'  J'Jl  Griiiijo  is  the  best  work  on  the  condition  of  N.  Mex.  in  1851-7, 
and  oil  p.  iy,")-207  ho  gives  an  excellent  account  of  the  eoiulitionand  niethoila 
•if  aL'riciilturo  and  stock-raising.  See  alsij  U.  S.  (Inrt  Doc,  31st  cong.  2d  .sess., 
^nv  l(,,e.  20,  f.  4-!);  32d  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  05,  p.  345  52;  Sum- 
wr.t  It'.porf,  inji/.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doe.,  i.,  ]>.  25;  Pdt.  Ofice  Rt"pnrts,  1851,  ii.,  p. 
p'.i'J,  4'.l.5-51l;  18.52,  ii.  ;U.5-.52;  JfrCnll'.s  Lt'tterfi,  510;  liviuUe^H  (!m\i  IIV.vi!, 
•314-15;  I'urltris  Wi^st  t'liuiUiS  uj"SO,  p.  451;  JV.  Mejc.,  Ikvistd  Laws,  per  index 


f; ;«' i'i 


G4G 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Closely  connected  with  ag'icultural  interests  in  a 
new  territory  should  be  the  disposal  of  public  lands; 
but  as  in  New  Mexico  nearly  all  the  available,  tliat  is, 
irrii^able,  lands  had  long  been  reduced  to  private  own- 
ership, and  as  there  was  practically  no  inuniijiration, 
the  matter  did  not  of  itself  assume  any  very  impor- 
tant phases  in  this  period.  The  legislature  in  IHol-J 
passed  resolutions  in  favor  of  reserving  mineral  and 
timber  lands  for  public  uses,  and  provided  that  a  clalin 
or  improvements  on  public  lands  should  be  a  transfrr- 
able  interest,  and  valid  against  all  parties  but  tlie 
United  States.  In  accordance  with  the  president's 
recommendation  of  1853,  congress,  by  act  of  July  'I'l, 
1854,  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  surveyor-gen- 
eral,''  extended  the  operation  of  the  land  law  iver 
the  territorj'-,  and  gave  to  every  citizen  residing  tliLie 
befo -e  1853,  or  settling  before  1858,  a  donation  of  KIO 
acres,  to  be  patented  after  four  years'  occupation.  The 
usual  grant  of  two  sections  in  each  township,  IG  and 
3G,  for  schools  and  two  townships  for  a  university  was 
made.  Surveyor-general  Pelham  arrived  in  ])ec'eni- 
ber,  and  in  the  following  April  established  an  initial 
point  for  base  and  meridian  lines  at  a  hill  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Kio  Grande,  in  latitude  30^  It)'.  From 
this  beginning  the  surveys  were  slowly  advanced  from 
year  to  year,  appropriations  being  small,  the  authori- 
ties at  Washington  not  deeming  a  rapid  or  extensive 
survey  desirable  until  private  and  Indian  claims  eonld 
be  settled,  and  the  remoteness  of  the  public  lands  tVom 
the  settlements  rendering  operations  in  the  field  often 
dancferous.  Down  to  18G3  there  had  been  no  sales, 
though  a  land-office  was  o])ened  at  Santa  Fe  in  1858. ' 
About  100  donation  claims  were  filed,  but  only  a  few 

on  irrigation.  On  artesian  well  boring  by  govt,  see  U.  S.  Oorf,  Dii>\,  S.')tli 
cong.  'J(l  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2,  p.  5!)0-(i08;  S'Stli  cong.  1st  soss.,  Sfii.  Kx.  Hi'i., 
ii.  544-!);  S.  F.  Bullclin,  Sept.  (i,  18.5!).  The  well  was  bored  by  Cajit.  .I.ihii 
Pope,  U.  S.  Top.  Engineers.  On  the  ilrivnig  of  sheep  to  C;il.,  sco  lin nuhi i 
S(n  Fe  Trail,  MS.,  7-8;  Sac.  Union,  Nov.  8,  1858;  .9.  /'.  Alta,  Nov.  0,  '5S; 
Jan.  18,   o!);  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Nov.  24,  '58;  Jan.  20,  !*Iar.  4,  '50. 

"  Dunloji's  DiijeM  U.  S.  Lawn,  427-9. 

"  U.  S.  Stat.,  1857-8,  p.  292. 


i 


SPANISH  AND   MEXICAN  GRANTS. 


647 


patrutcd.  The  total  area  surveyed  was  2,29;'?,  142 
acres,  the  area  of  the  territory  being  77,508,040  acres, 
ov  121,201  square  miles. ^^ 

Xew  Mexico  being  an  old  province,  settled  for  two 
centuiie.s  and  a  half  by  an  agricultural  connnunity,  the 
best  portions  of  the  territory  along  the  rivers  and  sus- 
centihle  of  irrigation  had  naturally  long  been  reduced 
to  private  ownership  under  Spanish  and  Mexican 
ji;raiits,  ])rotected  in  theory  by  the  treaty  of  1848.  In 
a  uriieral  way,  these  New  Mexican  private  claims,  and 
the  [)roblems  arising  in  connection  witli  them,  were 
the  same  as  in  California.  There  was  the  same  care- 
kss  informality  in  respect  of  title  papers,  and  the  same 
vagueness  in  boundaries;  the  grants  were,  however, 
mole  numerous,  much  more  complicated  by  transfers 
and  subdivisions,  more  varied  in  their  nature  as  origi- 
nating from  different  national,  provincial,  sectional, 
and  local  officials;  and  the  archives  were  much  less 
complete;  but  on  the  other  hand,  there  was  no  influx 
of  settlers  and  speculators  to  foment  controversy  and 
fraud,  and  to  create  an  active  demand  for  the  segrega- 
tion of  public  lands.  The  proper  policy  of  the  United 
States  was  or  should  have  been  clear  enough.  Com- 
missioners and  surveyors^should  have  been  promptly 
sent  to  examine  titles,  take  testimony  on  possessory 
riiilits,  and  define  boundaries,  that  patents  might  be 
issued — all  at  government  exi)ense.  There  would  have 
been  a  certain  amount  of  error  and  injustice;  many 
personal  and  local  controversies  would  have  been  en- 
countered, to  be  settled  by  arbitration,  by  the  awarding 
of  other  lands,  or  by  litigation  in  territorial  courts ;  but 
the'  great  question  of  land  tenure  in  its  essential  features 
wouhl  have  been  easily  and  inexpensively  solved,  and 
the  country  left  in  a  proper  condition  for  future  devel- 
(•Itnient.  Otherwise  serious  troubles,  including  the  suc- 
cess of  fraudulent  claims  and  defeat  of  just  ones,  were 
sure  to   result.     The  government  did  nothing  until 

'■'  r.  ,9.  Land  Com,  JieiHs,  1855-03,  containing  annual  roportn  of  the  but- 

veyor-gcn. 


)  't' 


;  l':^:! 


ifc:  r 


'itj  At 


,  >■■  ' 


-1;  i: 


C48 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1854,  and  then  instructed  the  surveyor-general  to  in- 
vesti»j^ate  the  j)rivate  and  town  claims,  and  i'C|t(>rt  tlniu 
to  congrt!ss  for  coniirnuition.  That  ofKeial  had  im  fa 
cilitios  for  this  work,  clerical  assistance  and  ajipidpiia- 
tions  being  entirely  inadequate;  but  he  searclied  the 
archive  records  at  Santa  Fe  to  some  extent,  fiiidiiiu- 
some  thousands  of  documents  bearing  on  about  lioo 
claims ;  and  he  notified  claimants  to  present  their  tills. 
Many  in  tlieir  ignorance  were  timid  about  sunt  ndcr- 
ing  their  papers,  feeling  moreover  secure  in  their  loiiif 
pos.s(-'Ssion,  and  noting  presently  how  tardy  was  actinn 
on  the  claims  presented.  Moreover,  by  tlie  law  ut 
18G2,  they  had  to  bear  all  the  expense  of  invcstiuatiou 
and  survey,  which  temporarily  put  an  end  to  tiir  piv- 
sentmont.  Down  to  18G3,  however,  out  of  (10  or  iiKjre 
claims  filed,  about  30  had  been  examined,  and  most  of 
them  ap]>roved  by  the  surveyor-general.  He  liad  also 
approved  the  Indian  pueblo  claims,  which  to  thf  num- 
ber of  17  were  confirmed  bv  conu'ress  in  the  act  of 
December  22,  1858.  By  this  act  and  the  later  one  of 
June  21,  18G0,  congsess  al:so  confirmed  19  private  and 
town  claims.  In  18G1,  there  had  been  survi'Vcd  25 
claims  of  both  classes  coveriui;  an  area  of  2.070, 01)4 
acres.  In  1 8G2-3  there  had  been  examined  of  all  classes 
48  claims,  and  approved  by  congress  38.  The  sur- 
veyor-general constantly  protested  his  inability  to  tlo 
justice  to  this  work,  urging  the  appointment  of  sonic 
kind  of  a  commission,  and  congressional  conniiittecs 
fully  realized  the  impossibility  of  founding  coiTcct  dt- 
cisions  on  the  meagre  data  furnished,  predicting  nuuh 
more  serious  difficulties  in  the  future;  but  no  change 
was  made  in  the  system,  and  matters  were  allowid  to 
drift. '"^ 

'■"'The  puel)lo  claims  confirmed  liy  act  of  '58  were  Jemez,  Acom.i,  S.  Juan, 
Picurf,  S.  Felipe,  I'ecos,  Cocliiti,  Sto  Domingo,  Taos,  Sta  CLira,  Ji/uijue, 
S.  Ilik:f(>nso,  Pojuafpio,  C'ia,  Sandia,  Isleta,  anil  Nambe.  The  prixatc  aiul 
town  claims  coniirmml  by  this  act  and  that  of  'tiO  were:  1  Preston  ISi  .ck  .Ir, 
2  Town  of  'J'ome,  3  Man.  Martinez,  4  Chaa  Beaubien,  5  Tov  a  of  C.a^a  t'<ili>- 
rado,  (■)  Hugh  Stevenson  et  al.,  7  Town  of  Tecolote,  8  Donaeiano  \'ii'il,  9 
John  Soollyet  al,  10  .John  Lany,  II  Town  of  Chilili,  12  Ant.  Saii.lnval,  13 
Town  of  Helen,  14  Seratin  Ramirez,  if)  Clias  Beaubien  and  Ouad.  Miruula, 
IG  Jose  L.  I'erea,  17  C  St  Vrain  et  al.,  18  Alex.  Valle,  not  numbered  E.  \V. 


MINERAL  RESOURCES. 


649 


lu'i'iil  It)  iii- 

L'|i()lt  tllCIU 

liad  11(1  fa 

ai)|ir<ipna- 

a)'fli(.'(l  tlio 

-'lit,  tiiidiiiif 

al)nut    -DO 

their  titlus. 

,  SUlTl'lldlT- 

1  tlic'ir  Idii',' 

was  action 

the   law  ut 

ivestio'atioii 

to  till'  pI'C- 
'  ()()  <il'  WMVQ 

111(1  iinist  of 

[le  had  also 

bo  the  iiuiii- 

the  act  nf 

later  one  of 

[irivate  and 

irveyed  '13 

■  2,07(1,01)4 

)f' all  classes 

The  sur- 

)ility  to  do 

it  <jf  sonic 

iininittees 

correct  <lt'- 

tino'  much 

no  cliangc 

lllowed  to 


coma,  S.  Juan, 
M\\.,  'JV/uijue, 
le  privatr  iiiiil 
■stoii  I'.iv'k.lr, 
of  (..'.l.-il  t'lil"- 
Loimio  N'i.'il,  !• 
,Siiliil"\:il,  1'{ 
[uad.  Mir:Liiili, 
.lubcrccl  E.  \V. 


The  period  of  1851-G3  was  in  no  sense  one  of  min- 
iiio-  development.  That  the  country  was  rich  in  min- 
cial  resources  was  not  doubted,  but  such  items  and 
statements  aa  are  extant  on  the  subject  deal  almost 
exclusively  with  mining  successes  of  the  remote  past, 
i^niierally  exaggerated  as  the  reader  of  earlier  annals 
is  aware,  and  with  predictions  of  future  successes  rest- 
ing on  a  much  more  solid  foundation.  On  account  of 
tlie  slight  immigration,  and  especially  of  constant  In- 
dian hostilities,  the  conditions  were  most  unfavorable 
for  mining;  yet  the  soldiers  and  others  accomplished 
niu(  h  work  incidentally  in  the  way  of  [)rospeeting, 
souk;  discoveries  being  made  in  different  sections,  and 
tli(3  prospects,  as  is  customary  in  a  country  of  hostile 
Indians,  being  as  a  rule  too  highly  colored.  In  the 
last  years  of  the  period  some  actual  work  was  done  in 
the  south.  The  census  reports  of  1800  mention  only 
one  silver  and  three  copper  mines,  all  in  Dona  Ana 
county,  employing  390  workmen,  and  producing 
$2l"2,000  ;  but  the  governor  in  his  message  of  1  8G1-2 
alludes  to  30  gold  lodes  at  Finos  Altos,  employing  300 
miners  and  paying  $40  to  $250  per  ton,  to  rich  gold 
placers  near  Fort  Stanton,  and  to  work  at  l^lacer 
Mountain  near  Santa  Fe,  besides  the  copper  mines  at 
Santa  Itita  and  Hanover.  There  are  other  items  of 
inlormation  on  these  and  other  mines,  but  I  have  not 
deemed  it  necessary  to  compile  the  meagre  data, 
though  some  items  may  be  utilized  in  later  mining 
annals.  All  work  was  suspended  during  the  confed- 
erate invasion  of  18G1-2,  but  from  18G3  the  industi  " 
was  in  a  small  way  revived.''^ 

Eatiin.  A  few  claims  wore  limited  by  congress  in  extent;  in  a  few  cases,  not 
cuiilirmed,  tlie  claimants  were  autliorized  to  select  other  public  lauds;  and 
J.  H.  Vigil  might  bring  suit  for  his  rejected  claim  within  twf)  years.  On  the 
subject  of  land  claims,  see  U.  S.  Laiul  Com.  Ncjportt,  1855-03;  and  also  a  large 
aiuiiuiit  of  corresp.  and  documents  in  U.  S.  (lovl  Dnc,  34th  cong.  3il  sess.,  H. 
Ex.  Doc.  3(5,  37,  73;  H.  Mis.  IKic.  25;  .S5th  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  P2x.  Doc.  57, 
S'.i.  'Jill;  H.  Rept,  i.  457;  H.  Mis.  Doc.  37;  Sen.  Rept  4;  3,'Hh  cong.  2d  sess., 
H.  Mis.  Doc.  37;  3«th  cong.  1st  sess.,  Sen.  Rept  2'28;  H.  Rept  321;  H.  Ex. 
line.  14;  3{)th  c(mg.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  28,  57,  58;  37th  C(mg.  2d  sess., 
11.  Kx.  Doc.  112;  4()th  cong.  1st  ses.s.,  H.  Ex.  Dos.  13. 

-'()n  mining  in  1851-03,  see  K.   Mex.,    Minimi  Co.,    Preliminary  Rrport, 
N.  Y.,  1804;  Id.,  Maisaijes  (if'  yooenior,  1855-03;  0^.  S,  Govt  Doc,  31st  cong. 


"'•  '1  '< 


41 


.If: 


■;.i  ■ 


ii.a! 


Hi-. 


.!'■ 


030 


TKIIUITORY  OF  NEW   MP:XICO. 


M:^^ 


m«ii 


The  Now  Mexican  delegates  to  congress  liavc  Ikhh 
named  in  tiiis  cliapter.  In  some  cases,  the  elections 
were  contested  and  charges  of  fraud  freely  made,  hut 
evidence  is  much  too  meagre  for  impartial  itivesti'^a- 
tion  of  these  contests  on  their  merits."  Tlie  stru.;i,de 
was  largely  one  between  two  factions  of  the  catholic 
churcli,  one  headed  by  Bishop  Lamy — of  Fr(Mich  ori- 
gin— and  liis  new  clergy,  and  the  other  by  tlie  }>\v\\. 
can  priests,  who  regarded  the  new-comers  as  intruders. 
Gallegos  elected  hi  1853  was  a  priest.  His  election 
was  contested  unsuccessfully  by  Ex-governor  L.uie, 
who  claimed  among  other  things  that  the  votes  of 
pueblo  Indians  for  him  had  been  illegally  rejected. 
This  appears  to  have  been  the  main  point,  but  congress 
decided  |)ractically  against  the  right  of  the  Indians  to 
vote.^  Galleo'os  was  again  elected,  accordiuix  to  the 
governor's  certificate,  in  1855;  but  his  seat  was  suc- 
cessfully contested  by  Otero.  The  chief  ground  of 
this  contest  was  the  voting  of  men  who,  after  the  treaty 
of  1848,  had  chosen — not  in  due  legal  form  as  was 
claimed — to  remain  citizens  of  Mexico,  but  had  now- 
changed  their  minds.     Congress  was  not  disposed  to 

2ilsess.,  Sen.  Doc.  20;  42(1  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  10,  p.  •JSl;  T.  S. 
Land  Office  lippU,  185.")  et  scq. ;  Iiid.  Aff.  Rvjit  >Spi:r.  Coin.,  1  U)  I't  .sc'^. ;  Jl Kill's 
Jfcirh.  Mill/.,  xxvi. ;  xxviii.  703;  xxx.  200;  Wliitiiei/'x  Mefaliic  Wmi/li,  1,'U; 
Mini  w  I  Mill  I. ,  i.  70;  N.  Mvx.  Scnipx,  21,35;  Dnmvim-li's  Dcs,t/.-<,  ID'.'-,".;  M-.ll- 
lidiM'ii,  Tii;i('/)iirl,,  2.37;  U.  S.  Cnmi.i,  8th,  Maiiuf.,  000-7;  7/"//'^  '''nii/  ll'-.-Y, 
105-8;  Hiit,ll\  U'lUfh.  Scnm-liook;  117,  119;  Knthwil  AIhiiiihk;  ISIU,  ji.  4."ii)- 
7;  Miiivr's  M,'x.  Azhr,  ii.  3.')0-7;  S.  F.  HeniH,  June  1!),  1851;  S^iit.  '.':!,  Oct, 
12,  1853;  March  9,  '54;  S.  F.  Attn,  Sept.  24,  '53;  Fch.  27,  '54;  Sept.  7,  (\t. 
.5,  Nov.  1.3,  Due.  20,  '50;  July  11,  '01;  S.  F.  Bidktin,  Jan.  10.  28,  Vvh.  :\, 
jSIarcli  24.  April  9,  10,  May  23,  Sept.  12,  '03;  Sac.  Union,  Jan,  17,  Mardi  11, 
19,  Sept.  5,  "tiS. 

'■'- According  to  a  convenient  list  in  Porter's  Din't-fdn/  of  Lut  J'';/"",  40, 
Weightnian  wa.s  elected  in  '51  over  Messcrvy  and  A.  W.  Reynold's;  (i.iUugds 
in  '53  over  Win  C.  Lane;  Otero  in  1855  over  (jl-allegos,  in  '57  over  S,  M.  li.iinl, 
and  in  '59  over  (iallegos;  and  Watts  in  '01  over  Diego  Archuleta,  In  the 
election  of  '59,  .Judge  Watts  made  in  a  spcecli  at  Mesilla  souu:  remarks  on  the 
family  of  Otero  which  led  to  a  bloodless  duel  between  the  two,  Jliii/t^i'  .S'lViijn, 
Ariz.,  V.  2(i9. 

■•'^Sec  U.  S.  Oovt  Doe.,  33d  cong.  1st  sess.,  II.  Kept  121;  Co,vj.  r;y,f, 
1853-4,  p,  490,  etc.  There  were  also  charges  of  frauds  in  voting  and  couiitiii;,', 
which  the  conimittee  found  to  bo  nothing  more  serious  than  the  irre;;ularitus 
of  forui  natural  in  a  new  territory;  also  that  the  votes  of  Mex,  citi/Aiis  lunl 
b(!en  received,  but  the  com,  held  that  this  was  not  proved,  and  that  it  m)  tlie 
number  was  not  suificieut  to  change  the  result.  The  original  vote  for  ( udlcgos 
was  4,971  to  4,520  for  Lane;  cut  down  by  rejecting  votes  to  2,8;J0  u^aiust 
2,207.     The  Ind.  vote  was  202  at  Laguua  aud  Taos. 


liavc  Itccii 

L'   elt'CtinliS 

iiiiulc,  hut 
iuvrsti^ii- 

lie  catholic 
^^rench  (iri- 

thi!  Mexi- 
s  iiiti'iKh'i's. 
[is  c'U'i'tioii 
rnor  ]jaiie, 
le  voti's  of 
y  rejcctoil 
ut  foiigi'c's;- 

Iiulians  to 
ding  to  the 
it  was  suc- 

otouikI   (if 

r  th(^  treaty 

oriu  as  \vas 

[it  liad  now 

isposod  to 

p.  ■2Xi;  r.  S. 
'  I't  soq.;  Jluhfi 
Ur  WnUlh,  i:U; 
lll'jr);  Mdl- 
til's  a  nut  W'M, 
1801,  p.  I'llJ- 

Sqit.  'J:i,  (Vt. 

Sept.  7,  Oct. 

11).  -28,  ivii. ;!, 

17,  March  11, 

'  Lux  r'';/"",  40, 
■IK 'Ills:  ('iallugdS 
rur  S.  M.  Uaii-.l, 
uik'tu.  In  the 
,  roiiuirks  mi  the 
JI(ii/M  Sn't'l'*, 

1;  Coti'J.  ^' '"'"'> 
;aiiil  ciiuiitiii,:^, 
I'u  in-c-uhiritics 
ux.  citi/oiis  hail 
,1  that  it'  si>  the 
„tuf.iHiallej,'"3 
o  •-',«0C)  agaiust 


DELEGATES  IN  CONGRESS. 


Gol 


rt'cocrnizo  these  men  as  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
hut  the  controver.sy  lasted  many  years.'"*  Tlie  dele- 
gates seated  were  men  of  fair  abilities,  and  ])erliai)s 
(lid  as  much  for  their  constituents  as  anybody  could 
have  done,  which  was  very  little.  Coiij^Tess  took  but 
hli;;ht  interest  in  New  JVIexican  aftairs,  and  was  con- 
tent for  the  most  part  with  inakin*^  the  annual  appro- 
priations called  for  by  the  organic  act,  with  grudging 
concessions  of  other  small  sums  for  special  })ur})oses, 
and  with  much  larger  payments  of  Indian  and  mili- 
tary expenses.  A  resume  of  congressional  action  is 
appended  in  a  note." 

In  an  earlier  chapter  I  have  recorded  the  national 
houndary  survey,  and  noted  the  fact  that  the  United 

'■"On  Otero  vs  Oallogos,  see  U.  S.  Oovt  Dor.,  .^4th  coiig.  1st  sosh.,  H.  Mis. 
I)oo.  ij,  1.5,  114;  H.  Kept  90,  with  voluiiiiudus  tcstiiiidiiy,  arguments,  aiul 
lists  of  voters.  The  vote  was  0,1)14  to  0,815,  making  G.'s  majority  Kit.  The 
cum.  reported  that  O.'s  majority  ■was  U'JO.  There  were  aliout  1,40()  of  the 
(hsputca  Mex.  votes.  0.  allegeil,  among  many  otlier  frauiLi,  that  in  one  jire- 
ciiict  the  priest  of  .S.  Juan  received  an<l  read  all  the  vott^'s,  rejecting  all  that 
were  not  for  G  On  the  other  hand,  tlie  bisiiop  and  his  French  chrgy  worked 
for  0.  In  1802  a  committee  re))orted  against  cxtcinding  citizenship  to  some 
■2,0iMt  Miixioans  of  the  class  alluded  to. 

'■"Sue  U.  S.  Statutes,  1850  et  seq.,  per  index;  1850,  acts  organizing  terri- 
tory and  a]jprop  §20,000  for  pulilie  buildings  and  S5,0()0  for  library;  1851, 
acts  upprop.  §34,700  for  ter.  govt,  §18,000  for  Navajo  Ind.,  and  .?].'i5,5.'?0  for 
vohiiitcers  of  1849;  1852,  acts  approp.  §31,122  for  govt;  IS,").'?,  acts  approp. 
§:!'.', ,"),")5  for  govt,  and  !?10,000  for  Ind  service;  authorizing  Icgisl.  to  hold  extra 
sessiiin  of  90  days;  authorizing  employment  of  translator  and  clerks,  sessions 
of  (iO  instead  of  40  days,  payment  of  code  connnissioners;  1854,  approp. 
.?.'tl,()20  for  govt,  .'i?50,000  for  public  buildings,  roads  S.'52,0()0,  an<l  Ind.  service 
S4."i,(H)0;  ai)i)ointing  surveyor-gen.  and  donating  lands  to  settlers;  increasing 
.salary  of  gov.  to  §3,000,  and  judges  to  §2,.")00;  attaching  (iadsden  pur- 
chaser to  N.  Mex.;  authorizing  payment  of  civil  salaries  f()r  1840-51  under 
Koarny  code;  and  establishing  a  collection  district;  1S.'")5,  approj).  for  govt 
jl!(),5i)0,  includ.  §2,0(K)  for  archive  vaults,  Ind.  service  §52,.")0(),  surveys 
j:t(l,()01),  Texas  boundary  §10,000,  raising  gov.'s  salary  to  .S.'J.OOO  (?);  1S58, 
aiipnip.  for  govt  §33,000,  Ind.  service  §S5,000,  road  §150,  creating  a  laud 
liistrict  confirming  pueblo  land  grants,  1859,  approp.  for  govt  §17,000,  Ind. 
ST.'i.lMX);  18(i(),  approp.  for  govt  §23,500,  Intl.  §.')0,0()0  capitol  §50,000, 
coiitirmuig  private  and  town  land  grants;  1801,  appro]),  for  govt  .§20,501), 
Iml.  .§.')0,60(),  roada  §50,000;  act  attaching  all  nortli  of  lat.  37"  to  Colorado; 
ISi-J,  approp.  for  govt  §33,500,  includ.  .§5,000  to  print  laws;  Ind.  .§.")0,0i)0; 
ISilii,  approp.  for  govt  §31,500.  Ind.  §25,000,  U.  S.  depository  ,§2.800;  re- 
c-^talilisliing  collection  dist  and  facilitating  col.  of  revenue.  Tliere  are  some 
slight  appropriations  for  deficiencies,  etc.,  and  for  surveyor-gen. 's  ollice,  not 
iiu-Mtioned  in  this  note;  also  some  additional  Ind.  approp.  which  pertain  to 
N.  .Me.K.  in  connection  with  other  territories;  and  largest  of  all  the  military 
expi  uilitures  not  given  with  the  territorial  appropriations.  In  the  Vowj. 
U'loiir,  and  house  and  senate  Jniirmiln  of  the  successive  sessions,  through  the 
iuilr\,  may  be  found  some  uougressiouai  discussion,  etc.,  on  bills  passed  and 
ileleated. 


TITJIITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


I    H 


States  and  Mexican  {'onimissionors  airrocd  ujton  ;m 
initial  point  on  tlio  liio  (Jj-antlo,  wliicli  <iiivt'  tin; 
Mosilla  vuiUy  to  AFoxico.  IJct'ore  this  aL^tccnicnr,  it 
appeal's  tliat  a  few  si'tticrs  from  Dona  Ana.  a  lit  tic 
I'arthcf  nortli,  liad  ('ntcrcd  the  valley;  atid  ul'trr  it  a 
(.'hiliualiua  colony  under  J^il'ael  iluelas  had  c(.|niii;<id 
the  district  in  LSlD-aO  as  Mexican  soil.  WhiK;  I  lind 
no  evidcfncc,  as  1  have  het'oro  stated,  that  any  otlirr 
line  was  ever  aj^reed  upon  down  to  the  date  of  the 
Gadsden  treaty,  which  settled  the  whole  matter  in 
1853-4,  yet  there  was  a  senate  report  at,niinst  the 
]^artlett  line,  and  the  appro[)riatit)n  hill  l"ori)ade  the 
cxpondnig  of  money  on  the  survey  until  it  should 
ap{)ear  that  the  line  was  not  farther  north  of  Kl  Puso 
than  it  was  laid  down  on  Disturnell's  map,  the  i)icsi. 
dent  ae(H)rdin^;ly  declining  to  authorize  the  expendi- 
ture.'*^^ In  New  Mexico  tlu^rc  was  much  feeling;-  mi 
the  subject,  involving  a  popular  determination  not  to 
give  up  Mcsilla.  Governor  Lane,  who  it  seems  also 
engaged  with  Bartlctt  in  sonic  written  controversy, 
by  a  proclamation  of  March  13,  1852,  asserted  the 
jurisdiction  of  New  Mexico  over  the  disputed  tract. 
I  must  confess  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any 
satisfactory  original  evidence  as  to  what  ensiud. 
Lossing,  the  historian,  says  that  'in  1854  Chihualuia 
took  armed  possession  of  the  disputed  territory.  For 
a  time  war  seemed  inevitable  between  the  I'nitcd 
States  and  Mexico."  Newspapers  of  the  time  also 
contained  some  warUke  ru'iiors,  with  very  httl(>  (K fi- 
nite information.  We  hove  seen  that  13artlett  was 
probably  wrong  in  tJic-  original  concession;  but  nb- 
viouslv  Mexico  could  not  be  blamed  for  reoardin»jf  the 
agreement  of  the  commissioners  as  final;  and  while 
there  was  a  question  whether  the  United  States  was 
bound  by  the  agreement — especially  in  view  of  tlie 
refusal  of  the  surveyor  to  sign  it— it  was  clearly  a 
matter  to  be  settled  by  national  negotiation  as  it  was 
settled   by  the  final  treaty.     The    only  troublesome 

">  U.  S.  Govt  Doc.,  32d  cong.  2d  seas.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  i.,  pt  i.,  p.  50-J. 


F  I 


I  I 


ij^fct'iiictit,  it 


EXPI,0RATI0N3 


0B3 


|)()iiit  left  ill  lator  years  was  rcsnectin^  tlio  validity  of 
tliu  Mexican  colony  jj^raiita  inudu  at'tcr  IH48,  and 
tlicii'toro  not  protected  by  tho  treaty  ot'  (jiuadalupe 
HidalLTo."' 

I'lie  explorations  of  tliis  jicriod  for  railroad  and  other 
]iU!|ioses,  such  as  tijose  of  Sit;^reavcs  in  185  I,  Whipple 
in  1853-4,  I'arke  in  1854-5,  Jieale  in  1857,  and  Ives 
ill  1858,  thoui^'h  pertaining  more  or  less  to  New  Mex- 
ico, liavo  been  sulKciently  noticed  with  references  to 
tilt'  authorities  in  the  annals  of  Arizona.'-'*  In  1851. 
Captain  John  l\)j)e  niadi;  a  I'econnoissancc  from  Santa 
I'Y'  to  Fort  Leavenworth  by  the  Cimarron  and  Cedar 
('i«  ck.""  The  Texan  explorations  of  captains  Marcy 
and  McClcllan  in  185'2  involved  sonic  matters  pertain- 
ing to  different  jjarts  of  New  ]\[exico,  and  the  routes 
leading  to  that  territory  from  the  east.'^"  In  Decem- 
licr  1853  ]\Iajor  J.  H.  Carleton,  with  a  detachment  of 
lUU  men,  made  an  exploring  ex])edition  from  Albur- 
(liKrquo  to  Casa  Colorada,  Ab(S,  Quarra,  and  Gran 
(^tuivira.^'  The  railroad  survey  of  the  thirty-second 
pai'allcl  from  tho  lied  Kiver  to  the  liio  Grande  was 
accomplished  by  Captain  Pope  in  1854.^^     Secretary 

•■  Tlie  most  important  record  of  the  viiolo  nmttor  that  I  have  seen  is  A 

U'riiii'  n/f/ic  liniiiii/iiri/  QuvMiitn;  oiid  a  viiidhUion  a/  d'oririinr  Ldiie'a  action  in 
ii'-ii.,.iii;/  JK.isi/irtioii  orer  the  Miitillii  Vdllifi/.  Hi/  Firwimlcz  ile  Tiios.  Sta  Fe, 
b.M!,  8vo,  ',i\l  i>.  Sue  also  LiM^iin/'s  Ilitt.  U.  S.,  515;  C'Mzi'itfi'  Miimiloun 
r..ii„h-f/,  47- S;  S.  F.  Alia,  Doc.  31,  '5l';  Jan.  7,  5;{;  S.  F.  //rralil,   Apr.  '-"J, 


.luly  S,  Itl,  '53;  Efo  de  L'sjkii'iii,  Sijit.  10,  '5.'?.  In  tlio  Ririm;  p.  21-U,  are 
Hut.  il  cirtain  acta  of  the  Mux.  govt  Ix'aring  on  tlu;  lioiiudury  liuforo  1848,  not 
litr.l  in  <iiy  earlier  chapter,  as  fuUow.s:  July  (i,  18"_'4,  act  of  Mex.  cong.  creat- 
ing ^t:ltc  of  t'liihuahua,  and  making  the  northern  houndary  lines  drawn  east 
rill  1  «  est  from  Kl  I'aso;  183('),  oIIum.iI  rcpt  of  ( ien.  Conde,  and  map  making  the 
1  111'  I  inss  tiie  river  at  3'2'  30'  and  theme  N.  w.  ti>  32'  57',  so  as  to  include  the 
iiipiicr  mines;  1847,  amendment  of  con.stitutinn  of  Ciiih.,  makini,'  tiie  hotinil 
ly  57' 4.'{".  The.se  acts,  as  will  he  seen,  furnish  some  tcstiiiKiny  on  hoth 
si  us.  though  the  right  of  Chih.  to  change  its  houndaries  was  with  much  roa- 
siiu  lUnicd. 

••".See  chap,  xix.-xx,  of  this  volume. 

■'■' U'linrii  n  Mi'iiinir,  03.  I'avke's  map  of  X.  Mex.  ordered  printed  in 
IS.Vi.  U^.  ,S.  1,'orl  D'v;^  ^'2d  cong.  1st  scss..  Sen.  Jour.  2'.)5.  Seo  Frwbel,  Aus 
Aiiiirihi,  ii.  138-88,  300-403,  for  a  descriptive  narration  of  1852-3. 

•'"  Mmrij  ( A'.  ]i. )  and  Mc(  Icllmi  (O.  B. ),  Ejplonitioii  <i/  the  L'ed  L'iirr  of  LoniKi- 
una  ill  /lie  ijcir  /S'l.J.  Wash.,  18.53,  8vo,  320  i>..  illust.,  maps,  au<l  tables,  in 
r.  .S'.  (luvtDoc,  32d  cong  2d  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  54.  Also  Pac,  R.  R.  Ri^iln, 
xi.  lU. 

'^Siiiitlmnian  Rqpnrt,  1854,  p.  20f>-316. 

'■'  J'ojie  {Jnhii),  Rejm-t  of  exploration  of  a  route  for  the  Pac.  /?.  R.  near  the 
S^d  inrallH  of  north  lat,  from  the  Red  River  to  the  Rio  Grande,  by  Brevet  Cayt. 


Ill'  1  ' 


1  h 


\f 


\i\. 


It  * 


654 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXTCO. 


I     * 


Davis'  book  contains  an  interesting  narrative  of  liis 
journeyings  to  and  in  New  Mexico  in  1854-5,  tlioui^di 
these  are  not  in  the  nature  of  explorations.^  In  liS.VJ 
Captain  Macomb  made  an  important  exploration  of 
the  north-western  portions  of  the  territory,  and  of  the 
adjoining  parts  of  Colorado  and  Utah.^* 

John  Pope,  1854,  in  Pac.  R.  /?.  Reptx,  ii.  no.  4,  5, 4to,  185,  50  p.,  with  diary  and 
Bciuntific  appendices.  See  also  Warrens  Memoir,  79-80.  In  U.  S.  Govt  l>ui\, 
IMth  cong.  3d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2,  p.  212-16,  is  Capt.  Humphreys'  report  nf 
1856  on  Capt.  Pope's  survey  of  the  Pecos  country  and  Llano  Estacado,  with  a 
view  to  horing  artesian  wells. 

"'  Davis  El  (friiKjo,  passim. 

^*Macomh  {./.  iV. ),  Report  of  the  exphring  eocpedifion  from  Snntn  Fe,  Xfw 
Mexico,  to  the  junction  of  the  Orand  ami  Oreen  rivtrs  of  tfw  great  Colorado  of  the 

West.     In  IS'i'J,  wider  the  command  of  Capt.  .      With  yeolo(jic(d  rvpni  hy 

Prof.  J.  S.  Neiobernj,  ffeoloi/itt  of  the  expedition.  Wash.  1870,  4to,  147  p.,  iilitis, 
and  fine  map.  A  new  map  of  N.  Mox.  by  Surv.-gcn.  Clark  in  1802  id  uotitod 
by  the  newspapers  as  superior  to  any  of  earlier  date. 


1  -1    I 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 

1851-18G3. 

Ninth    Military    Department — Commanders— Force — Forts — Govern- 
ment Policy — Lack  of    System — Number  of  Indians— Warfare — 

I'LCNDERINfi  as  A   PROFESSION — SuMNER's    EFFORTS— TREATIES   BY  LaNE 

AND  Merriwkther — Later  Campaions — Carleton's  Policy  and  Suc- 
cess— SurEKINTENDENTS  AND  AoENTS — CoN(}RESSIONAL  ACTS — RESERVA- 
TION Experiments — Utes  and  Jicarillas — Aoencies  at  Aaiyuiu, 
Taos,  and  Cimarron — Southern  Apaches — Mescalekos  at  Fort 
Stanton— The  Mimhres— Confederate  Invasion — The  Pueblos — 
Land  CtRants — The  Navajos — Their  Warfare  on  New  Mexicans — 
Treaties  Made  to  be  Broken — Chronologic  Sketch — The  War  op 
185S-G3 — Carson's  Campaion. 


New  Mexico  in  1851-63  was  the  ninth  military 
(lopartnient  of  the  United  States.  It  was  commanded 
in  1  851  by  Colonel  John  Monroe ;  in  1851-2  by  Colonel 
E.  V.  Sumner,  4th  artillery;  in  1852-4  by  Colonel 
Thomas  J.  Famitleroy,  1st  dragoons;  in  1854-8  by 
General  John  Garland,  8th  infar.tiy;  in  1858-D  by 
ColiMiel  B.  L.  E.  Bonneville,  3d  infantry;'  in  1859-GO 
by  Fauntleroy  again;  in  1800-1  by  Colonel  W.  H. 
Loring;  in  1801-2  by  Lieutenant-colonel  E.  R.  S. 
Canby,  lOtli  infantry;  and  in  1802-3  by  General  James 
H.  Carleton,  0th  infantry  and  California  volunteers. 

The  force  under  these  commandants  down  to  1858 
was  from  1,400  tt)  1,800  men;  and  later  from  2,000  to 
4,000,  distribp''  •'  generally  at  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
posts  or  forts,  oi  which  the  most  important  were  forts 
Union,  ^larcy,  Defiance,  Craig,  Stanton,  Fillmore, 
Bliss,  and  Sumner.     The  military  headquarters  waa 

'  Who  also  commanded  temporarily  in  '56.  See  liilcli's  Legk,  Blue-Bcok; 
and  the  iniacei.  records  on  which  tliia  chapter  rests, 

(6B6) 


-ll 


4'm 


666 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


il^    :.!:]■! 


successively  at  Santa  Fu,  Fort  Unl^n,  Alburqucrque, 
and  again  at  Santa  Fo  from  1852.  The  troops  in  tho 
first  years  were  the  1st  and  2d  dragoons,  nine  coin- 
panies;  3d  infantry,  ten  companies;  and  2d  artillorv, 
two  companies.  In  185G-7  a  regiment  of  niountt'd 
riflemen  was  transferred  from  Texas  for  a  time,  and 
two  companies  of  the  8th  infantry  were  added  to  the 
force.  In  18G0-1  other  companies  of  the  otli  and 
10th  infantry  were  added,  and  three  regiments  of  Xew 
Mexico  volunteer  cavalry  were  called  into  siTvice. 
There  were  58  companies  in  18G1,  and  in  18G2-  3  the 
California  volunteer  regiment  served  in  Xew  Mexico, 
some  of  the  other  troops,  however,  having  been  with- 
drawn.^ 

The  duty  of  the  army,  maintained  at  a  cost  of  about 
three  million  dollars  a  year  on  an  average,  was — ex- 
cept during  the  Texan  invasion  connected  willi  the 
war  of  the  rebellion  in  18G1-2 — to  afford  to  the  Xew 
Mexican  people  that  protection  from  their  Indian  fois 

'  Sec  annual  reports  of  the  sec.  war,  with  tabular  statements  of  posts  ami 
distribution  of  forces.  Ft  Union,  Moraco.,  was  estal)lishe(l  l)y  Col  .Suiiiii'ir 
in  '51,  as  headquarters  of  the  dei)t.  At  the  same  time  a  military  farm  was 
attempted  on  Ocate  Creek,  whicli  af'cr  a  few  years  proved  a  failure.  Aiirieiit 
Sill  Fi';  MS.,  a  col.  of  items  from  late  N.  Mex.  newspapers.  Forts  Uiii(,ii 
and  Marcy,  at  Sta  Fe,  were  continuously  garrisoned,  though  sometimes  by  a 
small  detachment,  especially  Ft  Marcy,  Cantonment  Bur;;win  at  Taos  and 
Alburqucrque  are  mentioned  in  all  tlie  reports.  Col  Sunnier  in  '.")l  foiiinl  tho 
southern  troops  posted  at  Socorro,  Dorta  Ana,  El  Paso,  and  S.  lOlizario;  Imt 
he  moved  them  to  two  new  posts.  Ft  Coin-ad — later  called  Ft  Craig -bfing 
established  near  Valverde,  ami  Ft  Fillmore  some  40  miles  above  Kl  i'asd. 
In  'oS,  ()34  citizens  of  Dona  Ana  protested  against  tl.e  proposeil  abandoiiiiieiit 
of  Ft  Fillmore.  It  is  named  in  the  report  of  'UO,  but  not  in  that  of  '01.  Ft 
Webster,  at  the  copper  mines,  was  abandoned  in  '54,  though  three  conip.  were 
stationed  there  in  5'.].  I'arkvn  lit'porf,  12.  Raya<lo,  40  m.  from  Tao-s,  ami 
Al)i(iuiii  were  garrisoned  in  the  early  part  of  '51,  also  CeboUeta  in  that  year, 
all  temiiorarily.  A  post  in  the  Navajo  country  was  estab.  in  '51,  aii'l  fri)iu 
'5'J  Avas  known  as  Ft  Deriaiice,  just  across  the  lino  in  Arizona.  At  F.as  J^iiiias 
on  the  Rio  Grande  was  a  garrison  in  '53-7.  Ft  Massachusetts  in  '5li  was 
some  85  m.  nortti  of  Taos,  beyond  the  limits  of  N.  Mex. ;  and  at  or  near  the 
sauie  site  stood  Ft.  Garland  from  '5(5.  Ft  Stanton  on  the  Rio  Bonito,  auil  Ft 
Bliss  near  El  Paso,  figure  in  the  reports  from  '54-5;  and  Ft  Thoriie,  at  thu 
upper  end  of  ^lesiUa  valley,  estab'islied  at  the  same  time,  wa.s  abamlniieil  in 
1859.  Old  Ft  Wingate  is  said  l)y  Ritch  to  liave  been  estab.  ij\  o7  and  iiioveil 
in 'GO.  Camp  Loring  on  Red  River  is  mentioned  in '58.  In '.')'.>  <>()  Hatch's 
raiicho  on  the  (Jallinas,  and  Beck's  rancho,  as  well  as  tlie  copper  ii'.iues,  were 
military  stations.  Ft  Lyon,  Ft  Wise,  .and  Camp  Cameron  arc  new  nainos  of 
'Gl,  there  lieing  also  a  force  at  •\bd  Pass  and  Hublxdl's  rancho,  and  Kt  K.uiii- 
tleroy  being  mentioned  in  tiie  Navajo  country.  And  in  18G2  were  estalili^huil 
Ft  Wiugate  on  tlie  <  rallo.  Ft  Sumner  at  Bosquo  Rcdoudo  ou  the  Pecus  auJ 
Ft  West  at  Pinoa  Altos. 


^"^^^ 


s. 

Llburquorque, 

troops  in  the 

ns,  niiH.'  coin- 

l  2tl  artillery, 

t  of  mounted 

>r  a  time,  and 

added  to  the 

'  the  otli  and 

ments  of  \e\v 

into   service. 

in  18G2- ;]  the 

New  Mexico, 

ne:  been  with- 

%  cost  of  about 
•aire,  was— ex- 
cted  with  the 
rd  to  the  New 
cir  Indian  foes 

emenls  of  posts  uml 
hed  l)y  <'<il  ^iiiiiiier 
military  fariii  was 
I  a  failure.  .1  wkiit 
pors.     Forts  Uiiiijii 
lugh  sometiinoH  by  a 
irj;wiii  at  Taos  aiul 
iicr  in  '."il  found  the 
ml  S.  Elizario;  liut 
■d  Ft  Craig-  licing 
Ics  above   Ki   i'aso. 
liioseil  ahauiloiiiiit'iit 
I  in  that  oi  "01.    Ft 
th  three  coiii(i.  were 
in.  from  Taos,  imd 
loUeta  in  that  year, 
III),  in  ';')!,  and  from 
Lna.     At  La,><  Ijiiias 
lehusctts  in  uS  was 
ami  at  or  mar  the 
iRio  Boiiito,  ami  Ft 
Ft  Thonif,  at  the 
wa.«  uliandoiieil  in 
).  i)>  i>7  and  iiiovetl 
In  T)9  (iO   Hatch's 
joppcr  ndnes,  were 
|i  are  new  names  nt 
icho,  and  Ft  Faun- 
."  were  estaMisheil 
I  the  record,  aud 


POLICY   OF  THi:  COVERNMENT. 


667 


which  had  been  promised  by  General  Kearny  In  1  S4G, 
iiml  by  the  treaty  of  1848.      Xo  such  ])rotcction  was 
in  reality  alibrded,  and  Indian  de})redations  were  as 
constant  and  disastrous,  or  more  so,  as  was  claimed  by 
many,  as  in  any  corresponding^  period  of  the  ]\Iex;can 
rt'i;'inie.      Though  the  commanders  were  for  the  most 
part  competent  men,  and  the  soldiers  fought  bravely 
in  hundreds  of  toilsome  campaigns,  the  force  was  in- 
a(le(iuate,  and  no  definite  consistent  policy  was  adoj)ted 
by  the  government  at  Washington.      In  general  terms 
the"e  .vas  no  radical  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the 
"lur     '^at  should  be  taken.     The  savage  tribes  must 
01'  exk  J  xninated,  which  would  ro(|uire  a  large  military 
fore:',  and  which  nobody  really  favored;  or  thty  must 
l)e  ted  at  government  expense,  which  would  cost  a  lai'ge 
amount  of  money,  though  less  for  some  years  than 
the  policy  of  extermination;  or  a  combination  of  the 
two  methods  should  be  adopted,  including  the  employ- 
ment of  an  adequate   military  force  to  chastise  the 
hostile  bands,  forcing  them  to  make  treaties  and  settle 
(111  reservations,  together  with  strict  vigilance  and  a 
proper  su}>ply  of  f(»od,  until  the  Indians  could  be  made 
to  understand  the  advantages  of  peace.     The  merits 
of  this  Ir.st  i)h>!!.  though  there  were  minor  variations 
of  oj)iiU()n  respijcting  details,  were  clear  enough  to  all 
in  the  territory  a);U  at  the  national  capital ;  there  were 
no  very  foriiiduhlc   obs^.tacles  in  the  way  if  men  and 
money  could    be   suT.!>hed;  but  the  government  pre- 
ferred to  let  matter;;  drift  in  the  old  way,  spending  its 
money  in  dribk^ts,  and  aeeomjtlishing  practically  noth- 
ini>'  until  the  last  years  of  this  period.     The  system, 
W)  fai-  as  any  definite  j)lan  was  followed,  was  to  send 
out  detachments  from  the  different  posts  in  pursuit  of 
marauding  bands,  often  unsuccessful,  but  ofti'ii  killing 
fi  few  Intli.M.s  and  recovering  all  or  part  of  the  plun- 
Occ,',t    >;'ally  an  exjiedition  was  organized  on  a 
lui'L^er  scale,  >■-  wage  war  on   some  tribe  or  district, 
geneially  resulting  in  a  treaty,  kept  by  the  foe  for 
liy  a  very  brief  i)eri(Kl.     Hardly  anything  was  done 

IIlfT.  Akiz.  and  N.  Mex.    42 


d 


(■  II 


01 


658 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


r 


to  remove  the  Indians'  idea  of  past  years  and  centu- 
ries, that  warfare  for  plunder,  with  occasional  intt.i\ als 
of  peace  and  gifts  and  recuperation,  with  alteriuitL' 
victory  and  defeat,  was  to  bo  the  main  industrv  of 
themselves  and  their  descendants,  as  it  had  lucn  of 
their  ancestors.  And  practically,  the  Mexican  jKipn- 
lation  was  to  a  considerable  extent  under  the  iniliuiKo 
of  the  same  idea.  Outrages  perpetrated  u}»(iii  the 
Indians  were  hardly  less  frequent  than  de})n'(lati(iiis 
upon  the  pe<  !  ^•^■.  Civil  authorities,  the  military,  and 
the  citizens  w-  ften  at  variance  on  almost  every 

phase  of  Indian  .'airs,  these  diftcrences  bciiin-  the 
natural  result  of  the  prevailing  policy,  or  lack  of  pol- 
icy, and  no  party,  white  or  Indian,  except  the  natioiuil 
government,  being  much  to  blame.  The  people  on 
several  occasions  furnished  volunteers  to  aid  in  tlic 
military  campaigns;  sent  out,  with  partial  autlioiity 
from  the  legislature  and  sometimes  against  the  wishts 
of  federal  and  military  officers,  many  badly  mananed 
and  ineffective  private  expeditions;  and  were  always 
clamorous  for  more  soldiers,  especially  for  license  to 
organize  volunteer  troops  for  the  United  States  ser- 
vice. They  also  urged  congress  in  frequent  memorials 
to  pay  for  the  past  services  of  volunteers,  and  fur 
jiroperty  stolen  and  destroyed  by  the  Indians  since 
1840;  but  no  attention  was  paid  to  these  demands, 
founded  in  right,  though  often  exagiiferated  as  to 
amount,  during  the  period  covered  by  this  chapter. 

The  number  of  wild  Indians — that  is,  excluding  the 
7,000  peaceful  and  friendly  Pueblos — in  Xew  Mexico 
was  about  17,000;  that  is,  10,000  Navajos  in  the 
north-west,  2,000  Utes  in  the  north,  and  5,000  Apaches 
occupying  the  rest  of  the  territory,  though  these  num- 
bers were  usually  overstated  in  reports  of  the  o.ulicr 
years,  and  though  it  must  be  noted  that  hostile  bauds 
from  abroad — Apaches  from  the  west  and  south,  I  tes 
from  the  north,  and  es[)ecially  Comanches,  Kiowas, 
and  other  natives  of  the  [dains  from  the  east---i>fteu 
extended  their  raids  into  New  Mexico.     There  were 


li 


int  iiieinorial 


3SC  dciiiniul 


CONSTANT  WARFARE. 


G59 


til  ICO  or  four  years  of  the  thirteen  covered  by  tliis 
chapter  which  were  regarded  as  years  of  peace,  though 
none  which  were  entirely  free  from  depredations;  but 
ill  the  other  years,  all  or  part,  especially  of  the  Nava- 
jos  and  Apaches,  were  on  the  war-path.  Much  that 
lias  been  said  of  Indian  warfare  in  Arizona  may  l)e 
applied  to  that  in  New  Mexico;  but  here  the  Indians 
as  a  rule  did  not  kill  for  the  sake  of  killing,  as  did  the 
Apaches  of  Arizona  and  of  southern  New  jVIexico  in 
later  years,  but  only  incidentally  in  the  prosecution  of 
tlitir  profession  as  plundeniig  raiders.  Women  and 
children  captured  became  servants  or  practically  slaves, 
many  of  those  taken  by  the  Indians  being  sold  to  dis- 
tant tribes.  In  this  constant  warfare  the  Indians 
were  believed  to  be  more  successful  than  their  adver- 
saries .n  their  capture  of  live-stock,  while  in  the  mat- 
ter of  captives  the  citizens  had  the  best  of  it.  There 
are  no  definite  or  trustworthy  records  of  casualties 
ex(e[)t  for  brief  periods,  but  the  number  of  whites 
killed  was  probably  from  200  to  300,  and  the  pro[)t'rty 
lost  may  have  amounted  to  a  million  dollars.  I  make 
iiu  attem[)t  to  catalogue  depredations  or  cam|)aigns, 
since  I  have  neither  space,  nor  in  most  cases  sufficient 
(lata,  for  a  complete  record.  I  shall  first  present  a 
U'cneral  and  brief  view  of  military  operations,  then  a 
similar  resume  of  Indian  affairs  in  the  territory  as 
managed  by  the  civil  authorities;  and  finally  the 
(litKrent  tribes  and  sections  will  be  treated  successively, 
v»itli  somewhat  more  of  detail  in  certain  phases  of  the 
sahjuct. 


Ji 


(    51 


'i     * 


'    I 


loOO  ApuclK'S 


Colonel  Sumner  assumed  connnand  in  July  ISol, 
with  instructions  to  select  now  sites  for  military  p<)sts, 
ti>  act  in  concert  with  the  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs,  to  inflict  severe  [)unisliment  on  the  savage  foe, 
ami  to  effect  a  reduction  in  military  ex})enditures.  In 
all  these  things  he  was  successful  to  a  certain  extent, 
it'll..!  or  two  of  the  usual  Navajo  cam[)aigtis  and  ti'm- 
Iinraiy  treaties  may  -be  regarded  as  the  severe  chas- 


660 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


w 


I,  .illii 


'lU 


i\'.  -:. 


tiscment  ordered.  In  the  latter  part  of  1852  tlip 
country  was  reported  at  peace,  the  Indians  for  tlie 
most  part  friendly,  and,  particularly  tlie  Xavajos  and 
Apaches,  'completely  overawed.'^  This  state  of  coin- 
parative  peace  lasted  a  little  more  than  a  year,  diirini^f 
Avl)ich  time  a  little  progress  was  made  by  the  oivil 
department.  But  this  progress  cost  too  much; 
methods  were  not  approved,  and  promises  not  kept; 
so  that  in  1854-5  almost  all  the  hands  were  a;j,aiii  oii 
the  war-path.  General  Garland  and  his  subordiiuitis 
made  active  campaigns  in  all  directions,  especially 
against  the  Mescalcros,  Jicarillas,  and  Utes;  a  vol- 
unteer force  was  called  into  the  service;  treaties  wire 
made  by  Governor  Merriwether — not  destined  to  he 
approved;  and  thus  for  lS5(i-7  a  kind  of  precarious 
peace  was  patched  up.*  Then  in  1858  serious  trouljhs 
arose  witli  the  Navajos,  and  the  war,  with  its  iiiaiiy 
campaigns  under  tlie  direction  of  Garland,  Boiiin- 
ville,  Fauntleroy,  and  Canby,  was  continuous  in  ISjli 
-61,  as  will  be  more  fully  recorded  a  little  later.  At 
the  same  time  the  southern  Apaches  took  advantau'c 
of  the  occasion  to  renew  their  raids;  the  Mormons 


af  '■' 


!    ( 


If!  f  • 


::;:il| 


-  ■  )■ 


it 


iS  "i 


'Rejit  sec.  war,  an<l  //((/.  Axf-  licpt,  18.')2;  Sumner's  reports  and  otliur 
corresp.,  in  U.  S.  (lovt  Doc,  32il  conj,'.  1st  aesa.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  ii.,  pt  i.,  p.  I'.'o- 
30;  'ill  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  i.,  pt  ii.,  p.  2.'5-7.  The  corresp.  on'  Ind.  (It'iiri'l. 
ami  iiiiimr  expeditions  imlicati'S  that  many  of  the  latter  were  based  on  false 
or  cxagj,'('rated  reports,  very  little  being  really  aeeomplished  by  tliis  disultniy 
warfare.  Tl>o  establishment  of  new  posts  has  already  been  noticid;  iil  ■> 
.Sumner's  disoouraginj,' view  of  future  prospects,  prompting  a  recomiueiidatini, 
adopted  by  the  see.  war,  to  abandon  tiio  t.'rritory  for  economio  reasons.  'Hi.' 
reduction  of  expenses  did  not  please  the  people,  not  only  because  it  inilieatcl 
less  earnest  operations  against  the  Ind.,  but  because  tiic  disbursement  el 
military  funds  was  in  a  sense  the  country's  main  dependence.  The  SeneraiH 
accused  the  Americans  of  waginj,'  war  on  the  Mex.  territories  throueh  th' 
Indians,  selling  them  arms  and  amnuinitiou  and  buying  captives.  Sonorcns'', 
March  28,  Dec.  5,  ISol. 

*  Jinuh'/t'.i  L '.  S.  Ciwalnj,  lli.^-S,  gives  some  details  of  campaigns  maile  In' 
Sturgis,  Kwell,  AValker,  ]5ell,  DaviiLson,  and  Fauntleroy.  See  also  re[ieits  el 
Gen.  (r.  and  other  olliccrs,  in  U.  S.  (lort  Dor.,  34tli  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Kx, 
Doc,  i.,  pt  ii.,  p.  5(5-72;  and  Merriwether,  in  Iwl.  Aff,  llevt,  18.J4,  p.  llKi-S. 
The  treaties  were  made  in  June-.Sept.  IS,"),").  Casualties  in  54  were  estiiiiattil 
at  St)  killed  or  captured,  and  S112,(XM)  worth  of  property  lost.  A  iiRiiKuial 
of  the  legislature  asked  for  payment  for  these  los.ses,  and  also  for  .vJiMMHtte 
])ay  tiio  V(dunteers.  Though  in  'oli-T  most  of  the  bands  were  ri']iertoil  as 
observing  the  treaties,  the  Navajoa  gave  much  trouble,  and  Brackett,  ]>.  JTl 
et  siMj.,  mentions  several  expeditions,  chicHy  in  the  extreme  south.  Claims 
before  congress  in  '58  for  property  lost  in  past  years  amounted  to  8510,100. 


MILITARY  OPERATIONS. 


661 


1852   the 
iiis  for  tli(,' 
ravajns  and 
,ate  of  coiu- 
•car,  (luriiiL; 
)y  the  civil 
too    luuch; 
3  nut  k(-'|it; 
!ro  again  on 
mbordi  nates 
I,   cspt'C'iahy 
Ites;  a  vol- 
reatios  were 
;tinc(l  to  he 
f  precarious 
ous  trouhlt'S 
th  its  many 
xnd,  l^oiinr- 
lous  in  IS.V.) 
c  later.     At 
k  advantau^^ 
le  Mormons 

oports  and  other 
ii.,pt  i.,  i".  1-0- 
ou  Iiul.  <li'pn'l. 

iro  billed  on  false 
ly  this  ilcsultuiy 

coil  iiotiLTil;  al  o 
•ccoiuiiiL'iiilatii' 1, 

iiio  reasons.  1 '■'■'' 
ause  it  inilii'aU''! 
disbursi-iiiriit  ci 

__     The  Soiinra:;- 

)ric3  throngli  tin.' 

L)tives.  ,?o/i"C'«-'. 

mpaigiis  maili'  by 
;ee  also  ri'ii'Tt- "t 
1st  sess.,  H.  Kx. 
t,  18o4,  p.  liil'-^. 
i4\vere  estiiiiattd 
ist.  A  inrMicrial 
lsoforfi^'J<MHH»ti> 
wore  roiini-to'l  as 
Braokitt,  p.  1"' 
e  south.  <'l«ii»3 
id  to  S51 0,100. 


Wore  tliouo'lit  to  ho  tainperiui^  with  the  Utes;  troops 
^v^■ro  brouolit  in  from  abroad;  and  the  volunteers 
were  somewhat  irregularly  reorganized  for  active 
Service/ 

111  1801,  when  affairs  were  in  this  condition,  and 
the  war  still  in  progress,  an  invasion  of  the  territory 
hy  Texan  confederates,  an  episode  of  New  Mexican 
iumals  to  be  treated  in  the  following  chapter,  caused 
the  troops  to  be  withdrawn  from  their  Indian  cam- 
paigns for  other  service  deemed  more  urgent;  and  for 
over  a  year,  while  the  Utes  and  Jicarillas  remained 
I'riendly,  the  Navajos  and  other  Apache  bands  were 
lift  free  to  devastate  the  settlements,  without  opposi- 
tion except  such  as  the  citizens  in  small  parties  could 
oiler.  It  was  alleged  that  the  southern  A})aches  and 
Texan  tribes  were  incited  and  aided  by  the  confed- 
erates; and  however  tliis  may  have  been,  the  latter 
certainly  had  no  motive  for  affording  protection  to 
tlieir  foes.  In  18G2,  wlien  the  invaders  had  been 
(hivoii  out,  and  fears  of  further  confederate  operations 
hatl  for  the  most  part  disappeared,  General  Carleton, 
succeeding  Canby  in  September,  his  army  being  com- 
jioscd  largely  of  Californian  and  Xew  IVIexican  volun- 
teer.s,  turned  his  attention  most  energetically  to  tlie 
Indian  foe.  For  the  first  time  a  definite  policy  was 
adopted.  Carletcn's  idea,  and  a  very  sensil)le  one, 
was  to  chastise  the  savages  thorougldy,  and  show 
them  that  there  was  to  be  no  more  trifling.  Xo 
treaties  were  to  be  made,  and  no  terms  acce[)ted  ex- 
cept unconditional  surrender  as  prisoners  of  war.  In 
tlie  field  no  quarter  was  to  be  shown  except  to  women 
and  (diildren.  At  13os(jue  Kedondo,  on  tlie  Pecos, 
Fort  Sumner  was  established,  and  here  all  the  Navajo 

■Sfo  military  rci)ort.s  and  oorrospondenco  of  lS.")8-()0,  in  I'.  S.  Oort,  Dor., 
"'n]\  cniig.  '2d  soss.,  H.  Ex.  ])oo.,  ii.,  j>t  ii.,  p.  'J78-IWJ;  Son.  Ex.  Doo.,  ii.,  ]i. 
'JTs  :!•_".»;  .Stith  Cong,  l.-it  .soss.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  ii.,  p.  'J.')G-:{:)4;  H.  Ex.  Doc., 
ix..  iici.  00;  'Jdsess.,  Sen.  Doc.,  ii..  ni-ii'.),  with  catahigue  of  exped.,  p.  )',)',)  '_'().">; 
iv|i.iit  of  ,soc.  war,  ISdO;  /intrh'i/'--^  C  .S.  Cinilrt/,  1114  ot  simj.  The  S.  F. 
iii\v-]i;ipor.s  also  contain  sonio  news  of  Iiid.  tronldes  in  1S,")S  '.),  Tlu!  ollicial 
ri  iM'its  jiero  cited  contain  a  largo  and  coniplicatod  nias.s  of  details,  mainly  oil 
till  Navajo  war,  but  also  giving  iiuioli  inforniatiou  on  Apache  ox]>oditioiia 
aiil  ileprodatious.     See  later  note  of  this  chapter  for  additional  authorities. 


..I  I 


4    I?  I' 


^  m 


m 


■| 


''1  Hi 

11 

i^^ 

f! 

i  i 
'  i 

,1 

■i\ 

I 

...  ,  V 

■Ml 

"'"I 

1||| 

i' 

;  HI 

M 

mq  11 

illM 

Ii 

m 

662 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


and  Apjif'lio  prisoners  were  to  be  broujjflit  as  fast  as 
taken,  to  await  later  decisions  as  to  their  futi',  liut 
with  a  phin  of  making  this  a  permanent  reservation 
for  those  tribes.  The  general's  force  was  not  suHi- 
cient  for  the  full  accomplishment  of  his  plans;  hut 
he  went  to  work  in  oarnesit,  and  ctrected  much.  First 
the  Apaches  were  taken  in  hand,  and  by  the  spi  iiii,' 
of  18G3  about  400  Mescaleros  had  submitted,  and 
were  living  in  peace  at  the  Bosque,  while  tlie  otlicr 
bands  had  been  forced  to  suspend  for  a  time  tlicir 
raids,  Fort  West  having  meanwhile  been  garrisoned 
at  Pinos  Altos.  Then  began  the  campaign  against 
the  Navajos,  carried  on  with  such  energy  that  by  the 
end  of  the  year  a  considerable  number  of  that  trilie 
were  either  at  Fort  Sumner  or  on  the  way  tliitlier, 
and  the  prospect  was  encouraging  for  complete  sueccss 
in  the  near  future,  though  conflicts  were  still  occur- 
ring in  many  parts  of  the  territory,  and  various  obsta- 
cles were  yet  to  be  encountered.^ 


•:  I  r' 


il  S' 


!l  ft 


i    :!■';(' 


In  1848-51  James  S.  Calhoun  was  general  agent 
for  the  New  Mexican  Indians,  On  the  organization 
of  the  territory,  the  governor  became  ex-officno  super- 
intendent of  Indian  affairs,  and  the  position  was  held 
successively  by  Calhoun  in  1851-2,  Lane  in  1852-3, 
and  Merriwethcr  in  1853-7.  Then  the  offices  were 
separated,  and  James  L.  Collins,  an  old  resident  of 
New  Mexico,  served  as  superintendent  in  1857-'io, 
being  succeeded  l)y  Michael  Stock  in  18G3.  Tliese 
superintendents  ajipear  to  have  been  earnest  and  calla- 
ble men,  but  their  actions  were  so  hampered  by  lack 
of  means,  conflicting  or  insufficient  instructions,  lack  of 
a  di'finite  policy,  and — especially  in  the  early  years — 
misunderstandings  with  the  military  authorities,  that 

^■(^irlcto>i's  Corrr/ipnmh'nrr  of  ISfiS-.'/,  in  /»'/.  Aff.  Hejit  Sper.  Civil,  l^liT,  p. 
98  ct  si.'(|.,  containing  an  iiiinionse  mass  of  tletiiils.  On  p.  247-57  is  a  ( liioim- 
loaic  list  (if  tights  witli  Indians,  with  a  tabnlar  statement  showing  that  iii 
lS();i-4  tliurc?  were  killed,  in  14.'J  encounters,  004  Ind.;  wounded  "J-i.  and 
captured  S,7!t3;  officers  and  men  killed  24;  wound'Ml  50;  live-stoik  taken 
1>y  iiid.,  2H,587  sliecp,  47  horses,  .S59  mules,  4.S2  cattle;  takeu  fnnu  Ind, 
30,550  ahecp,  2,022  horses,  207  uuiles,  240  cattle,  35  asses. 


iii'S- 


•i  I 


SUPERINTKNDENTS  AND  ACIENTS.  66d 

they  could  accomplish  but  little.  They  were  in- 
structed to  accompany  in  perstMi  or  by  agents  all 
expeditions,  and  to  make  tieaties  witli  the  Indian 
tribes;  but  Calhoun  in  1851  complained  much  of 
the  difficulties  that  surrounded  him,  of  lack  of  sup- 
port and  cooperation  by  the  military,  of  increasing 
(h  predations,  and  of  the  elforts  of  designing  men, 
his  enemies,  to  prevent  his  success,  and  even  draw 
tlio  l^ueblos  into  hostility;  yet  he  made  some  kind 
(if  a  treat}''  with  the  eastern  Apaches/  Congress  in 
Fil)ruary  1851  extended  over  New  Mexico  all  exist- 
ing laws  on  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  at 
the  same  time  providing  for  the  appointment  of  four 
agents  at  a  salary  of  $1,500  each.*^ 

Tlie  four  agents  appointed  in  April  1851  were 
R.  H,  AVeightman,  soon  elected  to  congress;  John 
(Jreiner,  stationed  for  a  time  at  Taos,  and  later  terri- 
torial secretary;  Abram  R.  Wooley,  of  wliom  nothing 
more  appears;  and  Edward  H.  Wingf^^ld,  who  was 
stationed  in  1852-3  rt  Fort  Wel)ster,  was  dismissed 
ill  18515,  and  who  published  a  pamphlet  in  defence  of 
his  conduct.''  In  1852  Michael  Steck  and  Spruce  M. 
Baird  were  appointed  in  place  of  Weightman  and 
Wooley;  and  in  1853  a  new  corps,  consisting  of  Kit 
Carson,  Henry  L.  Dodge,  James  M.  Smitli,  and 
Ediiumd  A.  Graves.     Subsequent  changes  are  given 

"  Si;e  Inif.  Af.  Repnrti,  IS.Il-OS.  Tlie  report  of  'ol  contains  Calhoun's 
fiirros|).  and  coniijlaiuts.  Tliero  was  cviiluntly  a  stronj;;  feeling  of  anta^oiiisiii 
lictweeu  tlie  civil  ami  military  autliorities.  Sumner  was  iiiclineil,  as  we  have 
svvn,  to  regiird  the  Inil.  depredations  and  otluT  prospective  trimhles  as  of 
slight  importance,  though  his  view  of  the  territoi-y's  prospects  was  in  souse 
rt^iM'cts  more  discouraging  than  that  of  the  governor.  This  antagonism  p.ir- 
tially  disappeared  in  later  years. 

•'"  U.  S.  iStiifiilci,  rsiil  et  seep  Congressional  appropriations,  not  including 
.s,il;irii;s  of  agents,  also  excluding  certain  amounts  to  heexiiended  for  N.  Mex. 
ill  iiinneetioii  with  other  territories,  and  omitting  some  small  amounts  for  de- 
tieu'ueies  and  otiier  miscellaneous  jiurposes,  were  as  follows;  IS.")!,  !?1S,0(M)  for 
Nivajo  treaty  of  '41);  18,V2  (not  found);  18.3.S,  .SIO.OOO;  1S,")4,  5;:{l),(Ht(),  jdus 
il^'i.OOi)  (continued  in  ';")")-())  for  Xavajo  treaty,  plus  .*;l(),()00  for  the  I'uehlos; 
iS.'i."),  .S'-V),0(K);  T)!;,  $47,500;  '57  (not  found);  '58,  .§85,000;  '59,  Sit,"), 000;  'GO, 
'I'll,   (•>•_>,  each  S50,m)0;  'ti:i,  S'_>5,(KH). 

"  Wbhjfiidil ,  E.  J/.,  JJt'/i'iire  of  ffi.-i  Arts  as  fiiiliitn  Aijcnt.  Wash.,  lS."i4,  Svo, 
Iti  p.  After  reaching  N.  Mex.  he  was  sent  to  Wash,  on  a  mission  hy  Oov. 
Cilhoun.  He  was  accused  of  excessive  expenditures,  and  of  ahsence  from  his 
]»i-^{,  having  great  dilliculty  in  collecting  his  j)ay.  One  or  two  of  the  others 
aiuiu  also  to  liave  buea  in  trouble  and  dismissed,  but  1  had  no  particulars. 


i 


:!i; 


•':iiii. 


¥m 


i- ' 


664 


INDIAN  AND   MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


*:^i 


!-;S! 


in  a  note  or  in  a  later  portion  of  this  chapter  in  tlie 
annals  of  the  different  a<,^encies/" 

Superintendent  Lane  in  1852-3  was  a  believer  ju 
the  policy  of  keepiiiiyf  the  Indians  quiet  by  fctdin.r 
them,  as  cheaper  and  more  etfective  than  liL^iitiiii'-. 
Accordingly,  he  made  provisional  treaties  with  some 
of  the  north-eastern  and  south-western  A]>acli(!  b.uids, 
agreeing  to  furnish  food  for  five  years,  and  sonu;  otliir 
aid  to  all  who  would  work.  A  considerable  num- 
ber in  the  north  were  induced  to  settle  on  a  fiuni  west 
of  the  Kio  Grande,  and  a  like  experiment  was  tried  at 
Fort  Webster.  We  know  but  little  of  details,  execpt 
that,  without  waiting  for  approval  of  the  treaties, 
Lane  spent  about  $20,000  in  the  execution  of  the 
plan  ;  and  when  the  rations  were  suspended  for  want  n\' 
funds,  the  Apaches  became  worse  than  ever.  Super- 
intendent Merriwether  from  1853  found  the  Indians 
for  the  most  part  hostile.  His  theory  was  tliat  tlie 
Indian  title  to  all  lands  near  the  settlements  sliould 
be  purchased,  to  be  paid  for  in  annuities,  from  whieli 
the  amount  of  depredations  should  be  deducted.  Jje- 
fore  the  end  of  his  term  in  1857  he  made  several 
treaties  with  different  tribes,  which  were  never  aj)- 
proved.  There  was  a  general  agreement  in  these  and 
later  years  that  the  Indians  must  be  induced  to  settle 
on  reservations,  and  aided  to  a  considerable  extent  for 
some  time,  but  the  government  was  very  slow  to  art. 
Efforts  to  promote  such  settlement  were,  howevci'. 
reconmiended,  appropriations  were  increased,  and  some 
attention  was  paid  to  the  various  agencies,  where  goods 

'"Sec,  besides,  Iiiif.  Ajf.  RcjiorU,  1851  etseq.;  i^Q  American  Alum  inn;  1S.")1- 
GI ;  ami  2inlM»iid  Aluianar,  18()3— 1,  Soveivil  of  the  names  are  not  iiiriitiuiiril 
in  the  oliioial  ruports,  and  sonic  of  tlie  appointees  probably  did  imt  mivc. 
The  list  of  "ol-O  is  Carson,  Dodge,  Steck,  Lorenzo  Labadi,  anil  .'^am.  li.  .Mmit- 
gomory,  ruiilaced  by  A.  (r.  Mayers.  In  T)7-!)  wo  have,  besides  ('ais<m  aiil 
Steek,  \V.  R.  Harlcy  (replaeed  by  Silas  V.  Kendriek  in  T)',)),  l)itL;ii  Aiclu:- 
leta,  S.  M.  Yost  (temporarily  replaced  ))y  R.  S.  Cowart  iu  '.")S),  and  ,1. 
Walker.  In  '(51  Joliii  T.  Russell  appears  instead  of  Yost.  In  '().'i-4  (,' ii'.-^nii  s 
name  disap])ears;  Josii  A.  Manzanares  and  John  Ward  taki;  the  ]ilarc-.s  dt 
Areiiuli'ta,  Kendriek,  Russell,  and  Walker,  the  nund)cr  beins  ndurcl  to 
four;  and  Fernamlo  Maxwidl  takes  the  place  of  Steek,  who  Ijecaino  sujit. 
For  aets  of  the  legislature  from  session  to  sessiou  on  lud.  aHaiis,  scu  tlio 
resume  in  the  preceding  chapter. 


i 


mi  i 
mi  ■ 


or  ill  tlie 

iliovci'  ill 
I  fei'diiiir 
fi'J,iltilll^^ 
■itli  sdiiie 
lit!  liiuids, 
)inL!  utiicr 

)lo     llUlll- 

tinn  west 

s  trifd  at 

Ls,  ('X(.'('))t 

tretitii's, 

(11     of    till- 

jr  want  nf 

Su[K'r- 

e  Indians 

that  tlie 

ts  slioiild 

1)111  wliicli 

^c;d.     J^c- 

c  several 

lever  aji- 

lest;  and 

to  settle 

xteiit  tor 

w  ti>  act. 

lOWever. 

and  sdiiii' 

ro  l;'(io(1s 

iiiitiinr,  1N.')1- 
it  ini'iltidlH'il 

ll     lint    MrV(,'. 

111.  Ji.  Mnllt- 

Cir.smi  aii'l 
)ui;ci  Arclui- 
'.jS),  anil  .1. 
i;!-4  Carbon's 
In;  ]ilacus  of 
rciliunt  to 
lucaiiio  supt. 
lairs,  scu  the 


W'^ 


: 


JICAIllLLAS  AND  UTES. 


0G3 


wei(^  distributed  eadi  year.  Under  superintendents 
riillins  and  Steck  there  was  no  change  of  a  geiu'ral 
nature  to  be  noted.  It  was,  for  the  most  part,  a  pe- 
ridd  of  constant  warfare.  The  Texan  invasion  caused 
most  of  the  agencies  to  be  abandoned  for  a  time  in 
18(11-2.  The  people,  legislature,  and  all  officials  be- 
came extremely  impatient.  Various  views  on  details 
of  i>oliey  were  expressed,  various  petitions  and  protests 
made;  the  necessity  of  a  definite  reservation  system 
birame  more  and  more  a))parent;  and  there  were  few 
who  did  not  approve,  in  a  general  way,  (ieiieral  Carle- 
ton's  energetic  measures  of  18(J2-;5,  though  some  of 
his  acts  and  views  led  to  bitter  controversy.^' 

The  northern  part  of  the  territory,  outside  of  the 
Xavajo  country,  was  occupied  or  ranged  over  by  the 
Jiiarilla  Ajmches — so  named  in  early  times  from 
the  jiottery  made  in  small  quantities  by  their  women 
—about  900  m  number,  and  by  three  bands  of  Utes 
—also  written  Utahs,  and  in  earlier  times  by  l  e 
Spaniards,  Yutas — numbering  2,000  or  more.  The 
.Ik  ari  11a  country  was  properly  east  of  the  liio  Grande, 
and  the  Mohuachc  Utes  also  came  to  regard  this 
ivnioii  as  their  home,  the  agency  fV)r  both  tribes  being 
at  Taos,  and  later  at  Cimarron,  or  Maxwell's  ranclio. 
The  Uto  country  was  west  of  the  river,  stretching 
iioith-westward  into  Colorado  and  Utah,  where  most 
of  the  tribe  hved,  and  the  agency  for  the  Capotes  and 
J'auches,  or  Tabuaches,  as  the  New  Mexican  bands 
Nveie  called  during  this  period,  was  at  Abi(|uii'i.  The 
I  tes  and  Jicarillas  were,  to  some  extent,  related  by 
intermarriage,  and  in  disposition  and  habits  had  much 

"  See  actn  of  tin;  kii,'islaturo,  giivoniors'  iiiussages,  rujits  of  siipt  iiiiil  airoiits, 
etc.  Ill  U.  .V.  ilovt  Doc,  :{5tii  oiiiig.  1st  scss.,  il.  Ex.  Dou.,  xi.,  p.  8'2,  i.sSu|it 
("Hills'  i-ujiort  of  MS,  (III  taking  a  ilejiiitatioii  of  ilill'iTeiit  trilivs  on  a  visit  to 
\V :i>liiiigtoii.  All  effort  was  iiiailu  liy  tlio  lugislatuio  to  olitaiii  full  ri'imrts  of 
ilu[ir.  latioiis  for  use  in  congress.  Tlio  raising  of  voluiiteurs  also  cansi,'.!  miicli 
ixcitriiiunt.  TluM'o  was  miuli  coiinilaint  of  tiie  uvil  etlocts  of  selling  liijiior  to 
t  II'  111'!.,  ami  inueh  ileelaniatioii  against  tiiu  '  siekly  sentiiiiontality  '  of  eastern 
p'-i'l'li'.  It  was  often  jioiiiteil  out  tiiat  the  ]ii>l.  were  as  liail  anil  the  iieoiilo 
1  s-i  pi'oteeteil  tlia;i  when  tlie  LJ.  S.  took  possession,  uotwithstamling  the 
laig'-  ixpemliture  of  money. 


ii  i:  1  iTIlTnii  ^i' 


\l 


CCl] 


INDIAN  AND   Mir.lTAIlV  AFFAIRS. 


!"l 


"r 


''M 


■M 


\t\  common,  Ikmiiii;  roviiii;'  tril)cs,  wlio  woi-c  iiatiimllv 
jivcrsc  to  restraint,  stittleinont,  or  civili/iition.  I  loth 
wi'ro  jilway.s  icady  to  1)0  \\d  by  tlio  Ljovcrnmcnt,  ainl 
equally  disjioscd  to  steal  such  supplies  as  were  iK.t 
otherwise  ohtainaMc!  without  nmeh  woik.  The  Uto.s 
were  brave,  warlike,  better  arnietl  than  other  tiihcs, 
and  skilful  hunters;  bold  in  the  asserti(»n  of  thrjr 
ri<;ht  to  the  broad  tract  over  which  they  ranged, 
wholly  op])08ed  to  farniini^  or  reservation  life,  hut 
wiliinuj  to  be  friendly  and  abstain  from  deia-edatioiis  il 
liberally  supplied  with  food.  Their  ideal  was  to  iv- 
tain  their  huntinu^-u^rounds,  periodically  visitiii'^  ;in 
agency  to  receive  their  gifts — whicli  nuist  not  he  Irss 
than  oth(T  tribes  received — and  having  free  access  to 
the  settlements,  where  whiskey  could  be  procufid. 
The  Jicarillas  were  equally  fond  of  whiskey,  soniewliat 
more  treaclierous  and  cruel,  less  brave  and  eiieiL''  *if 
as  warriors  and  hunters,  making  ])()ttery,  and  ) 
times  plantins.'"  on  a  small  scale,  and  re^ardiuij'  tl 
a  natural  means  of  supporting  themselves  if  no  easier 
way  could  be  found.  A  large  reservation  near  tln' 
settlements,  wliere  they  could  lead  an  easv,  va^nhoiid, 
drunken  life,  would  have  pleased  them  well  enough. 

At  the  bc«jriimin<i:,  both  tribes  were  eno-aocd  in  con- 
stant  raids  for  plundiT,  and  the  Jicarillas  weic  re- 
garded as  among  the  Wf  )rst  of  Apaches.  Yet  ( Jovenior 
Calhoun  made  some  kind  of  a  treaty  W'^'h  tlieiii  in 
1851;  thi>y  were  pleased  with  the  distribution  of  goods 
at  Taos,  and  in  1853  (Governor  Lane  induced  250  of 
them  to  settle  on  a  farm  west  of  the  Rio  Grande,  on 
the  Rio  Puerco.  But  when  Merriwethcr  was  ohliged 
to  announce  that  Lane's  treaties  were  not  approved, 
and  to  susjK'ud  the  distribution  of  supplies,  botli  Jiea- 
rillas  and  Utes  in  tiieir  distrust  went  on  the  wai-iiath. 
The  former,  after  an  active  campaign  by  troops  under 
lieutenants  Bell  and  Davidson,  in  one  battle  of  wlii<'h 
over  20  dragoons  lost  their  lives,  were  conquered,  and 
made  a  treaty  in  July  1854;  while  the  latter  were  de- 
feated by  Colonel  Fauntleroy  in  a  campaign  of  March 


UTKS  AND  JICARILLAS. 


(l((7 


to  May    185;")/'"     From   tliis  time   tliesc  tril)os  wtTc 
I'liiiidly,  though  roimnittiiig  occusional  tlit^f'ts,  or  even 


worse  (loprudiitioiis,  and  soinctiiius  acr-used  of  otlicr 
iitlriices  of  wliic'li  tlicy  probably  were  not  <^uilty.  Tlio 
t'lciUH'nt  raids  of  other  ti'ibcs  from  the  west  and  cast 
made  it  dittieult  in  many  rases  to  identify  the  real  eul- 
jiiits.  The  Indians  (Hd  not  live  at  or  jufenerally  near 
tlif  au'eneies,  and  were  only  in  the  sli:L;'htest  decree 
uikK  r  the  ao'ents'  control.  Tlu^y  came  in  to  <^(;t  their 
iit('j;ular  allotments  of  ujoods,  wliich  were  |j;cnerally 
cxflian^'ed  as  soon  as  ])ossible  for  li<jUor.  They  i)o- 
caiiie,  naturally,  more  and  more  a  horde  of  drunken, 
jiiU'iriniLjf,  destitute,  and  mendicant  vaLijabonds.  At 
rcrtiiin  times  and  places  they  showed  indications  of  a 
tendency  to  industry  and  good  behavior,  but  the 
ahnminable  lack  of  system  j)revonted  any  of  these 
rare  exceptions  being  utilized  as  the  micleus  of  real 
improvement.  There  was  no  progress,  but  constant 
dclrrioration.  Ke[)orts  on  their  condition  and  pros- 
jHcts  varied  with  the  point  of  view.  Some  agtsnts, 
CDiisidering  tlieir  past  liistory  and  present  circum- 
stances, wondered  that  they  were  no  worse,  and  wrote 
encouragingly;  others,  looking  at  the  Indians  as  they 
M'lrc,  and  unmindful  of  the  environment,  could  see  no 
gleam  of  hope.  The  Jicarillas  and  Utes  wore,  how- 
evei",  the  only  'union'  Indians,  except  tlie  Pueblos, 
dining  the  war  of  18G1-2,  which  fact — in  view  of  their 
lidlding,  as  foes  of  the  Navajos  and  tribes  of  the  east- 
eiii  plains,  a  kind  of  balance  of  power — with  tlic  addi- 
tional circumstance  that  the  Utes  resisted  the  Mormon 
etiorts  of  1858,  made  them  in  these  and  later  years 
tlio  recipients  of  many  complimentary  allusions.  All 
asrreed,  however,  that  these  Indians  should  be  put  on 
reservations,  which  should  be  for  from  the  settlements. 
Indeed,  the   suggestion  was  often   made,  as  follovv'<;d 

'-(iov.  Morriwethur's  report  of  Sept.  'M,  in  Iml.  Aff.  J^i'jil;  Iir(ich(i''>  (^.  S. 
Cnr..  1S5-8;  frosf'.i  IinL  Jiiittli'.i,  !>ltH-8;  Fauiitluroy'd  reports  of  April  May 
'.'u,  in  ('.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  S4th  eong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  i.,  pt  ii..  5()-72.  Lieut. 
M:ix\vell  was  killed  in  June  "54.  A  memorial  of  the  le(,'islatiire  for  a  Jicarilla 
rtiiivatiou  is  meiitioncJ  ia  Id.,  33J  coug.  1st  seas.,  H.  Miscel.  Doc,  no.  45. 


M    ..,''1 


''"^l 


:?'  ■!! 


CCS 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


..■|„ 


III 


ii: 


I'i 


m 


later,  that  the  Jicarillas  should  be  joined  to  the  south- 
ern Apaches,  and  the  Utes  to  the  Colorado  bands.'-' 

Respecting  the  northern  agencies,  agents,  and 
native  bands  in  charge  of  each,  there  is  some  con- 
fusion, the  reports  of  early  years  being  vagiu;  or 
altogether  lacking.  In  1851-3  John  Greiner  ,serin« 
to  have  been  stationed  at  Taos;  then  in  lSj;j-'j 
Christopher  Carson  had  charge  of  this  agency,''  In 
18G0-1  special  agents  A.  H.  Pfeiffer  and  Heniy  Mtr- 
cure  were  in  charge;  in  18G1  the  agency  was  moved 
from  Taos  to  C'marron,  or  Maxwell's  riincho,  W.  F. 
M.  Arny  being  made  agent,  and  his  successor  in 
18G2-3  was  Levi  Keithly.  At  the  Abiquiu  aguncy 
of  the  Capote  and  Pauche  Utes,  E.  A.  Graves  ap[)('ar.s 
as  agent  in  1853,  Lorenzo  Labadi  in  1855-G,  Dk-^n) 
Archuleta  in  1857,  Lafayette  Head  in  185y~()l,  and 
Jose  A.  Manzanares  in  18G2-3.  Agent  Head  had 
his  headquarters  at  Conejos  in  1860,  and  special  agent 
Henry  JVIercure  was  in  charge  of  the  Pauches  in  I  S(;2, 
on  the  Rio  Chama,  and  in  18G3  at  Tierra  Amarilla. 

Of  the  southern  Apaches  during  this  period  it  is 
difficult  to  present  a  definite  and  connected  record, 
The  banils  belonging  properly  to  New  Mexico  were 
the  Mescaleros  of  the  east,  between  the  Peco^'  and 
Rio  Grande,  and  the  Mimbres  and  MogoUones— 
sometimes  grouped  as  Gila  Apaches — of  the  west. 
The  number  of  these  three  bands  at  the  first  could 
not  have  exceeded  4,000,  was  perhaps  considcrahly 
less— estimates  of  the  time  being  very  confusing — and 

''Tlicrc  was  a  special  appropriation  of  S.^.OOO  for  the  Utalis  in  'oS.  m  '.W 
there  were  t.-oiil.lu.s  between  the  Ta^iiaclies  and  I'ike  Peak  miners.  Acconl- 
ing  to  rcjiorts  of  \V2,  there  were  nOti  Moliuaehes,  900  Jic.,  and  '2JM)  Cajidti's 
and  I'auehes;  hut  there  i.s  in  different  reports  and  estimates  a  \>  ide  disi'icp- 
ancy.  In  'G.'}  the  Utes  are  reported  as  behaving  much  worse  than  tlir  .li«- 
rillas. 

'*  (Vn-.so)i  PajxT.i,  MS.  Tliis  is  a  collection  of  Kit  Carson's  original  iia|iiis, 
furnisheil  lor  my  use  liy  Thomas  ().  Ho,i.'ij;s,  the  administrator  of  tlii  Chimih 
estate.  Tiie  paiiers  relate  eliielly  to  ( '  o  .i"('ountsas  Indian  agent,  au'l  tlinii::!! 
bulky,  the  matter  (iannot  be  full^  utilized  here;  but  tliere  are  a  feu  iiqurs 
wliicb  iiave  furnished  information  of  somi!  value  on  other  to[pies.  Cai'.-ciiis 
skill  in  the  manafi;ement  of  Indians  ami  iiisotlieial  inteii;rity  were  never  e.ilkil 
in  (|Uestion;  ])ut  he  was  a  clumsy  accountant,  and  he  was  often  coniplaiiieil  n'l 
and  once  even  suspended  for  irregularities  in  this  respect. 


\hu 


?  the  soutli- 
o  bands.''' 
igeiits,   and 


some  con- 
j  vafjue  or 
iiner  ncvim 

in  l.So;)-'j 
ency.^'  In 
icniy  Mur- 
v/as  moved 
iclio,  W.  F. 
uceessor  in 
[uiu  ajL^oncy 
Lves  apjx'are 
)5-G,  Diego 
^59~()1,  and 

Head  had 
pecial  aticiit 
lies  in  lS(i2, 
Amaiilla. 

period  it  is 
3ted  n'cord. 
lexiro  were 

PecoK'  and 
oii'tdlones — 

the    west. 

first  enuld 
jonsidcrahly 
\isinu'     ai.d 

!iHiuT)S.  Ill  Till 
uiiicrs.  Ai'ciinl- 
1(1  '2,ri(«)  CaiiottM 

that!  til''  'Ik'''- 

,  firifiiii.il  iiapi'M, 
or  ,,'f  til'  t':irs"ii 
triMit,  aii.l  thou-li 
iii-f  a  tVw  \M\nr» 
;()[ii(; 


(  ai-.-i'ii'' 


rt'l'O  iirvrr  i-Mvi 
a  (joiiniUiuwl 


THE  APACHES. 


co'vlaiitly  diminished  before  ISCtS;  but  tlie  adjoining 
liaiids  of  Arizona  and  Chihuahua  frequently  entered 
Xew  Mexico,  as  the  lines  were  often  crossed  by  the 
New  !Nrexicans.  There  wore  few  years  in  which  some 
of  these  bands  or  parts  of  bands  were  not  committing 
ravages  in  one  section  or  another,  and  few  in  which 
other  parties  were  not  showing  encouraging  signs  of 
a  willingnt^ss  to  aljandini  their  raiding  habits.  In  dis- 
position they  were  not  unlike  the  Arizona  Apaches, 
thoufdi  not  so  bad  as  the  worst  of  that  ter-ritorv. 
They  often  extended  their  raids  into  Mexican  terri- 
tory, carryiuLj  on  a  constant  trade  in  jdunder  and  cap- 
tives with  Mexicans,  New  Mexicans,  and  Navajos. 
hi  these  early  years  they  rarely  molested  the  scattered 
herders  of  the  frontier  regions,  holding  also  free  inte'r- 
rourse  with  a  disreputable  class  of  traders,  who  kept 
them  supplied  with  whiskey  and  ammunition.  They 
Were  generally  willing  to  abstain  from  theft  on  condi- 
tion of  being  fed,  and  in  several  instances  engaged  in 
fanning;  but  they  were  of  variable  temp(;rament,  im- 
patient of  all  restraint,  the  victims  of  mismanage- 
ment and  of  frequent  outrage. 

In  the  first  years  but  little  appears  about  the 
Ajinches,  but  from  the  boundary  survey  and  overland 
mail  and  immigration  records  I  infer  that  their  hostili- 
ties  were  not  very  continuous  or  serious.'^  In  1852-.3 
a  eniisid(>rable  number  of  the  Gila  l)ands  was  collected 
at  Fort  Webster,  and  uniler  the  care  of  Agent  Wiiig- 
fiehl  they  were  induced,  under  a  promise  of  su])plies 
for  a  term  of  years — the  arrangement  being  simihir  to 
tliai  made  with  the  Jicarillas  in  the  north  -t<>  promise 
peae(^  and  make  a  berjinninu;  of  farmii:Li.  ft  was  a 
pestly  though  somewhat  successful  experiment,  but 
iiatmally,  when  the  treaty  was  not  confirmed  and  the 
supplies  were  stop[)ed  the  Indians  became  wv»rse  than 
t'Ver,  E.  A.  Graves  is  named  as  a<rent  at  Dona  Ana 
lu  ISo4,  resiLcninij  in  June.  At  this  time  the  Mesca- 
liTus  began  to  give  much  trouble,  and  campaigns  were 

^^Lixmony's  Life  ariioiuj  the  Aimchen,  217-322,  coataiiiH  many  itunia. 


^1  ill 
; !  I' 


iii-iiti 


■\  rl  I 


ill 


670 


INDLVN  AhD  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


made  against  tlieni  by  Lieutenant  Sturgis  and  Cap- 
tain Ewcll,  with  such  success  tluit  in  March  1855  thty 
were  suing  for  peace/"  and  in  June  a  treaty  was  made 
by  Governor  Merriwether,  by  which  a  reservcction  was 
designated  near  Fort  Stanton,  a  new  post  estabhshed 
at  this  time  and  named  for  a  captain  killed  in  tlic 
campaign.  The  treaty  was  not  approved,  but  an 
agency  was  from  this  time  maintained  at  the  fort  under 
Michael  Steck  as  agent,  and  the  Mescaleros,  or  a  con- 
siderable part  of  them,  kept  the  peace,  received  their 
goods,  and  in  most  seasons  tilled  the  soil,  for  six  j'cais. 
There  were  some  drunken  quarrels,  troubles  Mitli 
other  Indian.s,  and  petty  thefts.  Once  in  185(5  tlicy 
all  ran  away  to  the  mountains  en  Steck's  refusal  to 
give  thcni  their  supjjlies  until  stolen  property  had  bcoii 
returned.  The  governor  disapproved  the  agent's 
action,  but  the  Indians  returned  after  a  few  months. 
Agent  Steck  had  great  faith  in  the  possibility  of  re- 
forming the  Ajiaches  under  a  pro[)er  system,  and  he 
went  to  Washington  in  18()0  in  their  interest,  leaving 
W.  A.  Sapp  in  charge  at  Fort  Stanton. 

Governor  ]\[erriwether  also  made  a  treaty  in  lS.5o 
with  the  Mind)res,  and  they  behaved  nearly  as  well 
as  the  ]\[cscaleros,  planting  and  keeping  the  peaee, 
though  nmch  demoralized  by  liquor  and  cheated  hy 
citizens.  The  ]\Iogolloncs  were  somewhat  less  trae- 
table,  and  by  Colonel  Bonneville's  cam|)aign  through 
their  country  against  the  Coyoteros  and  other  bands 
of  the  Gila  in  1857,  an  unfortunate  movement  in  the 
opinion  of  Agent  St«^ck,  both  they  and  the  j\[iinliivs 
were  scattered,  and  rendered  to  a  considerable  t-xtciit 
hostile.^'  In  1858,  however,  many  of  both  bands  had 
resumed  their  friendly  attitude,  planting  on  the  Jvio 

'"On  military  operations  of  '54-5,  see  (/.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Mt\\  cong.  Int  fcss., 
H.  Ex.  boc,  i.,  i)t  ii.,  .")()  ft  seq. ;  Bi-nrh'tt'K  C  S.  i  '<ir.,  137-9;  IS  vrwrrt's  S/'i  I'i 
Tniil,  MS.,  12-13.  Sturgi.s  ivccivt'il  tlic  thiuiks  of  thu  k'gisliiture  for  liis  .-cr- 
vices,  iis  did  the  volunteers  wlio  aided  his  force.  N.  Ma:,  Lmiv,  hSol  .">,  p. 
9t»,  101,  W^,  105,  111. 


''For  riiports  of  Bonnevdlu's  campaign,  see  U,  S.  Ourt  Dor.,  .'l.^tli 
1st  .se.ss.,  li.  K.x.  Doc,  ii.,  pt  ii.,   135-41;  Ud  ses.s.,  H.   K.\.  Doc.  no.  "J. 
ct  s(;q;    W'iUicltii's  Eijlilli  U.  S.  Ir/cntn/,  ii.  47-S,  and  /ml.  Aff.  Jiepts, 
H.  L.  Dodge  was  killed  by  the  >logollone8  at  this  time. 


lit 


APACHES  AND  PUEBLOS. 


671 


Palmas  and  Santa  Lucia  in  1857-8.  From  this  time 
a  icscrvation  on  the  Upper  Gila  for  all  the  Apaches 
was  strongly  rcconnnenclcd,  and  in  18(50  such  a  reser- 
viitioi)  was  authorized  and  surveyed  near  the  Arizona 
lino. 

In  1861  the  confederate  invasion  put  an  end  to  all 
cHorts  of  the  civil  department  in  belialf  of  the  Apaches, 
and  all — including  the  Mescaleros  on  the  ahandoiunent 
of  Fort  Stanton — threw  off  every  restraint,  and  gave 
tliomsclves  up  to  hostile  raids,  the  agencies  being 
broken  up.  This  state  of  affairs  continued  until  18G3, 
though  Agent  Labadi  at  Anton  Chico  made  some 
fruitless  efforts  to  regain  control  of  the  ^lescaleros, 
wlio,  in  August  18G2,  killed  forty  men  and  six  chil- 
dren, besides  taking  some  captives  and  a  large  amount 
of  live-stock.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  they  asked 
for  peace,  but  no  faith  was  felt  in  their  sincerity.  In 
1SG3  General  Carleton's  active  operations  resulted  in 
bringing  about  400  of  this  tribe  toLiether  at  Fort 
Sunmer,  or  the  Bosque  Redondo,  where  they  l)ehaved 
well,  according  to  Agent  Labadi's  reports,  though  the 
Gfeneral  regarded  them  as  a  band  of  murderous  %  aga- 
Itond",  in  whose  promises  no  reliance  was  to  be  placed. 
The  other  Apaches  were  kept  quiet,  a  garrison  being 
stationed  at  Fort  West.  Fernando  Maxwell  this 
year  a})pears  as  agent  for  the  Southern  Apaches  at 
Mesilla.^^ 


15  i 


,-,.■; 

-,                 ,1 

liiii 

The  Pueblos  now,  as  before  and  later,  led  a  quiet 
and  industrious  life  in  their  twenty  connnunities,  with 
al)out  7,000  inhabitants.'^  They  never  cost  the  United 
States  a  dollar  of  warlike  expenditure,  and  they  re- 
ceived much  less  aid  from  the  civil  de[)artnient  than 
any  of  the  hostile  tribes.     This  was  often  noted  by 

"■  Carlfton.t  Corre-vpotidi'iici .,  and  fnil.  AJTfdr.t  IhfiorUf.  Soo  also  /fci/ta' 
Srnips,  Lou  Am;.,  vi.  ll.'i-IO;  X.  Mcj:.  Scn'ij)^,  li),  'S.i;  Overland  Monthly,  v. 
•I'l-l  .■(•2;  Xnrlin'.f  Prop.  /„</.  /'olln/,  4:\-5. 

'■'Sw  U.  S.  (loit  Dor.,  4()tli  coiig.  2il  sesa.,  rept  sec.  int.,  \).  21.3,  for  ab- 
stiMit  of  (litl'orent  censuses  from  1770  to  18G4;  also  the  successive  Ind.  Aff. 
ItifinrU.  Tlie  n\uul)cr  was  fn'([ueutly  givuu  as  S,000  or  more,  and  was  per- 
ha[is  souiuwliat  more  tliau  7,000. 


672 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


hK: 


\i\ 


I    '  5'T 


them  and  otlicrs  as  an  injustice,  yet  it  was  perhaps 
only  apparently  so,  since  it  was  also  remarked  that  a 
man  will  surrender  all  his  money  to  a  highway  roljlur 
more  readily  than  he  will  give  a  small  sum  to  a  do- 
serving  applicant  for  charity.  In  New  Mexico  and 
at  Washington,  among  officials  and  others,  the  liinli 
merit  of  the  Pueblos  was  constantly  remarked,  hut 
there  were  other  more  urgent  appeals  for  money. 
The  only  aid  they  got  was  $5,000  in  1855  and  $10,000 
in  1857  for  the  purchase  of  implements,  only  a  small 
portion  of  which  was  of  any  real  use  to  them.  Tlu'ir 
agents  were  A.  G.  Mayers  in  1856,  S.  M.  Yost  from 
1857,  S.  F.  Kendrick  in  1860,  and  John  Ward  in 
1861-3.  Reverend  Samuel  Gorman,  a  baptist  clergy- 
man, worked  as  a  missionary  among  them  from  1854, 
having  a  school  at  Laguna  at  times.^''  In  1851  Gov- 
ernor Calhoun  expressed  fears  that  these  Indians 
would  be  drawn  into  hostility,  but  his  fears  had  appar- 
ently very  slight  foundation.  In  1853,  according  to 
Whipple's  report,  the  small-pox  r^arried  off  many  of 
the  peo[)le,  especially  in  the  west.  As  a  rule,  there 
was  but  slight  change  in  condition  during  these  yci.u% 
The  Indians  with  their  docility  retained  all  their  old 
superstitions,  even  putting  to  death  several  persons 
accused  of  witchcraft  at  Nambe  in  1854.  They  were 
nominally  catholics,  but  the  church  did  nothing  for 
their  education,  only  a  few  pueblos  having  resident 
priests,  and  the  rest  being  but  rarely  visited.  Y^'t 
they  were  sufficiently  under  priestly  control  to  give 
protestants  a  chance  to  bewail  their  ecclesiastical 
bondage.     Politically  each  pueblo  ruled  itself  in  its 


I 


^Gorman,  Sam.,  Address  Iiqfore  the  HiKlorical  Sorict;/  of  A''.  ^f<•J•.,  N.  V., 
18G0,  8vo,  '2')  p.  Tliis  treats  of  the  early  liistory,  luaiiiiers,  and  cu.st<iiiis,  "tc, 
of  the  Piu'l)hi?i;  ami  the  same  is  true  of  most  reports  and  other  writings  ol  tlio 
peritxi  in  which  they  are  mentioned.  With  this  subject  my  reador.s  ;uc  al- 
ready fully  ac(iuaiuted.  Meline,  i',000  Mikx,  '222,  gives  a  talilo  tor  i.Mm, 
sliowing  that  the  Puelilos  had  (571  horses,  04  mules,  818  asses,  2,  l-iS  cows,  and 
78.3  oxen.  See  also,  in  U.  S.  Land  Off.  Bept,  18t)l,  p.  125  «,  list  of  i)urlil.is, 
■with  location,  population,  extent,  and  wealth.  The  total  of  personal  pro]"  rty 
in  18pueldo3Was  $518,4i»().  Most  of  them  had  about  17, TjOO  acres  of  laml; 
Piouri  had  34,7()(),  l*eco:<  18,70.3,  Cochitf  24,256,  Sto  Doniiti^o  74,743,  I'ujua- 
que  13,520,  Sundia  24,187,  Isleta  110,080,  oud  Nambe  13,580. 


THE  PUEBLO  INDIANS. 


673 


own  way,  but  as  Indians  the  people  were,  to  a  certain 
extent,  under  control  of  tlie  department,  and  there  was 
SI  line  claslung  with  territorial  authority.  The  legis- 
lature about  1855  declared  the  pueblos  corporate 
bodies,  capable  of  suing  and  being  sued,  which  led  to 
much  vexatious  litigation,  and  to  the  danger  of  all 
j)ioi)erty  behig  eaten  up  in  legal  expenses.  The  In- 
dians in  some  cases  voted  for  delegate  to  congress,  but 
tlieir  votes  were  rejected.  Indeed,  in  not  being  citi- 
zens to  be  ruled  by  the  civil  laws,  or  Indians  in  the 
sense  of  adaptability  to  regulations  of  the  interior 
department,  or  hostiles  to  be  taken  in  hand  by  the 
military,  their  position  was  anomalous  and  perplexing. 
Yet  in  man}'  respects  they  were  the  best  people  in 
the  territory.  They  were  jealous  of  interference,  es- 
pecially witli  their  lands,  sometimes  even  declining  to 
receive  gifts  from  the  government  for  fear  of  incurring 
a  tlebt  that  might  lead  to  a  loss  of  their  titles.  In 
this  matter,  however,  the  government  acted  wi'th  com- 
parative promptness  and  wisdom,  and  most  of  the 
pueblo  titles— some  of  them  resting  on  written  grants, 
and  others  on  testimony  of  long  possession,  with  loss  of 
japers — being  examined  and  approved  by  the  sur- 
veyor-general, were  confirmed  by  congress  in  1858,  and 
many  of  them  surveyed  for  patent  before  18(33.  The 
njrants  contained  generally  about  17,500  acres,  some 
being  much  larger,  and  a  few  smaller.  The  necessity 
of  scliools,  and  especially  of  industrial  education,  was 
often  urged,  Lut  nothing  was  practically  accomplished 
till  a  later  period. 

Of  all  the  New  Mexican  tribes,  the  Navajos — Na- 
vajoes  in  the  original  form— caused  the  most  trouble 
and  expense  to  people  and  government  during  these 
thirteen  years;  but  in  their  ease,  also,  was  finally  made 
the  greatest  j)rogress  toward  a  final  settlement.  The 
Navajos,  about  10,000  in  number,  occupying  a  broad 
tract  in  the  north-west  in  this  territory  and  what  be- 
came Arizona,  were  somewhat  similar  to  the  Apaches 

illHT.  Al'.lZ.  AND  N.  Mfix.     43 


IJ,r  Wt 


}    \' 


674 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


'i' 


in  their  predatory  habits,  though  superior  to  thcni  in 
every  respect  except  the  immorahty  of  their  wgiikh, 
but  also  hke  the  Pueblos  in  their  stock-raising,  culti- 
vation of  the  soil,  and  manufacture  of  blankets.  Con- 
scious of  their  strength,  they  paid  little  heed  to  the 
rights  of  other  tribes,  by  all  of  whom  they  were  hated. 
For  ni.iny  years  plundering  raids  on  the  Mexican  Hocks 
and  herds  had  been  their  leading  though  not  thtir 
only  industry.  In  this  warfare  they  had  lost  nioio 
captives — to  become  slaves  of  the  New  Mexicans — 
than  they  had  taken,  but  in  the  taking  of  live-stock 
the  advantage  had  been  largely  in  their  favor.  On 
the  merits  of  the  long  struggle,  except  that  it  liad 
originated  in  the  predatory  instincts  of  the  Indians, 
each  party  was  about  equally  to  blame,  instances  of 
treachery  and  outrage  being  frequent  on  both  sides 
for  a  century  past.  To  the  Americans,  on  their  tak- 
ing possession  of  the  territory,  the  Navajos  professed 
friendship,  but,  as  we  have  seen,  could  hardly  uiuh'r- 
stand  why  that  should  interfere  with  their  warfare  on 
the  Mexicans ;  and  presently  they  came  to  class  the 
Americans  with  their  old  foes,  and  to  regard  clm-nic 
war  with  the  United  States  as  their  normal  occupa- 
tion for  the  future.  Having  no  realization  of  their 
new  enemy's  power,  they  deemed  the  conditions  of 
the  struggle  about  equal.  Regarding  the  protler  of 
peace  as  an  indication  of  weakness  or  fear,  they  were 
willing  when  hard  pressed  at  any  point  to  make  a 
treaty,  which  they  broke  just  as  soon  as  their  interest 
seemed  to  require  it.  Treaty-making  was  simjily  an 
incidental  feature  of  their  business,  like  treat v-hr  ik- 
ing;  and  had  plausible  pretexts  been  deemed  essential, 
the  New  Mexicans,  contniuing  like  the  Indians  their 
raids  as  of  old,  rarely  failed  to  furnish  them.  Another 
complicating  circumstance  was  the  fact  that  the  Na- 
vajos were  much  less  completely  than  other  trihes 
under  the  control  of  their  chiefs,  so  that  one  portion 
of  the  nation  often  made  war  when  the  rest  deemed 
it  not  wrong  but  unwise.     No  tribe  was  more  in  need 


isn 


THE  NAVAJOS. 


675 


of  or  likely  to  be  so  much  benefited  by  a  sound  whip- 

The  Navajos  having  broken,  not  only  the  treaty 
made  by  Washington  in  1849,  but  a  new  one  niado  at 
.Kines  by  Calhoun  and  Sumner  in  confirmation  of  the 
former,  Colonel  Sumner  in  the  winter  of  1851-2  made 
ail  expedition  with  his  dragoons,  and  even  [)enetrated 
I'iglit  or  ten  miles  into  the  famous  Chelly  Canon  strong- 
hold, but  was  obliged  to  retire  without  having  accom- 
plished anything.  Fort  Defiance,  however,  was 
established  about  this  time,  just  across  the  later  Ari- 
zona line,  and  not  without  some  restraining  eflect."' 
H.  L.  Dodge  was  put  in  charge  as  agent  at  the  fort, 
holding  the  position  until  his  death  in  1850 ;  and  some 
distributions  of  goods  were  made;  but  only  by  a  por- 
tion of  the  tribe  were  depredations  suspended.  In 
1853,  on  their  refusal  to  surrender  a  murderer,  Sum- 
ner prepared  for  a  campaign ;  but  by  tlie  new  com- 
mander and  governor  these  preparations  were  sus- 
pt'ndcd,  and  all  past  offences  were  pardoned,  including 
the  murder.  Presently,  in  1854,  a  soldier  being 
killed,  the  Navajo  chiefs  gained  much  credit  by  hang- 
ing the  murderer  in  presence  of  the  troops.  It  was 
known  later  that  they  had  hanged  a  Mexican  captive 
instead  of  the  real  culprit!  In  1855  Governor  Merri- 
wetlier  formed  a  treaty  with  this  as  with  other  tribes, 
respecting  which  not  much  is  known,  except  that,  like 
the  rest,  it  was  never  ap[)rovcd.  Tlie  distribution  of 
H'oods  continued,  and  though  no  successor  to  Dodge 
was  innnediately  appointed,  comparative  peace  lasted 
tlirough  1857." 

In  July  1858  occurred  another  murder,  that  of  a 
negro  servant  at  Fort  Defiance.  A  prominent  Navajo 
killed  him  simply  Ijccause  he  had  trouble  with  his  wife, 

■'' Carson,  Carlctou,  and  Allison,  in  /«'/.  Aff.  Rfpf,  Joint,  Spi'c.  Com.,  1SG7, 
1>7,  :Vj;{-4,  ;?:r);  llmd-ctt's  U.  S.  Oiv.,  IL'D-SO;  J/ai/r/^'  Srrajts,Anijeks.  vii.  ;!'.». 
Tlio  legisliituro  protested  ag;ii:i.st  any  treaty  not }  oviding  for  restitution  (liy 
till!  NavajosI)  of  captives  and  payment  of  inde'-.m-y  for  past  wrotigs. 

■^■^  Collins,  in  Ind.  A  if.  Ifqt,  lbi)8,  p.  189  et  seq.  One  hand  under  the  chief 
Sindiival  remained  faithful  to  the  Americans  now  and  later,  and  the  wealthier 
Niiviijos  were  often  apparently  in  favor  of  peace;  but  there  was  always  an 
cli.iiieut  that  could  not  be  controlled.^ 


m  J 


m]i. 


i 


5 


^s 


i!i 


i  iii^ 


hi! 


11 


i  ■ 


"»"*' 


I  ; 


670 


INDIAN   AND   MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


end  the  usages  of  his  tribe  required  that  somebody  iimst 
die.  In  order  to  force  the  Indians  to  surrender  llio 
murderer — whicli  they  never  did — a  constant  wurlart- 
was  waged  from  August  by  Colonel  D.  S.  Miles,  tin; 
new  commander  at  the  fort;  captains  McLane,  llatcli, 
and  Lindsay,  with  Major  Brooks,  being  the  otH(  ers 
prominent  in  the  campaigns.  The  Navajos  did  not 
fight  so  well  as  usual,  a  fact  due,  it  was  thouglit,  to 
their  use  of  fire-arms  instead  of  the  customary  bows 
and  arrows.  It  was  alleged,  with  some  show  of  sup- 
porting testimony,  that  the  guns  had  been  su[)plied  by 
the  Mormons  of  Utah.  There  were  several  fights,  re- 
sulting in  the  death  of  some  fifty  Indians  and  sevmi 
or  eiglit  soldiers,  with  the  serious  woundhig  of  Cup- 
tain  McLane ;  but  the  Indians  lost  a  large  amount  of 
sheep  and  other  live-stock,  and  in  December  were 
suing  for  peace.  An  armistice  was  made  on  the  4tli, 
and  a  treaty  of  peace,  involving  indenniification  in  live- 
stock for  all  depredations  connnittcnl  since  August,  tlio 
liberation  of  all  captives  who  might  desire  it,  and  the 
fixing  of  bounds  beyond  which  the  Indians  were  not 
to  pass,  was  signed  on  the  25th."^ 

As  usual,  the  Indians  failed  to  comply  with  the  con- 
ditions of  this  treaty,  which  had  been  made  by  Colonel 
Bonneville,  the  successor  of  General  Garland;  and  in 
1859  Major  Simonson  made  an  unsuccessful  expe- 
dition to  enforce  compliance,  di'jiredations  continuing- 
as  before.  Alexander  Baker  was  tliis  year  put  iu 
charge  of  tlu>  agency,  and  was  succeeded  in  September 
by  Silas  F.  Ke'ndrick.'-' 

■^■'Reports  of  the  cainpaigiis,  in  f'.  S.  Oort  Doc,  3r)tli  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  'Rx. 
Doc,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  '2'.);5-;Wt);  'MtU  coii^.  1st  suss.,  Sea.  Kx.  Doc,  ii.  2r)t>-:i54;  (inv. 
Renchuroa  reports,  ilisapproviug  the  war  ami  also  tho  armistico.  A/.,  "litli 
cong.  2(1  sess.,  II.  Kx.  Doc.,  vi.,  iio.  •-'4.  Capt.  Elliott  ami  Lieut.  AvenU  :ire 
also  iiameil;  ami  Capt.  IJlas  Lueei'o  with  his  native  oonipauy  of  spies  ilid  i.'<«iJ 
service.  Dunn,  Mii.i.iiini .i  n/  the  Mniiiilniun,  chap,  ix.,  gives  au  cxcelltiio  ac- 
count of  tlie  Navajos,  anil  a  narrative  of  this  war  of  1858.  See  also  testiTiiniiy 
of  Colliu.s  a:  il  Kennon,  iu  ///'/.  Aff.  I'i'pt,  Joint  Spec.  Com.,  1807,  p.  '^'-^^i  i. 
Kennou  thinks  tlio  killing  of  the  negro  to  have  been  only  a  pretext  of  (run. 
Garland  for  yielniug  to  tlie  great  pressure  from  citizens  for  a  war  for  jiluinlir 
and  caiitives;  or  at  least  he  says  that  Geu.  G-.  resisted  that  pressure  until  the 
killing  of  tlio  hoy. 

^^Ind.  Aff.  Ikpt,  1S59-G0.     The  agents  and  the  citizens  regarded  the  treaty 


WAR  SUSPENDED. 


677 


bodv  uuist 
reiKk'i'  tlio 
nt  warliiiL! 
Miles,  tliG 
ue,  Hatch, 
he  otticcrs 
js  did  not 
-houglit,  to 
marv  bows 
ow  of  SUJ)- 
lUpplied  by 
I  fights,  ro- 
aiid  seven 
iig  of  Cap- 
amount  uf 
inber  were 
311  the  4tli, 
iioii  in  live- 
Lugu.st,  tlio 
it,  and  the 
s  were  not 

th  the  con- 
by  Colonel 
nd ;  anil  in 
ssful  expe- 
continuino- 
^ar  put  ill 
September 


2dsess..H.  "R^:. 

[stice.  /'/..  :'iitl» 
leut.  AvcriU  ;ire 
If  spies  iliil  i-'iioil 
Vu  cxcoUluo  ac- 
also  te.stiiiKiuy 

1 1807,  1).  :w"  ^■ 

irotext  of  (rcii. 

far  for  iilmiilfr 

lessurti  until  the 

Lrded  thu  treaty 


In  18G0  the  Navajos  became  so  bold  aw  to  attack 
Fort  Defiance  in  April,  though  they  were  repulsed 
without  serious  loss  on  either  side.'^"  An  active  cam- 
paign was  ordered  from  Washington,  and  was  made 
by  Colonel  Canby  in  the  winter  of  18(50-1,  the  regu- 
lar troops  being  aided  by  a  large  force  of  volunteers, 
including  many  Pueblo  and  Ute  Indians.'"^"  So  far  as 
fiii'hting  was  concerned,  not  much  was  cifected  by 
Canby,  but  by  losses  of  live-stock  the  Indians  were 
led  to  sue  for  peace  in  February  1801,  when  an  ar- 
mistice of  three  months,  later  extended  to  twelve,  was 
agreed  upon.  In  July  all  the  troops  were  withdrawn, 
except  two  companies  at  F(3rt  Fauntleroy.  De|)ieda- 
tions  were  by  no  means  suspended,  and  in  September 
tlie  Navajos  were  rendered  still  more  hostile  by  an 
outrage  at  Fort  Fauntleroy,  where,  in  a  dispute  about 
a  horse-race,  the  Indians  were  fired  upon,  and  a  dozen 
or  more  killed,  the  rest,  with  many  wounded,  tak- 
ing to  flight."  The  confederate  invasion  made  it 
impossible  to  send  regular  troops  to  the  north-west, 
and  the  governor's  call  on  the  militia  for  a  campaign 

as  a  1)hinder.  The  legislature  passed  resolutions  asking  the  gov.  for  infor- 
liiution  about  the  treaty,  especially  clesiriiig  to  know  if  the  Navajos  had  com- 
jiht'il  with  the  conditions;  also  urging  tlie  organization  of  volunteers  and  a 
uew  post  in  tlie  Navajo  country. 

'^'Report  of  Capt.  Shepherd,  in  IT.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  36th  cong.  2d  sess.,  Sen. 
Doc,  ii.  .")l-63  ct  seq.,  with  mention  of  many  liostile  acts. 

'-''There  was  t.iuch  confusion  and  controversy  ahoiit  the  employment  of 
tliis  volunteer  force.  At  tlie  beginning  of  tlio  year  frov.  llciiclier  calleii  on 
t<il  Fauntleroy  for  arms,  etc.,  for  volunteer  companies  organized  under  an 
act  of  the  legislature  for  raids  on  the  Navajos;  hut  F.  declined.  Later,  when 
tiiio[i.s  had  come  from  Utah,  and  the  expedition  was  heing  organized,  the  peo- 
liK-.  in  a  meeting  at  Sta  Fe,  called  on  the  gov.  to  rai.se  a  regiment  of  volun- 
teiis.  Ho  refused,  and  at  another  meeting  they  re.solved  to  take  the  matter 
into  their  own  hands,  and  did  so,  in  spite  of  a  warning  jjpoclamation  issued 
li,V  the  gov.  in  August.  Gov.  R.  disapproved  this  independent  action,  and 
lilamcd  the  delegate  in  congress  for  having  iii  a  silly  speech  declared  the  N. 
Wixicans  fully  capable  of  taking  care  of  thein.selvus.  if.  S.  OodC  Doc,  3(Jth 
con;;.  '2il  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  vi.,  no.  'J4. 

-'Tostinu)ny  of  Capt.  Hodt,  mind,  Ajr.  Ji('j>t,  Joint  Spec.  Com.,  18(i7,  p. 
31H  14.  Lieut. -col  Chavez  was  iu  command,  and  gave  the  order  to  open  tire 
with  the  artillery.  Some  women  and  children  were  killed  with  the  ''ayone'' 
Sii]it  Collins,  in  Ind.  Aff.  liiyt,  18G1,  p,  124,  says  that  nearly  30  citizens 
hail  been  killed  in  the  past  18  months,  which  is  doubtless  an  exagger.^tion. 
Agent  Head,  in  Id.,  p.  lli'i,  say:,  that  the  Navajos  had  compollod  the  aban- 
ileniiient  of  the  8.  Juan  and  Rio  Animaii  mines,  killing  40  A.nericans  and  15 
Mexicans  ou  the  road. 


il:iiii: 


678 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY   AFFAIIIS. 


in  October  had  no  effect,  though  the  fifovemor,  gen- 
eral, and  superintendent  had  a  talk  M'ith  the  Navajo 
chiefs,  and  obtained  many  assurances  of  i'riendly  inten- 
tions.'^ 

There  was  no  change  in  18(12,  except  that  the  Na- 
vajos  became  somewhat  bolder  in  their  raids,  wlii(  U 
extended  to  all  parts  of  the  country.  There  were  no 
campaigns  by  regular  troops,  though  the  establish- 
ment of  Fort  Wingate  moved  the  Indians  in  Deccui- 
ber  to  send  in  one  of  their  petitions  for  peace.  Soiuo 
raids  were  made  by  New  Mexican  companies,  but  all 
efforts  to  organize  a  general  m(>vement  by  the  militia 
were  unsuccessful.  General  Carleton  took  command 
in  September,  but  his  attention  for  the  rest  of  the 
year  was  devoted  mainly  to  the  Apaches.  In  18G3 
operations  were  carried  on  by  Colonel  Carson  in  the 
north-west,  the  plan  of  removing  all  the  Indians  to 
Fort  Sumner  on  the  Pecos  was  develojjcd,  July 
20th  was  fixed  as  the  date  after  which  every  Navajo 
was  to  be  treated  as  hostile,  and  orders  were  repeat- 
edly issued  to  kill  every  male  Indian  capable  of  bear- 
ing arms.  While  tiiere  were  no  great  fights  or  victories 
from  a  military  point  of  view,  and  while  there  was 
but  slight  diminution  in  the  frequency  and  extent  of 
depredations,  yet,  by  continuous  and  active  operations 
in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  by  prompt  refusal  to 
entertain  any  proposition  of  peace  or  the  old-time 
treaties,  very  great  progress  was  made  in  the  essen- 
tial task  of  showing  the  Indians  that  their  foe  was  at 
last  in  earnest,  and  that  they  must  yield  or  be  exter- 
minated. A  beginning  was  also  made  at  the  Bosque 
liedondo,  where  over  200  Navajo  prisoners  were  gatli- 
ered,  or  were  at  least  en  route  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
At  the  beginning  of  18G4  Carson  and  his  forces 
marched  to  the  Chelly  Canon,  and  while  the  direct 
result  of  the  campaign  was  only  23  killed,  34  ca[t- 
tured,  and  200  surrendered,  and  while  there  were  eon- 
tiimed  hostilities  in  other  regions,  yet  from  this  time 

'*iV.  Mex.,  Governor's  Meaaage,  18(52;  Dunn  a  Massacres,  451. 


SURRENDER  OF  THE  NAVAJOS. 


679 


the  Indians  began  to  surrender  in  largo  numbers,  and 
bt'tbro  the  end  of  tlie  year  the  Navajo  wars  were  prac- 
tically at  an  end,  and  over  7,000  of  the  tribe  were 
living  at  Bosque  Redondo.  Their  reservation  life,  and 
tlio  controversies  arising  from  their  transfer,  will  be 
recorded  in  a  later  chapter. ^^ 

'^Cnrleton'MdorrfKjmnflenee,        ;  Diinii'x  Mw^nncTft,  447-fi4,  including  Hotne 
(IctaiU  frum  Cartiuu'a  MS.  rujjort,  wluch  Uaa  uot  bubu  pijiitud)  liid.  Ajf,  Jitnitttf 


i; 


L, 


I 


l:| 


I'Mi 


:::1 


1  ^-1 


F  ''  ■ 


(;" 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

CONFEDKUATK  INVASION  OF  NEW   MEXICO. 

1801-1802. 

Soi'TiiEnx  Sympathies — Slavfky  in  thk  TERnrrouY—PEONAOE— Indian 
Skkva.nts— Laws  on  SERvrrruK. — In  Conohe.ss— New  Mexicans  not 
Secession I.ST.S— Hath EU  ok  Texans— Soi'theun  Plans— Causes  ok 
Failire— ArnioKiTiEs — Puns  ok  Lokino  ani»  Cun  ienden-— Fi.k.ih' 

OK  Soi  TIIEItN    OkkH'EKS — BaYLOK   AT    MesILLA — LyNMK's    SlKRENUKU— 

Sibley's  ExrEorrioN — Canuy's  Ekkouts — Oitosinu  Forces— Hi  niik's 
AmzoNA  ('A.Mi'AitiN— Texan  Ai>vanck— Dekeat  ok  hie  Fekerai.s  at 

VaIA'EUDE — CoNKEDERATE    OcCfl'ATION   OK   ALHURyUEUQUE   AND    SaNTA 

Vi — Akrivai.  OK  Colorado  Volunteers  at  Fort  Union^Two  rAriLKs 
IN  Ai-AciiE  Canon — Pike's  Peaki-s  acjainsi  Texans — Retreat  hh 
THE  Conkedeuates— Fuiiir  AT  Pera^ta — Flight  of  Sibley — Arrival 

OK  THE  CaLIFOUNLUNS — EnU  OK  THE  WaK. 

I\  a  g-cncral  way,  so  far  as  they  had  any  knowledge 
or  feeling  at  all  in  the  matter,  the  New  Mexicans 
were  somewhat  in  symi>atliy  with  the  southern  states 
as  against  those  of  the  north  in  the  questions  growing 
out  of  the  institution  of  slavery.  Their  coinnieniul 
relations  in  early  times  had  beeu  chiefly  with  southern 
men;  the  army  officers  with  whom  they  had  come  in 
contact  later  had  been  largely  from  the  south;  and 
the  territorial  officials  appointed  for  the  territory  had 
been  in  most  cases  politicians  of  strong  southern  sym- 
pathies. Therefore  most  of  the  popular  loaders,  with 
the  masses  controlled  politically  by  them,  fancied  them- 
selves democrats,  and  felt  no  admiration  for  republi- 
cans and  abolitionists.  Yet  only  a  few  exhibited  any 
enthusiasm  in  national  politics,  apathy  being  the  lead- 
ing characteristic,  with  a  slight  leaning  on  general 
principles  to  southern  views. 

(680) 


TIIK  SLAVKRV   QUESTION. 


681 


Tliero  Mere  no  iiogro  hIuvc*  in  t\\c  territory,  except 
a  lew  body  Hi'rvants,  hrousj^lit  in  from  time  to  time  l)y 
military  and  other  ofticialH.  Yet  two  otlier  forms  of 
slavery  were  })r«'valent;  nanu'ly,  tliat  of  peona^^c,  or 
viilimtary  servitude  for  debt,  invo]vin>^  no  l(»s.s  of  civil 
ri'^lits,  no  sale  or  transfer  of  service,  and  no  lej^^al 
obligation  on  the  part  of  the  children  of  peons;'  and 
that  of  tlie  practical  enslavement  of  Indian  ca[)tives, 
who  wore  bouufht  and  sold,  one  or  more  si'rvinj,''  in  the 
family  of  each  citizen  of  the  wculthier  class.  There  were 
few  military  or  civil  officials  who  did  not  own  captive 
slaves,  and  the"  were  found  even  in  the  service  of  the 
Indian  a*jents.^  This  enslavement  of  Indians  seems 
to  have  rested  alone  on  long  custom,  and  not  on  law, 
t  xcept  that  no  laws  were  invoked  to  prevent  it.  It 
was  abolished  by  the  president's  emancipation  procla- 
iiKition  of  18G5,  and  orders  issued  in  consequi'uce  of 
that  measure.  The  actual  freeing  of  the  servants, 
whose  condition  had  been  in  most  instances  bettered 
hv  their  servitude,  which  was  in  a  sense  largely  volun- 
taiy,  was  probably  effected  very  slowly,  but  I  have  no 
iktinite  records.^ 

'  Emory,  Xntcn,  oS,  mentions  .in  instance  M-hich  clearly  shows  the  nature 
cil  \Hton  slavery;  that  of  an  arriiTo  serving  a  sutler  in  Kearny's  army  of  184(). 
ill'  iiwed  his  master  $(>0,  and  was  paying  tlie  <leht  by  serving  at  $'2  per  moiitli, 
(lilt  of  wliich  he  had  to  feed  and  elotlie  himself.  Thus  SCO  was  tlie  price  of  a 
iiiaii's  labor  for  life,  without  any  expense  of  maintenance  on  the  part  of  tiie 
inililoyer.  Davis,  £,7  Griiujo,  231-3,  gives  a  good  account  of  the  system, 
sliiiwing  that  the  negro  slave's  only  practical  disadvantage,  as  compared  with 
the  peon,  is  in  his  l)eing  bought  and  sohl;  otherwise  he  has  the  advantage  of 
iiiuiiittMiance  and  better  care.  The  peon's  master  is  required  by  law  to  treat 
liiiii  well  and  furnish  food,  etc.,  at  reasonable  prices;  but  the  law  is  generally 
ilisregarded.  Practically,  his  family  is  also  reduced  t(>  servitude,  the  sons  iu 
.ill  Mexican  provinces  feeling  themselves  under  obligatic.u  to  pay  tlieir  father's 

llflpts. 

-  Benedict,  in  Iml.  Aff.  Re-pt,  Joint  Spec.  Com.,  1807,  p.  3'2(),  testifies  on 
tills  subject,  noting  that  besides  captives,  orphans  and  children  of  tlie  desti- 
tute were  also  sold  into  slavery  by  llieir  rehitives.  A  healtiiy,  ititellige  it 
gill  (if  8  years  was  worth  $4(X)  or  more.  Their  children  were  not  regarded 
as  salable  property,  but  treated  as  citizens.  The  number  of  tliese  servants 
WHS  estimated  at  from  1,.')00  to  3,000.  Under  the  laws  these  In  I.  were  en- 
titlcil  to  their  freedom,  there  being  several  decisions  in  their  favor;  but  tiie 
bid.  (bd  not  seek  the  aid  of  the  courts.  "Those  who  hold  them  are  exceed- 
ingly .sensitive  of  their  supposed  interest  in  them,  and  easily  alarmed  at  any 
iiKivfuients  in  the  civil  courts,  or  otherwise,  to  dispossess  them  of  their 
iina::ined  property." 

'  X.  Me.r.,  Messaijc  of  Gov.,  1862,  1800.  In  1802  the  gov.  thinks  that  con- 
gress  should  paj-  for  the  freedom  of  the  captives,  estimated  at  OOO;  since  the 


v$. 


r'lS 


1 


■iP^ 


¥■  (<■ !' 


682 


CONFEDERATE  INV'.iiON  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


n  \. 


i    1  ifl'i    T 


Vt 


"  I 


'.  1    -.  i : 


Peonage,  on  the  contraiy,  was  sanctioned  by  terri- 
torial law,  as  well  as  by  the  usage  of  Mexican  prov- 
inces. An  act  of  1851  regulated  contracts  betwicu 
masters  and  servants,  preventing  the  latter  from  (juit- 
ting  the  former's  service  while  in  debt ;  an  amend- 
ment of  1853  made  the  regulations  yet  more  stringent, 
a  ithorizing  the  sheriff  in  certain  cases  to  contract  the 
debtor's  services  to  the  highest  bidder;  and  in  185'.) 
an  act  provided  for  the  arrest  of  fugitive  servants,  and 
prohibited  tlie  courts  from  interfering  in  the  correc- 
tion of  servants  by  their  masters,  unless  administered 
"in  a  cruel  manner  with  clubs  or  stripes."*  This 
system  was  not  affected  by  the  emancipation  procla- 
mation, not  being  regarded  as  ' involuntary  servitude;' 
but  it  was  abolished  by  act  of  congress  in  18G7." 

The  New  Mexicans,  as  I  have  said,  had  no  negro 
slaves,  and  they  desired  none.  As  Mexicans  thry 
had  a  strong  feeling  against  the  institution;  and  it 
was  W(dl  understood,  not  only  by  the  natives,  but  by 
all  ac(|uainted  with  the  territory,  that  it  was  not  a 
promising  field  for  the  introduction  of  slave  labor. 
The  organic  act,  however,  as  an  enforced  concet^sion 
to  the  south,  had  provided  that  New  Mexico  should 
eventually  be  admitted  as  a  slave  or  free  state,  as  its 
people  in  their  constitution  might  decide,  thus  permit- 
ting, in  the  view  of  all  but  partisan  northerners,  the 
holding  of  slaves  under  the  territorial  organization; 
at  least,  until  congress  and  the  courts  should  definitely 
decide  the  great  national  question  of  slavery  in  tlu^ 
territories.  Thus,  New  Mexico  was  more  or  less  a 
thorn  in  the  flesh  of  northern  politicians,  and  was  oftni 

people  could  hardly  be  expected  t<i  !oao  their  value,  and  at  the  same  time  ;iilil 
theui  to  tlie  uuiiiaiiageahle  Iiid.  population.  And  in  18G(J  lie  tliiiiks  theic  is 
a  question  if  tiieir  servitude  is  not  really  voluntary,  and  that  it  would  lie  iii- 
liuiniin  to  remove  them  from  the  pri  jeetiou  of  the  families  forwliom  tiny 
have  \vorke<l.  At  any  ite,  N.  Mux.  cannot  afford  to  stand  the  expense  I'f 
their  release. 

*X.  Mm.,  Acts,  etc.,  1851-2,  18o2-.3.  1858-9. 

^Aet  of  March  2,  18G7.  Comj.  Ohh,-,  1S(iG-7,  appcn.  2.*?8.  In  18CS  tlic 
gov.  reports  tliat  the  law  has  been  very  generally  and  sueeessfully  ent'oniil. 
The  penalty  was  a  fine  of  §1,000  to  lt<5,0(K),  and  imprisonment  of  one  to  tive 
years.  '1  he  same  penalty,  witli  dismissal  from  service  l)y  court-martial,  was 
prescribed  for  military  officers  obstructing  the  execution  of  the  law. 


SLAVERY   AND  PEONAGE. 


(183 


inentioiiecl  in  the  endless  congressional  debate-s  on 
slavery.  This,  perhaps,  h.atl  some  reflex  influenee  in 
the  territory  on  the  politicians  if  not  on  the  people, 
and  a  kind  of  mild  southern  partisanship  was  dovcl- 
(ipt.'d.  In  1857  a  law  was  enacted,  })rohil)itin^',  under 
penalty  of  fine  and  hard  labor  in  the  penitentiary,  the 
nsidonce  of  free  nei^'roeit  or  mulattocs  in  the  territory 
tor  a  jieriod  cxceedinj^  thirty  days."  And  in  18J'J 
was  j)assed  an  act  "to  provide  for  the  protection  of 
]iroperty  in  slaves  in  this  t  rritory."  It  punished  the 
eiiticing-awaj'or  aiding  to  escape  of  a  slave,  like  steal- 
ing him,  with  imprisonment  from  four  to  ten  years; 
prohibited  the  furnishli;g  or  sale  of  arms  to  slaves, 
and  all  trade  with  them  except  with  the  masters' 
written  consent;  provided  stringent  and  detailed  reg- 
ulations for  the  return  of  fugitive  slaves,  including  his 
sale  if  not  claimed;  forbade  nyasters  giving  their 
slaves  the  use  of  their  time;  permitted  stripes  for  in- 
solence and  disorderly  conduct,  and  branding  for  crime ; 
declared  that  slaves  could  not  testify  in  ccjurt  against 
bee  ])ersons;  prohibited  and  annulled  all  marriages 
hitween  whites  and  blacks;  forbade  emancipation; 
re(|uired  slaves  to  have  ])assports  when  absent  from 
their  masters'  premises;  and  expressly  provided  that 
this  law  should  not  apply  to  peonage,  but  only  to  Af- 
rican slaver}-.^  Tlfie  \vus  no  need  of  any  such  ultra 
pro-slavery  measure,  and  its  enactment  was  brought 
ahout  for  political  eflect  by  a  few  men.  In  congr(>ss 
it  brought  out  a  resolution  to  aiuml  all  acts  of  the 
New  Mexican  le<jislature  authorizin<»'  involuntary  ser- 
vitude  except  for  crime,  which  passed  the  house,  but 
not  the  senate.  On  the  governor's  suggestion  that  it 
was  too  severe  in  some  res[)ects,  however,  the  act  was 
ri'[)ealed  in  December  18(11.  In  18()5-G  the  act  of 
1857  against  free  negroes  was  repealed;  and  in  18GG-7 

'^Act  of  Jan.  29,  '57.   X.  M<\i:,  livvhrd  Loir^i,  40(5.     The  act  ilid  not  apjily 
to  autuiil  ruijiilunts,  except  in  i'e(juiring  tlicni  to  give  boniLs  for  good  hcliavi 


Th( 


lage 


)f 


11  negro  or 


mulatto,  free  or  .slave,  to  a  wuite  woman  was 


IMdliiliited.     Any  owner  of   a    .slave  who  might    free   him  was  reciiured    to 
transjiort  him  heyond  the  territory  within  'M  tlaya. 
'  y.  Jlt'.iico,  A  ctn,  1 8  JS-'J. 


684 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


-'.  I 


■II 


an  act  was  passed  abolishing  all  involuntary  servitude 
in  the  territory.^ 

In  view  of  the  circumstances  that  have  been  noted, 
and  of  the  facts  that  New  Mexico  had  so  recently 
been  added  by  conquest  to  the  United  States,  and  tliat 
the  territory  had  not  received  from  the  government 
at  Washington  the  protection  that  had  been  promised, 
it  might  naturally  have  been  expected,  as  indeed  it 
was  expected  by  the  south,  that  the  people  would 
favor  the  secession  movement.  But  when  the  test 
came,  even  in  the  height  of  apparent  confederate  suc- 
cess, they  did  nothing  of  the  kind,  the  masses  favorin^^ 
the  union  cause,  and  furnishing  five  or  six  thousand 
troops,  volunteers  and  militia,  to  resist  the  invasion. 
A  few  prominent  natives,  including  some  branches  of 
the  Armijo  family  and  even  the  delegate  in  congiv.ss, 
used  their  influence  and  monev  au'ainst  the  union,  hut 
without  avail,  most  of  tlie  wealthy  and  influentird 
families  being  pronounced,  union  men.^  While  thin 
sentiment  of  loyalty  was  undoubtedly  real,  reflecting; 
credit  on  the  Xew  Mexicans,  yet  its  fervor  should  not 
be  exaggerated,  apathy  in  national  questions  being  a 
characteristic  of  the  jteople;  and  it  should  be  under- 
stood that  their  sentiment  resulted  largely  from  the 
fact  that  the  confederate  invasion  came  from  Texas, 
the  uld  I'.atred  of  the  Texans  being  the  strongest 
popular  feeling  of  the  natives,  far  outweighing  their 
devotion  to  either  the  south  or  north. 

"^7.  S.  Oort  Dne.,  .SOth  cnng  1st  sess.,  H.  Rept  508;  Sen.  iNIiscel.  Doc. 
12,  iiioliiiling  an  el.ilM)r;it(!  n'iain-ity  npnrt  of  the  lumse  com.  ngaiii.st  tl"' 
rightof  congroMu  to inturfiTo  withslaviTy  in  N.  Mex.;  N.  Mex.,  Mcsmii/i/,  KSlil; 
Jd.,  Liiw.%  lSlJl-2,  p.  (5;  1S(>,") -(>  ami  I8(it)-7. 

"Lossing  and  others  mention  an  address  of  Delegate  Otero,  pulilislied  in 
Feb.  1S()I,  which  incited  the  New  Mexicans  to  rehellion.  I  have  not  seen  tlic 
document.  R^tch,  Lii/ix.  JUitchnok;  a»)p.  1 1,  names  as  among  the  natives  vim 
diatingui.shed  tliemselves  on  tlie  union  side:  Facnmlo  I'ino,  Jose  M.  (iallcuiw, 
Jo.se  A.  Martinez,  Donaiiano  Vigil,  Trinidad  Romero,  Pedro  Sanchi^z,  Fran- 
cisco P.  Ahreu,  Miguel  K.  Pino,  J.  F.  (.'iiavoz,  Francisco  P'jrca,  Maniud  Clia- 
vez,  Rafael  ("hacon,  Jose  I>.  Sena,  and  Manuel  1).  Pino.  Says  Crov.  Wallan , 
N.  Mex.,  Jlr-sKii;/)',  1880:  'I  have  yet  to  hear  of  one  native  born  of  a  M>  \. 
mother  'wdio  refused  to  8upp(.rt  the  old  tiag,'  In  his  report  to  the  .sec.  iii- 
t,(!riorin  '81  the  gov.  states  that  N.  Mex.  furnished  over  0,000  volunteers,  who 
did  goocl  service.  >See  nulitia  lists  in  (/.  S.  Govt  Doc,  37tli  cong.  2>1  soss,, 
H.  Ex.  Doc.  58. 


CO. 

'•  servitude 

•een  noted, 
lO  recently 
s,  and  tliiit 
overnnu'iit 
I  proniisc'd, 
,  indeed  it 
:)ple  would 
n  the  te-t 
derate  suc- 
f)s  favorin«f 
i  tluHisand 
e  invasion, 
jranches  of 
n  conii'ress, 
union,  l>ut 

iutiuenti.il 
While  this 
,  refieetinif 
shoukl  nut 
ns  beinn'  a 

be  undei-- 

froni  the 

oni  Texas, 

stron^'est 

ling  their 


Miscel.  ])<io. 
1.  against  tl.'' 
Aff't-siii/i',  ISCil; 

,  puMished  ill 
vo  not  seoii  tin' 
le  nativi'S  wlm 
w  M.  (ialK'Uiis 
SaiK'hoz,  Kraii- 
,  Maii\u;l  (  lia- 
Clov.  Wall.ii ' , 
orii  (if  a  Mix. 
to  the  si'c.  ill- 
oluiiti'er.s,  vim 
uong.  2>l  sen;*., 


PLANS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


085 


As  my  readers  well  know,  the  acquisition  of  frontier 
territory  by  the  Mexican  war  of  184(5-8,  and  by  the 
II  'gotiations  resulting  in  the  Gadsd'^n  purchase  of 
1^53-4,  had  been  a  southern  measui :.  It  has  been 
often  asserted  by  northern  writers,  and  denied  by 
those  of  the  south,  that  the  acquisition  was  made  with 
a  diree<"  view  to  ultimate  secession,  and  a  southern 
eoufoderacy  of  the  future  to  stretch  from  ocean  to 
ocean,  and  eventually  to  include  still  larger  tracts  of 
^[exican  territory.  Doubtless,  the  territory  was  ac- 
quired with  a  view  to  the  extension  of  slave-state 
power  within  the  union,  and  it  is  wellnigh  certain  that 
there  were  men  who  even  in  the  early  years  looked 
forward  to  a  separation.  I  am  not  disposed  to  attach 
too  much  inq:)ortance  to  the  partisan  assertions  of 
later  years,  or  to  be  overnmch  ind'gnant  at  the  al- 
leged iniquity  of  early  southern  plans,  respecting 
which  I  have  no  definite  ojnnion  to  offer,  since  tlu;se 
matters  are  beyond  the  field  of  my  special  research. 

In  18G1,  however,  whatever  might  have  been  the 
nature  and  sco[)e  of  earlier  schemes,  the  confederates 
intended  to  occupy  all  or  a  large  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory accquired  in  184(5-54.  This  is  shown  by  their 
acts,  as  well  as  l)y  statements  in  sucli  documents  as  are 
extant,  thouo'h  I  cannot  claim  to  have  made  anv  ori- 
ginal  research  m  this  })hase  of  the  matter,  or,  indeed, 
to  have  examined  all  that  has  been  made  public  in  the 
^()luminous  war  histories.  It  was  hoj)ed,  as  is  shown 
in  another  Avork  of  this  series,"'  that  California,  or  at 
least  southern  California,  would  be  brought  by  inclina- 
tion and  intriofue  into  the  confederaev.     It  was  thouijfht 

O  I/O 

that  the  strong  southern  element  would  be  able  to 
control  Coloratio.  Some  reliance  was  })rol)al)ly  placed 
ill  the  hostility  of  the  Mormons  to  the  government, 
so  far  as  Utah  was  concerned.  Arizona  was  known 
to  be  controlled  b}'  secessionists.  The  native  New 
Mexicans  were  confidently  expected  to  es[)()use  the 
southern  cause  as  soon  as  there   minlit  be  a  show  of 

^*Seo  IlinL  i'nif  vii.;  also  //*.^*^  Colonido. 


t/ILtpM 

Iw 

1 

'II 

1 V 

1 

WJ 


m 


'i 


i 


686  CONFEDERATE  INVASION   OF  NEW   MEXICO. 

success.  And  the  Apaches  and  Navajos  were  looked 
upon,  not  exactly  as  partisans  of  the  south,  l>ut  as  a 
potent  factor  in  the  defeat  of  union  forces.  Troops 
in  the  territory  were  barely  sufficient  for  defensive 
warfare  against  the  Indians,  and  New  Mexico  was  a 
long  way  from  Washington,  even  if  there  had  not  been 
a  need  of  all  available  forces  nearer  the  national  capital. 
Moreover,  tliere  were  military  stores  in  the  New 
Mexican  forts  worth  capturing,  to  say  nothing  of  tlic 
opportunity  for  a  display  of  exuberant  Texan  patriot- 
ism, even  if  the  Californians  and  Coloradans,  by  failing 
to  perform  their  part  of  the  contract,  should  render  it 
impossible  to  carry  out  the  scheme  in  its  gratuler 
phases  and  extend  the  confederacy  to  the  Pacific 
shores.  The  project  was  a  grand,  and  from  a  soutiieni 
point  of  view  a  legitimate,  one,  with  good  apparent 
prospects  of  success.  It  failed,  not  only  because  tlio 
confederate  forces  in  general  were  as  fully  occupied 
in  the  east  as  were  the  federals,  so  that  the  enterprise 
had  to  be  intrusted  to  the  Texans  alone,  whose  resources 
were  limited,  but  because  New  Mexican  sympathy  for 
the  south  and  animosity  for  the  national  government 
proved  less  potent  than  their  union  proclivities,  pre- 
judice against  African  slavery,  and  hatred  of  Texas; 
because  California  not  only  remained  true  to  the  union, 
but  sent  a  column  of  volunteer  tro()[)s  to  drive  the 
rebels  out  of  Arizona;  and  above  all,  bc;cause  Colorado 
under  energetic  union  management,  not  only  was  aliK; 
to  control  thestrono-  secession  element  within  her  lior- 
dors,  l)ut  to  send  a  regiment  which  struck  the  decisive 
blow  in  ridding  her  southern  neighbor  of  invaders. 

My  chief  authorities  for  the  subject-mattcn'  of  this 
chapter  are  mentioned  in  a  note;  and  it  nmst  l)c  con- 
fessed tliat  in  respect  of  originality  and  conclusiveness 
on  details  of  stime  phases  tliey  are  less  satisfactory 
than  would  be  desirable,  such  being  necessarilv  the 
case  in  m(»st  attempts  to  clironicle  a  minor  to[)!c  ot 
the  great  national  stru^ole." 

"Tlio  first  ]ilacc  in  national  aspects  of  tho  matter  and  in  rosiipt't  of  oriu'i- 
ual  rcsuarcii  must  Ijo  givuii  to  A.  A.  Hayca,  Jr,  in  wluwu  Ntu:  Colorado  iiml 


LORINO   AND  CRITTENDEN. 


687 


It  is  stated,  on  autliority  not  very  clearly  defined, 
that  attempts  were  made  in  the  autumn  of  18G0  and 
spring  of  1861  by  Colonel  W.  H.  Li)ring  of  tlie 
mounted  rifles,  of  later  fame  in  Egypt  as  Loring 
Pasha,  temporarily  in  command  of  the  department, 
with  the  aid  of  Colonel  George  B.  Crittenden,  com- 
manding an  expedition  against  the  Apaches,  both 
officers  having  been  sent  to  the  territory  for  that 
special  purpose,  to  attach  the  New  Mexican  troo[)S 
throusch  the  influence  ot  southern  officers  to  the  con- 
federate  cause;  also,  that  this  plan  was  defeated  by  the 
efforts  of  Lieutenant-colonel  B.  S.  Koberts.  However 
tliis  may  have  been,  the  rank  and  file  remained  true 
to  their  allegiance,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  sol- 
dier, and  even  he  is  not  known  to  have  joined  the 
enemy.  Many  of  the  officers,  however,  made  haste 
to  espouse  the  confederate  cause,  including  Loring — 
succeeded  by  Canby  in  the  connnand — Crittenden, 
and  !Major  H.  H.  Sibley.  Tins  was  in  June  18GI; 
about  the  same  time  tlie  territorial  secretarv,  Alex- 

the  Santa  Fi  Trnil,  N.  Y.,  1880,  Svo,  200  p.,  chapter  xii.,  p.  lGO-73,  of  wliicli  is 
All  unxorilttn  episode,  of  the  lute  witr;  and  who  cdutributcil  to  \,\\^:  Mnjuzhie  of 
.'  uericiiH  HiMnrij,  of  Feb.  18SG,  p.  170-84,  a:i  artiulo  entitled  Tlie  Ni  w  Meji- 
r  II  caiiipitiijnnj'  ISO.'.  A  utirriiKj  c/itijtter  of  our  late  civil  inir.  The  writer  has 
i<insuited  original  records  to  a  considerable  extent,  incUiding  several  MS. 
journals,  and  lias  conversed  with  many  participants  in  the  campaign,  evidently 
making  a  careful  use  of  his  material,  though  often  unable  to  reconcile  lis- 
ircpancies  of  testimony.  J.  M.  Chivington,  the  fighting  parson,  major,  and 
later  colonel  of  the  Colorado  troo[)S,  has  furnislied  nie,  in  hia  First  Cnlorado 
Ji''(/iiiie/it,  MS.,  a  concise  and  .stniighti'orward  narrative  of  the  campaign  iu 
Mhieh  he  was  the  leading  figure.  Ovando  J.  HoUister'a  I/istor;/  o/  tlie  First 
Hi  ijiiiieid  of  Colorado  Volunteers,  Denver,  1SG3,  8s'o,  178  p.,  gives  in  the  form 
iif  a  diary  an  interesting  statement  of  events  as  witncsseil  by  himself  as  a 
s'lldier  of  the  regiment,  together  with  additional  matter  from  otliiT  sources, 
'ill  the  same  subject  is  devoted  chapter  xiv.,  p.  72-89,  of  the  Jlislonj  if  the 
<'i/i/  of  J)e>irer,  Arapahoe  Coindi/,  and  Colorado,  publislud  byHaskiu  &  (_'o.,  at 
liitiiver,  1880,  which  is  also  inserted  in  other  local  liistorii's  of  the  same  lirni. 
J^ossing,  in  liia  Pictorial  J/istnr;/  of  the  Ciril  War,  ii.  bs-l-S,  records  the  in- 
vasion of  New  Mexico,  giving  .some  information  not  found  by  me  elsewhere, 
aii'l  falling  evidently  into  some  errors.  'JiAm  Ciril  inir  ii  Arizona,  including 
iveiits  in  New  Mexico,  is  treated  with  some  completeness  on  p.  li'J  et  seq.  of 
KUiott  &  Co.'s  .,-lWzo;((i //(,f/o;v/.  It  is  to  Ix;  regretti'd  that  we  have  no  coii- 
.sicutive  narrative  from  the  confederate  siile,  and  very  sliLilit  inl'orinatinn  from 
N.  Mexican  sources,  most  pertaining  to  the  doii,.  ,  of  the  ('olorado  troops. 
Sic  also  te.stiMiony  before  cong.  coinmittce  on  the  invasion,  in  U.  S.  (lurl  l>oc., 
;<7lli  cong.  3d  sess..  Sen.  Kept  108,  p.  304-72;  Onrland,  xiii.  31)7-0;  IIn;/es' 
.S>/r7W,  Ani/iJes,  vi.  101-20;  I'orters  West,  Census,  448;  .NC-i  Fv,  Cmleii.  Celeli., 
•21-S;Mfline:sJ,00n  Mil,-s,  l]:-]{\;  S.  F.  .l/M,  Nov.  19,  im'2;  Morris  Address 
(iifore  iSoc.  o/Co.1.  Volunteers,  S,  F,,  ISUG. 


688 


COXFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


i;! 


I  m 


andcr  M.  Jackson,  resigned  his  office  to  ^o  soutli ;  and 
the  project  of  invasion  began  to  assume  definite  sluipc.'- 
Major  Sibley  was  made  brigadier-general,  ;iud 
ordered  to  Texas  in  Julv  to  organize  and  connnaml 
the  expedition;  Ex-secretary  Jackson  became  liis 
assistant  adjutant-getieral  of  the  army  of  New  Mex- 
ico; and  the  order  tor  the  brigade  to  advance  fiom 
San  Antonio  was  given  on  November  IGth.  Before 
Sibley's  arrival,  however,  operations  had  been  begun. 
Lieutenant-colonel  John  R.  Baylor,  second  mounted 
rifles,  C.  S.  A.,  occupied  Fort  Bliss  on  the  Texas  side  in 
Jul}',  crossing  into  New  Mexico  and  occupying  Me.silla 
on  the  2oth.  On  the  1st  of  August  he  issued  a  proc- 
lamation as  governor,  taking  possession  in  the  name 
of  the  confederate  statcs.^^  Major  Isaac  Lynde,  of 
the  seventh  infantry,  in  command  of  the  soutliern 
district  of  New  Mexico,  had  a  force  of  about  700  men 
at  Fort  Fillmore.  He  was  a  nortliern  man,  whether 
a  traitor  or  a  coward  is  not  quite  clear;  but  in  a  few 
days,  perhaps  on  July  27th,  he  surrendered  his  wliole 
force  as  prisoners  of  war  to  Baylor."     A  little  earlier, 

'■^Hayos  quotes  briefly  some  original  correspondence.  Sibley  writes  fnmi 
El  I'aso,  June  12th:  '  We  are  at  last  under  tlie  glorious  banner  of  tlio  conlt.il- 
erate  states... I  regret  now  more  than  over  the  sickly  sentimentality  )iy 
which  I  was  overruled  in  my  desire  to  bring  my  whole  command  witli  mv.  1 
am  satisfied  of  the  disaffection  of  the  best  of  the  rank  and  tile  in  N.  Mix.' 
Juno  30th,  '  chief -justice  '  M.  H.  Mi'Wille  wrote  from  Mesilla:  '  Now,  mii^lit 
it  not  be  well,  secretly,  of  course,  and  at  an  early  moment,  to  fit  out  an  ix- 
peditiou  to  N.  Mex.?. .  .Tl>e  stores,  etc.,  in  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz,  are  inuneii.sc, 
and  I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  the  game  is  worth  the  ammunition. . . 
The  exped.  would  relieve  Texas,  open  communication  to  tiio  Pacitic,  ami 
lireak  the  line  of  operations. .  .designed  to  circumvallate  the  soutli.  .  .Oim 
regiment  of  Cherokees  or  Choctawa  would  inspire  more  wholesome  terror  in 
the  N.  Mex.  jjopulation  than  an  army  of  Americans.'  It  is  cliarged  that  Sro. 
Floyd,  besides  sending  Loring  and  Crittenden  to  win  over  tiie  troops,  h;iil 
taken  pains  to  send  immense  (piantities  of  military  stores  to  N.  Mex.,  with  a 
view  to  their  falling  into  confederate  hands.  To  say  nothing  of  the  somcwliut 
tlireadbaro  nature  of  this  cluirge,  there  is  little  in  the  prevalent  complaints  (if 
preceding  years  to  indicate  any  marked  excess  in  the  quantity  of  such  stmi's. 

'^The  territory  of  which  Baylor  took  possession  was  Ariz(ma,  to  coniprisi; 
all  south  of  lat.  34°.  He  declared  all  oliices  vacant,  organized  a  military  gnv- 
ernment,  lixed  the  capital  at  Mesilla,  divided  the  territory  into  two  judirial 
districts,  and  in  a  proclamation  of  Aug.  2d  appointed  civil  otHcials,  incluihiis; 
Jas  A.  Lucas  as  secretary,  M.  H.  McWille  as  attorney-gen.,  E.  Angcrstciu 
as  treasurer,  and  O-eo.  M.  Frazier  as  marshal;  with  H.  C.  Cook  and  Knuik 
Hij,'gins  as  judges,  and  J.  A.  Roberts  as  sheriff  of  the  1st,  or  eastern,  judicial 
district.     The  proclamations  are  in  Hni/en'  Scrapie,  Awjelv^,  vi.  104,  107. 

'*  There  are  few  reliable  details  on  record  respecting  this  disgraceful  sur- 
render.    It  appears  that  Lynde  sent  a  party  toward  Mesilla,  which  had  u 


SIBLEY'S  ARRIVAL. 


orders  had  been  sent  to  the  Arizona  commandants  to 
abandiju  forts  Buchanan  and  Breckenridge,  which 
they  did,  destroying  all  property  that  could  not  be 
removed.  On  the  march  these  garrisons  heard  of  the 
surrender  of  Lynde,  and  directed  their  course,  about 
430  strong,  to  Fort  Craig.  In  December  Baylor's  con- 
federate force  was  estimated  by  Canby  at  800  Texan s, 
besides  200  or  300  volunteers  from  the  floating  Mexi- 
can population  of  Mesilla  valley. 

About  tlie  middle  of  December  General  Sibley  with 
his  brigade  of  Texan  rangers  arrived,  and  issued  his 
proclamations,  declaring  martial  law  and  taking  pos- 
session of  the  territory. ^^  Meanwhile,  Colonel  Canby 
was  striving  to  organize  his  forces  and  provide  means 
for  defence.  His  reports  show  that  he  was  greatly 
embarrassed  by  the  lack  of  military  supplies.  He  re- 
ported the  people  loyal  but  apathetic,  and  doubted 
the  possibility  of  raising  a  sufficient  force  within  the 
territory,  placing  but  very  slight  reliance  on  the  vol- 
unteers or  militia.  But  the  legislature  authorized  the 
governor  to  call  into  service  the  whole  force  of  the 
territory  to  resist  invasion,  volunteers  were   rapidly 

slight  skirmish  with  the  Texans  and  retired  to  the  fort.  Tlien  orders  wero 
reciHved  to  march  the  garrison  to  Ft  Craig  or  Alburquerque,  anil  sf)i)U  after 
starting,  when,  as  is  stated,  the  men  had  been  given  all  tlie  whiskey  they 
wanted,  and  were  mostly  drunk,  they  met  a  Texan  force,  to  which  the  major, 
alter  a  council  of  officers,  surrendered.  It  is  said  that  the  more  sober  of  the 
olHciTs  and  men  protested  and  wished  to  tight.  The  paroled  prisoners  were 
allowed  to  go  to  Alburquerque,  suffering  intensely  on  the  march.  For  this 
act  Maj.  Lynde  was  dismissed  from  the  army;  and  Capt.  A.  II.  Plummer, 
tiie  commissary,  who  turned  over  to  the  enemy  $17,000  in  drafts,  was  merely 
rejiriiTianded  and  suspended  for  six  months.  The  most  detailed  account  of 
tlii;  atl'air  and  of  Baylor's  operations  is  found  in  an  article  from  the  Mesilla 
Tuiti.s  and  other  clippings  in  Hayes'  Scraps,  Angeles,  vi.  101  et  acq.  It  ap- 
[jtar.-i  that  there  was  some  fighting  and  loss  of  life  at  the  taking  of  Meailla,  or 
its  attempted  retaking  by  Lynde's  force  on  July  25th;  also  that  14  federal 
soldiers  refused  parole. 

'■'  In  MisccL  Hist.  Papers,  23,  I  have  an  original  copy  of  Sibley's  procl.  of 
Due.  Kith,  at  Ft  Bliss,  declaring  martial  law,  'anticipating  a  sincere  anil 
lu'arty  cooperation  and  firm  support  from  the  inhabitants.'  From  another 
prdcl.,  of  Dec.  20th,  Hayes  quotes  as  follows:  'To  my  old  comrades  in  arms, 
still  in  tlie  ranks  of  the  usurpers  of  their  govt  and  liberties,  I  appeal  in  the 
name  of  former  friendship.  Drop  at  once  the  arms  which  degrade  you  into 
tliu  tools  of  tyrants,  renounce  their  service,  and  array  yourselves  under  the 
Cdliirs  of  justice  and  freedom.  I  am  empowered  to  receive  you  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  confederate  states,  the  officers  upon  their  commissioua,  the  mea 
uiiuu  their  enlistments.' 

llisT.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    44 


ii'. «  !■ 


690 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


.1  ! 


J 


' 


1  I 


enrolled,  and  Governor  Connelly  in  his  message  ron- 
gratulated  the  people  on  their  patriotism,  announcing 
that  the  confederates  had  not  come  north  of  the  jur. 
nada,  and  that  the  federal  force  was  sufficient  for  tlitir 
expulsion. ^^  At  tlie  beginning  of  18G2  Canby  estab- 
lished his  headquarters  at  Fort  Craig,  where  he  had  a 
force  of  about  4,000  men,  of  whom,  however,  1,000 
were  useless  militia,  and  less  than  1,000  regular  troops. 
Sibley,  on  the  other  hand,  had  about  2,500  men, 
Texan  rangers,  accustomed  to  Indian  warfare,  and 
good  fighters," 

That  branch  of  the  confederate  campaign  pertain- 
ing to  Arizona  has  been  recorded  in  another  cliajtter 
of  this  volume,  ^^  and  may  be  briefly  disposed  of  here. 
Captain  Hunter  with  a  few  hundred  Texans  of  Sib- 
ley's army  was  despatched  to  the  west,  and  in  January 
or  February  occupied  Tucson.  There  was  no  opposi- 
tion, union  men — if  there  were  any  such  in  soutlicru 
Arizona — fleeing  into  Sonora.  Hunter  sent  a  detach- 
ment to  the  Pima  villages  on  the  Gila,  and  awaited 
developments  in  the  farther  west,  which  developments, 
from  a  Texan  point  of  view,  were  most  unsatisfactory. 
The  'California  column,'  of  1,800  federal  volunteers 
under  Colonel  Carleton,  advanced  eastward  from  Fort 
Yuma,  and  the  little  confederate  band  had  to  retire 
to  the  Rio  Grande.  A  captain  and  three  men  of 
Carleton's  advance  were  captured  by  Hunter's  men  on 

'^JV.  Mex.,  Message  of  Gov.,  18G1;  Id.,  Acts,  1861-2.  A  manifiesto  of  the 
legisl.  to  tliu  people  is  also  alluded  to.  Therl/'i'z.,  Hist.  (E.  &  Co.),  7*2,  till<u3 
that  in  Oct.  there  were  two  minor  skirmishes  near  Ft  Craig,  in  one  of  wliicli 
Capt.  Minik's  comp.  of  N.  Mex.  volunteers  was  defeated  by  a  party  of 
Texans,  themselves  routed  in  turn  by  regulars  from  the  fort. 

''Canby,  aceording  to  Hayes,  gave  his  aggregate  force  as  3,810,  and  Sih- 
leys  as  2,000.  Sil)ley  gave  his  own  force  (on  the  march  northward,  sdiiiu 
being  naturally  left  in  garrison)  as  1,750,  while  he  attributed  to  Canby  ."j.OtH). 
A  letter  from  a  Texan  volunteer,  published  by  Hollister,  represents  the  con- 
federate force  leaving  Ft  Fillmore  as  3,800  men.  Canby 'a  army  was  nuulo  iii) 
of  11  comp.  of  the  5th,  7th,  and  10th  U.  S.  inf.;  7  comp.  of  the  1st  and  JM 
U.  S.  cavalry;  McRae's  battery,  manned  by  2  comp.  of  2d  and  3d  cavahy; 
Capt.  Dodd's  comp.  B,  2d  Col.  volunteers;  Lieut. -col  Kit  Carson's  1st  icgt 
N.  Mex.  vol.;  17  comp.  of  2d,  3d,  4th,  and  5th  N.  Mex.  vol.;  a  spy  coiiiii.; 
and  1,000  militia.  Sibley  had  the  regiments  of  colonels  Reilly  and  (Irceii; 
5  comp.  of  Steele's  rcgt;  5  comp.  of  Baylor's  regt;  and  Teel's  and  Riley's  bat- 
tery.    Lossiiig,  p.  186,  gives  a  portrait  of  Gen.  Sibley, 

**  See  chap.  xx. 


ULl 


3. 

isaije  Con- 
inounciiig 
if  tlio  j(tr. 
fc  for  tiirir 
iby  ostab- 
j  lie  had  a 
vcr,  1.000 
liar  troops. 
,500    nuti, 
irfare,  and 

rn  pertain- 
,er  chapter 
ed  of  hero. 
ms  of  Sib- 
il! January 
5  no  opposi- 
in  southern 
it  a  detacli- 
,ud  awaited 
velopuionts, 
satisfactory, 
volunteers 
1  from  Fort 
ad  to  retire 
ree   men  of 
,er's  men  en 

Imanifiestoof  the 

Co.),  1-2,  t^-ll-'us 

ill  ouo  of  \vlui'li 

by  a  party  of 

J  3,810,  aii>l  ^^ili- 
tiorthwaiil,  f^mw 

itoCanl.y  .'..("HJ. 
presents  the  cmi- 
Imy  was  nunlo  up 
If  the  1st  aii'l  ;U 
laiul  3>l  c;iv;ihy; 

barsou's  1st  irgt 

ll.;  a  spy  comp.; 

leilly  au'l  <!ittii; 
jaudRil'jy's'jat- 


BATTLE  OF  VALVERDE. 


691 


tlio  Gila;  and  on  the  15th  of  April,  in  a  skirmish  be- 
tween small  parties  under  lieutenants  Swilling  and 
Barrett,  the  latter  with  two  men  was  killed  on  the 
federal  side,  while  the  confederates  lost  one  or  two 
killed  and  three  prisoners.  In  May,  Tucson  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Californians.  The  Apaches  kept  the 
troops  busy  enough  for  a  while;  but  in  July  and  Au- 
gust they  advanced  to  the  Rio  Grande,  too  late  to  aid 
in  expelling  the  invaders,  but  in  time  to  do  much 
(Tood  service  aijainst  the  Indians  in  this  and  the  fol- 
lowing  years. 

In  February  1802  Sibley  advanced  up  the  Rio 
Grande  on  the  western  side  by  way  of  Mesilla  and 
Fort  Thorn.  On  the  18th  his  army  appeared  before 
Fort  Craig,^'  and  a  cavalry  force  \vas  sent  out  by 
Can  by  to  defeat  the  apparent  intention  of  the  foe  to 
pass  to  the  west  of  the  fort;  but  the  Texans  had  no 
idea  of  going  in  that  direction  or  of  attacking  the 
garrison.  They  were  manceuvring  to  protect  their 
crossing  of  the  river,  which  was  effected  at  the  Pana- 
dero  ford,  several  miles  below.  Next  day  Canby  sent 
an  artiller}''  force  supported  by  volunteers  to  occupy 
the  bluff  on  the  eastern  bank,  and  here  on  the  2Uth 
there  M'as  some  firing.  As  in  this  skirmish  the  vol- 
unteers behaved  badly,  as  no  harm  could  be  done  to 
the  Texans,  and  as  the  latter's  purpose  was  clearly  to 
turn  and  not  attack  tlie  position,  the  troops  were  with- 
drawn at  night,  and  Major  Roberts  with  an  infantry 
foire  and  two  batteries  was  sent  to  occupy  the  upper, 
or  Valveide,   ford,  some    seven  miles   above.^"     The 

"  According  to  Hollistor,  wliose  account,  though  made  np  from  hearsay 
after  the  Col.  troops  reached  tliis  region  in  April,  is  most  detailed  and  clear- 
est, the  approach  of  the  Texans  was  known  some  days  earlier,  when  (^trayden's 
jwrty  was  driven  in  from  a  scout  and  Wingate  with  an  infantry  battalion  was 
sunt  down  to  tlie  ford  opposite  Panadero.  Sul)so(juently,  Canby  came  down 
witli  his  whole  force,  but  soon  returned  to  the  fort,  leaving  tlie  ford  to  the 
enemy. 

■'"  On  his  way  200  midea  were  captured,  which  greatly  cmb.arrassed  Sibley's 
transportation  service.  HoUister  represents  the  march  on  both  sides  to  liave 
lioeu  made  in  the  night;  but  Hayes  implies  that  it  was  in  the  morning  of  the 
ilst.  It  is  said  that  in  the  skirmish  of  the  20th  Col.,  Pino's  2d  regiment  N. 
Mix.  vol.  was  thrown  into  confusion,  while  Carson's  Istregt  stood  firm;  but 
suoh  is  the  prevalent  confusion  of  testimony  that  I  attach  little  importance  to 
tiucli  distinctions. 


;■-  I  I 


1  i^ 


%  '':   'I' 


'ii,:,, 


i 


lilt 


'i 


i 


t 


.1:' 


$ 


M 


# 


I 


it 


692 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MFJCTCO. 


confederates  on  the  other  side  made  for  the  same  poin^ ; 
and  at  the  ford  a  fi,?lit  occurred  early  on  the  'ilst,  .11 
whicli  Roberts  had  the  advantage,  crossing  the  riv(  r, 
posting  his  batteries,  and  repulsing  the  confederato 
advance.''^  Canby  arrived  on  the  field  soon  after  noDii, 
and  an  advance  was  ordered,  the  batteries  were  pu>^lied 
forward,  and  fire  was  opened.  One  division  of  the 
Toxans  charged  Hall's  battery  and  was  repulsed ;  but 
the  movement  was  apparently  intended  as  a  feint  to 
draw  off  supporting  troops  from  the  otlier  battery. 
This  latter  was  then  attacked  most  furiously  by  1,000 
Texans;  the  struggle  was  desperate;  Captain  Mcllat' 
was  killed  on  his  guns,  and  his  gunners  were  wehuigh 
annihilated;  the  supporting  troops  acted  very  badly; 
the  guns  were  lost;  and  Canby's  army  was  driven  in 
some  disorder  across  the  river  to  retire  to  the  fi)rt, 
leaving  the  northern  route  open  to  the  foe. 

This  fight  of  Valverde,  as  it  is  known,  reflected 
little  credit  on  the  federal  arms.  Many  individuals 
and  a  few  companiesi'.  fought  bravely,  but  such  is  the 
discrepancy  of  testimony  that  I  make  no  attempt  to 
point  out  cases  of  bravery  or  cowardice,  blunders  or 
wise  management.  The  Texans,  though  victorious, 
lost  probably  more  than  the  federals,  whose  loss 
was  about  90  killed  and  mortally  wounded  and  100 
wounded.'^^  The  confederates  marched  on  up  tlie 
river  without  opposition  to  Alburquerque,  leaving 
their  sick  and  wounded  at  Socorro.  We  have  110 
details  respecting  Sibley's  movements  in  these  days, 
or  those  of  a  detachment  sent  to  occupy  Santa  Fe, 
which  was  apparently  accomplished  without  resistance. 

''  Tlie  Colorado  company  is  accredited  with  having  had  a  deaporato  fight 
in  this  affair  with  two  coinp.  of  Texan  lancera,  killing  a  large  part  of  their 
opponents  and  having  40  per  cent  of  their  own  force  put  liora  du  com- 
bat. The  forces  engaged  in  this  preliminary  condict  were  about  700  men 
on  each  side.  HoUister  saya  Canby  arrived  at  1  F.  M.;  Hayes  says  it  was 
2.4"). 

^■^  HoUister  gives  the  federal  loss  as  G4  killed,  26  mortally  wounded,  100 
wounded;  Texans  2!H)  killed,  200  wounded.  Losaing  says  tlie  federal.i  lost 
02  killed  and  142  wounded;  Texans  about  the  same.  Hayes  gives  no  figures. 
Ace.  to  Ariz.,  Hint.  (E.  &  Co.),  there  were  about  GO  killed  and  140  woumled 
on  each  aide. 


TIIE  COLORADO  VOLUNTEERS. 


698 


Tlu;  main  force  directed  its  march  toward  Fort  Union, 
wlierc  there  were  stores  wortli  about  $nOO,000,  and 
^.vlierc  Major  Dc^naldson  arrived  on  tlie  1 0th  of  Marcli 
with  a  train  of  120  wagons  from  Alburquerquc,  where 
lie  liad  destroyed  such  federal  stores  as  could  not  be 
removed.  The  Texan  advance  under  Major  VV.  K. 
Scurry  reached  Apache  Canon  on  the  25th.  The 
ijarrison  at  the  fort  was  entirely  inadequate  'or  its 
defence ;  but  aid  had  most  opj)ortunely  arrived  from 
tlic  north. 

Colorado's  experience  in  the  civil  war  has  been  else- 
wliere  recorded  in  the  volume  devoted  to  that  terri- 
tory. Here  it  must  suffice  to  state  that  by  the 
energetic  efforts  of  Governor  Gilpin  and  his  asso- 
ciates a  union  force  was  raised,  which  not  onlv 
defeated  all  confederate  hopes  at  home,  but  was 
also  able  to  go  abroad  and  turn  the  scale  in  New 
^Mexico.  Two  companies,  which  later  became  A  and 
B  of  the  second  Colorado  volunteers,  were  mustered 
in  December  1801,  going  to  New  Mexico  in  January 
1802.  Company  B,  Captain  T.  H.  Dodd,  served  un- 
der Canby  at  Valverde,  as  we  have  seen;''^^  and  Com- 
pany A,  Captain  J.  H.  Ford,  remained  at  Fort  Union. 
The  first  regiment  of  Colorado  volunteers  was  com- 
manded by  Colonel  J.  P.  Slough,  S.  F.  Tappan  being 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  J.  M.  Chivington  major.  The 
regiment  was  composed  largely  of  *  Pike's  Peakers,'  the 
best  of  fighting  material,  intensely  loyal  to  the  union, 
always  eager  to  go  to  the  front,  but  not  taking  kindly 
to  the  restraints  of  military  discipline  when  there  was 
no  fighting  to  be  done.  Whole  companies  were  often 
under  arrest  for  nmtiny ;  and  an  order  to  march  to  the 
relief  of  Canby — obtained  by  Major  Chivington  from 
(T(!neral  Hunter  mainly  with  a  view  to  prevent  the 
disintetrration  of  the  regiment — was  welcome  to  all. 
The  troops  left  Denver  in  February;  the  different 
divisions  united  March  7th  at  the  foot  of  the  Raton 

^'  This  company  lost  5  killed  and  38  wounded,  killing  72  of  Lang'a  Texan 
lancers.  Denver  Hist, 


'mk 


G94 


CONFEDEHATK  INVASION  OF  NKVV   MEXICO. 


mm 


Pass;  a  inarcli  of  04  miles  was  once  iiiado  in  24  IxMirs, 
ami  the  roo;iiiu)ut  arrived  at  Fort  Union  on  tin;  I  I  - 
liitli  of  March.  Major  G.  K.  Paul,  colonel  of  Xiw 
Mexico  volunteers,  was  in  command  of  the  post,  hut 
was  ranked  by  Colonel  Slough,  who  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  united  forces.'"'* 

On  March  22d  Colonel  Slough's  army  of  1,.'{42 
men,  including  .SOO  regular  troops,^*  marched  from 
Fort  Union  toward  Santa  Fe,  encamping  at  Beriuil 
Spring  on  the  24tli.  On  the  25th  the  advance  of  400 
men,  half  of  them  mounted,  encainped  near  the  old 
Pecos  ruins;  and  a  scouting  party  under  Lieuteiiunt 
Nelson  captured  four  men  of  the  enemy's  picket,  live 
miles  farther  west  at  Pii^eon's  rancho.  Next  morniii"- 
Major  Chivington  advanced  with  all  his  force,  and 
about  a  mile  beyond  the  rancho,  at  the  mouth  of  tlio 
Apache  Canon  proper,  found  a  Texan  battery  posted, 
which  opened  fire.'"'  This  was  about  2  p.  m.  The 
federal  infantry,  deployed  to  the  canon  slopes  as  skir- 
mishers, ad>'anced  to  the  attack,  the  cavalry  remain- 
ing behind  a  spur  in  the  ravine,  with  orders  to  charge 
when  the  battery  showed  signs  of  retreating.  The 
battery  presently  fell  back  a  mile  or  more,  but  Caj)- 
tain  Howland  failed  to  charge  as  ordered.  The  new 
position  of  the  Texan  guns  was  at  a  bend  in  the  canon, 
across  a  dry  arroyo-bed,  supported  by  the  infantry, 
strongly  posted  among  the  rocks  and  on  the  summits. 
Chivington  repeated  his  former  manoeuvre,  but  dis 
mounting  Howland's  and  Lord's  men  to  strengthen 
the  infantry  on  the  flanks,  he  left  the  cavalry  charge 
to  100  Colorado  horsemen  under  Captain  Cook.  After 
a  sharp  fight  on  the  flanks  the  battery  yielded,  and 
Cook  dashed  forward,  his  horsemen  leaping  the  arruyo 

'*  Chivington  in  his  MS.  narrative  saya  that  the  famous  forced  march  nf  i)4 
miles  in  24  hours  emled  at  Maxwell's  rancho,  and  was  prompted  by  mu.ssiiiifS 
from  Fort  Union  that  the  post  was  in  great  danger.  He  also  states  tliat  Mij. 
Paul  liad  mined  the  fort  and  made  preparations  to  destroy  all  public  propi  rty 
on  the  coming  of  the  confederates,  an(l  then  marcl)  to  meet  tliu  Coloradaiis. 

'^■'Tliese  troops  included  two  companies  of  the  f)th  infantry  and  two  liglit 
batteries  under  captains  Ritter  and  Clatiin.   DemKr  HUt. 

'■'"Chivington  says  that  before  tliis  his  force  met  the  Texan  advance  gu:ird 
and  captured  a  lieut.  aud  30  men  before  a  gun  was  Hred. 


m  advance  gwml 


UATfLE  OF  APACHE  CASON. 


C05 


with  a  yoll,  and  chari;inf]f  throut^h  and  throurrli  tho 
ciioiiiy's  ranks.  Cook  tell,  Bovercly  wounded,  hut 
liii'utenant  Nelson  took  his  place.  The  infantry, 
under  captains  D(>wninj^  and  Wyncoop,  cooperated 
most  etl'ectively ;  the  Texans  were  driven  from  the 
field,  and  the  fi<j^ht  of  Apache  Cafion  was  won.  State- 
ments of  casualties  are  conflicting;  but  the  federals 
scetn  to  have  lost  from  five  to  fifteen  killed,  and  the 
(•(111 federates  from  20  to  40,  with  nearly  100  prisoners. 
Cliivington  before  night  fell  back  to  Pigeon's  rancho 
ti»  bury  his  dead,  care  for  the  wounded,  and  send  back 
the  prisoners,  with  a  message  to  Colonel  Slough  and 
the  main  army.  That  night  or  the  next  morning  he 
retired  four  or  five  miles  farther,  to  Kolosky's  rancho, 
where  the  water  supply  was  better;  and  liere  ho  was 
joined  by  Slough  and  his  troops  in  the  night  of  the 

'•jrth.'-^' 

'^'  !liivington  and  Hollister  give  tolerably  clear  accounts  of  tho  fight  in 
wliiuli  tliey  took  part.  C  in  liis  MS.  does  not  give  a  statuniuiit  of  ciisualties; 
liut  ;ico.  to  Hayes  ho  reported  a  loss  of  5  killed  and  14  woun<led,  tiie  enemy's 
liis.s  lieiiig  IW  killed,  43  wounded,  and  71  prisoners.  Hollister  says  tiie  fed- 
erals lust  5  killei'.,  IS  wounded,  and  3  missing;  and  the  confed.  16  killed, 
,'{()  40  Wounded,  iuid  75  prisoners,  including  7  otlicers.  The  Denver  Hist,  has 
it  13  fed.  killed,  13  wounded,  3  missing;  confed.  40,  75,  ami  108  respectively. 
Hayes,  who  regards  this  affair  as  a  drawn  tight  and  gives  few  details,  says 
that  the  reports  of  Scurry  and  Sihley  give  no  figures.  Perhaps  the  Coloradans 
fcxagL'erate  their  victory,  and  it  would  seem  that  Hayes  may  have  found  somu 
cviilonee  to  this  etlect  in  the  confed.  reports,  which  he  does  not  specify.  Tho 
FrriiL'liman,  Alex.  Valle,  known  as  'Pigeon' — whence  the  name  Pigeon's 
rancho — described  Chivington's  operations  to  Hayes  as  follows:  ' 'H  poot 'is 
Vail  iliiwn  and  foight  loike  mahd  bull.'  Hollister  prints  a  letter  from  a  Texan 
ti)  Ills  wife,  found  at  Mesilla,  which  gives  a  very  vivid  description  of  the  light, 
ami  of  their  surprise  when  '  instead  of  Mexicans  and  regulars  '  they  saw  '  they 
Wire  regular  demons,  that  iron  ami  lead  had  no  effect  upon,  in  the  shape  of 
I'iki''.s  Peakers  from  the  Denver  gold  mines. '  After  the  first  retreat  of  the  bat- 
tery and  the  forming  a  line  of  battle  at  the  new  position,  '  up  came  the  cannon, 
^Mlh  the  enemy  at  their  heels;  but  when  they  saw  us  ready  they  stopped,  but 
only  for  a  short  time,  for  in  a  few  moments  they  could  be  seen  on  the  moun- 
tains jumping  from  rock  to  rock  like  so  many  sheep.  They  had  no  sooner 
gilt  within  shooting  distance  than  up  came  a  comp.  of  cavaby  at  fnll  charge, 
Willi  swonls  and  revolvers  drawn,  looking  like  so  many  flying  devils.  On 
tlii:y  came,  to  what  1  supposed  certain  destruction,  but  nothing  like  lead  or 
in  ill  sDumed  to  atop  them,  for  we  were  pouring  it  into  them  from  every  side 
liiic  hail.  In  a  moment  these  devils  had  run  the  gauntlet  for  half  a  mile  and 
Wire  fighting  hand  to  liand  with  our  men  in  the  road.'  Behind  the  ditch  '  we 
flit  safe,  but  again  we  were  mistaken,  for  no  sooner  did  they  see  us  than 
siinic  of  them  turned  their  horses,  jumped  the  ditch,  and  like  demons  came 
cliiriiiug  on  us. .  . ,  We  expected  to  shoot  the  last  one  before  they  reached  us, 
liiit  luck  was  against  us,  and  after  fighting  hand  to  hand  witli  them,  and  our 
cuairaJcd  being  shot  and  cut  down  every  moment,  wo  were  obliged  to  sur- 


J] , 

'1  1 

ill' 

'■' 

m 

fll'l 

i 

696 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


I'M' 


i  . 


3*1 


ii  it  I 


On  March  28th  Slough  pushed  forward  with  Ins 
full  force;  hut  Chivingtoii,  with  400  or  500  iiu-ii  un- 
der tlie  guidance  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Manuel  Chavez, 
was  detached  to  cross  the  mountains  and  attack  the 
enemy's  rear.  His  success  will  be  noted  presently. 
The  rest  of  the  army,  700  or  800  strong,  met  the 
Texans,  sooner  than  Slough  expected,  half  a  mile 
beyond  Pigeon's  rancho,  about  9  A.  M.  From  the 
first  the  federals  were  outnumbered,  acted  on  the 
defensive,  and  though  fighting  bravely  for  about  five 
hours,  were  forced  back  to  the  rancho,  to  a  new  })oslti  )ii 
half  a  mile  farther  east,  and  finally  to  Kolosky'3. 
Had  tlie  enemy  known  the  number  of  tne  troops 
opposed  to  them,  or  had  they  not  been  somewhat  over- 
cautious as  a  result  of  the  former  battle,  the  federal 
repulse  might  have  been  a  disastrous  defeat.  The 
federal  loss  is  given  as  from  20  to  50  killed,  40  to  80 
wounded,  and  15  to  20  prisoners;  that  of  tlie  con- 
federates 3G  to  150  killed,  GO  to  200  wounded,  and 
100  prisoners,  the  last  figure  apparently,  however, 
including  both  battles. ^^  Scurry,  the  Texan  com- 
mander, instead  of  following  up  his  success,  sent  a 
flpg  of  truce,  asking  an  armistice  for  che  purpose 
of  burying  his  dead,  and  caring  for  liis  wounded. 
This  was  granted  by  Slough,  and  the  Texans  took 
advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  fall  back  to  Santa 
Fe,  which  position  they  presently  abandoned  and 
retreated  down  the  Rio  '^xrande. 

The  cause  of  Sibley's  retreat,  notwithstanding  his 
apparent  victory,  must  bo  sought  in  the  operations  of 

render.  Now,  who  do  you  suppose  it  was  that  came  charging  and  nearly 
running  over  nie,  with  a  revolver  pointed  at  my  licad,  etc.?  It  was  (itu. 
Lowe. . .  .You  know  liiii^  widl. . .  .Ifow  one  of  the  man  that  charged  \ii  evur 
escaped  death  will  ever  I'o  a  wonder  to  nie. . . .  Aliout  80  of  us  wcii^  takni 
prisoners  and  niarched  ofl  tov.'ard  Ft  Union.  How  many  were  killed  innl 
Wounded  I  don't  know,  hui,  there  must  have  been  a  large  nuud)er.' 

^^  Hayes  gives  the  federal  los.ies  as  '2'J  kdled,  4'.'  wouudtMl,  and  15  prismi- 
ers;  confederate  .36  killed  and  (iO  wounded,  as  admitted  by  Scurry.  Lii>.-^iiig 
says  the  federals  loss  'J.'t  k.  and  50  w.;  confe<l.  same  as  Hayes.  Oov.  ''iii- 
nelly  reported  the  confed.  lost  as  4(M)  k.,  w.,  and  prisoners.  Hollister  nu-) 
the  fed.  loss  at  4(),  04,  and '21;  confed.  281,  'JOO,  100  (pro',  including  M.th 
hattles).  The  Dt'iiivr  Hiit.  has  it  134  k,  and  w.  ou  tho  fed.  aide;  and  l.'il, 
200,  and  100. 


t. 


ICO. 

d  with  his 
)0  iiu'U  uii- 
uel  Cliavt'Z, 

attack  tho 
I  presently, 
g,  met  the 
lalf  a   mile 

From  the 
bed  on  tho 
l"  about  five 
low  positi  )ii 

Kolosky's. 

tno  troops 
ewhat  ovov- 

tlie  federal 
efcat.  The 
ed,  40  to  80 
of  the  con- 
oundod,  and 
y,  howt;ver, 
rexan  eoni- 
cess,  sent  a 
(he  purpose 

s  wounded. 

exans  tcok 
to  Santa 

idoned   and 


k 


;anding  liis 
)eratlons  df 

iiig  iiml  ne.-irly 

?        It    WilS    (I  LI  I. 

chargoil  us  uvur 
us  were  takoii 
were  killed  and 
nher. ' 

uiil  15  ])rison- 

nirry.     Lnn^inj; 

yea.     (riiv.  '  ''III- 

Holliater   'lui 

iiu'luiling    "itli 

1,  side;  ami  I''!, 


CIIIVmOTON'S  EXPLOIT. 


697 


Chlvington.  This  officer,  on  the  28th,  with  370  Colo- 
ra(h>  v^oluntecrs  and  120  regulars,  had  been  guided  by 
Chavez  over  the  mountains  to  the  rear  of  the  enemy, 
where  they  arrived  about  noon.  Descendnig  the 
precipitous  cliffs  in  single  file,  they  drove  ot{'  the 
Texan  guard,  capturing  several  of  their  number, 
si)ikcd  the  cannon,  killed  the  mules,  burned  G4  wag- 
ons, and  destroyed  all  the  enemy's  supplies,  thus 
rendering  it  impossible  for  the  confederat  ■;  to  con- 
tinue their  offensive  operations.  This  virtaaliy  ended 
the  campaign;  the  'Pike's  Peakcrs'  hud  proved  more 
than  a  match  for  ihe  'Texan  rangers,'  saving  New 
^Mexico  for  the  union;  and  Chivington,  presiding 
elder  of  the  methodist  church  in  Colorado,  had  made 
himself  the  hero  of  the  war.^'' 

Orders  now  came  from  Canby  to  Slough  to  protect 
Fort  Union  at  all  hazards;  and,  very  much  against 
the  wishes  of  the  Coloradans,  the  army  fell  back  to 
the  fort,  arriving  on  the  2d  of  April.  On  the  5th, 
under  new  orders,  the  army  marched  for  the  south, 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Paul,  Slough  having 
resigned  his  commission.  Galisteo  was  reached  on 
the  10th,  details  of  movements  in  these  days  having 
very  slight  significance,^"  and  here  was  met  an  adjutant 
from  Canby.  This  oflKcer.  leaving  Fort  Craig  gar- 
ri.^oncd  by  volunteers  under  Carson,  had  marched 
northward  on  April  Lst  with  800  regulars  and  350 
Mtjunteers.  The  confederates,  or  a  part  of  them,  had 
lii!l(Mi  back  on  Alburquerque;  and  against  this  town, 
on   the    8th,  Canby 's  troops    made  a  demonstration, 

^"t'li'vingtoti'.-c  (iwn  ii.irrative  i.i  most  satisfactory,  liesides  a^'reeing  in  most 
'I'spects  itii  otiiers.  His  otHeers  W(  id  captains  W.  H.  Lewis  and  A.  B. 
(  ircy  of  lie  regulars,  and  W'yncooi)  of  the  volunteers.  Cliiv  Mgton  says 
that  they  )ayonett^d  1,I(K)  nudes.  On  their  letur..  they  reaehed  tiie  camp 
at  Knjosli  N  at  midnight,  entering  it  prepared  to  tight,  with  tiie  idea  that  it 
Was  a  earn  ;  of  the  enemy. 

^'liiiU  ter  and  the  Dcitivr  IIM.  give  many  such  details.  Slouch  seems 
til  have  re  '.;ued  in  Iiis  disgust  at  not  being  permitted  to  jiursiie  tlie  retreat- 
ing Te.xiln^..  On  the  9tli,  according  to  Hayes,  Col  I'aul  marelied  from  Hernal 
^iinug  towunl  Sta  Fe,  meeting  on  tiie  way  Maj.  Jackson  and  party,  \\\i\\  a 
tl:i_'  nt  truce,  and  soon  learning  that  Sta  Fe  had  heen  evacuated.  On  the  I'Jth 
lu;  wrote  from  Galistoo  that  tho  Uuiou  troopa  had  Lecu  cheered  ou  cutoriug 
tlio  iiipital. 


>i:'     t 


m' 


wu\ 


698 


CONFEDERATE  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


with  but  slight  effoct,^^  thence  turning  to  the  rights 
and  joining  Paul's  force  at  Tijeras  on  the  13th.  Tlie 
next  day,  Chivington  having  been  appointed  colonul 
of  the  Colorado  regiment,  the  united  army  marched 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  down  that  river  to  Peralta, 
where  the  confederates  were  posted  in  the  adobe  town, 
having  abandoned  Alburquerque,  It  was  to  some 
extent  a  surprise,  and  a  few  pickets  were  captured. 
Chivington  was  eager  to  take  the  town  by  assault,  but 
Canby  would  not  permit  it. 

On  the  15th  a  belated  Texan  train  coming  in  sight 
from  Alburquerque  was  captured  by  30  mounted 
Coloradans,  who  lost  one  man  and  killed  four,  taking 
one  gun,  a  dozen  prisoners,  70  mules,  and  15  horses. 
Presently  the  confederates  opened  fire  with  their  ar- 
tillery, which  was  answered,  the  firing  being  continued 
to  some  extent  all  day,  with  but  slight  and  unrecorded 
effect.  The  Colorado  troops  retired  to  the  river,  and 
planned  an  attack  under  cover  of  the  banks,  but  Canby 
forbade  the  movement.  He  is  accused  of  an  unwill- 
ingness to  kill  his  old  comrades,  of  jealousy  toward 
the  volunteers,  and  even  of  cowardice.  Hayes,  how- 
ever, states  that  the  reason  for  inaction  was  that  he 
"had  no  desire  to  caj^ture  men  whom  ho  could  not 
feed."  The  Texans  took  advantage  of  a  tempestuous 
night  to  ford  the  river  and  escape.  On  the  IGth  and 
17th  the  armies  advanced  slowly  southward  in  siglit 
of  each  other  on  oj)posite  sides  of  the  river,^'  the 
Texans  burning  some  of  their  baggage  on  the  way, 
to  La  Joya;  but  on  the  18th  the  confederates  had 
disappeared,  to  be  seen  no  more,  leaving,  however, 

'•  Hayes  says  that  in  this  ongagement,  respecting  which  no  details  are 
given,  \iaj.  I)iincan,  .3(1  cavalry,  was  seriously  woundeil.  (.'iiivingtun  says: 
'  They  fought  all  ilay  at  long  range,  and  at  night  Canby  took  a  siile  route  ami 
attei!ii)te<l  to  form  a  junction  with  us,  and  Sibley  escaped  down  the  Uin 
(jlranilc  with  his  force.' 

^-'Chivington  says:  'Tiiey  disputed  our  crossing  for  4  days  and  ni;.'lit3 
whenever  we  attiinpteil  to  cro.ss;  and  we  tried  to  get  sulficiuntly  far  in  a  1- 
vance  to  cross  without  being  sul)ject  to  their  artillery  tire.  On  tlic  4th  ni^'lit 
they  burned  their  trans|iortatioii,  and  abandoned  everything  except  sniiie 
light  vehicles,  packed  their  provisions,  and  took  to  the  mountains.'  There  i» 
no  other  eviih'iicu  that  Canby 's  force  attempted  to  cross  at  all.  Sec  aecouut 
of  light  at  I'eralta,  in  Laa  Wjtin  Chrviiklf,  Feb.  21,  1885. 


Ifclli 


RETREAT  OF  THE  TEXAXS. 


099 


some  of  their  sick  and  disabled,  with  a  few  wagons, 
wliich  were  found  by  Captain  Grayden  on  a  trip  to 
the  western  side.  A  day  or  two  later  Sibley  destroyed 
the  rest  of  his  baggage,  and  followed  a  trail  over  the 
mountains  far  to  the  west  of  Fort  Craig,  and  thence 
to  the  Mesilla  valley  and  to  Fort  Bliss,  where  he  ar- 
rived early  in  jVj.ay."''^  In  killed,  wounded,  prisoners, 
and  stragglers,  they  had  left  nearly  half  their  original 
force  in  New  Mexico.^* 

The  federals  advanced  much  at  their  leisure  in  three 
columns  under  Paul,  Chivington,  and  Captain  Morris, 
crossing  the  river  at  Limitar,  just  above  Socorro,  on 
the  20th,  and  there  learning  definitely  of  the  enemy's 
Hight.^'  On  the  22d  they  reached  the  old  battle-field 
of  Valverde,  where  the  volunteers  encamped,  and  the 
regulars  took  up  their  quarters  at  Fort  Craig.  There 
y  no  thought  of  further  pursuit.  General  Canby  re- 
t  li  lifig  to  Santa  Fe,  and  leaving  Colonel  Chivhigtou 
ill  command  of  the  southern  district,  which  position 
lie  held  until  succeeded  by  Colonel  Howe.  Some 
Texan  rangers  still  remained  in  the  Mesilla  valle}', 
and  in  May  a  party  of  them  appeared  at  the  Panadero, 
below  the  fort,  but  there  was  no  fighting.  (3n  July 
4th  the  Californian  advance  reached  the  liio  Grande, 
and  two  days  later  the  last  of  the  invaders  left  the 
teiritory.  It  does  not  seem  necessary  to  record  the 
movements  of  the  Colorado  companies  in  garrison  at 
different  posts  and  in  a  few  Indian  expediticms  during 
tilt;  following  months.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  the 
hist  of  them  had  left  Now  Mexico  for  home  and  other 
service,  their  places  being  taken  by  the  California  vol- 
unteers, and  General  Carleton  assuming  command  of 
the  department  in  September. 

-' May  4tli,  according  to  LoHsiiif,';  Imt  on  tliu  ISth  CanUy,  ace.  to  TTayos, 
ii'iMirtoil  tlio  coriffd.  as  scattcrcil  aloii^  tlic  valley  from  Uona  Ana  to  El  I'a.so. 

H'anhy's  report,  as  quotud  m  .1;/,:.,  Jli.-il.  ( K.  &  Co.)-  A  prisoner  'tells 
r.H'  tliat  out  of  the  3,8()0  men  and  IVJT  wagons  that  were  with  us  when  we  left 
Kt  I'lUniore,  only  1,200  men  and  Hi  wagons  remained  together  when  they  were 
uliligcd  to  fleo  to  the  mountains.'  Letter  of  a  'J'exan  ([noted  liy  Hollistcr. 

■"  Hollister  says  that  30  prisoners  canio  into  canij)  on  the  19th.  and  were 
li:inil('d,  one  of  thorn  l>uiug  Ex -surveyor -gen.  Pelham.  At  Limitar  75  sick 
iiiil  stragglers  were  taken. 


700 


('(WFHDKRATK  INVASION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Tlio  l(\iL^islaturo  at  the  session  of  18(52-3  passed  nso- 
lutlons  thanking  "the  brave  California  and  Coloiado 
tr()(t|)s  for  their  tinudy  aid  in  driving  tlie  traitors  ami 
rohcls  fi-om  our  soil,"  with  an  additional  |)aragra|ili 
cs})ecia]ly  coinplinicMitary  to  (ieneral  (^ulcton  and 
the  Californians,  whose  march  across  the  desert  was 
regarded  as  "one  of  the  most  remarkaltle  achie\c- 
ments  of  the  age."  This  paragraph  brought  out  a 
letter  from  Cjlovernor  Evans  of  Colorado,  who,  in  viiw 
of  the  fact  that  the  Californians  had  not  arrivetl  until 
the  campaign  was  over,  complained  of  injustice  doiK' 
to  the  Coloradans,  who  had  really  expelled  the  invader. 
Accordingly,  at  the  next  session,  the  legislature  at- 
tempted to  set  the  matter  right,  solenndy  affirming,  in 
a  resolution  resjH>cting  the  Colorado  troops,  that  "it 
is  not  the  intention  to  place  these  brave  soldiers  seceiul 
to  none" !''" 

'"X  Mr.r.,  Artji,  18t)2-3,  1803-4;  Colorado,  House  Journal,  Sdscss.,  p.  7'.'  7. 
In  1S()">  Kit  Carson  wa.s  i)r()iiiotoil  to  lirigadier-gonoral  of  volunteers  for  liis 
gallantry  at  N'alverde  and  other  services.  Cursoii,  I'ajtfrs,  MS.  These  [)aiH'r» 
oontain  a  (vw  doiiinients  hearing  (>n  details  of  this  eanipaign,  including  onr- 
respondfuce  showing  that  Canhy  ami  Carson  liad  some  doubts  ahmit  tUi- 
loyalty  of  tlie  militia  ami  some  of  the  volunteers.  Claims  for  damage's  ilnin 
by  relu'ls  were  tiled  hy  citizens,  and  the  subject  was  often  agitated;  but  il.iwn 
to  18S0  at  least  none  of  these  claims  had  beeu  paid.  .A^  Meu:.,  Mess.,  o/init:, 
1880. 


i!       i 


'rif 


KXICO. 

3  passed  rrso- 

i  traitors  and 
il  parain'rapli 
^U'lcton  and 
10  desert  was 
il)lo  acliit'vc- 
■oujil'lit  out  a 
who,  in  view 
arrivod  until 
ijustioo  ih\]\v 
1  tl)o  invader, 
'yjislaturc  at- 
'  attirniiiiLT.  i" 
'ops,  that  "it 
)ldiers  second 


I,  3(1  scss.,  p.  7'J  7. 
volunteors  for  his 
IS.  Those  [)aiuis 
^u,  including  cur- 
doubts  iihcmt  the 
for  ilamagi'H  dum 
;itated;  hut  ilnwu 
X.,  Mei<,i.,  o/Gor., 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

CHRONOLOGIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 
18G4-1886. 

I'llKONOLOOIC      ReSUMA — GOVERNORS — LiHT     OF     OFFICIALS — MEMBERS     AND 
OkKICEKS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE  FOR  EaCH   SESSION — SUMMARY  OF  LcOIS- 

i,ATivE  Acts — Ciianoes  in  Sessions  and  Rules — Delegates  in  Con- 
(iUEss — Contested  Seats— National  Le(;islation — Public  Buildings 
— Historical  Society — Finances — Claims  against  the  Unii'ed  States 
— Revised  Laws — Supreme  Court — Lawyers— Effor'is  to  Secure 
Admission  as  a  State — Surveys  and  Boundaries — Crime  and  Dis- 
order— Statistics  of  Population. 

In  the  liistory  of  New  Mexico  after  1863  chrono- 
logic annals  have  but  small  part.  The  government 
record,  Indian  affairs,  industries  and  institutions,  and 
local  matters  will  be  treated  in  four  successive  chap- 
ters. All  these,  and  especially  the  first,  will  be  de- 
voted for  the  most  part,  not  to  a  consecutive  narra- 
tion of  events,  but  to  classified  records  and  statistical 
matter  showing  the  territory's  condition  and  develop- 
ment, a  large  part  of  which  matter  may  be  presented 
most  profitably  in  fine-jirint  notes,  I  begin,  however, 
l)y  a])pending  a  chronologic  summary  of  the  most  im- 
jiortant  happenings  of  18G4-8(),  embracing  many  top- 
ics to  be  noted  more  fully  in  the  following  pages  and 
chapters.  And  the  completeness  and  utility  of  this 
sunnnary  are  increased  by  extending  it  backward,  so 
far  as  leading  events  are  concerned,  to  the  American 
occupation  in  1840;  and  even  farther,  in  the  briefest 
('("outlines,  to  the  beginning  of  New  Mexican  annals.^ 

'Chronological  NNflimary  of  New  Mexican  history:  Discovery  and  explo- 
ration, l.")40-t)7:  sfH  oliap.  i.-v.  of  this  vol.  ir)35-G,  Cabeza  du  Vaea,  passing 
tiaiiugh  Texas  ai»u  Chihiukhua,  hears  of  tiio  N.  Mex.  piiehlos.  1540-2,  Coro- 
iiado'ii  aruiy  enten  via  Suk.,  Sott.,  and  Ariz.,  spending  two  winters  in  the  Rio 

(701} 


,  ■  ;t 


'■»  !  :'      I 


miymW-' 


M 


70!2 


CHRONOLOGIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


eight 


The  territory  was  rukid  from  1864  by  a  successinn  of 
Henry  Connelly  from  1864,  KoUrrt 


governors: 


Grande  valley.  1581,  Fr.  Agustin  Ilodriguez  enters  N.  Mox.  from  Chili. 
}.')82-H,  eiitrail.i  of  Espejo.  lalS^{-'J5,  several  project.^  of  con(iuest,  vitlnmt 
resultd.  I.")'.t0"l,  illegal  entry  of  Castano  de  Sosa  from  N.  Leon  via  Toxiu. 
l.'')'.)4-(j,  expedition.^  of  iionilla  and  Huntana. 

Spanish  eonrjuest  and  occupation:  see  chap,  vi.-x.  1598-9,  conquest  liy 
Juan  de  Oiiate.  1001-5,  Ofiatc  a  exped.  to  (^uiviraand  mouth  of  the  Ciil(ir:ul<i. 
1015,  Sta  Fe  founded  about  this  tiate.  1(530,  from  50  to  100  niissionaiirs 
serving  in  from  90  to  150  pueblo  missions.  1040,  beginning  of  dis.sen.sicjim  1a;- 
tweeii  govt  and  missionaries.  10.")0,  beginning  of  serious  troubles  with  tliu 
Indians.  l(i()4  et  sen.,  Penalosa's  filibustering  schemes.  1070  et  stij., 
Apaches  begin  their  raids;  Navajdes  mentioned;  Span.  pop.  about  '2,400,  cmi- 
verted  Ind.  'J0,000.  1080,  revolt  of  Pueblos,  expelling  Span.,  and  killiti;; 
400;  ¥A  Faso  founded.  lGSl-2,  Otermin's  vain  eflforts  to  reconipier  the  prov- 
ince.     1092-0,  recfinquest  by  L>iego  tie  V^argas. 

Spanish  rule  continued:  sec  chap,  xi.-iii.  170G,  founding  of  Albunpiercjuo, 
1709,  lirst  important  war  and  treaty  with  the  Navajos.  1712  et  ifCi[.,  itl'uits 
to  conciliate  or  conquer  the  Moqiii.s,  who  refused  to  submit.  1710  et  se(|.,  lirst 
troubles  with  Comanches.  17liO-42,  controversies  of  Franciscans  with  the 
church  and  with  the  Jesuits.  1730,  lirst  visit  by  the  bishop.  1750,  Span. 
pop.  4,000,  Ind.  converts  12,000.  1700,  tour  of  Bishop  Taniaron.  17(iO-  IMX), 
a  period  (tf  dissension,  rascality,  and  decadence.  1774-0,  active  etiorts  \.<t 
exploration  in  west,  and  for  conversion  of  the  Moipiis;  exped.  of  Dohuu^irz 
and  Esealaiite  to  Utah.  1770-7,  organization  of  I'rovincia.s  Jnteriias,  iiieludiiig 
N.  Mex.  1780-1,  ravages  of  small-pox,  leading  to  consolidation  of  mis^simis. 
1780,  new  Apache  policy.  ISOO,  Span.  pop.  18,000,  Ind.  9,700.  l^o:), 
Louisiana  ceded,  to  U.  S.  1801-5,  beginnings  of  Sta  Fe  trade;  working  ot  Sta 
Rita  copijer  niiiKS.  1800-7,  Pike's  exploring  exped.  1810,  Pino  sent  to 
Span,  cortes  from  N.  Mex.  1819,  boundary  treaty  with  U.  S.  1821,  N. 
Mex.  supports  Iturbide.      1822,  Span.  j)oj:).  30,000,  Ind.  10,000. 

Mexican  rule:  see  chap.  xiv.  1822,  Js.  Mex.  becomes  a  Mexican  province. 
1824,  a  territory  of  the  Mex.  republic;  beginning  of  the  legal  Sta  I'e  trinle. 
1828,  expulsion  of  Spaniards  ami  partial  secularization  of  missions;  dise<ivery 
of  the  gold  placers.  1833,  visit  of  the  bishop.  1835,  first  printing-press  and 
newspaper.  1830,  N.  Mex.  a  department  under  a  governf)r.  183,'-^,  reliel- 
lion  of  Gonzalez  ami  accession  of  Gov.  Armijo.  1839,  N.  Mex.  a  separate 
comandancia;  discovery  of  the  'new'  placers.  1841,  Texan  Sta  Fe  invasien. 
1844,  department  divided  into  districts  and  partidos.  1845,  pop.  alieut 
70,000,  Ind.  10,000;  Texas  annexed  to  U.  S. 

Rule  of  the  United  States:  see  chap,  xvii.,  xxv.-vii.  1840,  Mex.  war; 
occupation  of  N.  ,Mex.  by  Gen.  Kearnj-.  1847,  revolt  of  the  New  Mexicans; 
first  legislature  and  first  newspaper  in  English.  1848,  treaty  between  C  S, 
and  Mex.,  the  latter  ceding  N.  Mex.;  territorial  convention.  lS49-t")0,  state 
convention;  debates  in  congress  on  slavery  and  Texan  btmndary.  18.)t).  N. 
Mex.  admitted  as  a  territory;  pop.  01,547;  vicarate  of  Sta  Fe  estab.,  l.aiuy 
honorary  bishop.  1850-1,  Mex.  boundary  survey.  1851,  organization  of 
territorial  govt,  and  meiitiiig  of  1st  legislature.  1851-9,  several  R.  K.  and 
other  xplorations.  1853-4,  dispute  with  Mex.  for  possession  of  the  Mesiila 
valley.  1854-5,  Gadsden  purehase  annexed  to  N.  5lex.;  Ind.  wars.  1^'w, 
surveyor-general's  office  estab.  1858  OO,  pueblo,  private,  and  town  lam! 
claims  confirmed  by  congress.  1858-03,  Nav.ajo  wars,  einling  with  exped.  of 
'03-4  by  C.arleton  and  Carson.  1801,  Cimarron  Ind.  agency  estab.  1801  2, 
confederate  Texan  invasion;  territiiry  of  Colorado  cut  off.  1803,  Arizona  i^ut 
off;  Fort  Sumner  and  Hos(pie  Redondo  reservation  estab. 

Chronologic  annals  of  1804-80:  see  for  details  this  and  the  three  following 
chapters.      1804,  also  Hitch's  Biue-Iioi)l:      1804,  gov.  Connelly;  gen.  Cailelnn; 

Bosque  Redondo.      1805,  pilblieation  of  revised 


Ind.  supt  Steck;  Navajos  at 
statutes;   lud.  supt  iJelgado. 


1800,  guv.   Mitchell;   lud.  supt  Norton; 


■li . 

t 
1 

(■ 

( 

i 

RULERS   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


703 


B.  Mitel loll  from  1800,  William  A.  Pile  in  1809-71, 
^larsliGiddingsin  1871-5, Samuel  B.  Axtell  in  1875-8, 
LowisWallaoein  1878-8  l,LionelA.Slieldonin  188  1-4, 
ami  Ednmnd  G.  Ross  from  1885.  I  append  a  list  of  all 
tirritorial  and  federal  officials  for  the  period."     Most  of 

juiirs  on  the  palacio;  Mescaleroa  quit  the  Bosciue  Redondo  reservation.  18C7, 
gtii.  8ykes  and  Getty;  Ind.  supt  Webb;  discovery  of  Moreno  mines;  peon- 
age abolished;  deatli  of  Padre  Ant.  J.  Martinez;  decision  of  sup.  court  tliat 
I'ui'blos  are  citizens;  sohJiers'  monument  dedicate<l  at  Sta  Fe.  18()8,  Grant 
1(1.  created;  1st  daily  mail  from  east;  Navajos  removed  from  Bosque  Kedonilo 
to  tlieir  old  home  in  the  N.  w. ;  1st  mil.  telegraph  in  operation;  death  of  Kit 
Ciirsou;  Chavez,  contestant,  seated  as  delegate  in  congress;  Fort  Sumner 
aUandoned. 

18GII,  gov.  Pile;  Ind.  supt  Gallegos  and  Clinton;  Colfax  and  Lincoln 
counties  created;  archives  sold  for  waste  paper;  conqdaints  against  Justice 
llougliton;  earthquakes.  1870,  Ind.  supt  rope;  population,  SM),.")?.'?;  forts 
C'liMimings  and  McRae  garrisoned;  sale  of  tlie  Maxwell  ranclio;  Apaches  at 
Canada  Alamosa  moved  by  Colycr  to  Tularosa;  1st  national  bank  at  Sta  Fe. 
1871,  gov.  Giddings;  gen.  Granger  (also  1875);  biennial  sessions  of  Icgi.sli- 
t\iie;  water  found  l)y  Slartin  in  the  Jornada  del  Muerto;  filing  of  land  claims 
resumed.  1872,  Ind.  .supt  (the  last)  Dudley;  state  constitution  formed;  new 
public  scliool  law.  1873,  gen.  Gregg;  Jesuit  school  at  Albuniuenpie.  1874, 
gt'ii.  Devin;  Mescaleros  on  reserv.  at  Fort  Stanton;  Apaches  moved  to  Hot 
.Springs;  new  land  district  in  south  at  Mesilla;  prot.  episcopal  missionary 
ihiicese.  1875,  gov.  Axtell;  mil.  telegrapli,  Sta  Fe  to  Mesilla;  archdiocese 
(if  Sta  Fe  createtl;  Rev.  Tolby  murdered  in  Colfax  co. ;  Jesuit  schools  at  Las 
Vcj,'as  and  La  Junta.  1876,  col  Wade  and  gen.  Hatch;  telegraph  to  Tucson; 
K.  R.  at  Trinidad,  Col. ;  prefect  system  of  co.  govt  abandoned;  murder  of 
Hon.  Louis  Clark  in  llio  Arriba;  Ft  Sclden  abandoned.  1877,  Apaches  re- 
iiKived  to  S.  Carlos,  Ariz.;  telegraph  to  S.  Diego;  survey  of  land  claims 
resumed;  grand  lodge  of  masons  organized.  1878,  gov.  Wallace;  R.  R. 
crosses  N.  Mex.  line  at  Raton  Mt. ;  war  of  stockmen  begins  in  Lincoln  co. ; 
act  incorporating  Jesuits  annulled  by  congress  in  '7t';  Sta  FY'  academy  incor- 
porated; Jicarillas  moved  to  a  reserv.  in  n.  w.  ;  Utes  removed  to  Col.; 
A]iiicho  raids  of  Victorio,  '78-82.  1879,  beginning  of  a  'I)oom'  in  mines; 
^\llite  Oaks  mines  discovered;  Los  Cerrillos  lanqjs;  R.  R.  reaches  Las 
Vegas;  Hot  Springs  hotel  opened;  l.st  prot.  epis.  church  in  N.  Mex.  dedi- 
cated at  Las  Vegas;  Alburquenpie  academy  incorporated. 

1880,  R.  R.  readies  Sta  Fe,  Albunpierquo,  and  Isleta;  narrow-gauge 
R.  R.  from  nortli  enters  the  territory;  general  incorporation  act;  Bureau  of 
liKTiiig.  and  Historical  Soc.  organized;  founding  of  New  Albunjuercjuc;  Vic- 
torio killed  in  Mexico;  visit  of  (Jen.  trrant  and  Pros.  Haye;-';  Maxwell  Grant 
1(1.,  organized  under  laws  of  Holland;  Rio  Arriba  co.  enlarged;  gas  at  Sta. 
Fe;  street  R.  R.  at  Alburquenpie;  Las  Vegas  a(;a(kiii3';  hre  at  Las  Vegas; 
I'oli.  of  the  territory  10'.l,71).'l.  1881,  gov.  Sheldon;  gen.  Bradley  and 
Maekenzie;  R.  R.  completed  to  Deming,  El  Paso,  and  Cal. ;  also  1>.  <fc<;. 
R.  K.  in  the  north,  and  A.  &  P.  to  the  Arizona  line;  1st  territorial  fair,  and 
coiinregational  church  at  Alburquerque;  educational  assoc.  organized;  Ind. 
seliodl  at  Albunjuerque;  1st  vol.  of  N.  Vlex.  siq).  court  rejiorts  published; 
t(l(  plume  at  Sta  Fe.  188.'!,  tertio-millenuial  celebration  at  Sta  Fe;  A.  (.t  P. 
1\.  11.  reach(;a  Colorado  River;  Jicarilla  Ind.  remov(.'d  to  the  Mese.dero  reser- 
vation. 1884,  Sierra  co.  created;  Navujo  rescr\'.  extended  and  consolidated 
with  that  of  t'le  Moquis;  §200,000  approp.  for  couqileting  public  buildings; 
wrangle  alxv.'  rganization  of  the  legislature.  1885,  gov.  Ross;  publica- 
tion of  Compiled  I.hwh.      188(),  lire  at  Socorro;   population  prol)al)ly   150,000. 

'  New  Mexico  official  list  18(13  et  seq.  See  Lai/v  and  Journals;  also  liitcli'a 
Li ijifUUive  Bluc-Book;  AiUional  Aliiuinac:  Tribwie  Alnuinac,  etc. 


i  i: 


«ii 


I'  I 


llll 


\m : 


"  i 


m  'A 


I: 


;  f  , 


;!'(' 


11 


W 


r 


704 


CHRONOLOGIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


the  rulers  managed  New  Mexican  aftairs  witii  com- 
nienduhle  tact  and  honesty,  taking  some  pains  to  ai- 

(iovuniora:  Henry  Connelly  1801-5;  W.  F.  M.  Amy,  acting,  18(m  ()• 
Roliort  li.  Mitchell  1806-9;  Wm  A.  Pile  1809-71;  Marsh  Giddings  I,s7|  :>'■ 
Win  (J.  Ritch,  acting,  1S75;  Samuel  B.  Axtoll  1875-8;  Lewis  AVallacu  1878  81; 
Lionel  A.  Sliehliin  1S81-5;  Edmund  G.  Ross  1S85-0. 

Secretaries  (often  acting  as  gov.,  especially  Amy  and  Ritch):  W.  l",  M 
Amy  180'2-7,  1872-;};  H.  H.  Heath  1807-70;  Henry  Wetter  1870-2;  Wm  g' 
Ritch  1873-85;  Sam.  A.  Losch  1885;  Geo.  W.  T,;ine  1885-0. 

Delegat(!s:  38th  congress,  18C3-4,  Francisco  Perea;  39th  to  41.st  cong., 
1805-70,  Jose  Fruaeisco  Chavez  (though  C.  P.  Clever  receiving  tlie  cirtili- 
cute  of  election  held  the  seat  in  1807-8);  42<l  cong.,  1871-2,  Jose  Manuel  (ia- 
llegos;  43d  and  44th  cong.,  1873-6,  Stephen  B.  Pllkins;  45th  cong.,  1S77  8, 
Trinidad  Romero;  40th  cong.,  1879-80,  Alariano  S.Otero;  47th  cong.,  1881  '_>, 
Trampiilino  Luna,  4Slh  cong.,  1883-4,  Francisco  A.  Manzanarcs;  49th  cong., 
1885  -(),  Anthony  Joseph  (reelected  to  50th  cong.). 

Chief  justices:  1858-06,  Kirby  Benedict;  1  S0()-8,  John  P.  Slough ;  18(i8  '.1, 
John  S.  Watts;  1S09-7G,  Joseph  G.  Palen;  1870-8,  Henry  L.  Waldo;  1878  II, 
Charles  MeCandloss;  1879-82,  L.  Brandford  Prince;  1882,  Samuel  B.  Axtcll, 
Wm  A.  Vincent  1885,  E.  V.  Long  1885-6. 

Associate  justices,  2d  district,  1801-4,  Sydney  A.  Huhhell;  1804-9,  Perry 
E.  Brocehus;  1809-70,  Hezekiah  S.  Johnson;  1876-7,  John  I.  Ridiuk; 
1877-8,  Siinuiel  B.  McLin;  1878-85,  Joseph  Bell;  1885-6,  Wm  H.  Briiiker; 
3d  district,  1801-5,  Joseph  G.  Knapp;  1805-9,  Joab  Houghton;  1809-70, 
Abraham  Bergen;  1870-1,  Benj.  J.  Waters;  1871-2,  Daniel  B.  Johnson; 
1872-85,  Warren  Bristol;  1885,  Wm  B.  Flemming;  1885-0,  AVm  F.  Hen- 
derson. 

Clerks  of  sup.  court:  1859-00,  1808-9,  Sam.  Ellison;  1806-7,  Wm  .M. 
Giiynnf:  1S07~8,  Peter  Connelly;  1809-73,  Wm  Hrcedeu;  1873-7,  Rufus  J. 
Palen;  1877  80,  John  H.  Thompson;  1880-2,  Frank  W.  Clancy;  1882-5, 
Charles  W.  I'hilips;   1885,  R.  W.  Webb;  1885-0,  R.  M.  Johnson. 

Attorni^y -generals:  1803-7,  C  P.  Clever;  1807-9,  Merrill  Ashurst;  1809- 
72,  Thos  B.  Catron;  1872-80,  Wm  Breedon;  1880,  Henry  L.  Waldo;  1880, 
Eugene  A.  Fiske  (not  confirmed);  1881-0,  Wm  Broeden. 

Treasurers:  1803-5,  Wm  Ostertonand  Anastasio  Sandoval;  1805-6,  Felipo 
Delgado  and  x\..  Sandoval;  1800-9,  Simon  Delgado;  1869-72,  Felipo  and  Pablo 
Delgado;  1872-80,  Antonio  Ortiz;  1880-2,  Juan  Delgado;  1882-6,  Antonio 
Ortiz. 

Auditors:  1863-5,  Miguel  E.  Pino;  1805-7,  Epifanio  Vigil;  1S()7,  Ana- 
stasio Sandoval;  1807-9,  Epifanio  Vigil;  lS()9-72,  A.  Sandoval;  1872-80, 
Trinidad  AlariiL 

U.  S.  attorneys:  1860-7,  T.  D.  Wheaton;  1809-71,  S.  B.  Elkins;  1871-'-', 
S.  M.  Ashenfelter;  1872-8,  Thos  B.  Catron;  1878-82,  S.  M.  Barnes;  18S2-5, 
Geo.  W.  Prichard;  1885,  Thos  Smith. 

U.  S.  marshals:  1801-G,  Abram  Cutler;  1860-70,  Thos  B.  Catron;  1S70-SL', 
John  Sherman,  Jr;  1882-5,  A.  L.  Morrison;  1885-0,  Romulo  Martinez. 

Surveyor-generals:  lSOl-8,  John  A.  Clark;  1808-9,  Benj.  C.  Cutler; 
1809-72,  T.  R.  Spencer;  1872-6,  James  K.  Proudlit;  1876-85,  Henry  ^I. 
Atkinson;  1SS5-6,  Geo.  W.  Julian,  clerk  and  translator:  1860-84,  David  J. 
Miller. 

Registers  land-office  Sta  Fe:  1861-8,  Joab  Houghton;  1868-70,  Ed.  D. 
Ihompsou;  1870-2,  Ebcn  Everett;  1872-5,  Abram  G.  Iloyt,  1875-8,  Jose  1>. 
Sena;  1878-81,  John  C.  Davis;  1881-4,  Max  Frost.  Receivers:  1858  04, 
W.  A.  Street;  1864-0,  John  Greiner;  1866-70,  J.  L.  Collins;  1870-6,  E.  \V. 
Little;  1870,  Geo.  R.  Smith,  C.  M.  Howard;  1876-7,  A.  G.  Hoyt;  1877-81, 
Elias  Brevoort;  1881-5,  W.  H.  Bailhacht;  1885-0,  C.  F.  Easley.  Registers 
at  MesiUa  land-oilice:  1876-82,  Geo.  D.  Bowman;  1882-5,  John  R.  MeFit. 
Receivers:  1876-8,  Lawrence  Lepoint;  1878-80,  Mariano  Varela;  1880-4^ 
S.  W.  Sherfey. 

Adjutant-generals:    1861-5,   C.   T.   Clever;    1865-7,   John  Gwin;  1867-8, 


i 


I  ' 


ClIAUAt'Tini  OF  TIIK  (lOVlUlXOKS. 


705 


witii  coin- 
)aiiis  to  ai- 

acting,  I  Mm  0; 
riddiiigs  l^TI  5; 
tValUicuKSTb  hi; 

itch):  AV.  V.  M, 
lS70-'2;  AViii  (J. 

h  to  41  st  Cong., 
iving  the  cfrtiti- 
Jose  ^laiUK'l  (i;i- 
h  coag.,  1*^77  8, 
thcoiig.,  1^81  '2, 
ires;  49th  toiig., 

Slough;  1808  9, 
,  WaUh);  1S78  il, 
aiuuL'l  B.  Axtill, 

11;  18G4~9.  l\rry 
John  I.  Riauk; 
Win  H.  Blinker; 
Aghton;  18119-70, 
niel  B.  Jolmsim; 
-G,  Win  F.  Hun- 

18CG-7,  Wm  M. 
1873-7,  Rufus  J. 

Clancy;  1882-5, 
iinson. 

Ashurst;  18G9- 

L.  Wahlo;  1880, 

I;  ISGo-O,  Felipe 
"'olipo  ami  I'^ihlo 
1882-G,  Aut(iiiio 

igil;  181)7,  Ana- 
uloval;    187l.'-80, 

Elkins;  1871-'-', 
Barnes;  188'2-5, 

Catron;  lS7tV-8'2, 

Martinez. 

enj.  C.  Cutler; 
6-85,  Henry  M. 
i60-84,  David  J, 

1868-70,  Ed.  1). 

1875-8,  Jose  p. 

elvers ;    1858  lU, 

i;  1870-6,  E.  W. 
Hoyt;  1877-81, 

Lsley.  Registers 
(John  R.  MeFie. 
IVarela;    1880-4* 

[i  Gwiu;  1867-8, 


({uaiut  tlu'insulvos  ^vitll  tlic  territory's  needs,  so  far  as 
call  be  cleteriniiied  from  their  messages,  from  tlie  praise 
(if  friends  and  censure  of  foes,  and  from  tlie  various 
records  of  their  official  acts,  thougli  not  ap[)ointed  Avitli 
any  special  view  to  their  fitness  or  the  peopk.-'s  de- 
sires, and  liaving  but  wh^lit  opportunity  for  usisl'ul 
scivice.  Connelly,  as  we  Jiave  seen,  was  a  weak  man, 
(if  good  intentions,  who,  notwithstanding  his  hyal 
sentiments,  made  no  very  brilliant  record  as  a  'war' 
governor.  He  died  in  office,  and  was  succeeded  tem- 
porarily by  W.  F.  !M.  Arny,  the  secretary,  a  man 
jirominent  in  Indian  afl'airs  and  (.)ther  })ublic  matters, 
iiiv(;lved  in  many  controversies,  but  of  good  repute. 
Governor  Mitchell  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  legisla- 
ture to  such  an  extent  as  to  call  out  from  that  body 
a  resolution  for  his  removal.  He  was  accused  of  hav- 
ing absented  himself  during  the  session,  remo\ing  on 
his  reture  the  ofHcials  app(jinted  by  Secretary  Heath, 
and  refusing  to  sanction  a  memorial  passed  in  his  ab- 
sence. He  even  had  the  audacity  to  appoint  a  dele- 
gate to  congress  to  fill  a  vacancy!  It  was  resolved 
to  Send  laws  not  approved  by  him  to  congress  for  con- 
firmation, at  the  same  time  asking  for  an  abrogation  of 
the  governor's  absolute  veto  power,  which  was  granted 
liy  an  amendment  of  the  organic  act  m  1808.  There 
was  a  controversy  between  the  governor  and  secretary, 
th(!  latter  being  denounced  in  public  meetings  at  tlie 
capital  but  sustained  by  two  resolutions  of  the  assem- 
hly.  Of  Oovernor  Pile,  but  little  appears  beyond  the 
stupid  blunder  by  which  half  the  old  S[)anish  archives 
were  lost,  as  notified  elsewhere.  He  was  later  United 
States  minister  in  Venezuela.  Governor  Giddings 
(lied  in  office  in  1875,  and  was  succeeded  temporarily 
hy  Secretary  Ritch,  a  man   who  as  secretary,  acting 

Cl.ver  and  John  T.  Russell;  1868-70,  Goo.  W.  Cook  and  James  M.  Wdson; 
1870  1,  Win  L.  Ryncrson;  1871,  A.  Sandoval;  l,S71-:i,  W.  M.  (Uddin-.s; 
1873-80,  Tho.sS.  Tucker;  1880-1,  J.  H.  Watts;  1881-i>,  Max.  Frost;  lS.S-_'-;{, 
Louis  Fidaontluil;   1883-6,  E.  L.  Bartlett. 

l.ihrarians:    1869-71,  Ira  M.   Bond;    1871-8,  Jame.s  McKenzie;    1878-80, 
Aniceto  Alieitia;  1880,  R.  H.  Tompkins;  l8S0-6,_  Sam  Ellison. 

IIlST.    VlllZ.  AND  N.  MEX.      40 


'  11 

i' 

1 

i 

i" 

i. 
1- 

A; 

,i 
i  • 

:.''/! 

,  I  ■ 

1 

1 

;!■■ 

il :  I 


!i;ii 


»  « 


ft  i 


M  .U 


m 


fi 


i*  I' ';' 


7(M] 


CHH()N()L(HiI('  AM)  OKKK'TAL. 


oovcnior,  nn^sidciit,  of  ilu'  TimiilL!,r.'itioii  Socicly,  au- 
thor, and  citi/i'ii  has  hccn  s'uu'v.  IH7'''>  <iin'  of  the  timst, 
artivii  unci  siicci'ssrul  Avorkn-s  tor  tlit^  Kciu'llt,  of  lii^ 
tc'rritory.  (Jlovcnior  Axi(>ll  was  later  cliict' Justin; 
(JoNci'iior  Wallace,  famous  as  a  <j;'eneriil  and  as  ;iii 
author;  aud  Slieldoii,  a  uiost  etlicient  and  i)o|>ul;tr 
j>()VerMt)r. 

Ni'\t  is  a|»J>elided  a,  full  list,  of  the  UUMulu'l'S  of  tlie 
loufisliitive  Jisseiuiilies  from  the  t  liir't,eeiltll  to  tlic 
twenty-sixth  sessions.''     It  will  he  noted  that  the  nir- 

'  Miirilpcrs  III  till'  Ir^isLitliri'M,  ISCit  it  .si([.  S(m:  A'.  Mi.r.  /.itifs:  Id.,  Jviii-- 
iiiili:  Mii'l  /ii/i/i'<  l.i'iii^t.  lUiii   I'liin/,: 

l.'iili  Mssi'iiiMy,  IS('i:t  4.  Ciimit'il:  lucsiilciit,  I>ii'.;o  Arcliiili'ta,  clirk  I'nlrn 
Naldcs,  M(ii;t,  ilosc''  lliiiiiii  y  l'>-;  imMiiln'i's,  Mor.i,  Sivrri.ino  Martini/;  'I'ihps, 
(Jaliiicl  \  if^il,  M.itias  Medina;  Kio  Arrilia,  |).  Arilinlcta,  Man.  'I'lnjilld:  M;i 
I'V,  Anastasio  Sandoval;  Sla  Ana  and  UiTiialdln,  Snalin  Ivandrt'/,  Nui.hn 
Lni'tiii;  Nalcniia,  (  liincntc  ( 'liavi'z;  Suimhto,  l)i<inlsi<>  ■laraniillti;  hciiia  Aha 
ami  Aii/ima,  Cristdlial  Saiiclii'/,.  llonsf:  N|ii'akcr  N'ii't'iittM  laicia,  idii'k  I'riii, 
iSala/.ar,  .srigfc  .1.  A.  Marline/;  nu-inliers,  Mura,  Aixil.  (Jareia,  .1.  tl.  vJalli  lms; 
Tans,  Venlnra  lliTrera,  ilosi'  l)\iran,  lianinn  Arellano,  Cris.  Mares;  Uio  Ar- 
rilia, .losi'  Sala/ar,  .lesiis  M.  Merrera,  .lose  M.  \'ij,'il;  Sta  Vv,  Vieento  (Jar'i  i, 
Simon  l>i'lj.;ado,  Jesns  M.  t)rti/;  S.  Mi^nel,  Desiderio  ( iallei;o.s,  Ki'nino  lli- 
liarri,  .lose  Aragon  y  I'.,  C'elso  V'aea;  Sta.  An.i,  I'atrieio  Sdv.i;  jMinalilln. 
II.  1,.  .lolinsoii,  Tonia.s  ('.  tiutierre/;  Valencia,  <irej;.  N.  Otero,  Filonnin) 
Sanchez;  Soeorro,  — — ;   Hona  Ana  ami  Arizona,  Frank  llij,'gins. 

1  (til  assendily,  IStil-").  Oouneil:  jires.  |).  Ai'elmlet.i,  elerk  Nie.  (,liiui- 
tfVlia,  si  rL;t  l\'lai;io  Ortiz;  nieniliers,  same  a.s  preeedin;,' session,  e.\ee[it  .1.  .\ 
Vaea  lor  Medina  in  Taos;  S.  Mii^nel,  J)on.  \'i^d,  Man.  Il(  rrera;  Soeorro.  \  i- 
cant.  Ilonse;  sjieaker  I'edro  S'aldi's,  eleik  Sanl.  \'aldes,  ser^^t  .liian  M. 
(Jareia;  mend>ers.  Mora,  Keli|p(!  Sanchez,  Nestor  Martinez;  Taos,  I'edro  \  .d- 
iles,  l'\li|ie  Areludeta,  Ihienaventura  i.oh.ito,  Nie.mor  \  i.uil;  Uio  Arrili.i, 
Fran.  Salazar,  .lesiis  J..nj,\n,  M.  J^ucero;  Sta  l''e,  Felipe.  l)elgado,  M.in.  11. >  1- 
rii^iiez,  Theodore  S.  (Jreiner;  S.  Mii;uel,  Arthur  Morrison,  Kd.  .M.irtiiirz, 
Trini.lad  Jlomero,  l>esiderio  Jvomero;  St.i  .Vna,  Fi-an.  N'aca;  liei'n.dillo.  Win 
11.  lleiirie,  W.  1'.  Str.iclian;  A'alencia,  FiloniiMio  Sanchez,  Koniaii  N'.ni; 
Socorro,  Candelario  (Jarcia,  lose  A.  \  aea  y  I'ino;  |)ona  Ana,  Stephen  11. 
Klkin.. 

l.");li  assendily,  ISli.")  (i.  ('(uuieil:  jires.  Mii^nel  K.  I'ino,  clerk  l''r.in.  Sai.i- 
zar,  seigt  .lose  Sena;  memliers.  Mora,  vacant;  Taos,  I'ascual  M.irtine/,  Ual.nl 
Chacon;  Uio  Arriha,  Ant.  (1.  Cdrdolia,  Vicente  Aragon;  Sta  Fe,  M.  K.  I'iiin; 
S.  .Miguel,  'i"oina.s  P.  N'aca,  Man.  llerrera;  Sla  Ana  anil  Bernalillo,  ,'esus  M. 
Silva,  (iuailalupe  IVrea;   N'aleneia,   Man.   .Sanchc/;  Soeorro,  dose  A.  Toiiv^; 

J)iiria  Ana,  .      House;  speaker  .Sanniel    KUison,  clerk.).  M.  ]1.  Aland, 

sorgt  F.stevau  (iarcia;  niendiers.  Mora,  Fel.  Sanchez,  .lose  Mesta.s;  Taos,  I'cl. 
Montoya,  Juan  IJ.  Cola,  Ant.  A.  Mondrauon.  .luan  N.  S.inehez;  J\io  Arrihi, 
Tonias  Silazar,  Tonuis  jMontana,  Fran.  Salazar;  Sta  Fe,  .Sam.  Kllison,  C.  I>. 
Ortiz.  M.iu.  Vaea  y  l)elgailii;  S.  Migiud,  Miin.  Fhires,  I'edro  Arcliiveipic: 
Sta  Ana,  Nie.  \  alencia;  M.rnaliUo,  Vicente  Chavez,  Mateo  Luna;  Valen  iii, 
Man.  Siilazar,  Creg.  N.  Otero;  .Soeorro,  Jesus  M.  Chavez;  Dona  Ana,  Cosaiin 
Duran,  Ignaeio  Orrantia. 

Uiili  assendily,  ISliti  7.  Couueil:  pros.  M.  K.  Pino,  clerk  F^ran.  .Salazir, 
sorgt  Tcdro  .Sanchez;  mendiers,  same  as  liefori',  except  Ant.  .M.  for  Mmi; 
M.m.  II  ircra  and  M.  Mestas  for  .S.  Miguel.  House:  sjieaker  H.  M.  Ste\(iis, 
ckrk  Xic.   (Juiutaiia,   sergt  Jose   1).  Taloya;  mendiers.  Mora,  Jose  GaUei^'is, 


Jl 


iM'it'ty,  !>ii- 

:'  till'  tllnst 
ici'll,  t>l'  llH 
ft"  just  ire; 
ind  iis  an 
ul    pojiular 

luTS  <>l     t'l!>' 

lih    to    lilt' 
lut  tlir  iiiv- 

l.dirs:   III.,  J"iii-- 

\f[:\,  flrrk  r.  .Ini 
Maitiiu"/;  '1  :i'is, 
Mil.  'I'mjiU":  St;i 
Vaiiiiiv/,    Nii"l:n 
luillo;   l)<ii\:i  Ana 
ircia,  fli  rU  I'r m. 
a,  ,1.  .1.  vl^ill'i^'-; 
,.  Marcs;   Uii>  Ar- 
i,  Vicciitr  (Jni'Ki, 
(•ji<is,  Ki^iiiK  rii- 
Silva;   ]*»Tiiiilill". 
Olcro,    FiloiiHiui 
jn'ms. 

Icli'vk  'Ni*'.   ti'iiiii- 
111,  oxct'iit  .1.  A 
•era;  Sin'orri),  \a- 
fi,;-<it    .liiiui     M. 
Taos,  I'l'ilni  \A- 
..j;il;    lllii    Arril.il, 
ijjado,   Man.  II'"!- 
Kil.    .M:irini'/. 
/HiTiialillo,  W  lii 
•/„    Koiiiaii    \  I'  i; 
Alia,    SU'plun    1'.. 

cliTk  Frail-  ^ ''■'• 
MariilU'/.,  Uatarl 
.  Fo,  M.  K.  I'.un; 
rualiUo,  .!i's"s  M. 
,l,isr  A.  TiMi.s; 
'.1.  M.  11.  Alanl, 
IcstiW,  Taiw,  Frl. 
i'\u'/.;  Kii>  Ai-rii'i, 
am.  FAlisciii,  ('.  !'>■ 
,.,ln)  Ar<'lnvci|u.; 
,  l,uiia;  VaUu'Ui, 
)oMa  Ana,  Cesario 

rk  Fran.   Saki/ar, 
.lit.  -M.  f"i'  ^1'"''; 

.tT  K.    M.  StCVlMlS, 

ra,  Jose  GalU'i:"-*, 


MKMI'.KKS   OF  TIIH   LKCISLATUKK. 


707 


|itiii(l('ra?U'o  of  S|»:iiii.sli  iiiimcs  is  cxcii  nion'  iiiiirkcd 
than  ill  tlif  iissfiiiMics  ol'  earlier  years.      Indeed,  until 

liniKlad  1j(i|m'z;  Tkih,  I'nlrii  ( larcfa,  SanloH  Miifii/,  .lost!  A.  M.irtiiiiz  y  Mi^- 
iliiia,  ISiirn.  liiilialci;  liici  ,\rrllia,  Man.  .laraiiiillo,  I'alilo  .|:ir.'iinilli>,  .ln.-r  K, 
drtij^a;  Sta  l''c,  it.  .M.  Stcvi'iis,  X'iccnii;  (iarcia,  .liiaii  ( Joiiz.ilcz;  S.  Mij^iicI, 
r.i  ni^'iio  .larainillip,  M.itia.s  Itivcni,  .Man.  Vaca,  .Iohi!  M.  Mailiiiczj  S(a  .Ana, 
Siiii.  Fllison;  I5iin,ilill(i,  IScnj.  Slcvcns,  {'"ran.  I'cri'a;  Vaiciuiia,  I'lchu  Tdirr.s, 
I' iliiMM'no  SaiiclM'z;   hniia  An.i,  Frank  lli^;t;ins. 

ITlli  assiiiilily,  IMIT  'S.  Cniincil:  |inM.  Aiia-staMJo  Samldval,  cirrk  llMlail 
I  liiccpii,  .scr;;t.  .lust'  .Mdiitoyi;  iihimIu'Is,  Mma,  l''ili|M',  S.irirlic /;  Tan-,  ,1.  |{. 
\  iMcs,  .liNii.s  M.  I'achciii;  iviii  .Arrili.i,  I).  Arcliiilrta,  .lii.iii  A.  Martiniz;  St;i 
If,  .A.  Siiiiilov.il;  S.  Mi;;ii(l,  Scvrri)  Vara,  ( 'cImii  Vac  a;  Sla  Alia  anil  licrna- 
lilln,  l''('l,  Samliival,  Aiidri's  I'unnrd;  N'ali'iici.i,  .lii.iri  S.iiaz.ir;  Siicoird,  t 'aii- 
il>  I  irio  (iarcia;  l>(ii'ia  Ana,  Win  li.  RyncrsDii.  Ilcnisc:  K|pcakir  .Insi'  .M. 
1  ..illiTiiis;  incinliciH,  Mora,  l'"crnanilci  Ncilan,  l''ci.  T.itns  i;  Tans,  I'ccirn  (lalii!- 
1.1^,  IMiniilii  Martinez,  .liiaii  I'.  Knnicro,  .Inaii  I.  I'lclicco;  !{ic(  .Arrili.i, 
( liiciiiiino  .lar.iiniiici,  l''ran.  .laraniiilu,  TimmIiiio  Fs(|nilii  I;  Sl.i  !''('',  .1.  .\l.  (la- 
'lci;us,  Michael  Sleek,  \'ieentc^  (Iarcia;  S,  .Mi;j;iiil,  {''lan.  1'.  .\liren,  .Nniielo 
S,i|,izar,  licaniiro  Sanchez,  .liili.in  Ara;;(iii;  Sla  .\iia,  Siiiicni  S  iiiilip\  .il;  Keriia- 
llli).  Win  II.  Ilcniie,  N'iccnic  ( 'havez;  N'aiencia,  liiei,'.  N.  Otern,  I'ldro 
Tnrre.s,   Iviiiiiniri  Saiicinz;    hciAiAna,   l;;naci(i  ( )raiil  i.i,   1' ililo  Mi'lenilrez. 

ISih  asseinlily,  ISCiS  ".t,  ('(iiincil:  |)ri.s.  S<'Ver<i  \'aca,  cli'ik  Hal.  ('liaccni, 
Kii  ardii  ( iaHceiis;  nieinlKtr.s,  same  as  Itcldre.  Ilniise:  H|ie,ikcr  R.  M.Sleveiis, 
'  lei  k  Fran.  Salazar,  ser;<t  <<re^.  .lar.'iiiiillo;  nienilMrs,  Mnra,  Fern.  Nnl.in, 
l.niinzo  Ronieni;  T.ins,  >liist''  (i.  Fernanilez,  .A.  I>.  Torres,  S.  II.  Sini|is(iii, 
I'lan.  M<)iiti),va;  Hi"  .Ariilia,  Man.  (iarcia,  Mariaim  Larra;;iiitia;  Sta  I'e,  R. 
\|  Slcvi'iis,  .liiaii  ( Iarcia,  Reniln  \'aca;  S.  Mif^ncl,  Aniceto  Sal  izar,  I'niiaciano 
Si  riaiiii,  l)(iin.  Trnjillo,  hcsiilcrio  Rniiicrd;  Sta  Ana,  I'lsiiiliinila  Roinerd; 
I'm  I  iialilld,  I5enj.  Stc\cns,  Henry  1 1  i|e;erl,  .1  iilian  Sanchez;  Sdcorid,  .lesiis  .\1. 
CliiMZ,  Saliirniiid  V.na;   Uciha  .Ana  and  ( Iraiit,  l;,'ii.  Orantia. 

I'.llli  ;isstnnlil,v,  ISd'.l  70.  ('diincil;  [n-es.  Nic.  Vino,  clerk  Nicainn'  \  iL'il, 
sriirt  Man.  K.  I'iiid;  incinher.s,  .Mdia  and  ( 'cilta.x,  .lesu.s  M.  I'achccd;  Tans, 
Suit.  Alircil,  .Inaii  A.  N'aca;  Rid  Arrilia,  I).  Archuleta,  I'aMi.  (iallcLids;  Sla 
I'e,  Nil'.  I'lno;  S.  ]\lif.;iud,  I5i'iiii;iid  fjarainilin,  ( 'ris.  Sanchez;  Uernaldld,  Sanl. 
t  Gonzalez;  Sta  Ana,  .Icsiis  M.  A'aca;  Sdcdirii  and  l.incdln,  ('andelario  (Iarcia; 
\  ileiicia,  vac.mt;  Dmia  Ana  and  ( irant.  Win  L.  Ryiiersdti.  llinise:  sjieaker 
tlii}^.  N.  Otero,  clerk  .lesii.s  M.  Sena,  serj.'!  .Inaii  Ortiz;  ineinliers,  Uernalilhi, 
Aiidii'.s  Roinci'd,  ^\'ln  II.   Ileiirie;  ( 'olfax,   II.  S.   Russell;    Dona  .Ana,  .A|iii|(iiiid 

\  aiela;  (irant,  .lnhn  1>.  Hail;  Lincoln,    ;   .Mora,  .losi'!  .Mestas;   Rio  .Airilia, 

I'oiiiciano  iMontoya,  Raiiion  Ar.iuon;  Sta  Ana,  Xe|ioinii(.'eno  Silva:  Sta  Ki', 
li.  M.  Stevens,  Viiente  ( iarcia,  .losi'  R.  Ortiz;  S.  .MiLrinl,  .lose  .M.  A'aca,  Sac- 
1  inicnto  Mdiito,va,  Jsidro  Riiio,  J^eandid  Sanchez;  Sdcdirn,  .Jesii.s  .M.  ('havez; 
Taos,  .lose  I).  Tafoya,  .lo^e  1).  .Mondrat^on,  I'edro  (iarcia,  (-reg.  ^'elarll^,■; 
\  aleiicia,  ( Ireg.  X.  Otero,  l,aiiriaiio  .liiraiiiiUo. 

'JDlli  asseinlily,  1S7I  'J.  ('oiiiicil;  jircs.  Si  \ei'd  \aea,  clerk  Fran.  Salazar, 
sci';;t  li.  .laraindlo;  ineniliers,  I'xriialiUd,  .liiaii  .1.  (iipiizalez;  Oofia  .Ana  and 
(Irint,  losepli  F.  Bennett;  .Mora  and  ( 'oltax,  \'icente  .St  Vraiii;  Rio  Ariili», 
1'.  Archuleta,  l)ioiiisio  N'ar^as;  Sta  Ana,  .1.  M.  Silva;  Sta  Fe,  Xaz.uio  (Inn- 
zilcz;  S.  Mienel,  Sevcio  Vaca,  Jieiiigiid  .lar.iinillo;  Socorro  and  Jiincoln, 
•  'and.  ('  '■t-iji;  Taos,  Nicaiior  \'i;^il,  I'edro  Sanchez;  Valencia,  ]?onifaeid  (  ha- 
ve/. i..iii,s(;:  sjiuakcr  Milnor  Rudolph,  and  after  .Ian.  '72  (Irej^.  N.  (Itero, 
clerk  .1.  M.  Sena,  sergt  ralilo  I'ino;  inemliers,  IVrnalillo,  .Inaii  ( '.  Ch.avez, 
N'ii'cnte  Chavez;  Coltax,  11.  S.  Russell;  Dona  Ana,  l';iii,'eiiio  Mon  no,  .Man. 
Ncvares;  Orant,  .1.  K.  .lohiisoii;  Lincoln,  Win  Brady;  Mora,  Alex,  liraiich; 
Kill  .Ari'ilia,  F^varist^i  Alcstas,  Isidoro  M.irtinez;  Sta  .Ana,  I'lorencio  .'"^aiiddval; 
Sla  Fe,  Juan  ('  lioinero,  .lose  A.  Romero.  Luis  (iri'go;  S.  .Miguel,  I'ascual 
Vaoa,  Ladislas  ("iallugos,  .luliaii  Cisnero,  M.  Rndoliili;  Socorro,  .lulian  Mon- 
IdSa;  Taos,  .Tuaii  ,A.  (Sanchez,  Hueii.  Jjoliato,  .Ant.  .1.  (iallego-i,  Rat.  .Martimiz; 
Valencia,  Julian  Sanchez,  (Jrog.  N.  Olero,  Silvc.stro  Alieitia. 


11 


"i\ 


* 


' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MTO) 


/y 


'/a 


1.0 


I.I 


25 


22 

iag  ^ 

<i-o    Hill  2.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

— ^ 

^ 6"     - 

► 

Hiote)graphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


4^ 


^ 


^  4 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


-^ 


\ 


fc 

^ 


708 


CHRONOLOGIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


ii 


f- 


K 


,.! 


i    !.:, 


the  last  sessions,  almost  the  whole  membership  was 
made  up  of  native  New  Mexicans,  all  business  beinji; 

21st  assciiiMy,  1873-4.  Council:  pres.  Potlro  Sanchez,  clerk  Ant.  Saliizar, 
scrgt  Luciano  Hcrrera;  nieinhers,  Bernalillo,  Beuj.  Stevens;  Dofia  Ana  aii>i 
Lincoln,  Jt)hii  D.  Bail;  Mora  and  Co'fax,  Vicente  Jkt)Hiero;  Rio  Arrilta,  Fran. 
Salazar;  Sta  Fe  anil  Sta  Ana,  Nic.  I'ino,  Nejionniceno.Silva;  S.  Miguel,  Fraa. 
P.  A))ren,  iSant.  Vaca;  Socorro,  Pablo  Padilla;  Tao.s,  Peilro Sanchez,  Marcild 
Vigil;  Valencia,  Juan  Salazar,  Bonif.  Chavez.  House:  speaker  Greg.  N. 
Otero,  clerk  Aniailo  C.  Vaca,  sergt  Ap>)lonio  (iutierrez;  tneuilters,  Bernalillo, 
W.  H.  Henrie,  J.  C.  Chavez;  Colfax,  Melvin  W.  Mills;  Dofla  Ana,  Lincoln, 
and  (irant,  Wni  T.  Jones,  Jacinto  Ariiiijo;  Mora,  Berimrdo  Salazar,  I'aliln 
Maruj;  Rio  Arriba,  J.  M.  Herrera,  Perfecto  K.siiuibul;  Sta  Ana  and  Sta  Ft', 
Aiuwt.  Sandoval,  Ramon  Sena,  Ant.  Abreu,  David  C.  Vaca;  S.  Miguel,  J.  M. 
(laliegos,  Donacianu  Serrano,  Agustin  Vigil,  Candelario  Ulil)arri,  ]todrii:o 
(rarcia;  Socorro,  Cand.  Garci.a,  John  M.  Shaw;  Taos,  Luis  Gallegos,  Loreii/d 
Lobato,  J.  M.  Lesser;  Valencia,  Greg.  N.  Otero,  Jose  G.  Chavez,  Luciano 
Tiu.iiUo. 

'J'Jd  assembly,  1875-G.  Council:  i)re8.  Pedro  Sanchez,  clerk  Jos^  D.  Sena, 
Hi-Viil  Bcnj.  Stevens;  niend)ers,  Bernalillo,  Jose  Armijo;  Colfax  and  Mora,  A. 
J.  Callioun;  1).  Ana,  Lincoln,  and  (irant,  Jacinto  Armijo;  Rio  Arriba,  Louis 
Clai-k;  Sta  Fe  and  Sta  Ana,  Wm  Breeden,  Ksquipula  Romero;  S.  Miginl, 
Fran.  P.  Al)reu,  Roniualdo  Vaca;  Socorro,  Ant.  Abeitia;  Taos,  Pedro  .San- 
(lu/,  Tricanor  Vigil;  Valencia,  J.  F.  Chavez,  Juan  Salazar.  Hou.se:  speuki  r 
K'PMiau  A.  Vaca,  clerk  Aniado  C.  Vaca,  sergt  Estevan  Vaca;  mtnibers,  Ikr- 
nililio,  Jose  Chavez,  Alej.  Sandoval;  Colfax,  M.  W.  Mills;  I).  Ana,  <Jraiit, 
and  Lincoln,  John  M.  (iinn,  Eiigenio  Moreno;  Mora,  Sixto  Chavez,  Pedro.), 
(iidlegos;  Sta  Fe  and  Sta  Ana,  Ana-st.  Sandoval,  Aniceto  Alieitia,  Jesus  Sena. 
Agu.stin  t^uintana;  S.  Miguel,  Hcrnienejildo  Luccro,  Man.  Gonzidez,  Jesus 
('.  \'aca,  Ed.  Martinez,  Agustin  ti)uiutana(?);  Socorro,  Cand.  Garcia,  Jose  A. 
Romero;  Valencia,  Ronum  A.  Vaca,  Pablo  (Jarcia,  Eufemio  Romero. 

•JSd  assembly,  1S78.  Council:  pres.  Sant.  Vaca,  clerk  Jesus  M.  Sena, 
sernt  (iabriel  Vigil;  members,  Bernalillo.  Sant.  Vaca,  Fel.  Garcia;  Colfax  anil 
Mora,  Fern.  Nolan;  J).  Ana,  (irant  iiicoln,  John  S.  Crouch;  Rio  Arriba. 

I>.  .\rchuleta;  Sta  Fe,  Nic.  Pino;  ,uel,  Lorenzo  Lope/,  (iabriel  Rivera; 

Socorro,  Toniiis  ( ionzalw.;  Taos,  .li  .  .Martin,  .Juan  A.  Sanchez;  Vah^ncia. 

(Jreg.  N.  Otero,  ,T.  F.  Chavez.  Hou.-.e:  speaker  J.  B.  Patron,  clerk  Amado 
Chavez,  sergt  .Tulian  Vaca;  inend)er8,  Bernalillo,  Jose  M.  Montoya,  Jesus 
Armijo,  Man.  (lonzalez;  Colfax,  Wilson  L.  South;  I).  Ana,  Lincoln,  ami 
Grant,  John  K.  Houston,  J.  B.  Patron;  Mora,  Raf.  Romero,  Alex.  Brautli; 
Kio  Arriba,  Jose  M.  Sanchez,  I'erfecto  Es(piibel;  Sta  Fe,  J.  J.  Padilla,  Cri.>- 
tino  Montoya,  Anast.  Samloval;  S.  Miguel,  Roman  Lopez,  Atanasio  Garcia, 
Ramon  Ulibarri,  Bi'uito  liomero.  Ant.  J.  Galli'gos;  Socorro,  Jo.st^  J.  (iarcia, 
.lose  V.  Paddia;  Taos,  Sant.  Abreu,  Jose  L.  ^lartinez,  Matias  Ortega;  Va- 
lencia, Julian  P.  Connelly,  Man.  Sanchez,  Policarpio  ( iarcia. 

'Jttli  asseiidily,  1880.  Council:  pres.  J.  F.  Ciiavez,  clerk  Aniado  Chavez, 
sergt  .Jesus  .\I.  Lueero;  niend)ers,  Bernalillo,  Jesus  M.  Perea,  Florencio  San 
doval;  Colfax  and  .Mora,  Fra.nk  Springer;  I).  Ana,  Lincoln,  and  Grant,  S.  H. 
Ni'wcomb;  Rio  .\rril)a,  l'e<lro  I.  Jaramillo;  Sta  Fe,  W'm  Breeden;  S.  ^lig\ul, 
Pedro  N'aldes,  Ed.  Martinez;  Socorro,  Tomiis  Gonzale/.;  Taos,  Sant.  Valdis, 
Man.  A.  Sanchez;  Valencia,  J.  F.  Chavez,  (ireg.  N.  Otero.  House:  speaki  r 
Raf.  Romero,  clei'k  Marcos  (.'.  Vaca,  .sergt  Bias  Chavez;  members,  liernalillo. 
Juan  E.  Varela,  Meliiuiades Chavez,  Felieiano  Montoya;  Colfax,  W.  L.  South; 
J).  Ana,  Lincoln,  and  Grant,  Robert  Black,  Man.  Nevares;  Mora,  Raf.  Ro- 
mero, .Macario  (laliegos;  Rio  Arriba,  Fran.  Salazar,  Teodoro  Kscpiibel;  Sia 
Fe,  Bernard  Seligman,  Atanasio  Romero,  Felipe  Delgado;  S.  Miguel,  Pablu 
Arag<in,  Eugenio  <  laliegos,  Fran.  Lueero,  T.  C.  Vaca,  Raf.  Rilil  (?);  Socorio, 
Nestor (ionzalez,  Lui'iano Chavez;  Taos,  Jose(i.  (iriego,  FeL  Montoya,  Saloini- 
Jaipiez;  Valencia,  .lesus  11.  (.'havez,  Teolilo  Chavez,  .Man.  Sanchez. 

'J5th  UBscmbly,  1882.     Council:  pres.  Sevuro  Vaca,  clerk  Aut.  Ortiz,  sergt 


POLITICS  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


709 


3rsliip  wa« 
ness  beiinji; 

■k  Ant.  S;ilaz;ir, 
IJdfia  An:i  mi' I 
(>  Arril>ii,  Fi;in. 
"1.  MigiU'l,  Fi'.m. 

UlchcZ,   Miircrlci 

jaker  Greg.  N. 
Iicrs,  Benialillii, 
a  Ana,  Liiu'olu, 
)  Siilazar,  I'aUo 
na  and  Sta  Fr, 
S.  Mijtuel,  J.  M. 
lil)arri,  Uoilri-o 
allegos,  Loreu/'i 
Chavez,  Luciano 

irk  J086D.  Sena, 
IX  and  Mi>ra,  A. 

.M  Arrilia,  Louis 
lero;  S.    Mij;uil, 
'aos,  Pedii)  Saii- 
Houso:  speaki  r 
i;  members,  Ikr- 
;  D.  Ana,  (irant, 
Chavez,  Pe.lro.l. 
sitia,  Jesus  ."<iii.i. 
Gonzidez,  ilesus 
.  Garcia,  Jose  A. 
Romero. 
Jesus  M.  Sena. 
ireia;  Colfax  and 
uch;  Rio  Arrilia. 
;al)riel  Rivoia; 
hez;  VuUiii'ia. 
un,  clerk  Amado 
Nlontoya,  Jesus 
Lincoln,    and 
Alex.   BrauLli; 
J.  Padilla,  CrU- 
Atanasio  Garcia, 
,  Jo.st^  J.  »!arcja, 
tias  Ortega;  Va- 

Amado  Chavez, 
,,  Florencio  San 
•uul  Grant,  S.  H. 
uden;  S.  >liKUel, 

i,  Sant.  Valiles, 

House:  8\ieakrr 
il>ers,  liernalill". 
nx,  W.  L.  South; 

Mora,  Rat.  Ho- 
o  E»i|uiliel;  Sta 
Miguel,  I'al'l" 
lail  (?);  Socorro. 
!kf  ontoya,  Salome 

nchez. 

Aut.  Ortiz,  sergt 


transacted  in  the  Spanish  lantj^uagc.  so  that  tlie  jour- 
nals and  laws  had  to  be  translated  into  En<(lish  for  pub- 
lication. A  few  prominent  families  in  each  county  still 
controlled  the  elections,  thouji^h  perhaps  in  somewhat 
less  degree  than  formerly.  In  politics  the  legi.slature 
Avas  generally  and  nominally  n^publican,  though  politi- 
cal considerations  were  always  secondary  to  tho.-^e  of 
a  local  and  personal  nature.  There  were  a  few  petty 
wrangles  over  organization;  notably  in  1S84,  when 
the  councihnen  from  Bernalillo  and  Santa  Fe  were  ro- 
fusetl  their  scats  on  allegations  of  fraudulent  electioji, 
and  the  contestants  without  certificates  were  sworn  in 
hy  the  secretary,  on  a  vote  of  the  other  members  that 
thiy  were  entitled  prima  facie  to  the  seats.     This  led 

,T.  M.  Martinez;  members,  Bernalillo,  Win  C.  Hazeltine,  Sant.  Vaca;  Colfax 
and  Mora,  Anastasio  Trujillo;  1).  Ana,  (irant,  and  J.ineoln,  .lolin  A.  Miller; 
Ivio  Ari'ilia,  Man.  Garcia;  .Sta  Fc,  \\.  T.  Thornton;  S.  Mii^'uel,  .Severn  Vaca, 
.lns(>  K;if.  Martinez;  Socorro,  Jose  .M.  Apoihica:  Taos,  Anthony  Joseph,  Juan 
1".  Romero;  Valencia,  .1.  F.  Chavez,  Narciso  Pino.  House:  speaker  Pedro 
.Sanelu^z,  clerk  Amado  C.  Vaca,  sergt  Ant.  .1.  Martinez;  mendicrs,  liernalillo, 
.Andres  C  Vaca,  Es(iuiiiuhi  Romero,  Fran.  Chavez;  Colfax,  N.irciso  Valdes; 
l>.  Ana,  Grant,  and  Lincoln,  I).  M.  Ka.«ton,  Greg.  Miran<la;  Mora,  Norborto 
Saavedra,  Macario  <  ialhyos;  Rio  Arriba,  L.  M.  Ortiz,  Ant.  A'argas;  Sta  Fe, 
Fran.  .Moutoya,  Sam.  Bonner,  \.  U.  Laughlin;  .S.  .Miguel,  Peilro  L.  Piuard, 
•lose  L.  Rivera,  Fern.  Vaca.  Miguel  .Scgura,  .liniii  .faraniiUo:  ."^oeorro,  Jacinto 
.Sainlie/,  .Fose  A.  (iallegos;  Taos,  Pedro  .Sauciicz,  .luan  Santistevan,  Jose  P. 
.Sanchez;   Valencia,  l>enuis  Proveneher,  Jesus  Sanchez,  Casiniiro  .Sais. 

'Jlith  as.sombly,  1SS4.  Council:  pres.  Jose  Armijo,  clerk  BiMij.  M.  Read, 
sergt  \V.  F.  Hogan;  memliers,  Bernalillo,  C.  C.  McComa.s,  J.  M.  Moutoya; 
Coliax  and  Mora,  Jose  1.  Valiles;  IJ.  Ana,  Lincoln,  and  (irant,  .Tolm  A.  Mii- 
k'l-;  l{i(»  Arriba,  J osii  P.  (tallegos;  .S.    Miguel,  Andres  Sena,  W.  H.  Keller; 

Sta    Fe,  T.  H.   Catnui;   SoeoiTo,  ,b)se    Armijo;   Taos, ;    Valencia,  . 

Mouse;  speaker  Amado  Chavez,  clerk  l»avid  Martinez,  sergt  Juan  1).  Ro- 
mero; members,  Bernalillo,  \V.  H.  Wliiteman,  li;if.  Chavez,  Marcos  C.  Vaca; 
i'olfax,  O.  P.  McManes;  Itona  Ana  and  Lincoln,  Nicolas  (iailes,  Florencio 
<ion/alez;  (Jrant,  Ed.  E.  Fiirman;  Mora,  A.  L.  Branch,  Maeario  (iaik'gos; 
Ilio  .Arriba,  D.  Archuleta,  Juan  N.  Jacipies;  S.  Miguel,  .Juan  Callegos,  Atana- 
sio  Sanciiez,  T.  B.  Mills,  l)i(»n'.sio  Martinez;  St.i  Fe,  J.  L.  Jenlis,  Librado 
N'alciieia;  Socorro,  .M.  Cooney,  R.  K.  .McFarland;  A'aloneia,  Amado  Chavez, 
.lose  R.  Salazar,  Teolilo  Chavez. 

'_'7th  as.sembly,  |SiS(i-7.  Council:  pres.  ,T.  F.  Chavez;  members,  Berna- 
lillo, Thos  Huglies,  Pedro  Pcrea;  l)ona  Ana,  .lames  I'.  Bootli;  (ir.mt,  .K)hn 
•  I.  Bell;  Mora,  Rafael  Romero;  Kio  Arrib.i,  Thos  1).  Burnes;  IS.  Miguel,  Lor- 
enzo Lopez,  (ieo.  W.  Prichanl;  .Sta  Fe,  N.  B.  LaiiL'hlin;  Socorro,  Candelario 
Oarcia;  Taos,  I'cdro  .Sanchez;  Valencia,  ,1.  F.  Chavez.  House:  speaker  .M. 
( '.  \'aca,  clerk  A.  C.  Vaca,  sergt . I.  Gallegos,  ciiaplain  .M.  Roily;  memliers, 
B.  rn.ilillo,  Win  Kucheiiiiecker,  .Ir,  Z.  Sandoval,  Alej.  .S.mdov.il;  Coli'ax, 
Itnssi'll  M.'ircy;  Dona  Ana,  C.  H.  Arndjo;  ( irant  and  .Sierra.  K.  I*.  I'est;  Lin- 
eoln,  ('.  H.  Slatlghter;  Mora,  S.  E.Tipton,  i)esiderio  Uoniero;  Bio  Arrilia, 
V.  r.  Chavez,  .luan  (iarcia;  S.  ^^guel.  L.  C.  Fort,  J.  P.  Rivera.  M.  C.  Va.a, 
lA'andro  Sanchez;  .Sta  Fe,  \V.  .1.  Itavis,  W.  E.  I>ame;  .Socorro,  E.  V.  Ch.ivez, 
.1.  A.  (iallegos;  Tao8,  Gaviuo  Vigil;  Valencia,  J.  L.  Teller,  Cauimiro  Sais. 


I':' In 


!i!l!i 


1  ■   ,v 


n 


710 


CHIiONOL()GIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


rM 


i!  .  ? 


l-^Hi:'! 


to  tlic  ori^anization  of  a  rival  council  under  the  iiiaii- 
a<^ciiieiit  of  J.  F.  Chavez,  aiul  to  much  controversy ; 
but  I  have  found  no  record  of  the  final  decision  tis  to 
the  legality  o"  the  acts  of  the  legislature  thus  iiitm- 
mally  organized. 

A  resuind  of  legislative  j)roceedings  is  given  in  a 
note.''     (ieneral  remarks  in  an  earlier  chapter  may  lie 

*  Xtii'  ^fl'.vit•o,  Ldim  of  the  Territorii,  I'Jth  to  2(ith  soMHions,  18(i.'i-8r).  Sti 
Fu,  ]SI>;{  et  seq.  From  1873,  tlie  title  is  A<'ln  of  tli<'  LdjinliUm'  Axu'iiiltly.  Al>.i 
III.,  JiiHniiiU,  18G3  ct  8C(j.  The  Mmhiujc  of  the  (ivwnior  is  included  in  tic 
Jtmniolx,  and  is  Keparately  jiriiited  for  most  sessions.  A  Ri-ynrt  of  tin:  (Uwnmn 
to  tilt  S<cirtnn/  (f  the.  Iiiti'rior  ia  also  eeparately  puMished  in  pamphlet  funii 
in  the  later  years.  I  have  several  of  them  from  IST'.K  For  a  resume  of  piu- 
ceediniis,  1st  to  lltli  sessioas,  1851-02,  8(.'e  chapter  xxv.,  tliia  volume. 

ll'tli  assemhly,  18(i2~3.  Acts  incorporating  'X.  Mex.  Wool  Manuf.  Cn  ' 
antl  '  Hank  of  N.  Mex.;'  creating  a  hoard  of  education,  and  incorporatinu;  .m 
•Indu^^trial  C'olle^^o  of  N.  Mex.' at  Sta  Fe.  Resolutions,  accepting  .S0,(MI(I 
acres  of  hcIkioI  lamls  granted  hy  congress;  recommending  ('apt.  A.  F.  (iarri-mi 
for  promotion;  asking  that  Conejos,  Costdla,  and  Culehra  ho  restored  to 
N.  Mex.  from  Col.;  thanking  Volunteers  of  (,'al.  and  Col.  (see  cliaji.  xxvii  i; 
and  calling  a  pnhlic  iiit^eting  in  each  county  to  jiroviile  for  strengthening  forts 
Union  and  Craig,  in  fear  of  another  Texan  invasion. 

i;{tli  assemhly,  18(i;{-4.  Acts  incorporating  '  Kansas,  N.  Mex.,  &  C;il. 
R.  R.  it  Telegraph  Co.'  and  tho  'Cold  &  Copper  Min.  Co.  of  N.  Mex.;'  pro- 
viding for  militia  and  volunteer  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  and  for  oli- 
taining  reports  of  depredations;  declaring  Mex.  titles  with  occupation  .xin™ 
]84ti  to  he  valid,  and  providing  for  tiic  ol>taining  of  certilied  coi)ies  of  records 
res]>ecting  tho  Mesilla  colony;  clianging  seat  of  S.  Miguel  co.,  adding  M.i 
Ana  CO.  to  1st  juil.  district,  and  modifying  houndaries  of  iSta  Fo  co. ;  j)rovul 
ing  fur  furtlier  eiforts  to  ohtain  water  for  Sta  Fe,  and  regulating  the  markt  i 
l)nilt  hy  act  of  185S).  Resolutions,  thanking  tho  Col.  volunteers  and  corn  it- 
ing  inju^tico  done  them  in  a  former  resolution.  Menxu'ials,  asking  Im- 
i;|0."),(HI()  t(»  complete  puhlie  huihlings;  for  a  survey  of  lands  to  induce  settli' 
nient,  also  a  geol.  survey;  and  for  a  road,  Sta  Fe  to  Taos,  ?<1.")0,000.  U.  S. 
(,'nrt  Dnf.,  SSth  cong.  1st  BOSS.,  H.  Miscel.  Doe.  69,  70,  72.  'The  gov.  vetoi  il 
an  a''t  lor  revi.sion  of  tlie  laws. 

14th  assemhly,  lS(>4-r>.  Acts  regulating  i)ayof  jurors  and  court  otlicial-; 
concerning  puhlie  pastures;  and  preventing  framlulent  sales  of  animals;  jpim 
viding  for  the  punishment  of  Ind. ;  adopting  the  revised  laws;  concerniiii; 
mining  claims,  and  amending  ineorp.  of  '(iold  &  Copi)er  Min.  Co.;'  uuur|i. 
CO.  to  make  a  road  from  Taos  over  the  mts  via  I'ieiU'as  Coloradas,  and  th'' 
'  All)ur(juer(pio  Bridge  Co.;'  opening  road  from  Las  Cruces  to  Mesilla;  ainl 
regulating  tho  Sta  Fe  market. 

ITitli  assemhly,  18().5-G.  Acts  modifying  act  of  '(i5  on  mining  claims;  in- 
eorp. '  Hay  State  Pinos  Altos  Min.  Co.,' '  ^larket  (told  Min.  Co.,'  '  Monteziiiii.i 
Min.  it  Alanuf.  Co.,'  'I'inoy  Altos  Min.  Co.,'  and  'Mesilla  Ferry  Co.;'  na 
fences  for  special  localities;  repealing  act  of  '57  on  free  negroes,  and  modiiy 
ing  peonage  regulations;  and  authorizing  gov.  to  call  a  stiite  eonventidii. 
Memorials,  on  puhlie  works,  governor's  veto  power,  and  courts.  U.  S.  (Imt 
Dot:.,  H'.Uh  cong.  Istsess.,  H.  Miscel.  Doc.  58-01. 

lOtii  assend)ly,  180t>-7.  Acts  providing  for  ineorp.  of  dehating,  literar\, 
Bcientilic,  industrial,  and  benevolent  societies;  providing  for  a  monument  over 
Boldiers' graves,  andapprop.  ^LiVK)  (.^1,800  more  in  '07-8  to  complete  tiie  mun 
ument);  approp.  ,*40  for  shelves  for  the  li))rary;  ineorp.  'NaeimientoCop.  Miii. 
Co.,'  '  La  Tijera  Cop.  Min.  Co.,' '  Hanover  Cop.  Min.  Co.,' '  N.  Mex.  Telegraph 
Co.,' and  the  IVeauyteriau  church;  fur  public  schools;  changing  seat  of  So- 


ACTS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


711 


applied  to  the  proceediiij^s  during  tliia  later  jx-riod; 
uiid  now,  as  before,  there  is  a  large  mass  of  logislation, 

corro  CO. ;  anil  declaring  tlie  Ciiftiulii  Alamosa  hot  spring  to  be  a  piiltlic  spring, 
fi'i'o  to  all,  for  baths.  Meinorial.s,  for  ailditioual  mil.  po,sta,  for  a  coiiiniidsiou 
til  I  xauiiiiu  claims  for  damagtis  l>y  ruliels,  tor  tclfgraph  liiiKS,  au  apprvp.  for 
.si'liodl.s,  and  increafi-'d  pay  for  legislature  ami  territorial  oHficials. 

17th  assembly,  j8«!7-8.  AcLs  creating  a  general  incorporation  act;  pro- 
viding for  registration  of  voters;  creating  county  of  (irant;  and  elianging 
liiiumlary  l)etween  Taos  and  Mora  counties.  Kcsolutions,  condenuiing  (iov. 
Mitclu^U's  usurpations  of  power,  etc.;  that  thj  election  of  delegate  to  con- 
jiress  was  fraudulent;  to  send  all  acts  not  approved  by  gov.  to  congress  for 
approval;  expressing  confidence  in  Sec,  Heiith;  defending  <!en,  (!etty;  and 
(•(iiiiplimenting  Arny,  who  goes  to  Wa.sh.  on  IikI.  bu.siness.  Memorial.s,  for  an 
appnip.  of  .'?70,000  to  comjilete  the  capitol,  to  aid  ethieatiou  of  Ind.  at  Boscjuo 
Uedondo,  to  aid  '  U.  S.  &  Mex.  Telegraph  l'o.,'anil  an  approp.  of  lands 
(iiitside  of  N.  Mex.  for  schools  in  tlie  territory;  against  the  i)ropo.sition  to 
attaeii  Moreno  mining  district  to  t'ol.;  for  authority  to  raise  vol.  regiments 
for  liid.  service;  for  a  railrt>ad;  to  take  away  tlie  absolute  veto  jiower  of  the 
gov.;  and  for  a  road  from  Sta  Fe  to  Taos.  For  the  various  resf)l.  and  mem. 
in  ciingress,  see  U.  S.  (lovt  J)or.,  3'.)th  eong.  '2d  sess.,  II.  Kx.  Doc.  1(H,  )>.  1-4; 
4itth  eong.  Ist.se.sa.,  H.  Miscel.  iJoc.  12,  14,  15,  18,  19,'J2;  4()th  cong.  I'd  sess., 
11.  Miscel.  Doc.  '2'},  Xi,  <»4. 

KStli  as.sembly,  ISiiS-i).  Acts  elianging  seat  of  (trant  co.,  erciitiiig  coun- 
ties of  Lincoln  and  Colfax,  and  extending  limits  of  Sta  Fe  eo. ;  repeali"g  act 
iif  "(SO  which  prohibited  sale  of  li<|Uor  to  soldiers;  paying  meiidiers  of  logi.sl. 
S."'  per  day  in  addition  to  U.  S.  l>ay;  providing  that  no  person  not  a  citizen 
iMU  hold  land,  that  iibaudoned  lands — except  Mex.  grants — may  be  oceiipied 
li\'  another,  and  that  no  person  can  hold  Mex.  colony  lands  unless  the  title 
was  registeri'd  before  U.  S.  possession;  imposing  a  tax  on  horncil  cattle 
liriiiight  into  the  territory;  fixing  a  sliding  scale  of  jiriees  for  nuTclianls' 
licenses.  Ke.solutions,  on  death  of  the  Jesuit  father  liillamiui;  and  reallirin- 
iii;;  eonlidenee  in  Sec.  Heath.  Memorials,  for  mail  service,  for  more  troops 
and  posts;  for  an  increase  of  councilmeii  from  \'.i  to  IS,  representatives  from 
'_'(>  to  .S('>,  and  justices  from  3  to  4;  for  govt  aid  to  the  railroad,  protection  of 
rights  under  ^iex.  grants,  and  for  the  removal  of  Justice;  Houghton. 

liHIi  assembly,  1809-70.  Acts  changing  name  of  seat  of  Lincoln  co.,  uiiit- 
im;  Lincoln  to  Socorro  for  senatorial  jmrposes,  changing  bound  between 
.Soi'orro  and  Dofla  Ana,  also  bet.  liernalillo  and  Valencia,  and  estab.  seat  of 
Coll'ax  at  Eli/abetlitown;  adopting  a  new  revenue  system;  proviiling  for  tht 
leu'llimati/ing  or  adoption  of  children;  ami  changing  dates  of  election,  etc.,  for 
Inennial  sessions.  Uesolutions,  to  ask  for  an  approp.  for  the  Jicarillaand  Ule 
Ind.;  and  to  api)oint  a  com.  to  draft  a  state  constitution,  Memorial.s,  for 
annulling  the  treaty  with  the  Utes,  putting  \J.  S.  lands  on  the  market  as  in 
oliu.'r  states  an<l  territories,  for  increased  mil.  force,  especially  two  regiments 
of  volunteer.s,  ami  for  a  settlement  of  the  war  claims. 

iiOth  assembly,  l,S71-2.  Acts  restricting  divorce;  fixing  bound  bet. 
.Socorro  and  Dofia  Ana  countii^s,  changing  seat  of  (irant  eo.,  also  of  Colfax 
and  Valencia;  providing  for  a  bridge  over  the  Pecos  at  Anton  (  liico  ujiper 
Innl,  and  a  road  from  Agua  Ncgra  to  Taos;  providing  tliat  foreigners  may 
hold  real  estate  like  natives;  authorizing  mortgaijing  or  constilidation  of 
U.  R.  lines,  counties  to  aid  in  construction  of  U.  K.,  and  providing  forappaise- 
imnt  of  K.  K.  lands;  amending  tiic  revenue  law;  ])roviding  Tor  a  school 
lioard  in  eai'li  county;  amending  mining-claim  act  of  bS(ir);  ami  providing  for 
an  election  on  state  constitution.  Memorials,  for  a  reservation  for  the  Mes- 
Cideros,  removal  of  Jiearillas  atnl  Utes,  settlement  of  land  grants  and  military 
cl.iims,  and  a  recoinpilation  of  the  laws. 

'21  st  as.sembly,  187^-4.  Acts  aniemling  the  revenue  law;  incorp.  college 
of  Christian  brothers,  and  the  sisters  of  Loreto;  and  changing  seat  of  Valen- 
cia CO.     Memorials,  fur  aiiuual  sessions  or  uu  extra  session,  for  \'arious  tele- 


Ji,  r:i| 


712 


CHRONOLOGIC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


ji'i-'' 


idlT 


if 


K  » 


important  in  a  sense,  which  cannot  he  satisfactoiily 
sunnnarized  in  the  space  at  my  disposal.      It  is  not, 

gmpli  liiiOH,  Bpeedy  settlement  nf  laiul  eliiiins,  iiiclutliii^'  those  of  citiztuiM  ulio 
or  wlidsu  ancestorH  bought  of  puulilo  liul.,  aid  for  the  Jiuarillaa  aiul  Ute.s,  ami 
ailiiiisHion  an  a  state. 

'JUd  iissciiihly,  1875  fi.  Acts  annexing  Colfax  co.  to  Taos  for  judieial  pur- 
poses,  uliolishing  co.  of  Sta  Ana  anil  annexing  to  Benialillo,  fixing;  IhuuhI  Int. 
Kfiira  and  Colfax,  and  changing  s(^at  of  Valencia;  amending  revenue  law;  im. 
])<i.sing  a  li(;(!n8c  of  $150  on  merchants  eui)iloying  drumtne"<;  lixing  salarus  ni 
attorney -gen.  at  $iM\,  district  attorney  ^(K),  treasurer  |il,(HK),  auditor  .^I.IMHI. 
adj.-^en.  i'J50,  librarian  S^l 50;  providing  for  ob.servanee  of  Sunday;  ref,'ul;it- 
ing  manner  of  locating  mining  claims;  providing  that  sessions  of  tlie  l(':;isl. 
begin  1st  Monday  in  .Jan.  instead  of  l)ic. ;  appointing  a  com.  to  revise  tlie 
laws;  and  aiitliori/ing  owners  of  two  land  grants  to  keep  records,  etc.  Me. 
niorials,  for  admission  as  a  state,  payment  of  claims,  revision  of  the  laws, 
military  road,  nuiil  routes,  Jind  artesian  wells. 

*2'M  assend)ly,  1878.  Acts  ])roviding  for  tlie  incor])orati(m  of  R.  K.  cdiii- 
panit!s;  permitting  the  occupation  of  ',i'20  acres  of  U.  S.  lands,  with  title  >,'(m»1 
against  all  but  govt;  estiil dishing  di.strict  courts  in  eacli  county;  ap|ii(i|i. 
funds  to  complete  capitol;  ineorijorating  '  Society  of  Jesus,'  'Incorporation  nf 
Mesilla'  or  liolders  of  the  Mesilla  grant,  and  town  of  Silver  City;  repe.ihiig 
act  to  join  Colfax  to  Taos,  fixing  bound  lietween  Dona  Ana  and  Linculn, 
ivutliori/ing  an  election  to  change  seat  of  Bernalillo;  aiding  S.  Vicente  lins- 
pital  at  Sta  Ke;  cand  providing  for  indexing  real  estate  records.  Kusniiitinii. 
to  appoint  a  com.  to  reapportion  the  legislature.  Memorials,  for  settlcnicnt 
of  land  tith's,  selling  land  to  settlers  who  sliall  find  or  store  water  fur  gia/.iii.', 

telegraph  to  forts  .'^tanton  and  Wingate  against  reduction  of  tarill'  on  w 1. 

Navajos  to  be  kept  on  their  reserx'ation,  and  for  defence  of  town  of  Liuidhi 
against  a  land  claim. 

'24tli  assend)ly,  1880.  Acts  for  incorp.  of  cities,  societies,  and  giving  fur- 
eign  coi'iiorations  the  same  privilegi's  as  local;  for  revision  of  lans;  ]iroliilpii- 
ing  salt!  of  liijuor  on  election  days;  organizing  a  bureau  of  iiiiniigratinn: 
protecting  tish  and  game;  .selecting  university  lanils;  autliorizing  gov.  to  call 
out  voliiiiU'crs  for  Inil.  service;  paying  Lincoln  mounted  rilies  for  .service  iu 
keeping  or<ler  in  1870;  fixing  bound  bet.  Sta  Ana  and  Socorro  counties, 
changing  bmind  of  (Irant  co.,  clianging  seat  of  Rio  Arriba,  and  cliangiug 
bound  of  Rio  Arriba  and  Taos.  Memorials,  for  survey  of  ])ublic  lands  and 
settleuK'nt  of  private  laml  claims,  for  increased  mail  facilities,  for  roads,  for 
a  cession  of  jiublic  buildings  by  U.  S.  to  the  territory,  and  against  eidarm- 
ment  of  the  Navajo  reservation.  Resolution.s,  on  early  completion  of  I'rince's 
revision  of  the  laws,  on  C(mipletion  of  tho  R.  R.  to  Sta  Fe,  and  thanking  <  ien. 
Hatch  for  Ins  manttgement  of  mil.  affairs. 

'25111  as.send)ly,  188'2.  Acts  estab.  '  N.  Mex.  board  of  charities  and  indus- 
trial sdniols'  (repealed  in  '84);  providing  tliat  sessions  begin  1st  Moiuiay  in 
Jan.  of  odd  years,  1S8,'1,  '8.5,  etc.  (but  this  was  not  done);  regulating  the 
library;  prott^eting  coal  mines  and  miners;  regulating  R.  U.  far(\s  and  rates; 
delining  a  system  of  revenue;  tiixing  cattle  owned  in  other  states  and  terri- 
tories; authorizing  ransom  of  Apache  captives;  approp.  §.'i,000  in  aid  of  sis- 
ters of  charity  at  Sta  Fe;  changing  seat  of  Colfax,  bound  bet.  Colfax  an. I 
Mora,  bet.  Mora  and  S.  Miguel,  Sta  Fe  ami  S.  Miguel,  and  S.  Miguel  ami 
Valencia,  and  lixing  seat  of  Dona  Ana  at  Las  Crniies.  Memorials,  for  settle- 
ment of  land  claims,  for  cession  of  the  adobe  palace  to  the  Hist.  Society,  fni- 
(•liening  to  settlement  a  part  of  the  MescaKiro  n^servation,  f(U'  a  special  post- 
oiiiee  inspector,  ami  for  repeal  of  U.  S.  hiw  of  '78  forl)iddiug  troops  to  act  as 
posse  eomitiitus. 

'Jtitli  assenddy,  1884.  Acts  changing  date  of  o]>ening  sessions  to  last  .Mon- 
ilay  in  Dec.  l88(»-8-9(),  etc.;  repealing  gen.  incorp.  act  of  '80  and  passing  i 
new  one;  prevtMiting  the  intrtxluction  of  di.seased  cattle;  estab.  public  .schools; 
eutab.  iirphan  home  and  industrial  school  at  Sta  Fe  under  sisters  of  charity; 


atisfactoiily 
It  is  not, 

le  of  citi/L'ii.t  »  l](> 
as  and  Utcs,  luul 

I  tor  jmlioiiil  juir- 
fixiiijj  liouinl  l.'t. 
revemio  law;  iiii- 
lixiii;;  nalaiiis  nf 
I),  auditor  .*1.IMHI. 
Siinilay;  n-fzulit- 
iollS  of  tliu  li ':;isl. 
•om.  to  revise  the 

^'COPiIm,    t'tO.         Ml!- 

UDii  of  the  laws, 

on  of  K.  K.  cipiii- 
Is,  witli  titli;  jh»h\ 

county;  apiUMip. 
'  Incorporation  nf 
!r  (,'ity;  rejicalm^ 
Ana  and  Liuculii, 
g  S.  Vicente  Ims- 
nls.  Hosoliitinii, 
lis,  for  scttlcnii'iit 
water  for  graziuL', 
of  tarilf  on  wool. 

town  of  Liiii-nlii 

IS,  and  giving  fur- 

>f  la'vs;  jiroliiliit- 

)f   iitiiiii^ratioii: 

/.inj;  gov.  to  call 

OS  for  service  in 

icorro  count  its, 

I,  and  clianjiiiig 

ulilic  lands  ami 

es,  for  roads,  t<ir 

ainst  cnlari;!-- 

etion  of  I'rince's 

id  thanking  <i  en. 

aritiea  and  indus- 
n  1st  Monday  in 
regulating  the 
fan^s  and  rates; 
states  and  terri- 
,0<K)  in  aid  of  sis- 
bet.  Colfax  and 
d  S.  Miguel  an<l 
lorials,  for  settle- 
Hist.  Society,  foi- 
ir  a  special  posl- 
^  troops  to  act  as 

lions  to  last  -Mon- 
>S()  and  passing  :i 
jiulilic  schools; 
isters  of  charity; 


SESSIONS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


713 


inoroovor,  my  purpose  to  present  in  any  sense  a  com- 
]>ilation  of  tlie  laws,  hut  only  an  outline  of  tlif  more 
important  acts  from  session  to  session.  Sev^eral  topics 
of  interest  in  this  connection  will  he  noticed  later  in 
this  chapter.  Down  to  18(!D-70  the  sessions  wire 
annual.  In  186G-7  a  hill  was  passed  h}'  the  house 
amending  the  organic  act  and  providing  for  hionnial 
sessions;  this  became  a  law  for  all  territories  in  180!); 
and  from  1871  the  assemhly  met  hiennially,  though 
in  187.'i-4  and  again  in  187(»  memorials  in  favor  of 
vearly  sessions  were  sent  to  W{ishin<'ton.  lU'  act  of 
congrc'ss  in  1871  the  legislature  was  authorized  to 
meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  December;  but  iii  187G 
this  date  was  changed  to  the  first  Monday  in  January, 
and  the  assembly  met  accordingly  in  1.S78-84.  The 
same  body  again  changed  the  date  from  the  evtni  to 
the  odd  years,  beginning  with  188.'3,  ami  momlK>rs 
were  elected  accordingly;  but  for  want  of  an  api)r<v 
jn'iation  from  congress  no  change  was  made,  ^^■ry 
nearly  the  same  efi'ect,  however,  was  accomplished  by 
an  act  of  1884  chaiio'ing  the  date  from  Januarv  to 
December;  and  the  27tli  assembly  met  in  J)ecember 
I  880.  A  memorial  of  18GG-7  called  for  increased  pay 
fir  legislators  and  other  officials;  and  an  act  of  18G!) 
added  five  dollars  a  day  t(»  the  pay  n'ceived  IV^  m  the 
fe(l(>ral  ufovernment,  \vhich  in  1878  was  fixed  bv  con- 
gvi'ss  at  four  dollars,  with  six  dollars  for  president  and 

]iroviding  for  erection  of  capitol;  creating  office  of  county  iissessor;  providing 
for  a  new  compilation  of  the  laws;  aiding  the  Hi  t.  Society;  ])roiiii)itiug  higiier 
rate  of  interest  tiian  I'i  per  cent;  retpiiring  cultivated  land  to  he  fenced  in  a 
part  of  the  territory;  incorp.  the  '('ohmial  (irant'  (Vaca)aiid  'Colony  of  lle- 
fuj^io  '  grant  in  Rio  Arriha  eo. ;  and  creating  tlic  nvw  co.  of  Sierra.  Memorials, 
|irotesti;ig  against  unjust  diserindnation  of  mil.  auth.  against  N.  Mex.  in 
the  ])iireliase  of  supplies;  asking  tiiat  X.  .Mex.  l)e  made  a  mil.  <h'partment. 
llescihition,  dcnounenig  charges  against  Chief  Justice  Axtell  as  'malicious, 
scandalous,  and  false.' 

l>av.  J.  Aldler  wa.s  transhilor  of  tlie  Liiirs  of  the  1-th  assemh.,  Chas  J^ii  Ii, 
(il  tiie  A'"'  Mi'.iic<in,  heing  |irintt:r,  and  thi'  work  much  better  than  in  earlier 
years.  Theoilore  S.  (Jrciner  translator,  llltii  asscnd). ;  printer  It.  S.  .Jcilinsoii, 
.■\lhnr(pier((uc.  Hthasscmh.  title  inissing.  l.'itli  to  I'.lth  asscnd).,  .Manderliidd 
k  'ru(!ker  ]iuhlic  printers,  Sta  Kc;  no  translator  named;  English  and  Spanisli 
i;i  sepirati!  volumes  from  the  ISth  assemh.  'JOtli  asscud).,  A.  I'.  Sulli\an 
piih,   printer.     "Jlst    to  'JtM    assemh.,   M.   it   1".   puh.    i)rinters;  Jose   1).   Sena 


l!:i! 


ill!*! 


trinslitor  for 'Jlst;  Sam.  K 


1   translator  f:i.m 'Jl.' 1  to  L'lUli.      1{.  W.  Wel.b 


printer  L'tth;  Chaa  W.  Ijirecn  iJoth;  and  N.  Mex.  Printing  Co.  L'Gth. 


714 


CHUONOLOGIC  .VND  OFFICIAL. 


m 


I; 


speakor.  At  the  same  time  the  nuuiher  of  oouik  il- 
incii  was  limited  to  tvvilve  and  of  representative  s  tn 
24,  though  an  inerease  from  l.'J  to  18  and  from  2(i  U\ 
3C)  luid  been  asked  for  in  18G8-'J.  In  1H80  tlie  ses- 
sions \V(.'re  limited  to  GO  days.  Congress  j)ass((l  a 
special  act  legalizing  the  laws  of  18()()-7  signed  hy  an 
acting  governor;  and  also  legalized  the  election  nf 
November  1882,  which  had  been  held  with  a  view  tci 
a  session  in  1883. 

Congressional  action  on  New  Mexico  is  epitomi/id 
in  another  note.'*     It  did  not  extend  far  beyond  thu 

'C'lUgressioiial  appropriations  for  N.  Mox. :  18(»4,  govt  8.10,480,  Tad.  sit. 
vice  S7">,()0();  I8ti.">,  j^ovt  .<!:W,.">(K),  Ili.l.  .<!1.")(),()(K);  I8(i«,  huimu;  1807,  ;;..vt 
S:«,(KK),  IikI.  .S'2.">0,0(M),  survey  of  N.  l.oundiiry  .<<l!t.(MH),  i-etisus  of  1800,  STM; 
1808,  govt  .S:«,()00,  Iml.  S^O'i.OOO;  1801»,  govt  .*!|4,0(X),  liul.  «28'2,*J.')0:  isTo. 
govt  .*_'8,r)00,  llid.  Si)0,0(K»;  1871,  govt  S;«),0t»O,  lii.l.  ,?100,000;  187l',  ;;nvt 
.«114..")(M),  hid.  SI  10,000;  187.%  govt  Sa0,950,  Ind.  $\  10,000,  survoy  of  k.  1m.iiii4. 
§1,4(M),  mil.  ro;id  ^'jr),(M)0;  1874.  govt  §10,000,  Ind.  ^I'lW.JHK);  187.">,  ^:uvt 
S4I,878,  Ind.  S*_"J8,07r),  .survey  w,  bouiid.  )?-7,<J.'>0,  survey  of  priv.-itc  land  ilaiiii> 
S:10,(HK);  1870,  govt  §10,000,  Ind.  .S1'JJ).175;  1877,  govt  .s;W,2(H),  Ind.  .^'J-Jl.Mn; 
1878,  govt  .sir),400,  Ind.  §100,840;  1879,  govt  .*1'.»,483;  Ind.  §78,(K)0,  unrvtv 
of  private  land  el.  .*10,:i")l;  1880,  govt  .v.'O.OOO,  lu.l.  .?40.(KJO;  1S81,  -..{t 
§:{:<,1.'71>,  Ind.  §4:i,000,  land  clainid  §8,000;  188'J.  govt  §1."),.-)(K),  Ind.  .§0,(Mill; 
1884,  govt  §3r),815,  Ind.  .§4."),000,  land  elainis  §10,000.  See  r.  S.  ,S/iifi(h.'. 
18(>4  et  .«eq.  Tlie  annual  upprop.  for  tlie  laiul-otfioe,  N.  Mexico's  i)artot  tlio 
military  approp.,  and  some  minor  approp.  fur  detieiences  are  not  included  in 
tiiis  note. 

Kesuine  of  congressional  action  in  behalf  of  N.  Mexico,  excluiling  apprii)i 
bill.s  and  a  large  nundier  of  liills  that  were  simply  introduced  and  referred  to 
committees,  as  well  as  mention  of  memorials,  etc.,  received,  as  noted  in  li  i.'is- 
lative  jiroeeedings,  and  action  on  contesttMl  elections,  noted  elsewhere.  18(14  ."i, 
joint  i-esdl.  to  facilitate  eomniun.  with  N.  Mex.;  joint  commun.  of  delegatis 
of  N.  Mex.  and  other  territories  approving  the  constit.  amendment  al)oli>liiiii^ 
slavery;  act  estal).  post-roads  (later  acts  on  this  subject  not  noted).  ISti.'i  il, 
bill  to  conlinii  land  claim  of  J.  S.  Ramirez  passeil  by  senate.  1800  7,  bill  tn 
ai)(>lish  peonage,  passed  sen.  and  house;  bill  to  amend  organic  act  sous  In 
jiroliibit  restriction  tif  suti'rage  on  account  of  race  or  color,  i)assed  sen.  .lu.l 
jiouse  after  nmcli  discussion;  bill  tfi  provide  for  biennial  sessions  of  the  hji-l. 
piissed  the  house.  1807,  act  legalizing  acta  of  the  legisl.  at  session  of  18ipti  7; 
bill  to  settle  private  land  claims  referred  to  com.  (a.s  were  many  other  lulls 
earlier  and  later  on  this  subject,  as  also  on  the  war  and  Ind.  claims,  not  im  u- 
tioned  in  this  note).  1807-8,  resol.  for  relief  of  Navajo  captives  held  as  ]iinMs 
passed  by  sen.  and  house;  several  bills  on  lan<ls,  railroads,  claims,  and  oilur 
subjects  introduced  by  <lelegate  Clever,  but  not  finally  acted  on;  bill  fur  n  • 
lief  and  reservation  of  Navajos  at  Ho.sfiue  Kedondo,  passed  by  house  an'l 
amended  in  sen.  1808-9,  act  on  the  Vij;il  and  St  Vrain  lan<l  grants,  for  bene 
fit  of  .settlers;  act  confirming  !t  land  claitns;  act  providing  for  biennial  ^'  -• 
sion.s  of  the  legisl.;  also  amemling  organic  act  on  the  passing  <  i  bill;,  over  tin 
governor's  veto  by  a  §  vote;  also  making  gov.  suj)t  of  public  buildings,  at  ;i 
salary  of  §1,000;  also  making  salary  of  sec.  §'J,000  from  '07.  18(>9,  act  n  . 
pealing  acts  of  legi.sl.  to  impose  a  capitation  tax  on  bovine  caitle  iiitrodiin  il 
from  other  states  and  territories.  1809-70,  bill  to  annul  part  of  a  N.  Mi\ 
law  on  execution  and  mortgages,  passed  house  ami  sen. ,  bill  to  authon/i;  ii 
state  coustitutiou  referred  tu  com. ;  act  ou  details  of  Vigil  aud  St  Vraiu  laud 


|:-t  :,! 


CONGRESSIONAL  ACTS. 


•  of  counc'il- 
ieiitativts  t(i 

I  from  "i*;  to 
SHO  the  s.s- 
3S8  passed  a 
signed  l)y  an 
3  election  *»t' 
itli  a  view  io 

is  cpitoniizrd 
'  beyond  the 

;  830,480,  In«l.  scr- 
Hiiiiie;    I8()7,    ;;"Vt 
nsiirtof   ISlMt,  i?TS4; 
1(1.   «'28'J,'J.')0;   INTO, 
G(5,000;    lS7-.»,  ^:nvt 
survey  of  k.  liiiiiinl, 
:;{0,(KK);    187."..  t;nvt 
■  private  liiiiclrlaiiiis 
;,'JIK),  lu.l.  .*'-".Ji.M"; 
nil.  .$7S,0(X),  >i(iiviy 
t4»').0«0;    ISSl,   -..\t 
i,^.-.(H),   IikI.  iH't.M); 
See  r.  .S'.  .SV.//I-/'.-'. 
Mexied's  i):irt  lit  tlie 
are  not  incluiU'd  in 

),  excluding  apiimii 
ice.<l  andrel'erivil  to 
•il,  a.s  uoteil  ill  lit-'i-*- 
. I  elsewhere.  ISlU  .'i, 
jiiiimm.  of  <lele<;;iti  s 
lendnieiit  alioli.-liuig 
Kit  noted),      l^^t'i''  '■'. 
lite.      l8()f.-7,  liill  t-' 
jirganio  aet  no  as  t" 
fliir,  i)as.seil  sen.  aii.l 
ie.ssioii!)  of  the  li^'i-]. 
it  session  of  18(iii  i : 
[•re  many  other  l'il!< 
[ul.  claims,  not  iiii  ii- 
mtives  held  as  jHniis 
Is,  claims,  and  olli'  r 
leted  on;  bill  for  i'  • 
kssed  hy  house  an'l 
lind.  grants,  for  liin^' 
ling  for  liieiinial  ^■  — 
ling  <  L  hill''  "Ver  tin 
klhlic  buildings,  at  a 
'G7.      18f.»,  act  IV- 
Ine  cattle  intnidui  >  .1 
il  part  of  a  N.  M<^ 
hill  to  authori/i.'  ;i 
aud  St  Vraiu  laiul 


f;Tanting  of  the  annual  appropriations  for  government 
(  xpenses,  vvliicli,  in  years  when  the  legislature  met, 
Wirt!  from  .5:};5,000  to  $40,000,  and  about  half  as  nmch 
ill  otl)er  years,  besides  much  larger  amounts  for  In- 
dian affairs  and  the  military  de[)artment.  Bills  re- 
lating to  this  distant  territory  were,  as  a  rule,  referred 
t'»  committees,  and  never  heard  of  again;  but  occa- 
sionally, acts  were  passed,  chietly  of  a  routine  nature, 
some  of  which  have  been  mentioned  in  connection 
with  legislative  proceedings,  and  others  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  notice  in  treating  other  topics. 

J)elegates  to  congress  have  been  named  in  the  offi- 
cial list.**     They  did,  apparently,  all    that  territorial 
delegates  might  do  for  their  constituents,  which  was 
little. 


-  )i 
ve»v 


grant;  aet  increasing  salary  of  justices  to  .S.I.flOO.  1870-1,  hill  to  authorize 
state  constitution  under  the  name  of  Lincoln,  reported  hy  sen.  com  (liut 
ai;ain  reterred  to  com.  in  sen.  of  "71);  hill  to  pay  volunteers' cluim.-^,  tahletl 
ill  iiouse;  hdl  to  coiitirm  Rio(irande  land  claim,  passed  house  aud  sen.,  appar- 
ently (hut  referred  to  house  com  in  '71);  act  to  sell  mil.  reservation  at  Ft 
Suinina'.  1871,  act  to  authorize  li';;isl.  to  meet  on  1st  Monday  in  I>cc.,  ami 
aiitliorizing  an  election.  1871--,  hill  to  enable  land  claiinauts  to  test  tlie 
validity  of  their  claims  ref.  to  sen.  com.;  state  of  Lincoln  hill  tabled  in  Imnse; 
aitto  pay  salary  of  sec.  as  supt  of  public  buildings  to  .lune  '7-,  but  repealing 
the  act  of  "(iSwhicli  gave  that  salary;  act  ap|ioiiiting  A.  I'.  Sullivan  and  C  1*. 
(livir  coriiorators  of  Ceiiten.  Boanl  of  Fiiianci';  act  granting  ri;;ht  of  way  tO 
N.  .Mcx.  &  Oulf  K.  R.  187'_'-;{,  act  for  comph'tiug  mil.  road,  Sta  Fe  to  Taos; 
hdl  to  survey  private  land  grants  at  govt  expense  ref.  to  hou.>ecom. ;  l)ill  to 
liniiate  10  sections  of  land  for  finding  water  in  tlie  desert,  tabled;  bills  to 
extend  time  of  voting  on  state  constit.  and  to  create  a  new  land  district,  ref. 
to  com.  1S7.S-4,  hill  for  state  constit.  passed  by  house,  referred  by  sen.; 
act  creating  anew  land  district.  1874-.'),  bill  for  .state  constit.  passed  liy  siii. 
\\:tii  auKMidments.  187t>,  bill  fur  a  state  passed  hy  sen.,  referred  by  lum.se. 
isTt)  7,  house  bill  to  pay  Ind.  depredation  claims,  tableil.  1S77,  bill  to  attach 
( tiant  CO.  to  Arizona  ref.  to  house  coin.  1877-8,  liill  to  annul  act  of  tin;  legisl. 
iiieiirporating  society  of  .Jesuit.'s,  pa.ssed  by  sen.,  ref.  by  house;  bill  for  relief 
ef  niuunted  voluntecr.s,  passed  by  sen.,  ref.  by  house.  1878,  act  pr<ividing 
that  the  legislature  is  not  to  cxetM'd  \'2  councilnicu  and  'J4  representatives,  at 
)-l  per  day,  the  presiilent  ami  speaker  getting  §t).  1878  it,  act  anuullinj,'  tin; 
il' t  of  the  legisl.  incorporating  soc.  of  .lesuits.  1880^-1,  aet  li'iiitini,'  si'.ssimis 
111  the  leu'isl.  to  (K)  days.  1881-2,  act  legalizing  election  of  legisl.  of  Nov.  '80. 
|NM!  4,  aet  legalizing  legisl.  elected  Nov.  'S'J  to  meet  in  Feb.  '84.  .Set;  t'.  S. 
Si'ifiitr.i,  Senate  and  House  Journals,  Cotvj.  Globe,  and  Coiuj.  Record,  18(i4et 

.s.(|. 

'' I'erea,  democrat,  was  elected  in  1863  over  Gallcgos  by  a  vote  of  7,-31  to 
ti,4'-'.");  in  18l>.")  Chavez,  republican,  over  Pcrea,  8,.")!  I  to  (i,  180;  in  l.Sti7  (lever, 
lUni.,  over  Chavez,  8,8iH  to  8,794;  in  ISliit  Chavez  over  Vicente  Romero;  in 
|S71  (iallegos  over  Chavez  and  Jose  D.  Sena;  in  1873  Elkins  over  Callegos; 
ill  187.")  Elkins  over  Pedro  Valdes;  in  1877  Romero  over  Valdes;  in  1870  Otero 
ever  Benito  Vaea;  in  1881  Luiia  over  Miguel  A.  Otero;  in  1883  Manzanares, 
lieiii.,  over  Luna,  13,370  to  12,287;  in  188")  Josej)h,  dem.,  over  L.  R.  I'rinceaiid 
^^.  L.  Ryuwbou,  12,271  to  9,1)30,  aud  5,192;  in  1887  Joseph  over  J.  W.  lawyer. 


ii;n:|:i 


it   ;  1 


?ir. 


CHRONOLOfiir  AN1>  OFFICLVL. 


!!( 


r  i!  ; 


The  scat  of  PtTca  in  1 8(53-4  was  unsurressfullv 
contested  hv  (jiall('iifc>s.  For  the  eonijfress  of  [Xi'iT  H 
there  was  no  eleetion  in  New  Mexico  at  the  |i»(»|m  r 
tiine,  and  (j}«)vernor  Miteliell  took  tlie  Uherty  of  iip 
[»ointini(  John  S.  Watts  as  delejjfate  a«l  ititerin:,  luit 
he  was  not  admitted,  all  a<jfreeinu  that  the  f;oveniui 
had  no  such  power.  At  the  Septcinber  eleetion  ('. 
1*.  Clever  had  a  majority  of  1)7  votes,  liis  elect imi 
being  (•ertifi('<l  hy  the  tjovernor,  and  pro  forma  l»\ 
the  serretarv,  and  tlie  delej^ate  takin«;  his  seat.  Jlut 
Secretary  Heath  sent  a  separate  certificate,  to  tin 
effect  that  the  election  was  fiaudulent,  which  wiis 
supported  hya  resolution  of  the  leijislature;  and  after 
a  loni^  discussion  Chavez,  the  contestant,  was  seatid 
in  February  18(59,  so  that  Clever  was  virtually  the 
delegate  in  the  fortieth  congress.^  Again,  in  1S>.!. 
thouii'li  Luna  received  the  certificate  of  election,  Man- 
zanares,  the  cont(!stant,  was  seated  by  a  unanimous 
vote  of  the  lK)Use. 

On  the  public  buildings,  capitol  and  ])enitentiaiv, 
no  progress  was  made  after  ISo?,  when  about  .$100,000 
had  been  expended  on  tlie  foundations,  though  thciv 
were  fre(}uent  appeals  to  congress  for  appropriatiniis 
to  coini)lete  the  structures.  Meanwhile,  the  oldaddld 
'jialace'  was  used  for  all  public  purp()ses.  On  this 
building  repairs  to  the  extent  of  .$r),000  were  madi' 
in  18(5(5-7;  but  nothing  more  was  done;  the  roof  was 
leaky,  the  exterior  was  unplastered,  and  the  rooms 
were  small  and  inconvenient.  "It  is  safe  to  say  im 
other  legislative  body  in  the  United  States,  outside  o[' 
New  Mexico,  ever  met  inside  of  such  disgraceful  sui- 
roundings,"  wrote  Secretary Ritch  in  1875.  In  1877  ^. 
however,  $2,2(50  was  expended,  of  which  ,$  1,(580  was 
paid  by  tlie  national  govcrnuient,  and  the  balance  pm- 
vided  for  by  act  of  the  legishiture.  In  1880  eongnss 
was  asked  to  cede  the  site  and  foundations  of  tlic 
mnv  .structures  to  the  territory,  and  the  legislature  "t 

''  U.  S.  (,'nrf  Do,:,  4()tli  cont;.  '2.1  hchs.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  l.")4;  .1.1  acss.  11.  Mit 
Dno.  14;  H.  Ui'pt  IS;  Cuwj.  Oluhe,  1SG7-S,  p.  4'J'J-:)i»0,  77S;  X  Mex.  Imum, 
lSli7-S,  l>.  14S-50. 


IJISUAIIY,  AltllllVKS,  AND   I'lNANlKS. 


711 


1>n4  a|)pi<»|niat(Ml  8-00,000  in  'JO-ycar  sc'Von-juT-ccnt 
lioiids  for-  tlnir  ctniiitlction.'^ 

M»aii\vliik',  (U'spitf  ail  apjM'ojU'iatioii  of  .^40  in 
l,s(;(;-7  for  slielvt'is,  tlio  ti'iritoiial  liln'arv  and  tlio 
aivliivi's  \\{'W  ilia  rcarl'iil  coiiditioii  of  iir^dfct.  Many 
lidoks  vcrr  .scattoi'cd,  lost,  or  fstoltii;  and  the  rest 
were  left  in  dissordt-r  and  dirt.  The  sale  of  i\\v  old 
Spanish  urcliives  for  wraj)|>in^  pajH-r  in  tlic  tini'!  of 
(iovcrnor  PWv,  1H(»'.>-7I,  has  hccn  elsewhere  noted. 
(ioNcrnor  (iiddin^''s  boxed  up  ahout  W\v  mrds  »>f  surli 
ninnaiits  as  (-((uld  i»e  rescued,  to  jtrotect  tliein  from 
tlie  weather  and  fuither  hiss.'  In  ISSO  the  llistoi'ieal 
Society  of  Xew  Mexico  was  reoi'Lianized,  and  this 
society,  or  rather  Jiitcli,  Ptinco,  and  a  few  otlur  indi- 
viduals actini""  in  its  name,  has  accom[>lished  soniethin*^ 
toward  the  preservatii»n  ol"  relics  and  records  an<l 
awakeiiino-  interest  in  historical  matters.'"  Since  '  ss:2, 
under  the  care  of  Samuel  Ellison  as  librarian,  tliu 
iirchivi's  and  library  liavo  been  kept  in  ordcM',  an<l  the 
fiirmer  to  some  extent  classified. 

The  territoiy  was  never  in  very  desperate  straits 
financially.  In  18(54  there  was  i-eported  in  tlu^  treas- 
uiy  a  sur[>lus  of  3,'),41G,  which,  however,  dwindled  to 
.^Ij  in  18(57,  becomin<(  a  debt  of  $17,021)  the  next 
year,  and  of  $70,000  in  1871.  The  debt  diminished  to 
81."),!  81  ill  1880,  was  .$2;"), 372  in  188:!,  and  was  ap- 
parently wii)ed  out  in  1884."     The  assessed  value  (jf 

"Si't-  full  n^jiorts  of  CDiidition  in  ]S('»7,  in  U.  S.  OoH  J>i>i:,  4()tli  t'<>ii'|.  'Jd 
oP'ts.,  II.  Kx.  l><io.  '.i'i.  Mi'iii.  (if  It'uisl.  fur  870,(MM>  to  ciiiiiiilcte  tho  worlv.  / /., 
3'.»tli  long.  LM  s(-;.s.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  IOI,  p.  14.  .Mini,  of  the  It  ;^isl.  for610."),(.0;) 
111  ISIiJ. '/■/.,  ;{>Stll  colli;.  IstMcss.,  U.  Mis.  Doc.  tii).  Ill  1S(kS  <)  the  Hcc.  w.is 
iiiiilc  cx-ollicio  ^iijit  of  imhlic  hiiililiiigs,  at  an  u'hlilioiial  s:il;iiy  of  .Vl,0  111;  hut 
till!  siiliry  cliiusu  Vii.s  rcitcalcd  in  IST'J.  A/.,  4'2d  coii^;.  'J. I  .'oss.,  H.  K.\.  Dou. 
I'.'S;  r.  S.  Sl,if.,  l,S(i8-<>,  1S71  •-'.  Estimates  for  repairs  in  loT.'i.  11.  JIx.  Doc. 
111.  44th  coiij^.  1st  sess. 

"Sec  X.   Mr.r.,   Mi'sxivji-  of  anr.,   1871. 

"X  .M(.i:  Jli^t.  Sui-.,  ('hirtir,  I!i/-l.nrx,  ,f<:,  Sta  Fe,  ISSl;  I?iHi'.-<  L>ui- 
giirnl  Aililnns,  Sta  Fe,  18.SI.  In '8"J  the  legi.^l.  .sciit  a  iiiciiiorial  asUiii;,'  tliat 
tile  aih the  iiaLice,  as  a  rclic  of  antiquity,  he  cediMl  to  the  lli.-st.  Soc.,  uml  in 
M  voti!il  to  iicrmit  the  society  to  occupy  rooms  in  the  palace,  hcsiilcs  aiipro- 
[inatinj;;  .'?40:l  for  tlie  piircha.se  of  relies,  etc.  In  '8'J  an  act  Mas  passed  re.;u- 
i^itiuK  ""^  territorial  lihrary;  and  the  lihrarians  n'port  of  18S3  contains  a 
cit;donne  of  1,810  volumes,  and  mentions  144  jiastelioard  lioxes  contiiining  t!ie 
cLLs.sitiel  archives.    A'.  .]fi:r..  Official  Rrpnits,  ISS'J-S,  p.  .'{1-."). 

".1/.  ^fcr.,  liejxjiU  of  Auditor  mill  Tnnnufer,  in  Jnnrntih,  and  some  of 
them  printed  separately;  also  lacusages  of  gov.  and  reports  to  the  sec.  inte. 


Mi; 


..n^.„iJl 


w 


riH 


(ilR()MOL(X;l('   AND  OF'FICIAL. 


propcHy,  wliich  liad  Ix-om  $'J(),()()0.0()0  in  ISr.O,  I.rfom 
tlu'  <'iittiM'j;-<>fr  of  Arizona  and  ( 'olorado,  was  almiit 
•SIS, ()()(), 000  in  IH7(),  in  IHSO  apparmtly  several  mil- 
lions less — tliou<;h  tluTO  is  no  aLjrccnicMit  luiWdn 
(lillrnnt  ri'ports  and  in  18S4  about  !?-JI),OOO.0(i(i.'- 
Tlif  rate  of  taxation  was  nevtT  (^xccMHivclv  liiuli.  tlir 
total  rate  in  ISS4,  accordini;  to  tin'  j^ovrnior's  ir|Miit, 
Ixiii'L;'  t'lt'Ncn  and  oin'  fourth  mills  on  tlM>  dollar,  -4' 
Avliicli  five  were  for  tlu'  ti-rritorv,  throo  for  sclionU, 
two  and  one  half  for  tlui  (■ounti<'H,  and  the  rest  fur 
int«'r('st,  the  poll  tax  of  one  dollar  bcinj:]^  for  the  hnn  lit 
of  schools,'' 

( 'laiins  of  Ni'W  Mexican  citizens  ai^ainst  the  riiit( d 
States  were  of  sev<'ral  different  classes,  including'  tlmsc 
foi-  losses  in  the  revolt  of  IS47,  for  Indian  depreda- 
tions in  the  later  vears.  for  militia  service  a'^ainst  tlic 
Indians,  for  similar  service  ajL^ainst  the  confed  -rales, 
and  for  the  destruction  of  property  hy  the  laftei-. 
.Mmost  eve)T  legislature  in  mi'Uiorials,  and  the  gov- 
ernors in  their  messages,  urj^^cd  the  payment  of  these 

rinr.  TIm'  tiii;iiici;il  coiKMtinn  of  '81  as  i^ivcn  liy  Ritcli,  liluc-lhink,  S7,  srcnis 
IcsH  s:iti>t.iitiir.v  than  is  iiiilicutoil  by  tlu;  otluT  rc'imrts,  since,  wliilr  it  sIiums  a 
siirphis  (il  Sl.'{,  Jl.">,  licsiiles  <loliii<|Uont  tiixcs  to  tlic  iiniount  ot  S!»(>,.S.S|,  it  ,iI,mi 
iiiiiitioiis  iiiihti.'i  warrants  ontstandinf;  to  tlie  amount  of  .*"i'_'7. 17*1,  mIiuIi  1 
.suiUMisi'  liail  not  1)i'cn  i>ai(l  in  ISS4.  In  1871  territorial  IiomU  wire  m  Hinjf 
for  4((  I'cnls.  ('i>nnty  linanecM  viro  not  in  so  satisfactory  a  comlition  ::iii- 
rrally  as  those  of  tin?  territory  Thu  /'.  S.  i'vniiun  h'cjmrt  of  lS7()givis  tlie 
tlilit  as  .'J7,r)t>(>. 

'- f '.  S.  (  V7i.<)/.v  /'ijH>rfs;  governor's  reports;  Ritc/i'n  lUui- Himk:  aiidili.r's 
re|Mirts;  ditlcrini;  widely  in  their  lij,'ures  in  most  years.  The  gov.  in  ^l 
notes  an  increase  of  .■<l(i,(H>(»,0(K»  in  tiinv  years,  also  Halting  that  .■<-t.(l(»O.I«H) 
of  K.  K.  jiroiierty  would  liecomo  taxalilo  in  '8(1,  and  5!l(l,(*'H(,(MMt  in  ,'»  yi  ars. 
Ta.\es  amounted  to  "JK  ni.  in  'tlO,  (il  ni.  in  '70,  HI  m.  in  '8(1,  and  I'JO  m.  in  s;t. 
Sec  .dso  l'iirtii'i<  H'oY.  I'l'ti.vin 'si>,  p.  4.">4;  A'.  Mc.i:,  Jiuxinci  /tirccinrii.  I^M', 
J).  '2'.1.  internal  revi'iiue  taxes  seem  to  have  hecu  5!.'{4,;$S()  in  1S71  "J  and 
if4■^^)■2\  in  18S1-'J. 

'■Seo  resume  of  legi.slative  acts  for  various  revenui;  acts.  The  act  of  iMi',)- 
70  was  long  and  elahorate,  imposing  a  tax  of  'JO  I'eiits  on  the  Sl(M)  for  territoiy, 
and  r>  cents  for  counties;  exempting  jiroperty  to  vahuMif  S.">(K),  and  sKKi  inr 

J)rovisions  for  family  for  one  yeai',  and  certain  impK^nents,  live-stork,  i  ti'. 
n  ]S7I  'J  licenses  weri' aliolished  for  many  kinds  of  husini'ss;  all  iiroperty 
was  to  jiay  one  peri'cnt;  and  the  poll  tax  was  fixed  at  one  dollar.  A  1  iw 
ext'niiiting  dilits  on  real  estate  was  declared  hy  the  gov.  in  |87:<  to  wnik 
haiUy.  Ju  l87;{-4aud  187")  (i  the  revenue  law  was  also  amended;  ami  tlu 
revenue  system  was  defined  in  1S8'2.  A',  ^f(•x.,  Rciynuc  Law.  Sta  Fe,  i'^^-, 
8vo,  :a  p';  X.  M,.,:,  liii.'^inrss  Dinrlor;/,  I88'2,  p.  ll»S-'J04.  In  '83  thu  lmv. 
states  thi!  tax  to  he  1  per  cent,  ^  for  territory,  [  for  counties,  |  for  schouls, 
hesi<les  poll  tax  and  snuill  licenses  on  a  few  trades.  licpt  U)  Sir.  Iii/fri")'. 
Thu  oSeu  of  CO.  treasurer  was  created  iii  'C9,  and  that  of  co.  assessor  in  >4. 


(iO,  Itcfun' 

r'aS      Hlltlllt 

vi'Val  mll- 
,   lntAV(i'n 

,000, (•(((). '" 

liiyli.  the 
•r's  i'c|Mii't, 

dollar,  of 
>r  sclidols, 
»•  rest  I'nr 
the  IxMictit 

j]\c.  United 
diiiLJ  those 
u  chjircdii- 
ii,'aiMst  the 
id'ed  Jiitcs, 
the  liittrf. 
I   the  u'nv- 

it  of   tlltSf 

fluid;  87,  srcMW 

nil'  it  sliciWH  A 

S\»'t.SS\,  It  ,iUii 

.170.  wlu.h  1 

.S  WiTf   mIIuiiJ 

ciiiclitiim  -rii- 
S7()  givi  s  tlio 

liimk:  auilili'r's 
ic  gov.   ill    n4 

hat  .rSl.dOii.iMK) 

(Mtl>  ill  .')  \.  .n>. 
I'Jd  III.  ill  '■:!• 

Dlnrliirii,  1^"'-. 
ill   1S71  -.ui'l 

ic  act  of  iMi'J- 
(»  for  tiTiitdiv, 
:iii(l  .'^1011  l..r 
livi'-stiiik.  1  ii'. 
<;  all  iirnjicity 
(l.illar.     A  1  i\v' 

1,S7:{  til  Wnik 
iideil;  ami  tin 

Sta  Ff,  l-^^-'i 
11  'S;?  tliu  iT'iv. 
,  j  t'nr  scIiihiIh, 
f)  Srr.  ]iitfyi"i'- 
assessor  in  s-i- 


CLAIMS   AND  <'01>K. 


710 


(luinis;  and  tlie  sulyeet  vixww  up  at  nearly  every  sos- 
>ion  of  I'onyfnsH  aft«?r  as  well  as  hcfore  IH<;4;  luit  I 
rannot  learn  that  any  of  the  demands  were  ever  paid.'* 
A  "  Revised  Cudo  of  New  Mexico"  had  heeii  Jtre- 
]>ared  in  1H,")(;,  hut  not  j)id>lislied,  so  far  as  I  know. 
Ill  I  <S(»2  the  <.fover».  r;  authoriz«'d  hy  an  act  of  I  k,V.>, 
ii|i|»ointed  Kirhy  Iien<  (let,  (\  I*.  Clever,  and  Faeundo 
rino  as  (H)niniissioners  i  codifv  tlu^  laws;  hut  their 
work  was  delayed  hy  J'nio's  death  an<l  other  causes. 
Ill  I  S(i4  th»>  lej^islature  authorized  the  secictaiy  to 
appoint  a  commission,  and  .fustice  lloUi^htop  'vid  four 
(iiherswere  appointed;  hut  (jiovern(»r  ('oniH'll\  v.  toed 
the  act,  and  apparently  lilleil  the  ohi  hoard  or'ap|iointed 
a  new  one,  since  the  result  was  jiuhlishei'  in  mo.").'' 
A  new  revision  was  ui;L,''ed  hy  jL;ovei-n(»i- ain.  le'^islat'ijo 
ill  ls7l  '^  nda^ainin  I  S7.") -<!,  an  act  ot  the  latt'  >•  y<'ar 
authorizing  the  a[>poiiitnu'nt  of  five  ( oinnussiom  rs; 
'.  '.  nothing  was  aecom[)lished,  apparently  In  IHiSOa 
similar  act  was  passed,  and  a  joint  resolution  rejoiced 
ill  the  early  comj)letion  of.TudL;"e  Prince's  compilation, 
at  the  same  time  asking  for  funds  for  its  puhli<-ation; 

'M)n  tJio  claims,  soo,  l,S,->4,  T.  ,?.  finvt  Dor.,  33.1  noiig.  2il  scss.,  H.  Hi  [tt  3S; 
l>.V),  /'/.,  H.  .lour.  3'A  Sill.  .I.iur.  L>(W;  X.  Mr.r.,  Lmi-x,  1K.-.4  5,  ji.  11.3  l'.»; 
:;"V.  .s  iL'pt  til  sec.  int.,  IS.'i.S,  3.")tll  I'litig.  l.stn«!.ss.,  H.  Ivx.  I)iii;.  I'J.'{;  II.  .Iiiiir. 
•J.;:.,  .HI4,  ll'.l'.t;  H.  .Mis.  Ooc.  3S;  IS.-.'.) -CO,  H.  Rii.t  I'J-J,  r.37;  Sin.  .Mis.  45; 
i^ii'-',  37tli  Cling.  3il  sf.su.,  H.  lli'jit  r>i.';  ISdli  7,  laws  ami  nuiinnrials;  nios- 
M-c  <if  gov.,  hill.  .\ff.  Itcpt,  IMIid,  Y.  i:{(i,  the  aiiioiiiit  of  Iml.  (lf|,rcil.  I)riii!» 
s|.:!77,3'_".»;  18(ilt  71,  inum.  of  tho  Irgi.sl. ;  bill  taMcil  in  cong.  <lli>h,,  IS70-I, 
].  O.Ti;  mess,  of  gov.,  1.S7I  (the  war  .l.iiiii  of  ^1(M)-.«!L'(K).()(M)  is  saiil  to  liavo 
i"(ii  frauiliilently  inagiiilicil  to  i?S<M),(HMt;  a  commission  ri'i'omnitiiilcil); 
isTI  •_',  /.'i"'.i,  J).  7'-'-4;  1S73  4,  43.1  cong.  1st  suss.,  U.  Kx.  Doc.  '_'7'-';  lnll.s 
ivtiiTiil  in  cong.;  iinfavoralilr  rcpt  of  .sec.  war;  1874'),  434  cong.  'lA  .scss., 
II.  Ivx.  l)oc.  ().■>;  H.  Kc[it  31)3,  iiicl.  t.il'iilar  statement  of  Iii'l.  ili'|iriil.,  aiul 
a  tavoralile  reitort  on  war  claims;  1.87.")  (i,  niein.  of  lci;is|.  for  iiaymcnt  of  a 
.-|iicial  claim  for  horses  sent  hy  ( rcii.  ( 'aiihy  from  Ft  Craig  to  HoshiH'  Ki'ihiiiih) 
ml  caiituri'd  liy  Tcxans  in  (i'J,  4.->th  cong.  'Jil  siss.,  Sfii.  U  (it  4'.l">;  4Uli 
loiii.'.  l.st  sess.,  11.  .Mis.  Doc.  S8;  I87C.  7,  hill  for  In. I.  ilejircil.,  lahle.l;  1877  8, 
111!  for  relief  of  mounteil  volunteers  jiasseil  the  senate;  187'.',  claims  of  N. 
•Mix.  Volunteers  to  1)0  jiresenteil  to  court  of  claims;  1880,  nothing  yet  paid. 
.Mess,  of  gov. 

' '  I'lrhiil  StdtiiffS  of  till'.  Terriloni  of  XfW  Mfjriro,  in  fitrrr  nt  tlio  rlixe  of  the 
iii.^!tii)ii  iij'  the  l.rifiMiiiirc  AsKi'mlilij  imlinij  I'l'linmry  2,  ISd-'i.  /'iiiiliihri/  hii  an- 
tliiirity.  St  Louis,  1H(m,  !Svo,  8ol5  p.  Knglish  an  '  Siiaiiish  text  on  alternate 
jiages.  The  commissioners  arc  not  nanu'il,  but  liie  secretary  certitii's  that 
tlie  Work  M'as  ilone  by  a  commission  appointoil  by  the  gov.,  ami  that  the  work 
ivas  ainirovoil  by  the  legisl.  act  of  .T:in.  '24,  l8t)o.  fiov.  C.'s  vc' )  mossiigo  of 
the  earlier  act  is  in  X.  Mcx.,  Juurmil,  lS(J3-4,  p.  1%. 


720 


CHIlONOLOfilC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


Rl 


u 


.:« 


''<i 


'III 


■1"^ 


nil 


l)ut  wo  hear  no  inoro  of  this  work.'"  Finally,  under 
an  act  of  1884,  a  new  c'om|iilation  was  published  in 
1885." 

From  1801  there  were  frequent  efforts  to  seeure 
the  admission  of  the  territory  of  Xew  IVIexico  into  tlie 
union  as  a  state;  and  in  1872  a  constitution  was 
formed  by  a  convention  formed  for  that  pur[)osf. 
The  po[>ulation  was  sufficient,  much  larger  than  that 
of  some  other  states  at  the  time  of  their  admission, 
hut  tlie  prospective  politics  of  the  new  state  was  .ij^cn- 
erally  not  encouraging  to  the  administration  or  tlie 

^^'  Iiitrh\i  Lciiklativc  Bluv-Boolc  of  1882  containH  a  moat  useful  coinpiliitidii 
of  fuiiilaiiiental  law,  rules,  etc. 

"  Coiiijiili'il  Liiirs  of  Xcir  Mi'.rirn.  In  acronlnnce  wifh  (in  art.  of  the  hfixlatnri', 
npjirnrc'l  A}>ril  ,i,  ISSJf  Inrbiilhnf  tin'  roualitut'mii  of  tlie  i'nifi  I  St(iti.-<,  tin' 
trfti/y  (f  (I'lKK/alupr  Jlidnlijo.  tlie  tlmlxtlen  treat;/,  the  orii/iiial  art  oriiaiiiziini  lla' 
terrilnri/,  the  or(j(tiiic  arts  as  innr  hiforre,  the  iirlijinul  Kmnii/  nule,  anil  (i  li--^t  "/ 
Uiim  I'liarteil  niiirr  the  rniiiyiilatinn  of  lSt!-'>.  K'liraril  L.  liartlett,  Charlm  IT. 
(I'reetie,  Santniijn  Valdiz,  roiiiinissinii;  Jrenco  L.  Chavex,  serretary.  St.v  Fe,  ISS.'), 
Svo,  ITOti  p.  Sauiu  titlu  iu  .Spanish,  with  English  ami  Spanish  text  on  alter- 
nate pages. 

The  justiees  of  the  supremo  court  have  been  named  in  the  official  list. 
The  legislature  often  askctl  for  an  increased  nunilier  of  judges,  and  for  in- 
creased pay.  Tlie  salary  was  fixed  at  §;J,(X)0  hy  act  of  congress  in  1S70.  In 
liStW  tliere  was  a  memorial  asking  for  the  removal  of  Judge  Hougliton  and 
the  a]ipointmei!t  of  Jolm  IJail  in  his  place.  Noti-resideiiee,  neglect  of  duties, 
engaging  in  private  practice  of  l.iw,  partisanship  for  Andrew  Johnson,  and 
ilhgal  decisions  were  the  alleged  grounds  for  removal.  Tliere  was  occasional 
trouhle  alioiit  the  appoi  tiimment  of  justices,  t'tl'orts  Iteing  made  to  change  the 
judges  from  one  district  to  another  on  account  of  local  interests  or  prejudices. 
In  187-  an  etl'ort  w.is  made  to  send  the  chief  justice  t'l  a  remote  district  and 
an  associate  to  Sta  Fe;  hut  the  act  Mas  vetoed  l)y  the  gov.  K.  H.  Tompkiii.s 
was  recommended  for  chief  justice  hy  the  legislature  of  1878.  A  volume  nf 
reports  was  published  in  1881,  lle]>orts  of  Casin  anjiied  owl  ilrtermined  in  th'' 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory  of  Sew  Me.riro,  from  January  term,  /.S'JJ,  to 
January  term,  18"!),  inelusire.  Reported  hy  Charlen  II.  (t'ildersUere,  Counsellor  at 
Law.  San  Franci.sco,  1881,  8vo,  xii.,  879  p.  I  think  a '2il  volume  h;is  siiue 
been  published.  This  1st  vol.  contains  a  list  of  tlie  judges,  and  also  of  the 
att(n'neys  jiractising  in  the  court,  as  follows:  Sam.  T.  Allen,  Merrill  .\shurst, 
.lohn  1).  Bail,  Spruce  M.  Baird,  Sidney  M.  Barnes,  Marshall  A.  Breedcii, 
Thos  B.  Catron,  Edgar  Caypless,  J.  F.  Chavez,  W.  B.  ("hilders,  Frank  \V. 
Clancy,  '1  hos  F.  Conway,  \V.  W.  II.  Davis,  Francis  Downs,  Edmund  !'. 
Dunne,  Eugene  A.  Fiske,  Jos.  E.  Oary,  C.  H.  Clildersleeve,  John  M.  (linn, 
Jesse  ('.  tJdodwin,  Wm  (_'.  (haves,  Wm  C.  Hasiedine,  Joab  Houghton,  Ai)rani 
G.  Hoyt,  .Sidiiey  A.  Hubbell,  Henry  C.  Johnson,  John  H.  Knaebel,  (Jimi, 
Lemon,  Ira  E.  Leonard,  ('has  ( '.  McComas,  .Melviu  W.  Mills,  S.  B.  New- 
co)nb,  I'almer  J.  I'lllians,  (J.  Ci.  I'osey,  F".d.  S.  Price,  Geo.  W.  Prichard,  .las 
H.  tjuinn,  Jas  R.  Reynolds,  .John  I'.  Risque,  Wind.  Ritcii,  Wm  L.  Ryucr- 
.-toti,  .bi.^e  D.  Sena,  Jas  M.  Shaw,  Wm  C.  Skinner,  Andrew  Sloan,  Hugh  N. 
Siiiitli,  l-r.ink  Springer,  Benj.  Stevens,  Louis  Sulsbaeher,  Wm  V.  Terrill,  Win 
T.  Thornton,  R.  H.  Tomkins,  L.  S.  Trindile,  Murray  F.  Tuley,  Hanson  Wait- 
man,  Henry  L.  Waldo,  Milton  J.  Warner,  W.  W.  Watson,  Elias  P.  W'est, 
Theodore  D.  Wlieaton, 


STATE  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


731 


ally,  under 
iblishod 


111 


J  to  secure 
ico  into  the 
itution  was 
it    pur|)()sr. 

r  than  that 

admission, 

te  was  jjfen- 

tion  or  tlu' 

jeful  coiiipilatiiiii 
/  of  the  liyi.iiitMn; 

['llit<   I    Stnlf:-<,     till- 

act  onjiniiziii'j  lln' 
rude,  ini'l  «■  H"'  "/ 
rtlett,  CIkiiIix  11'. 
■If.  8t.v  Fe,  18^.'', 
I'ish  tu.xt  oil  altur- 

.11  the  olficial  list, 
ndges,  anil  for  '»■ 
rrcsa  in  1S70.     In 
gc  Houglitou  UI\ll 
neglect  of  dutii'^ 
rc'W  Johnson,  an<l 
jro  was  (K'casioiKil 
aile  to  chaiigi^  tlu' 
jsts  orprej-.nluts. 
mote  district  and 
K.  U.  Tompkins 
78.     Avoliuncdl 
(hterndned  in  lli'' 
try  term,  tS.'>J,  !» 
ikire,  CnuntM>i'  "I 
volume  has  simc 
8,  and  also  of  llic 
I,  Morrill  Ashurst, 
ihall  A.  Hrci'd.  M, 
lilders,   Frank  W. 
]\vus,  Edmund  I'. 
lu,  John  M.  <linn, 
lloughton,  At)rani 
H.  Knaebcl,  <lco. 
\lills,  S.  li.  N^^v- 
\V.  Prichard,  Ja^ 
|h,  Wm  L.  Kynt  r- 
f  Sloan,  Hugh  N. 
jm  C.  Terrill,  Wni 
ii;y,  Hanson  Wait- 
Eliaa  V.  West, 


dominant  party  in  congress;  and  moreover,  there  was 
a  vaHd  ohjection  to  tiie  character  of  the  native  iniiabi- 
tants,  wliose  lanu:uarje  was  foreign,  and  wlio  liad  hut 
sh^ht  knowled«^e  respectin^^  the  ])rinciples  of  Ameri- 
can <^overnnient.  The  suhject  was  somewhat  conij)]i- 
cated  with  Indian  affairs  and  frontier  controversies; 
and  it  was  feareil  that  the  a(hnission  of  such  a  i)eoplo 
might  establish  a  bad  precedent  for  tiie  future  if  new 
ttiritory  should  ever  be  acquired  on  the  south. 
Therefore,  New  Mexico's  legitimate  ambition  for 
statt'liood  has  not  bc^en  gratified.  But  the  matter  is 
still  agitated,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that,  under  new 
political  exigencies  and  the  aims  of  a  democratic  ad- 
ministration, the  desire  of  the  people  may  be  gratified 
at  no  vtny  distant  day.  For  a  time  it  was  [)roposed 
to  call  the  new  state  Lincoln.     I  append  a  few  details.^^ 

"^Eti'orts  of  18(51.  U.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  StJth  con-.'.  2d  sess..  Sen.  Mis.  Doo.  11; 
H.  Journal  oIU,  5(iO;  IJui/es'  AV/vijw,  A  in/elc.'i,  vi.  100.  18()ll,  Sen.  .lournal 
'2M,  '21W,  HTtli  eong.  3il  .sess.;  S.  F.  liullv'lhi.  May  'J8,  '0.3.  KSlii),  act  of  Icgisl. 
iiuthorizing  -.'ov.  to  call  a  eonvi^ntion,  to  ho  electecl  1st  Mond.  in  March,  to 
iiicct  at  Sta  Ft'  r)th  .Mond.  in  April,  anil  the  constit.  to  Ix;  voted  on  4lh  .Mond. 
in  .June.  Lmrn,  ]8!;,")-C;  H.  Mis.  Doc.  T)?,  S'.ttli  cong.  1st  sess.,  witli  jiroclama- 
tion.  ISlJi)  71,  eilorts  to  secure  admission  as  state  of  Lincoln.  Lmrs,  lS(i'.t-70, 
[i.  lilOf),  append.  4;  /tl.,  1871--,  p.  54  0;  hills  in  congre^s  referred  and  re- 
liiirted.  C.  S.  .((■<.•*,  41st  cong.  21  and  lid  sess.;  ('(Hh/.  (,'lo'ie,  ISii'.t  71,  as  pur 
Mide.x',  including  a  speech  i)y  Delegate  t'liavez  in  favor  of  the  measure,  in  the 
(;lol„-  of  1870-1,  app.  244;  Sen.  .lournal,  41st  cong.  3d  sess.,  .^)00;  Id.,  42.1 
C(ing.  Istse.ss.  20.3,  H.  Jour.  237.  Moanwiiile,  a  convention  was  held  at  Sta 
I'c,  and  a  constitution  formed.  \.  Mex.,  Constitution  of  the  Slute  of.  Sta  Fe, 
lf572,  12mo,  47  p.  Tiiis  was  approve  I  hj  the  gov.  Feb.  ist,  and  an  act  of  tiio 
Icgisl.  ordered  an  election  for  1st  .Mond.  in  June,  state  ollicers  to  he  elected, 
if  tjio  constit.  was  adopted,  on  ist  Mond.  in  Sept.  Sec  al.so  A'.  Mi.r.,  Jonrmil, 
1N71-2,  a[ii>enilix.  But  tlie  vote  was  not  received  in  time  to  lie  legally  counted 
licforc  the  period  expired,  and  the  movement  came  to  naught.  A'.  Mej-.,  J/cas. 
"/  'jor.,  -'873,  p.  17-18.  The  house  hill  on  state  of  Lincoln  was  tabled  in  the 
senate,  t'on;/.  lllohe,  1871-2,  p.  2!t."i();  and  presently  a  bill  to  extend  the  time 
iif  Voting  was  referred  in  the  iniuse.  lu  the  legisl.  session  of  1873-4  a  new 
iininorial  was  sent,  and  in  congress  a  bill  was  passed  by  tiio  house,  but  ro- 
fi  rred  by  the  senate.  Coinj.  (llode,  1873  4;  H.  Kept  5()1,  43il  cong.  1st  sess. 
There  wer!)  many  newspaper  articles  on  the  subject  in  1874,  tlie  MeaHbi  Xew>i, 
as  ipiofctt  by  the  S.  Die.)  Unioi^,  Jan.  22d,  opposing  the  movement.  iSce  also 
v.  /•'.  K.riiininer,  June  4tli;  S.  /•'.  Attn,  June  3th;  S.  F.  ('<dl,  April  9th;  I'inc. 
I'niitn,  June  tith;  N.  Mix.,  Srrnp.^,  18.  In  1875  the  house  bill  was  passed  by 
the  sen.  witli  amendments,  a  new  resolution  being  received  from  the  legi.sl. 
■llth  cong.  1st  sess.i  Sen.  Kept  CO;  H.  Mis.  Doc.  (33.  In  1870  tliere  was  an- 
I'lher  memorial  and  another  bill,  which  piissed  the  senate  after  mucli  discus- 
si'iii,  but  did  net  go  beyond  reference  to  a  com.  in  the  house.  43d  cong.  1st 
^•-s.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  liK);  Olohe,  1875-0,  per  index;  4.3d  cong.  2.1  sess.,  H. 
•I'ur.  577,  045;  44tli  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Rept  503.  The  rep.irt  of  the  com. 
w,n  favorable,  but  I  fin.l  no  recor.l  of  later  agitation,  except  a  few  newspaper 
aiticles  of  1885.  See  .S".  F.  Bulletin,  July  10,  1885. 
Uu  .  Auiz.  A.NU  N.  Me.x.    40 


•Vl 


It! 


722 


CHRONOLOiilC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


I  i  p 


r :  ■ 


t 


The  geologic  and  gcocrraphic  surveys  of  the  wcstirn 
United  States  territories,  executed  under  the  cluii'^e 
of  Professor  Haydeu  and  Captain  Wheeler  in  IHOii- 
7S,  included  a  considerable  ])ortion  of  New  ^Mexico, 
the  re|)orts  and  nun)s  containing  a  vast  amount  of 
valuable  information,  which  cannot  be  even  sunuiui- 
rizcd  here/''  The  southern  boundary  having  I)  ■cii 
fixed  by  the  national  or  treaty  survey,  the  nortlici  ii, 
eastern,  and  western  lines  were  successively  survcvid 
under  appro[)riations  of  congress  made  in  180",  1^7:1, 
and  187;"),  the  work  bein*;  siini)lv  the  determination  df 
the  different  meridians  and  parallels,  but  furnishiii'j,', 
naturally,  considerate  geographical  and  other  infor- 
mation."^ There  were  unsuccessful  attempts  to  restoiL- 
the  tract  containing  Conejos,  Costilla,  and  Culebiu 
from  Colorado  to  New  Mexico;  to  attach  the  Moreno 
mining  district  to  Colorado;  and  to  set  off  Grant 
county  in  the  soutli-west  as  part  of  Arizona. 

In  the  matter  of  crime  and  disorder  the  territory 
presents  a  record  that  is  l)y  no  means  unfavorable,  ('(Ui- 
sidering  the  circumstances  of  position  on  the  ^[exieaii 
frontier,  constant  ravages  of  Indian  foes,  defective  oi'- 
ganization  of  the  courts,  lack  of  suital)le  jails,  tin' 
ignorance  and  primitive  character  of  the  people,  and 
the  presence  of  miners,  soldiers,  and  li(pior-tradi'rs  in 
remote  parts  of  the  country.  Of  course,  there  wen; 
many  irregularitii>s  and  lawless  acts,  the  record  of 
which  is  very  imperfect  and  cannot  be  presented  in 
detail  here  even  so  far  as  it  exists;  but  the  New 
Mexicans  proved  themselves  to  a  mucli  greater  extiiit 
than  has  generally  been  believed  abroad  a  peaeei'iil 
and  law-abiding  people.  From  1878  to  1882  the  state 
of  atl'airs  in  most  districts,  particularly  in  the  south, 


"  U.  S.  Oiol.  and  Oi'mj.  Siinri/,  Ilai/ilcn,  uspecially  tlio  report  of  I8()7-0,  |i. 
lOft-7,  ir)7-7;{;  /lulli'tiii,  ii.,  no.  4,  p.  ^lli)  .SOS;  iv.,  lu).  1;  U.  S.  (rfiiij.  Siin-yii, 
W'/iirlcr,  iii.  r)0r)-(>7,  liOH-Ki,  &2'A-1,  IKW-Gl;  Report  for  1875,  p.  40-ir>0:  Rcipoit 
for  IS7ti,  p.  12(i-47;  1870,  p.  l'M-':.r2:  1877,  p.  127:{-8,  li'y.VlUOH;  187h.  p. 
lO.'l-t),  K!I  0;  iilso  maps  in  atlas.  Sl^o  also  Daly's  Aildrens  btj'orc  Ainvr.  (Imi. 
Sot.:,  187."?,  p.  14-1");  Oalnxi/,  xxi.  429-30. 

-J The  survey  of  the  northern  or  Colorado  boundary  is  described  in  tii'' 
U.  H.  Liiiul  "Jicc  liijil,  1801),  p.  37-41;  aLo  later  sorveya  in  the  report  of  187:!. 


POPULATION. 


723 


was  mucli  worse  tlian  at  otlior  periods. ^^  The  popula- 
tion of  Now  Mexico  ill  18(10,  with  some  Inipert'ectly 
I'stimated  tleductions  for  the  teri'itory  detached  later, 
lias  hecMi  <j^iveii  as  80,507,  exclusive  of  Indians.  In 
1S70  the  fii,aires  had  increased  to  1)0,573,  and  in  1880 
to  101),7D.'5.  Of  these  nuinhers,  in  the  two  years  re- 
spectively, 180  and  1,015  were  colored;  and  in  1880 
there  were  .also  57  Chinese.  The  number  born  in  New 
Mexico  was  82,108  and  92,271;  born  in  other  parts 
tit"  the  United  States  2,7(50  and  0,471;  born  in  ^[exico 
;l/.)0:5  and  5,17;{;  b(»rn  in  other  foreii;ji  countries  1.717 
and    2,878.      The    governor's^'"  estimate    in   188.">  was 

-'  ( '(iiresp.  with  Mex.  on  entry  of  Mox.  troops  in  pursuit  of  rohliors,  1S(>|. 
r.  S.  fi'nrf  />(»•.,  ;{'.ltli  coiij;.  1st  st'ss.,  Mux.  atlairs,  ii.  'H'tCt-l't.     IStiS,  killing 


Cliii'f  .histiie  Slou«li.   \.  M, 


Scraji; 


«•->;  S.  /•'.  Ti 


Jan.  17,  I  SOS;  .J  u 


.'I,  ISili).     I.vn<'liini'  in  1S7<).  .V.  /•'.  IliillHl 


nu 
it,  1870.      Klfction  riot  at 


MoiU.i  Sept.  '71, 


iiich  7  j)ersons  were  killuil.  ,V.  /'.  Al/a,  Scjit.  'Jl,  '71; 


liiilcjii-iiiliiin:  /iiil'jy.,  Oct.  14,  '71.     On  salo  in  N.  Mox.  of  livestock  stolon  in 


M, 


Mr 


/iifi. 


r 


Sffl/fSIlt 


In,;    1874, 


I'' 


101   'J.      1874  8,    tnnnlors   in 


l.iiiciiln  CO.,  U.  S.  troops  callcil  out;  inoh  dostroys  a  iiowspapor  at  Cini.irron; 
not  at  Kl  I'aso.  ^V.  Mr.,:,  .Srnip.t,  IC,  8'J;  S.  F.  Iliillrfhi,  Oct.  'J4,  '77;  S.  t\ 
Mt  I,  Oot.  U'2,  '78.  'rr<ioiM  crossini;  frontier  in  pursuit  of  trosiiassers.  4.')tli 
!!>;.    1st  sess.,    H.   Kx.  Doc.  V.\,  p.   lit!  :{1,  •_"J7  8.      1870,   lynoliing  ist  I. 


\i 


A'.  Mr 


tSrriijif 


I) 


isposition  of  eriniina 


Is.    N.  Mry 


Mr. 


"J  ;/"'• 


18S(),  ti'onliles  with  cowhoys  ami  outlaws,  lynohinj^  in  Liiieoln  eo.  and 


i-is  X'cgas,  killing  an  oilitor  at  Sororro,  ete.    /'< 


Triljiiiir,  ,hine  10,  -Inly 


Nov.  18,  I  >ec.  •_'(■>,  '^S,  'SO;  Tw.'^nii  S/.,ii;  Kol>.  I'i.  .Ian.  l.'t.  .May '27,  '80. 
Similar  items  for  18S|,  including  tlio  killing  of  '  Biliv  the  Kid'  hy  tlie  siicritl'. 
X.  /■'.  ('/iroiilrti',  Ainil  1,  "81;  T(iiiil"<liiiir  A';i/A(;'/(,  Juno  Iti,  '81;  I'lmil  Drill, 
Aiiii.  C,  '81;  Sill'.  liW,„;l-r„h,i,  .Inly  ■J7,  "81;  X.  Mr.r.,  ArU,  ISS'J,  p.  101. 
llcmsof  18S'_'.   S.  /•'.  liiillrliii,  .Ian.  •_'.'.,  Fob.  i;{,  Nov.  II,  'Si'.     Items  of   18S.S, 


rludi 


tl 


Stl. 


or    war  m  I'oiia  Ana  eo. 


tl4  84;  S.  /•'.  (  /// 


-■/,., 


•I..  10,  's;;.    1884, 


A'.   Mr.,:,  Ojlir.  /,',),/.■<,  l8S-J-:{,   pt 


see  novornor  s  message. 


188,1 


l.Miching,  and  riot  at  Spiiiigcr.   S.  /'.  B'lllil'n:,  .March  17,  "8."). 

--  Lionel  .\.  Shehlon,  in  1881  appointed  govi'ruor  of  New  Mexico,  is  of  Nor- 
iii;in  di'scent,  his  ancolors  sclding  in  Vorksliiri',  Knglanii,  aliout  the  lime  of 
till'  eonipiost,  one  of  tlicm  heing  alterwaid  a|iponiteil  lord  mayor  of  Loudon, 
;mother  liisliop  of  Canterbury,  an  i  a  tiiird  lioutonant-gonoral.  In  1(J4(J  thieo 
lirolhers  ol  tins  famdy  eniigrated  to  -Vmerica,  and  Ironi  oni;  of  them  Lionul 
is  iloscuiided,  lii.s  liirLJiplaci;  being  Worcester,  New  York,  and  hi.s  birth- 
liny  the  ItOlh  of  August,  ISJU.  Alter  rocoiving  a  thorougii  legal  training,  at 
the  ag  !  of  -I  ho  wai  elected  justice  of  tiiu  [)eace,  and  soon  afterward  piobato 
judge  for  Lorain  county.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  lie  practiseil  law,  and 
t'loli  an  active  part  in  i>nlitii'al  and  military  all'airs.  in  18.").S  lie  was  appointed 
hnnadicr-gcneral  of  militia,  and  at  the  ontbre.ik  of  tht!  war  joined  the  I'niou 
army  as  cai)tain  of  a  cavalry  coiiip.iny.  soon  afli'iwiird  being  proimited  to  a 
cnliinelcy  and  brevet  brigailier-gener;il.  ami  taking  pirt  in  a  imuibci-  of 
ciiu'igeinents.  In  I8()8,  and  again  in  1870  and  7-,  he  was  chost'ii  for  con- 
fji-css  troin  New  Orleans,  and  later  w  is  attorney  for  tin,'  government  in  the 
.M.iliaina  claims.  In  1880  he  was  nieinber  of  the  < 'hii  igo  I'onvcntion  which 
iinmin.ited  (larlield  for  the  jiri'sidency,  and  for  several  wi'oks  was  his  guest 
at  the  Wiiite  House.  During  his  career  as  govermir  he  thoroughly  chared 
tliu  territory  of  its  luwluss  cluinuat,   pruiautud  iudu»triuii  und  education, 


I 


'i 


\ 


1  i  '■'' 

;  I  J 


:'ll 


724 


CHRONOLO<;iC  AND  OFFICIAL. 


150,000,  and  tlic  population  may  have  readied  tliut 
figure  in  1880. 

and  brought  peace  and  prosperity  to  the  land.  Afterward  he  remlciod 
giiiid  suivico  in  putting  ;iii  end  to  the  gro.it  ialxn'  stiiko  on  thu  Tiixus  ainl 
l-a<ilii'  lliiilroad,  and  a.s  recfivur  for  tiiat  line  iian<lle  1  S|,"),(»(»(),(M>(»  w  iiiioiit 
a  single  discrepancy  in  liis  accounts.  In  .liinuary  l!SS8  lio  settled  at  Lo.s 
Aniieles,  where  he  l)ecaine  interested  in  tlie  ("eatin.^la  Inglewood  {'(inipaiiy. 
A  man  of  stroni;  character  and  of  great  physical  strength,  a  thoront;!!  1  iw  ver, 
and  a  lipe  scliolar,  periiaps  his  strongest  trait  is  his  eool  and  unlliui'iiinL;  de- 
tcniiination,  as  is  displayed  in  his  war  record,  and  in  many  incidents  ot  las 
eventful  Career. 


Seal  of  New  Mexico. 


Il'lli 


w- 


i'^i 


CHAPTER   XXIX. 

INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AI'FAIRS. 

1864-1887. 

Military  Commandrrs — Forces — Forts— Imdian  Population — Scperin- 

TENDENTS  —  APPROPRIATIONS  —  CuRONOLOOY  —  TUE   NaVAJOS  —  BosQUE 

Redondo--Carleton''3  Efforts — Controversy— The  Reservation  a 
Failure — Removed  to  their  Olu  Home — Auents — I'uosperitv  in  the 
North-west — Comanches — .Ticarillas  and  Utes — Agencies  at  Cimar- 
ron,   ABIQCItt,    AND    TlEllRA    AmaRILLA— FiNAL    REMOVAL- ThE    Pl'E- 

BLoa — List  of  Agents  and  Chronologic  Summary— Preshytekian 
Schools — The  Mescaleros — At  Fort  Sumner  and  Fort  Stanton — 
Agents  and  Annals — Southern  Apaches — Hostile  Bands — Reserva- 
tions—Canada Alamosa,  Tularosa,  and  Ojo  Caliente — Victorio's 
Raids — Apaches  Removed  to  Arizona. 

The  military  commanders  in  New  Mexico  from 
18G4  were  as  follows:  General  James  H.  Carleton, 
1 8G4-G ;  General  George  Sykes,  18G7 ;  General  Georj^c 
W.  Getty,  18G7-71;  General  Gordon  Granger,  1871- 
3  and  IS75-G;  General  J.  I.  Gregg,  1873-4;  General 
Thomas  C.  Devin,  1874-5;  Colonel  James  F.  Wade, 
187G;  General  Edward  Hatch,  187G-81;  General 
Luther  P.  Bradley,  1881;  General  R.  S.  Mackenzie, 
1881-3.^  All  seem  to  have  been  faithful  and  efficient 
o^llr-er-',  if  we  may  credit  the  annual  reports  of  Gcn- 
€/ax  Pope,  commanding  the  division  of  the  Missouri, 
which  included  New  Mexico.  Most  of  them,  how- 
ever, as  was  inevitable,  antagonized  at  one  time  or 
another  the  Indian  agents  or  some  clique  of  citizens. 

'  Carleton  was  major  6th  inf.  and  brevet  maj.-gen.  volunteers;  Sykos  col 
20th  inf.  and  brevet  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.;  (Jetty  col  37th  inf.  ami  ditto; 
(Iranger  col  15th  inf.  and  ditto;  Devia  lieut.-col  Stii  cavalry  and  brevet 
lii'ig.-gou.  U.  S.  A.;  Wade  niaj.  9th  cav.  and  brevet  col  U.  S.  A.,  temporarily 
in  coniinand;  Hatch  col  t)th  cav.  and  brevet  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.;  Bradley 
col  13th  inf.  and  brevet  brig.-gea,  U.  S.  A.;  Muckeuzio  col  4th  cav.  and 
ditto;  Hitch's  Blue-Book,  ll»5-6. 

(725) 


:*f3  in 


5       i 


726 


INDIAN   AND   MILITARY   AFl'AIRS. 


For  instance,  Getty  in  1807  and  Hatch  in  1880  were 
denounced  in  })ublic  meetings,  but  sustained  by  reso- 
lutions of  tlie  legislature.  Details  of  these  contro- 
verses  are  not  fully  re<!orded,  and  if  they  were,  Mould 
hardly  be  worth  reproducing. 

The  California  volunteers  were  mustered  out  in  New 
Mexico  on  the  expiration  of  their  terms  of  enlistment 
in  18(15-0,^  and  their  places  were  taken  by  regular 
troops.  The  force  in  18G7  was  over  1,500  men,  but  wu.s 
gradually  diminished,  until  in  1875  it  was  less  than 
GOO.  Next  year,  lu)wever,  it  was  1,200,  and  was  in- 
creased until  1883,  when  it  was  nearly  1,(500,  and  iu 
1884  perhaps  2,300.^  These  troops,  maintained  at  an 
annual  cost  of  nearly  three  millions,  were  distributed, 
according  to  the  varying  exigencies  of  the  Indian  ser- 
vice, at  forts  Bascom,  Bayard,  Craig,  Cummings,  ^Iv- 
Rae,  Marcy,  Selden,  Stanton,  Sumner,  Union,  and 
Wingate.  The  military  headquarters  was  at  Santa 
Fe;  several  of  the  older  forts  do  not  appear  in  the 
records  of  this  period;  and  funne  of  those  named  were 
new,  and  others  abandoned  before  1884.*     The  Icgis- 

'^  Low  (F.  F.)  and  Orn.  J.  If.  CnrUton,  Corrri>pon<lftiri',  in  Cul.,  Journnls, 
ainii'ii.,  llith  sess.  There  was  some  dissatisfactiou  aiuuu)^  the  iiu'ii  about  the 
jilaue  (if  discharge,  mileage,  delays  in  getting  pay,  au<l  the  supply  of  rations. 
See  also  3!>th  coug.  l.st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doe.  138. 

^  i2,3r)(i,  according  to  iV.  Mex.,  Acta,  1S84,  p.  230.  I  liave  no  regular  reports 
after  1883. 

*  Reports  of  the  general  of  the  army  in  reports  of  see.  war,  18G4,  etc., 
containing  tahlea  of  the  troops  and  their  distribution  from  year  to  year.  1 
liave  no  space  to  record  garrison  changes  and  coniniandcrs.  Ft  liascom  was 
on  the  Canadian  Riv.,  in  S.  Miguel  co.,  and  was  al  andoneil  in  1871,  declared 
a  mil.  reserv.  in  181)0;  area  8,840  acres;  apj)arently  on  the  Montoya  grant,  as 
was  l'"t  Butler,  near  by,  occu])ied  as  a  post  before  Ha.scom,  and  never  dechircil 
as  a  re.serv.  Ft  Bayard,  at  I'inos  Altos,  corresponding  to  the  former  Ft  West; 
name  changed  before  18(57;  having  one  of  the  largest  garri.sou3  in  tlie  terri- 
tory, eai>ecially  in  the  Apache  troiddes  of  '80  et  seq. ;  no  mil.  reservation.  Ft 
Craig,  on  the  Rio  (Irande,  garrisoned  throughout  the  period;  built  on  leased 
land  claimed  as  part  of  a  Span,  grant,  and  the  claim  causing  much  contro- 
versy in  1870.  U.  S.  Goi't  Doc,  41st  cong.  'Jd  se-ss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  73;  declantl 
a  reserv.  in  1809;  area  24,805  acres.  Ft  Cummings,  at  Cook  Spring,  garri- 
soneil  in  1870,  and  again  in  1881-3;  reserv.  declared  in  1870;  area  'J,.">00acrcs; 
abandoned  by  war  ilcpt,  and  sale  recommended  in  187.).  Ft  MeRae,  on  tiie 
Rio  (Jrande,  garrisoned  from  1870  to  1870;  reserv.  declared  in  18(i9;  area 
2,500  acres;  like  Craig,  on  tiie  claimed  Ai'inendariz  grant.  Ft  Marcy,  at  Sta 
Fe,  occupied  by  a  siniul  detacliinent,  ace.  to  the  reports  of  most  years;  reserv. 
declared  in  1808;  area  17  acres.  Ft  Selden,  near  Dona  Ana;  abaiul.  as  a  post 
after  1870,  but  again  garrisoned  in  1881-3;  reserv.  declared  1870;  area  !),()13 
acres.     Ft  Stanton    Lincoln  co.,  continuously  garrisoned;  reserv.   1859;  re- 


1880  wore 


cd  by  reso- 
lese  contio- 
rt'ero,  would 

out  in  New 
f  eiilistuu'iit 

by  regular 
len,  but  was 
IS  loss  tlian 
and  was  iu- 
,(;00,  and  in 
tained  at  an 
distributed, 

Indian  ser- 
unini^s,  ^le- 
Union,  and 
xs  at  Santa 
ipear  in  tlie 
named  wert; 
Tbe  legis- 

11  Citl.,  Jr»irn<^U, 
le  iiu'ii  <al)mit  tlio 
"I'l'b'  "f  ratiijii.s. 

lo  regular  report;) 

war,  18G4,  etc., 
year  to  yi'ar.     1 

Ft  liascoiii  was 
ill  1871,  (leelarf  I 
ontoya  gi-ant,  us 
I  never  deelarcil 
former  Ft  West; 
ons  in  the  terri- 

reHervatioii.  Ft 
;  built  on  leased 

g  iiiueh  coiitni- 
)uc.  I'M  (lecland 
ok  Spring,  garri- 
area  '2,r>00acres; 
t  Mcllae,  on  till' 

I  ill  KS(i9;  area 
Ft  Marey,  at  Sta 
^at  years;  reserv. 

aliaiul.  as  a  post 
1870;  area  '.(.til;} 
ruserv.   1859;  re- 


SUPEIUNTENDENTS. 


laturo  now,  as  before,  made  frequent  appeals  for  in- 
ci'eased  ft)ree,  and  especially  for  autliority  to  raise 
volunteer  reu^iinents  ;  with  occasional  requests  for  mil- 
itary ]>osts  at  certain  exposed  points;  but  there  is  no 
indication  tiiat  these  eflbrts  ever  produced  any  results. 
So.'-ietliing  was,  however,  accomplished  in  the  way  yf 
orLfani/inii;  the  militia  force/ 

The  Iiulian  poDulation  of  the  territory  In  1804-80 
may  be  put  at  2(5,000  to  28,000,  with  but  little  varia- 
tion.^ Tlie  superintendents  in  charge  down  to  1S74, 
wlien  the  olHce  was  abolished,  were  Michael  Stock  in 
1804,  Felipe  Delgado  in  18G5-G,  A.  13.  Xorton  in 
18(;(;-7,  l.uther  E.  Webb  in  1807-9,  Jose  M.  Gallegos 
in  1801),  William  Clinton  in  1869-70,  Xatiianiel  Pope 
in  ir^70-2,  L.  E.  Dudley  in  1872-4.'  For  the  gen- 
eral Indian  service,  congress  made  an  annual  api)ro- 
jiriation,  wliich  was  $75,000  in  1804,  about  .s50, 000  a 
year  in  1805-75,  $18,000  to  $;10,000  in  1870-81,  and 

lined  in  1S72  from  12  miles  sq.  to  10,240  acres.  Ft  Sumnor,  on  the  I'ecos, 
in  S.  Mignel  eo.,  abandoned  iu  ]8(>S,  when  the  Xavajos  were  removed;  and 
nserv.  sold  iii  1S71;  but  the  cemetery,  320  acres,  reserved  by  order  of  May 
'22,  bS71.  Ft  Tiiorn,  in  Mesilla  Valley,  not  garrisoned;  reserv.  never  de- 
(lircd;  bntsurveyeil  in  18.")7;  recom.  in  1870  to  be  restored  to  public  domain. 
l"t  Unio.i,  eontinuou.sly  garrisoned,  and  generally  reganleil  as  headiinarters; 
nserv.  declared  in  ISiiS;  area  with  timber  reserves  (■)(i,SSO  acres;  on  the  Mora 
j:i-ant  (also another  reserv.  of  5,120  acres  on  Mora  Klv.,  declareil  in  1S70).  Ft 
\\'in.;ate,  near  11.  K.  south  of  Navajo  reserv.;  continuously  garrisone<l  (Ft 
l>eliauee  being  abandoned);  reserv.  declared  in  1870;  area  G4,0.)()  acres.  On 
t'.ie  mil.  reservations  and  propositions  for  their  s:de,  see  ('<)»</.  <Uiiln',  1870-1, 
iippen.  .'Ul;  U.S.  (Inrt  />.(r\,  4;?d  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  43,  p.  KKi;  4(jth 
Ldug.  .'{d  sess.,  11.  Fx.  Doe.  47,  p.  1 180;  pt  v.,  vol.  ix.,  p.  4.")i);  47th  eong.  1st 
si:  s.,  II.  Fx.  J)oc.,  ix.,  pt  v.,  p.  784;  2d  sess.,  H.  Fx.  I)oc.  45,  p.  1180;  H. 
Mis.  Doe.  4,"),  p.  252. 

^  On  the  militia  regulations  and  orginization,  with  .something  of  their  ser- 
vices in  supiirt'tsing  la>vlessness,  see  X  Mi.r.,  J,'i]it  of  A'/j.-ji  h.,  18S2-3,  in 
//.,  f>i,i,-;„l  h'(porL%\).  Gl-i;4;  /,V/.-/,',v  BlioJln,,/,;  71-."?. 

"Tliat  is,  after  1880  there  were  KJ.OOO  Navajo.s,  <),(H)0  ruel)los,  and  3.000 
Apaches.  In  the  early  years  the  general  estimutei  from  diU'ereut  sources  were 
1. ),()(»()  or  2;),00:),  which  were  too  small,  the  Navajos  especially  Ining  under- 
estimated at  about  11,0:)0;  there  were  also  1,500  to  1,800  I'tes.  The  Pueblos 
increased  soMunvhat,  and  tlie  Xavajos  considerably;  liut  tlie  Aiiaches  steadily 
decreased,  and  the  Utes  were  removed  from  the'  tirritory.  See  estimates  of 
the  r.iirennt  tribes  and  liands  later  in  tliis  chapter. 

''  hid.  Aff.  Ji'cporfx,  18(i4  et  seij.  Subsequently,  however,  J?.  M.  Thomas, 
the  I'ueblo  agent,  was  a  kind  of  special  agent  for  all  tril)is.  lii  '(id  ,1.  K. 
(i  raves  is  n.uned  as  a  special  agent;  and  in  'tiS  N.  .M.  Davis  was  acting  snpt. 
Besides  certain  ditl'erences  with  the  mil.  authorities  on  points  to  be  noted  in 
connection  with  annals  of  the  tribes,  there  is  nothing  requiring  special  notice 
in  the  adiniuistrai(ioii  of  tlio  aucccsoivo  uuperuiteiidcats. 


I;   ' 


|l 


728 


INDIAN   AND  MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


]i 

III' 


i  ^ 


$1,000  to  $5,000  later;  besides  special  approjUMatious, 
chiefly  for  the  Navajos  and  Apaches,  aiiiouiitiii:^'  to 
about  $2,000,000  in  l8(;4-84.'  The  military  expendi- 
ture, as  we  have  seen,  was  about  $3,000,000  per  yi  ;ir. 
Kes{)ectiiig  the  subj(!ct  of  Indian  aflairs  in  X(  w 
Mexico  since  18()4  as  a  whole — that  is,  as  distinct 
from  the  history  of  the  separate  tribes  and  sections,  to 
bo  presented  a  little  later — there  is  not  nmch  to  be 
profitabh'  said.  In  all  the  general  j)hases  of  its  (.lex  cl- 
opH)ent,  including  obstacles,  controversies,  and  results, 
nearly  all  that  has  been  said  on  Indian  history  m  Ari- 
zona and  other  territories  for  the  corresponding  p<Tio<l, 
and  in  this  territory  for  the  preceding  peritxl,  minlit 
bo  repeated  without  essential  modification.  I  a[>[)t'iul 
some  general  notes  in  chronologic  order. **     As  a  rule, 

*  U.  S.  Statutes.  Sec  also  resume  of  congressional  action  earlier  in  this 
chapter. 

"  18(14.  The  gov.  reports  depred.  nmch  les.s  frequent  and  serious  tli.ui  in 
former  years,  tiiough  tiie  Apache.s  arc  hostile.  The  supt.  declares  that  dciirLii. 
have  lieeu  ireijuuut,  and  might  have  been  prevented  by  more  liberal  supplies  (,t 
food.  Tiie  com.  of  Irid.  ati'aira  notes  no  improvement  under  mil.  mauageinciit, 
but  thiuk.s  .some  exj)eriencc  is  being  gained  for  future  guidance.  A  ukmii.  uf 
the  k'gi.sl.  gives  losses  at  the  hands  of  Ind.  in  the  past  15  months  at  !K>  UilUil, 
47  wouiiiUd,  IS  captured;  and  property  stolen  to  tiie  value  of  ;J448,t)8;{.  In 
Jforrls'  .1  (/(//vaw  are  given  statistics,  etc. 

ISli.").  Supt  complains  of  want  of  fun<ls;  commissioner,  that  most  a;.'fiit.s 
cannot  speak  English.  (Jov.  iuaprocl.  of  May  4th  forbids  exped.  by  eiti/t.ii<, 
and  all  trade  in  captives. 

18110.  Special  agent  Graves  makes  a  report,  generally  adopted  bj-  the  com. 
and  supt.  Tlie  settlement  of  the  claims  of  citizens  for  Intl.  depred.,  breakinj,'- 
up  of  peonage  and  captive  slavery,  and  suspension  of  raids  1)y  citizens  aii' 
urged.  Agents  .should  be  Americans,  and  their  .salary  not  less  than  .■*•_', iMIil 
(instead  of  iJl.oOO);  a  s{>ecial  com.  should  select  reservations;  and  wlnti-i 
should  be  strictly  excluded.  A  few  bad  Ind.  spoil  the  reputation  of  a  winil  ■ 
tribe.  Tiie  Apaches  may  be  made  self-sustaining  in  ',i  years  by  liberal  appinp. 
and  good  management.  The  gov.  say<  tiie  lud.  must,  1st,  be  coinpiered;  lM, 
thi'ir  claimed  right  to  roam  taken  away  by  treaty ;  3d,  reserv.  delined,  at  a 
distance  from  settlements;  4th,  Ind.  must  be  kept  on  and  whites  off  tin; 
reserv.;  5t!i,  the  U.  S.  must  aid  liberally  in  cloth,  seeds,  implements,  etc.,  fur 
10  years;  (ith,  education  must  bo  enforced  in  an  industrial  school  on  eaili 
reserv.  A  mem.  of  the  legisl.  an<l  the  gov.'s  mess,  give  tlie  losses  since  l!S4i» 
as  DO  killed,  HI  wounded,  'M  caiitured  (l'J3,  32,  and 21,  ace.  tc  hid.  .1/.  Ji'irm 
and  property  to  value  of  .'?l,377,.'{21). 

18t)7.  Report  of  joint  spec,  coin.,  devoted  mainly  to  earlier  annals  and  tii 
Carleton's  corresp.  Expend,  since  U.  S.  occupation  ?4,00(),(KX)  i)er  year.  It 
M-ould  have  been  much  cheaper  to  buy  the  whole  twrritory  and  turn  it  over  to 
the  Ind. 

18()8.  Report,  chiefly  devoted  to  an  argument  against  turning  over  lu'l. 
affairs  to  the  war  dept.  Arny  was  .sent  to  Wash,  (m  a  mission  coniiecteil 
with  Ind.  aU'airs.  Cong.  com.  ri;port  against  an  increased  and  deticieiuy 
approp.  (iov.  is  bitter  against  the  U.  S.  for  not  sending  more  troo[)s,  now 
that  the  war  of  rebellion  is  over,  also  against  the  peace  com. ;  complains  of 


)|)nati()i)s, 

UlltillU'  to 
f  expciidi- 
'  per  yiar. 
^  ill  New 
s  distinct 
icetioMs,  to 
lucli  to  lie 
'  its  citn il- 
1(1  ivsults. 
>ry  m  Ari- 
nuj  period, 
iod,  miulit 
I  {ip[)fiid 
As  a  rule, 

earlier  in  this 

lerinu.s  tli.ui  in 
L'S  that  ili'iircil. 
LT.ll  supplies  1.1 
.  maiiai^oiiiiMit, 
u.  A  iiieiii.  of 
isatOi)  luUi'.l, 
!j!44S,GS;{.     Ill 

t  most  a,Lr«'iit.s 
il.  liy  fiti/iii-^, 

1  by  tlit'i'dni. 
ed.,  Ixvakiiii;- 
)y  oiti/A'iis  lire 

than  r^-l,'m 
;  and  wiiitrs 
)ii  of  a  whdl' 
leral  ainnnp. 
)U(j(U'rcil;  iM, 
deli  lied,  at  a 
hites  oil'  the 
leiits,  etc.,  for 

ool  on  each 
se^s  since  IMii 
id.  Aff.  J!' in; 

annals  and  to 
jier  year.  It 
lira  it  over  to 

ng  over  In'l. 
>n  conneetcd 
id  detieiciu'V 
;  tro<>l>s,  UoU 
coniiilains  of 


CKXKHAL  I'lUKMtKSS. 


780 


wliilo  ]»etty  depredations  m'ver  ceased  eiitindy,  the 
loss  of*  lite  aiul  property  was  never  serious  after  the 
Xavajos  liad  been  settled  on  tlieir  north-western  res- 
ervation, and  before  the  southern  Apaclie  outbreaks 
of  ISSO  and  the  followin*^  years.  Finally,  all  the  na- 
tives were  j^athered  on  resi'rvations  or  in  their  pue- 
blos, and  Indian  wars  have  become,  perha|)s,  a  thing  of 

constant  depred. ;  and  Nays  the  settlements  must  defend  tlicniselvcs,  as  it  is 
not  liest  to  call  ont  tlie  militia.  Utes  peacefid,  ilicarillas  ditto,  Imt  "constitu- 
tionally dishonest,'  other  Apaches  hostile,  and  but  little  to  hope  for  the  Na- 
vajos. 

ISliS).  Com.  disapproves  treatie.s  with  Ind.  as  sovereion  powers;  no  de- 
cided improvement.  Sujit  .says  nothing  can  lie  done  till  I'ongress  furnishes 
means  to  carry  out  luiliry  of  feedinj^  as  cheaper  tlian  tij^htin;,'  Ind.  lS7t>. 
Nothing'  notal>le.  Report  on  missionary  work,  in  (J.  .V.  '/i»<  J'nr.,  41st  eong. 
:!d  scss.,  Sell.  Kx.  Doc.  :W,  p.  08  U.S. 

1871.  Hi(4;;cr  approp.  needed.  Com.  tliirdvs  (irant's  piaci!  jiolicy  has 
inipnivod  the  cliaracter  of  agents,  etc.  List  and  statistics  of  ro..,(rvations,  in 
//('/.  AjF.  /!<■}>/,  ((8."{.  CoUyer,  in  his  report  of  llec,  says  ciiat  fi'r  lo  years  tiie 
Apaches  have  desired  peace,  but  the  agents  have  had  no  means  of  feeding 
them. 

187'J.  Some  j;eneral  progress;  but  all  rules  fail  when  applied  to  Apaches. 
It  is  better  to  feed  tiiaii  li^ht  tliem,  but  neitlier  will  control  tliem,  though  a 
combination  of  tlie  two  in  the  liamls  of  ;i  discreet  man  will  accomplish  much. 
The  supt  should  have  authority  to  iiivestig.  all  claims.  Reports  on  Ind.  and 
operations  of  troops,  in  C  S.  (Inrl  Dnr.,  4'Jd  cong.  3d  sess.,  11.  Kepts,  iii.  Dis- 
cussion on  lud.  ati'.,  ('iiu<j.  Olnln',  l87d  (i,  p.  2007-11. 

1.S7H.  Supt  reports  tliin;;s  generally  in  a  satisfactory  condition.  IJetter 
agents  slioul  I  be  secured  by  higher  salary.  Prompt  apjirop.  would  secure 
lower  prices  for  all  goods.  The  com.  thinks  the  plan  of  apiioiiiting  aL,'ents  on 
rtcoin.  of  rcli;:ioiis  bodies  is  working  well.  (lov.  says  Ind.  depn  d.  no  longer 
amount  to  anything,  a  lal.se  i:iipression  having  gone  abroad  on  that  matter. 
/.'itr/i'.-i  lliM.  X.  M<j\,  .MS.,  4-(),  gives  some  information  about  Ind.  atlairs  from 

187:1. 

]S74.  Supt  Dudley  at  Wash,  reports  that  not  a  single  white  had  been 
killc'l  during  his  term.  Ollieial  rept  on  education,  in  43d  coiig.  2d  sess.,  H. 
i;.\.  Doc,  viii.,  pt  v.,  p.  (')!;"). 

187.").  Agents'  rcp<irts  show  no  troubles.  Petition  of  citizens  for  removal 
of  lud.,  noted  in  4:{d  cong.  '_M  sess.,  11.  Jour.  270. 

187().  Com.  urges  in  general  concentration,  allotment  of  lands  in  sever- 
alty, extension  of  L'.  S.  court  jiirisd.  over  lud.,  anil  the  rcnioval  of  N.  Me.x. 
Ind.  to  Ind.  Territory.  Iliilvhiifii  A-Snilillf,  83-('),  contain.s  some  information 
on  the  mismanagement  of  reserv.  1877-9.  Nothing  new,  but  southern 
Apache  troubles  began  at  the  end  of  '79.  Nothing  of  general  interest  in 
1880. 

1881.  The  com.  says:  'To  allow  the  Ind.  to  drag  along  year  after  year 
and  generation  after  generation  in  their  obi  superstitions,  la/iiicss,  and  tilth, 
mIicu  we  have  the  power  to  elevate  them,  would  be  a  lasting  disgrace.'  No 
change  to  be  expected  as  long  as  the  Ind.  are  simjily  fed.  All  the  lud.  of 
southern  N.  Mex.  sliould  be  moved  north,  away  from  the  frcuiticr.  On  this 
latter  proposition  the  mil.  authorities  were  agreed.  Nothing  of  general  im- 
portance in  1882-3. 

1884.  The  gov.  tliinka  no  more  raids  like  those  of  1880-2  in  the  south 
are  likely  to  occur.  The  legisl.  protc^sts  against  <liscriminatioii  against  N. 
Mex.  in  the  purchase  of  supplies,  and  asks  that  N.  Alex,  be  made  a  mil. 
<lepartmeut,  with  lieadcpiarters  at  Sta  Fe. 


I 


730 


INDIAN    AND   MILITAKY    AFFAIRS. 


1] ! 

I 


i^f 


tlic  past.  Ill  New  Mi!xic<),  as  in  tlu;  (tther  territories, 
liowcNt-r,  th(!  {)rr)l)l('in  of  etlucatin;^  and  civiliziiiej  tin; 
ul»(»riniiirs,  of  protcctiiii^  their  rij^lits  as  wull  as  thusi; 
of  till!  citizens,  remains  to  l)e  solvnl,  with  I>ut  sh^lit 
])ros|»eets  of  success.  Eh-nients  and  conditions  of  the 
proiih'ni  an;  suhstantially  the  same  liere  as  cl.^t'wlifif; 
thouijfh  certain  (juahties  of  the  l*uei)los  anti  Navajos 
sli(juid  offer  more  than  ordinary  encouragement. 

In  a  former  chapter  we  left  the  Navajos,  or  over 
7,000  of  tliem,  at  the  J^oscpie  lltulondo  reservation,  on 
the  Kio  J*eeos,  wliere  they  had  heen  l)rought  in  l)y  the 
camjjaigns  of  (  arson  and  other  officers,  uncU^r  tin;  (h- 
rection  of  (General  Carh'ton,  where  they  were  kept  as 
prisoners  of  war  under  military  mana_L(ement  and 
under  o-uard  of  the  j^arri.son  at  Fort  Sunnier,  and 
where  wei'e  also  400  ]\Iesealerf»  Apaclies  under  A<;eiit 
J  jahadi.  SuhsecjUiMitly,  more  Navajos  were  hrouufht  in, 
and  the  grcati'st  numl)er  at  the  ]^os(]ue  was  8,41)1  iu 
18(55.  It  was  supposed  by  Carleton  and  others  that 
not  mon;  tlian  2,000  remained  in  their  old  home;  hut 
it  later  aj)j)eared  that  not  nmcli  more  than  half  the; 
whole  nund)er,  and  these  not  the  mo.st  troublesome, 
had  been  removed.  Finallv,  for  want  of  accommoda- 
tions  and  means  of  subsistence,  orders  had  to  be  given 
to  send  no  more  prisoners  to  Fort  Sumner.  At  the 
end  of  five  vears  the  number  had  been  reduced  bv 
deaths  and  escapes  to  7,304;  but  the  greater  part  of 
the  decrease  was  in  18(54-5,  when  there  were  several 
outbreaks  and  pursuits. ^° 

As  a  military  measure,  to  gain  complete  control  of 
the  Navajos,  to  show  them  the  power  of  the  govern- 
ment, to  make  them  appreciate  the  value  of  their  old 
home,  to  ])repare  the  way  for  a  treaty,  and  to  teach 
the  Indians  their  true  interest  in  keeping  the  treaty, 
General  Carleton's  policy  of  removal,  as  compared  with 

'"On  tlie  Bosque  Redontlo  experiment  of  18G4-8,  soc  Ind.  Aff.  Brpnrf-', 
us))uciiilly /i'(';i^  Joint  Coin.,  lS(i7,  miAuAux^^  Carleton  x  ('orre.*iioiiileiici:  ])unn< 
JliMnacns  q/'  the  Mountains,  447-70,  has  au  excellent  chapter  ou  the  subject. 


ItOSC^UK   UKKOMK). 


TM 


;uiy  otlur  liktl  y  to  litivo  boon  ad«>|)tod  at  tlio  tiiii«\  niiist 
lie  ooiisiduiocl  a  wiso  oiio;  and  too  inuoli  piaLsc  cauiittt 
lie  acoonh^d  liini  for  Iiis  onor^y  in  oarryiiii^  out  his 
plans,  liut  tlio  Bos(jU('  Itodondo  as  a  reservation  had 
no  merits  whatover;  and  as  a  means  of  civihziiin-  the 
liKhans,  till!  project  proved  a  total  I'aihire.  ( 'aileton 
Wiis  disappointed  in  Ids  helief  that  ho  luul  captured 
nearly  all  of  tho  Xavajos,  and  in  his  hope  that  their 
removal  would  ojton  up  a  rich  minini,^  distiict  in  tho 
north-west.  Still  more  was  ho  disai)pointi'd  in  his 
expiH'tatioii  that  wlu-n  tho  Indians  had  l)ooncon([uered, 
removed,  and  supportt-d  for  a  year  or  two  at  a  cost  of 
over  a  million  tloUars,  tho  ^ovornmont  would  ix,'  icady 
with  funds  and  a  settled  policy  to  tako  tluim  oH'  his 
hands,  and  proceed  in  i-arnest  with  tho  work  of  teach- 
iiiL^  them  to  he  self-sup[)orting.  The  ^ovornmont,  as 
usual,  did  nothing;  i)romi>tly  or  dotinitoly. 

Moreover,  a  bitter  opposition  to  tho  schemo  was 
aroused  from  tho  first.  Nobody  in  Now  ^loxico  de- 
sired tho  rai<ling  Navajos  to  remain  porujanontly  on 
tho  Pocos,  espocvdly  under  tho  lack  of  control  which 
exi)orionco  had  taught  tho  pi'oplo  to  expect;  though 
the  _<:^overnor  and  others  favored  somewhat  tho  J^osquo 
Kedondo  as  a  possible  ste})ping-stoni!  to  tho  ultimate 
removal  of  tho  Indians  from  tho  territory.  Superin- 
tendent Stock  was  a  loader  in  tho  opposition,  finally 
going  to  Washington  to  urge  his  views;  and  tho  con- 
troversy between  Cai-l«'ton  and  his  op})onents  became 
^  ery  hf)t,  leading  to  nmch  exa<j<;oration  on  both  sidos.^^ 

"  lS(i4.  rreliminary  ili.scussioii  uii  the  roserv.  in  Wash.  U.  S.  (7orf,  Dor., 
:!Sth  cong.  Lst  SL'sis.,  H.  Ex.  ])>»•.  (;."»,  70;  Son.  Doe.  30;  Sen.  Mis.  Doe.  It"; 
tiov.  I'diiuelly's  i(h.'as  in  his  mess,  of  '(JU  4.  I'etitiim  for  Carson's  ajijit  a.s 
supt  at  B.  It.  signed  by  j,'ov.  ami  many  eitizens.  ('insoii,  /'hjm  r-',  MS.  1  iuTu 
was  an  apin'oii.  of  SilUO.'HX)  soon  exi)enilecl.  T.  W.  WiMilson  was  appointed 
a  com.  to  investigate.  Supt  deehired  tiie  schemo  wonUl  cost  .S'J,(»7S,()(M)  [ler 
yeac.  Much  inform,  in  I'lirlHunH  < 'urn ■■<}>.  for  1804-.^.  C.  says  tliat  Steck 
favored  tlie  B.  R.  plan  heforu  he  went  east.  Tlie  reserv.  was  40  miles  ,si[. 
< '.  promised  the  Ind.  that  the  reserv.  should  he  permanent;  and  he  favored 
neglecting  all  otlier  Ind.  in  favor  of  tlio  Navajos.  18(15.  In  A[iril  a  lioard 
under  Maj.  McCleavu  made  a  report  on  the  management  at  B.  K.  A  hoard 
<if  com.,  J.  K.  Doolittle  prcs.,  took  nuich  testimony,  which  is  given  in  tlie  re- 
port of  'liT,  p.  3-15-02.  Tho  conimissioner  at  Wash,  took  no  ilecided  position 
in  tho  controversy,  but  says  tlie  Ind.  seem  to  he  doing  well  and  cultivating 
;!,500  acres.     Delgado,   Stock's  successor  as  supt,  approved  Carleton's  ideas. 


bWkM 


'■  t 


!i  h 


732 


l.MMAN    AND   MILITAUV    AI'l'AlKS. 


!^^t•nll^v]^ll^,  on  tin;  rosorvatioii  iiiMttri-s  woit  on  finm 
1)11(1  to  worse,  'j'lu'  XaNJijos  wci'f  not  i'jirnicis,  .'iikI 
from  lark  of  skill,  rjivui^fs  of  tin-  coin  worm,  iiml  \a- 
riou.s  ollior  causes,  tlu'  croi»s  lailcd  year  after  \i;n'. 
]\I<)st  of  their  llo(«ks  aiul  lienls  had  heen  lost,  and  the 
yra/in'^;  was  not  sutlieient  foi"  the  animals  left.  TIm  iv 
was  the  Lji'catest  dilHculty  in  keepinL,^  them  fi'om  star- 
vation. Thev  wi'i'e  once  or  twice  attacked  l»v  the 
Conianche.s  and  other  Indians  of  the  plains.  TIm  v 
(juaii-ejleil  with  the  Mescaleros,  who  ran  away  in  isiiti. 
after  tlu'ir  au^eiit  luul  heen  driven  off  on  a  charge  nf 
irrejjfidar  tlealin^s  in  cattle.  I'nder  the  new  conditimi^ 
the  health  of  the  Indians  was  much  impaired,  and  \\\r 
ravaj^es  of  sy|>liilitic  disease  hecanie  alar'minj.^. 

Finally,  in  ^^ay  IH(iH,  wlu-n  tin-  condition  of  affairs 
had  hecome  hopelessly  had,  the  ]»eace  cojnmissioneis, 
(ieneral  Shei'man  an<l  Colonel  Tappan,  arrived,  and  on 
the  ist  of  June  made  a  treaty  for  the  removal  of  the 
Navajos  to  a  reservation  of  5,1*00  s(|Uare  miles  in  their 
old  country,  in  the  north-^vestorn  corner  of  the  t(;iri- 
tory.  Each  In<liaii  was  to  receive  five  dollars  in 
clothing  per  year,  and  each  one  engai^ed  in  farmin'j,- 
or  any  tiade  was  iLjiven  ten  dollai'S.  The  heail  of  a 
family  could  select  1(50  acres  of  land  if  ho  chose,  and 
was  in  that  case  ijfiven  $100  in  seeds  and  implements 
the  first  year,  and  $25  for  the  second  and  thiid  years. 
15,000  sheep  and  500  cattle  were  to  he  purchased  for 
the  tribe;  l)uildinj;s  were  to  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$11,500;  and  a  school- house  and  teacher  were  to  he 


18()().  pfic.  iigcnt  Or.avos  favored  B.  R.  as  a  permanent  reserv.  It  was  tlw 
intont  .  to  turn  over  the  Jnd.  to  tlie  interior  tlepartinent.  Tlu'oiloro  II. 
Doilil  i  nl  as  a  kind  of  agent  from  June.  Tliere  were  only  l.O.V)  horses  and 
1,100  s.  i»  at  15.  K.  18()7.  Approii.  of  §200, (KK),  but  no  rations  to  he  served 
after  Ju  1st,  except  in  case  of  extreme  necessity.  Speech  of  l>i'k'gite  Clia- 
vez  in  c<  ;ress  i)rotesting  against  refusal  to  make  approp.  for  U.  U.  ( 'oii'j. 
Olo'ii;  KS  7,  app.  149.  Hill  to  authorize  a  treaty  for  removal  of  the  Nava- 
jos from  ..  K.  and  an  approp.  of  .*1.")0,(KM),  passed  hy  house  and  amended  hy 
senate.  Jiie  legisl.  askeil  for  an  ajjprop.  for  education  at  B.  K.,  favoring  the 
views  o(  Father  BUack.  Five  soldit'rs  killeil  in  a  light  with  the  Ind.  lie- 
ports  on  un.suital)le  nature  of  the  B.  R.  reserved.  U.  S.  Oort  Dor,,  40tli  cong. 
2d  sess.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  248,  308.  18(>8,  More  approp.  urgently  demanded.  A/., 
H.  Ex.  Doc.  18.").  Howsley's  claim  for  damages  to  his  farms  by  Navajos.  Jd., 
42d  cong.  2d  sess. ,  U.  Ex.  Doc.  99.     Treaty  and  removal. 


IIIK  NAVA.IOS. 


7.1.1 


lit     oil    tVnlll 

nncvs,  ;iiiil 
•in,  nml  \;i- 
iit'trr  Vfiir. 
ist,  and  tl.f 
•ft.      Tluiv 
i  from  stiir- 
:c(l    1)V  til.' 
ins.     Tin  y 
ray  in  I  .^<iii, 
a  <'linr<jc  ot' 
V  condltioii-i 
•I'd,  aiul  tlif 
iiiu^. 

)\\  of  atfairs 
iniissiout  IS, 
ivi'd.  and  oil 
loval  of  tilt' 
lilcs  in  tlitir 
)f  the  ti.'iii- 
dollars   ill 
in  farininu' 
lii'ad  of  a 
clioso,  ant  I 
impli'inents 
tliird  years, 
ircliased  for 
it  a  cost  of 
wore  to  !)»' 

crv.  It  was  the 
t.  T1u'(mI(uc'  W. 
1. ().")()  liorsusaiiil 
inns  to  1)0  served 
)f  I  )ek'g:iti;  Clia- 
for  H.  K.  Cowj. 
il  of  the  Navii- 
inil  aiiieiuletl  l>y 
K.,  favoring  tiie 
1  the  Intl.  lUi- 
Dor.,  40th  coni,'. 
deniaiuleil.  /(/., 
uy  Navajos.  Id., 


|ii'ovid('d  for  eacli  liO  pupils,  the  Indian.s  Kindinu^  tlicin- 
-rlvts  to  I'ouijx'l  tlie  attt-ndanco  (jf  all  cliildrcn  fj'oni 
>i.\  to  sixteen  years  of  ai;'e.  \n  a]»|)ro|»riation  of 
si ;■)(),()()()  was  made  liy  eon«;ress  to  pay  the  cost  of 
removal,  and  make  a  bej^inninji^  of  reservation  work 
under  the  treatv.'"'^ 

The  removal  wa.s  immediately  eHeetcui,  7, .'504  Xava- 
jos  arrivinjL,'  at  Fort  Wiiiirate,  where  th*;  new  aj^eiiey 
was  tem|»oiarily  estahlished,  on  the  'J.'id  of  "luly, 
uinler  the  care  of  A<4ent  I)o<ld.  1  a|>j»end  a  list  of 
jc'ents  in  later  voar.s.''  From  this  date  the  Xavaios 
have  lived  more  or  les.s  (juietly  on  their  reservation, 
and  with  the  exception  of  occasional  misdeeds  of 
ifnij^afies  for  a  few  years,  their  old-time  raids  for 
plunder  and  their  hroken  treaties  were  at  an  end. 
Tliev  have  <«rown  rich  as  a  trihe  in  flocks  and  herds, 
and  from  a  military  jioiiit  of  view  liave  i^iven  the 
government  no  trouble.  Over  1(5, 000  in  immher,  and 
constantly  j^aininsj;,  they  fully  undtJi'stand,  as  they 
di<l  not  in  earlier  times,  that  war  is  likely  to  prove 
fatal  to  all  their  int<>rests.  Tht'ir  reservation  annals 
liave  been  similar  in  most  respects  to  those  of  other 
tribes.     S(>me  details  are  appended.'^     The  Navajos 

'-The  total  of  approp.  for  the  Navajos  in  1S()4  S4  was  ahout  $'.',0(K),(KK), 
the  largest  amount  lieing  842'->,(M)0  in  18(i«,  and  the  smallest  .>Ji!.'>,tNM)  in  1S,S2. 

'^Navajo  agent*?:  Tlieo.  Jl.  Dodd  18(iti-8.  .1.  ('.  French  18(i8-tl,  F.  T.  IJeii- 

iictt  )8(i'.)  71  (with Ford,  siicceeduil  hy  .1.  A.  Manhy,  as  spec,  agents  in 

ISTO),  .lames  H.  .Miller  1871  t.',  W.  F.  Hall  187-.'  IMlvt'iinies  in  charge  fn.iii 
.luiie  to  Sii)t.  '7"J,  lictween  .Miller's  death  and  Hall's  apiiointinunt),  W.  F.  M. 
Arny  187;i  .'),  (I.  ]).  (iould  spec,  agent  in  '7.'i),  Alex.  Irvine  187;")  8,  .1.  K. 
IMe  1878  ',»,  Calen  Kastnian  1879  83  (T.  T.  Jkanett  acting  in  '80),  I).  M. 
Kiordan  1.S8:{  4. 

"  181(0.  Census  for  distril).  of  goods  8,181:  2,000  or  more  r((vin;,'  or  with 
otliur  trihes.  .Survey  of  rcserv.  heing  made  liy('apt.  K.  W.  Uarliuj;.  Coiti- 
]ilaints  of  depred.  caused  (iov.  Mitcliell  in  .\ug.  to  issue  a  proel.  declaring  the 
uliole  trihe  outlaws;  hut  (iov.  I'ilc  in  .Sept.  moditied  this  so  iis  to  include 
only  the  niarai\diiiv  hands. 

1870.  .Survey  completed;  area  given  as  (5,1 20  sq.  ni.  f'ount8,234.  Agency 
(stah.  at  mouth  of  the  (^'ailon  Hoiiito,  48  m.  .v.  w.  of  Ft  Wing.ate,  and  across 
the  Ariz,  line  (old  Ft  Defiance);  14,(KX)  sheep  and  1,(HM)  goats  ilistrih.  in  Nov. 
ti'.l  and  doing  well.  Trouhle  in  getting  the  numey  approp.  Much  jilanting 
nil  widely  scattered  farms,  but  failure  of  crops  and  prospective  destitution. 
Many  outrages  hy  Mex.  and  Utes;  a  few  slight  depred.  hy  Navajos.  Thcro 
.-should  he  .")  suhagcucics.  Miss  Charity  A.  (!aston  Kept  a  scliool  of  SOpujiils 
ior  several  mouths,  aided  by  Rev.  J.  M.  Roberts.  The  lud.  have  fully  kept 
the  treaty. 

1871.  Continued  failure  of  crops;  30,(X)0  sheep,  8,000  horses,  and  a  few 


ii  (■"■ 


\ 


734 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


1    , 


I! 


were  more  intellio-ent  and  industrious  than  tlic  Indians 
of  most  other  tribes,  but  their  great  advantage,  or 

cattle;  tikh'o  slioup  ncedud.  Great  need  of  huililinys.  Only  1  acre  in  50  nf 
the  ;{/,)] (J, iSOO  acres  of  tiie  reserv.  tillabli;.  KtiV.  Ilol)ert.s  and  John  Menaid 
aotinj,'  a.s  iiiissiouaries,  without  much  progress.  Mrs  (Charity  ( i.istoii)  Mcnaul's 
school  has  40  pupils.  Treaty  with  the  Mcxpiis  and  Zufiis.  Some  disease  con- 
tracted at  Bosipie  Re(h)ndo. 

1S72.  Crops  look  well,  but  not  enough  raised  for  support.  New  farmiii;,' 
di.^trict  in  the  S.  Juan  valley.  i;{0,0()0  slieei),  10,000  horses.  Census  '.),  1 1  I. 
100  captives  restoi'ed  l)y  Mex.  settlers.  School  not  very  prosperous,  on  acit 
of  irregular  attendance;  industrial  school  needed.  .Mounted  native  police 
did  good  service,  100  strong.     Agent  Miller  killed  by  Uces  in  Sept. 

]S~'.i.  Crops  bad  again;  reserv.  not  tit  for  agric,  but  half  of  it  good  fur 
stock;  1 7."'),()00  sheep;  $50-7"), (HK)  needed  for  food  till  next  harvest.  No  seliool. 
Arny  favors  an  indust.  school  on  S.  .luan,  but  the  supt  disapproves  thi<. 
Seed  and  tools  needed.  The  reserv.  should  be  extended  on  the  south.  J'olicj 
disbanded.  Supt  thinks  the  Ind.  will  be  self-suppiu-ting  on  expiration  of 
treaty. 

1574.  fifiod  prospects.  New  police  force  of  200.  Force  of  employes  n - 
duced  by  act  limitiiig  expense  to  .'5(),000.  School  taught  by  I'rof.  !•  reise,  Mrs 
C.  A.  Stowe  matron;  new  school-house  for '2S  pupils;  85  taught  in  all.  Cen- 
sus i),0(i8.  Many  sheep  killed  by  cold;  crops  generally  sutlice  to  Dee.  1st. 
Bill  to  reduce  reserv.  in  north  and  extend  it  in  south  approved  by  house  com. 
43dcong.,  Istsess.,  H.  Kept  (JIVS. 

1575.  Agent  Arny  and  the  teacliers  involved  in  a  quarrel,  and  driven  oil, 
as  he  says,  by  inlhuMice  of  the  's([uaw  men.'  Ho  is  very  bitter  against  tlu' 
military  for  refusing  aid,  favoring  prostitution,  etc.  Hand-looms  introd. ,  with 
prospects  of  success,  wliich  were  not  realized. 

1S7().  Crasshoppers  <lestroyed  the  wheat  crop.  The  agency  slumld  be 
moved  to  the  S.  J  uan.  where  extensive  farming  woulil  be  ihme  but  for  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Utes.  The  southern  extension  asked  for  proves  to  be  on  R.  R. 
lands.  'Ihe  agency  is  close  to  the  line  and  traders  do  nuicii  haiin.  No  pro- 
gress in  schools.  ^Mormons  making  advances.  An  Ind.  being  killed  by  a 
herder,  a  herd  of  sheep  was  seized,  and  the  mil.  permitted  450  slieep  to  be 
retained. 

1877.  All  going  Well.  200,000  lbs.  of  wool  sold,  besides  blankets  and 
skins.  The  horses  a  detriment.  Most  of  the  good  land  utilized.  Chiefs  oli- 
ject  to  a  census  for  distrib.  of  goods.  Whiskey-selling  does  much  luirui. 
School  not  prosi>erous.     Steam  saw-null  jirociired. 

1878.  Ind.  prosperous  and  industrious,  but  best  land  on  the  S.  Juan  not 
utilized  for  fear  of  the  Utes.  Oidy  half  the  Ind.  on  the  reserv.,  whicii  is  t<io 
small.  Little  or  nothing  accomplished  for  educ,  because  the  govt  has  luil 
fullilled  th(^  treaty  obligations.  Buildings  in  a  bad  condition.  Rations 
should  be  stoppeil.  Treaty  about  to  expire;  but  no  danger,  because  of  |)rop 
erty  interests.  Legisl.  demands  that  the  Ind.  be  kept  on  the  reserv.,  whicli, 
by  order  of  Oct.  2'Jth,  was  exteutlcd  westward  in  Ariz,  to  110'  long,  north  ol 
30'  lat. 

1S7'.).  Count  of  11,400  Ind.,  bv.t  many  never  visit  the  agency.  500,000 
sheep,  22,500  hor.scs,  l.tiOO  cattle.  Oidy  |  crop,  on  acct  of  dnmght;  40,000 
bush.  corn.  Only  11-15  children  attending  school,  but  they  learn  well. 
I'resbyt.  missionary  expected.  Ind.  have  partially  adopted  dress  of  civiliza- 
tion— also  taste  for  whiskey  and  canls. 

1S80.  Agent  Eastman  incurred  the  hatred  of  the  Ind.  by  his  efforts  to 
regulate  their  amusements,  keeping  Sunday  etc.  To  avoid  an  open  rupture. 
Gen.  Pope  put  Capt.  Bennett  in  charge,  and  tpiiet  was  restored.  I'opr 
deemed  K.  an  unlit  num  by  reason  of  his  fanaticism,  and  his  view  was  su.-.- 
tained  at  Wash.  Ripf,  See.  Wdi;  p.  85.  Only  7  per  cent  of  subsistence  fur- 
nished by  govt.  40,0(M)  horses,  5((0  mules,  l.(MK)  burros,  500  cattle,  ami 
700,000  sheep;  800,000  lbs.  of   wool  soUl,  10,000  acres  of   laud  tultivatial. 


,hc  Indians 
'antage,  or 

'  1  iUTi;  in  51)  nI 

ll    ,[(11111     MclKllll 

l.'istoii)  Mciiiiurs 
jiiic  lUsciisi;  fiiii- 

.  Nl'W  f;irtinii,' 
Coiisu.s  It,  I  1  I. 
.sporous,  on  tuct 
■(I  nativu  imlicf 
I  Sept. 

If  of  it  good  fur 
unt.  Noscluml. 
isiipprovos  tlii-. 
10  south.  l'(>li<' : 
oil  expiration  ol 

1  of  cni\il<iyi5s  ii  ■ 
I'rof.  1'ivi.so,  Mrs 
L'lit  in  all.  LVu- 
licc  to  Doc.  1st. 
ed  liy  liouso  CiilH, 

1,  and  driven  olV, 
ittor  a<;ain.st  th.' 
onis  iutrod.,  with 

L;oncy  uliould  !»' 

e  Imt  for  the  lim- 

to  lie  on  Iv.  K. 

harm.  No  pro- 
leing  killed  by  a 

4,")0  slieep   to   he 

;s  blanket.s  and 
i/.ed.  L'liief.s  oh- 
[ies  mueh  harm. 


rv., 
he 


the  S.  ,lnau  not 

whieli  i.s  too 

Hovt  has  not 

litioii.      nations 

teeauso  of  l)rop- 

reserv.,  whieli, 

10'  long,  north  of 

igcnc-.     .500,0(11) 

drought;  40,0(m 

they   learn   well. 

dre,ss  of  civiliza- 

by  his  efforts  to 
an  open  rupture, 
restored.  I'ope 
is  view  w.as  su.-^- 
Hubsistonoc  fur- 
.^OO  cattle,  and 
laud  cultivated. 


NAVAJO  RESEIIVATION. 


735 


that  of  those  attempting  to  control  tlicm,  was  their 
inchnation  to  raise  Uve-stock.  In  1884  tliey  liod  a 
inilHon  slieep  and  35,000  liorses,  thougli  tlie  hitter 
were  practically  of  no  use  to  them.  The  possession 
of  so  much  wealtli  made  them  fear  war.  In  agricul- 
ture they  were  not  so  successful,  though  sliowing 
commendable  industry  under  adverse  circumstances, 
cultivating  at  times  over  10,000  acres.  The  forming 
lands  were,  however,  of  limited  extent  and  .scattered 
in  small  patches;  the  water  .supply  was  inadequate 
and  irregular;  frosts  and  various  pests  were  frequent 
obstacles;  and  the  cro[)S  were  usually  more  or  le.ss 
complete  failures.  Their  chief  disadvantages  were 
the  gross  immorality  of  their  women;  tlieir  addiction 
to  stn^ng  drink,  though  some  progress  was  made  in 
checking  this  evil;  the  inability  of  the  chiefs  and  rich 
men  to  control  the  masses;  their  living  in  widely  scat- 
tered bands  from  the  necessities  of  farming  and  con- 

^\'indInills  and  puinp.s  iutroiiuced.  Fine  building  being  erected  for  a  board- 
ing-.^ehool.  Rev.  A.  11.  iJonald.son  died  in  April,  soon  alter  arrival.  No 
police  organization,  on  acct  of  sinail  \r.\y  allowed.  Whiskey  does  inncl\  harm; 
and  some  of  the  young  nu'U  getting  restless.  Legisl.  protests  against  order 
(it  .fan.  (Hh,  which  added  to  the  reserv.  a  strip  15  ni.  wide  on  the  east  and  (J 
in.  on  south. 

1881.  Top.  estini.  at  over  10,000.  Agent  Eastman  restored,  and  eom- 
plaining  of  mil.  interfcrenie  and  pretexts.  Crops  ruined  b}'  drought  and 
liood.  No  iiKiease  in  stock  since  '70.  Ajiprop.  much  too  small.  The  K.  11. 
brings  some  evils.  Hoi.iestead  acts  of '75  and  "80  will  enalily  Ind.  to  kei[i 
their  fai'uis  oil'  the  res(.rv.  .School  not  thriving,  but  ^Ir  and  .Mrs  Terkins 
iiave  done  all  they  could.  Arms  are  illegally  sold  to  Ind. ;  and  illicit  sexual 
relations  with  whites  are  increasing.  5  per  cent  of  subslstonce  from  hunting 
and  r>  jici'  Cent  fr.  :  i  govt.  (len.  I'ope  thinks  there  is  great  danger  of  trouble 
since  E.'s  restoration.  The  tril)C  i.s  very  po„erful,  and  must  be  carefidly 
treated.  Ho  e.'cpressed  the  saiiu;  views  later,  also  disajiiiroving  the  cxteiiaion 
of  the  reserv.,  Ijut  ho  was  linally  pleased  with  Kiordan'.s  appointment. 

188l'.  A  good  season  until  tlie  frostj  canui.  §5,000  an  absurdly  small 
ai)])ro[).  iSelioiildiou.so  nearly  done.  No  mi.ssiomiry  work.  54  pupils.  The 
U.  ii.  crcati  s  a  inarlict  for  blankets.  Of  the  treaty  ajiprop.  there  was  an  un- 
cxpendcil  surplus  of  ;  15(1,051,  and  an  effort  was  made  to  secure  this  for  the 
lud. 

ISS.'!.  (ien.  I'ope  deems  the  .Mormons  dangerou.s,  and  says  there  is  no 
doubt  they  incite  the  Ind.  to  hostility.  No.  ("if  sheep  .said  to  be  ;);)0,000. 
Native  Vdrlv  in  jewelry  ih'scrlhvA  in  Jfiitf/i<ir.-i'  Xnn'jo  iSilrir-finit/ia.  Wash., 
18SI{,  fill.,  ]).  171^.     .Some  troubles  by  roaming  band  i. 

18S1.  Reserv.  extended  westward  to  long.  Ill  '  l{(l',  and  consolidatid  later 
with  th(^  .Moipii  reserv.;  on  the  north  the  boundary  was  made  the  S.  .Inan 
and  C'lihirado  riversr  but  i  1,000  acres  vere  thus  cut  oil"  in  N.  .Mix.,  leaving 
the  area  8. 1, ">!»,. '«!0  acres.  Kstini.  pop.  17,(M)0;  1.5.000  acres  of  laijd  cnltiv. ; 
crojis  li'J0,(H)O  bu.sh.  corn  and  LM.OtM)  hu.sh.  wheat;  ;r),(M»0  horses  and  1,000,000 
siiec[p;  50  men  induced  to  build  houses;  '2o  able  to  roud. 


'!!:  ' 


736 


INDIAN  xVND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


,  f :  <> 


venicncc  of  grazini;^ ;  and  tlieir  habit  of  Imrulng  every 
house  ill  wliich  a  person  had  died,  preventing  the 
wealtliy  Indians  from  building  permanent  homes. 
Except  in  tlie  partial  adoption  of  the  white  man's 
dress,  there  was  no  modification  of  their  old  customs. 
Toward  their  civilization  no  progress  whatever  was 
made.  A  school  was  in  existence  much  of  the  time, 
but  the  attendance  was  very  small,  the  tribe  not  coni- 
pelling  attendance,  as  promised  in  the  treaty,  an.d  the 
government  not  fulfilling  its  treaty  obligation  to  build 
school-houses  and  furnish  teachers.  The  old  buildings 
at  Fort  Defiance  w^erc  always  in  a  dilapidated  condi- 
tion; and  the  agcmcy  was  so  near  the  reservation  lines 
that  outside  whiskey-traders  were  given  too  great 
facilities.  The  reservation  was  several  times  extended, 
until  it  covered  an  area,  for  the  most  part  sterile,  of 
over  eiufht  million  acres.  The  railroad  along  their 
southern  border  brought  both  good  and  evil  to  this 
peoi)le.  The  Navajos  still  live,  in  the  old  way,  where 
they  have  lived  for  centuries;  and  while  their  pros- 
perity in  some  respects  has  been  remarkable,  it  is  to 
be  noted  that  all  is  due  to  their  own  original  and 
inherent  qualities,  and  nothing  to  their  contact  with  a 
superior  race.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  prospects  for  the 
future  are  not  encouraging. 


The  Comanches,  Kiowas,  and  other  tribes  of  the 
eastern  })lains  were  somewhat  troublesome  in  18G4-(), 
and  several  expeditions  under  Carson,  McCleave,  and 
others  were  sent  against  them  from  Fort  Bascom  as  a 
base  by  General  Carleton;  but  later,  so  far  as  New 
!^[exico  was  concerned,  there  were  no  hostilities, though 
comi)laints  of  trading  in  stolen  goods  occasionally 
ap})('ar.^'' 

The  Jicarilla  Apaches,  from  750  to  950  in  number, 

^'•' (^firletoii's  Corrixp.,  2(58-9;  Carson,  Pnpcm,  MS.;  Haiien''  SrnipK,  Anijcle.^, 
viii.  4415;  Art.,  i.  '274;  S.<^ll.,  Wiliiiiiii/toii,  M.  Carson  liad  a  tiijht  in  Nov. 
'()4,  ami  in  May  '(!.")  was  ordered  to  estah.  a  jiost  at  Cedar  Jihill's  or  Cold 
Sjiring  to  protect  tlie  Cimarron  route.  An  agency  cat  Ft  Bitscoin  was  pro- 
posed in  'Oo,  and  all  trading  lioeuses  weru  revoked.  8uitio  cuniplaiuta  iu 
*70-l. 


JICARILLAS  AND  UTKS. 


737 


and  tlie  three  bands  of  Utes,  numUerinj^  from  1,500  to 
1,800,  eontiuued  to  live  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
])eriod  under  consideration  in  tlie  northern  portions 
of  the  territory,  with  at^encies  at  Cimarron,  east  of 
tlie  Rio  Grande,  and  at  Abiqiiii'i,  or  finally  at  Tierra 
Amarilla,  in  the  west.  I  append  lists  of  agents  suc- 
cessively in  charge  at  the  two  agencies.'*  What  has 
heen  said  in  an  earlier  cha[)ter  respecting  the  char- 
acter and  conduct  of  these  Indians  requires  no  modi- 
fication or  supplement  hero.  They  were  always 
nominally  at  j)eace,  though  committing  many  petty 
thefts,  and  accused  of  many  dei)redations  of  which 
they  were  probably  not  guilty;  they  were  worthless, 
drunken  vagabonds,  especially  the  Jicarillas,  visiting 
the  agencies  only  to  receive  their  annual  allowance  of 
goods,  and  spending  their  time  in  hanging  about  the 
isettlements,  where  they  were  a  great  nuisaiuH',  or^ — • 
cs[)ecially  the  Utes — in  hunting  expeditions;  and  they 
were  always  averse  to  settlement,  work,  or  removal, 
])referring  and  claiming  the  right  to  roam  at  will,  and 
to  receive  liberal  annuities  on  condition  of  abstaining 
IVom  depredations. 

In  the  chronologic  record  of  Uteand  Jicarilla  affairs 
tliero  is  nothing  li'quiring  notice  except  the  efforts  to 
effect  their  removal  and  final  settlement.  There  was 
no  imj)rovement  in  their  condition,  and  no  effoi't  wjis 
made  to  improve  or  educate  them.     They  were  simply 

'"('iiniiiTon  agents,  .lioarillas  and  Miilm.iolu!  Uti;s:  Levi  .T.  Keitlily  ]i>M  it 
(Fcnl.  Maxwell  speo.  agont  in  '(5i),  Lnreiizi)  Liliaili  ISti'i-d,  Maniiil  S.  Sala- 
/ir  i.S()(i,  K.  ]i.  Dcnniscpii  ISOd  70,  W.  P.  Wilsun  IS70,  t'liailcs  F.  Unei  el 
ISTO  •_'.  TIk'  agciU'y  was  now  aliolislioil,  hut  tlie  I  ml.  rein.iineil,  and  wcic  in 
rliargo  of  K.  H.  Longwell  IST'J  '.i,  Tiio.s  A.  Dolan  1.S7.'5  4,  Longwell  IS74, 
Alex.  0.  liviuo  1874"),  John  K.  Pylu  187.')  <>,  and  B.  M.  Tl)oina.>s  (I'neMo 
.lyeiit)  187(i  8;{,  wlieu  the  Ind.  were  finally  removed. 

AUiiiuiii  au  I  Tierra  Aniarilla  agent-*,  Cajpote  and  I'aynclio  Utes,  .alsr^  •.<onie 
■liearillasat  times:   He.idor  I'i'eitl'er (?)  lSli4  ."),  Dieno  .\re'iiuleta  ISCiS  7(>!annil 

•  Jireia  h[t  ■■,;.  a^iMit),  W.  V.  M.  Aiiiv  18  17  8,  .liiue^  ( '.  Freiieli  IStis  ',',  .loliri 
.Vyers  l8(ii),  .1.  n.  Hanson   I8i'.)  71  "(Ciiit  .\.  S.  M.  Keyes  also   n.iin' .(   ni   ll'.l). 

•  lohn  S.  Arinsti'oiiiT  1871  '_'  (ai^'eiiey  traiisf.  from  Aliiiiuiii  to  'I'n  rra  Ani;ir  ill.i), 
\V.  S.   Uefree.s    I8r-J  .'{,  \V.    D.  I'n.tli  Ts    187;{  4    (('.   Rol.lpins    and     I'.  Sal;iz;ir 

•  ilso  named  as  heing  in  elmrge  in  "71),  Sim.  A.  Rnssell  'i874  8.  The  I'tes 
"ere  reniove(l  .md  agt^iiey  al)olislie  1  in  '78,  hut  tli"  ren'Mnini^  .Jieardl.is  wvn; 
III  eliarge  of  B.  M.  Tlionia.s,  tin'  Ihiehlo  agent,  in  187S  83.  and  tlie  tanners  in 
.huge  were  J.  M.  Kol)erts  187S-lt,  J.  B.  Holt  187'J-80,  W.  B.  Jones  1880-2, 
iiild  F.   W.   Ueed   188'.'  ;i, 

lIl^T.  .\ltlZ.  ANIl  N.  MEx.     47 


I    "i.    I: 


733 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


Infi 


P  ;1 


j^ivcn  a  small  annual  supply  of  goods,  and  tlnis  in- 
duced to  kcHip  the  peace.  Their  homes  were  oti  pri- 
vate lands,  and  it  was  understood  by  all  that  they  nust 
go  clsewliere.  They  were  generally  unwilling  to 
make  any  change;  when  they  were  favorably  disposed 
the  government  failed  to  act  promptly  until  the 
Indians  had  changed  their  mind,  or  perhaps  si^lectcd 
some  destination  that  had  never  been  favored  by  them. 
The  Utcs  at  Abiquii'i  pretended  at  times  a  willingness 
to  settle  on  a  reservation  in  the  San  Juan  valley,  but 
this  was  not  acceptable  to  the  government,  thou!j:]i 
often  recommeiKled  by  agents.  It  was  deemed  d(  sir- 
able  to  move  them  to  the  reservation  of  their  tribe  in 
Southern  Colorado;  and  in  18G8  a  treaty  wus  made 
to  thiiteifect;  but  the  Utes  refused  to  go,  alleging 
that  the  treaty  had  been  fraudulent,  and  dissatisiied 
because  an  agency  site  had  not  been  chosen  on  Los 
Finos  Creek,  as  promised.  Their  view  of  the  matti  r 
was  sustaimMl  l)y  many,  including  the  legislature.  In 
1872  the  agency  was  moved  from  Abiquii'i  to  Tierra 
Amarilla,  farther  north.  In  1873,  by  another  treaty, 
the  Utes  promised  to  go  to  Colorado  'after  a  while;' 
but  again  became  disgusted  with  the  choice  <»f  an 
ageni-y  site,  and  with  having  to  go  north  for  their 
goods  before  final  transfer.  By  several  acts  of  con- 
gress, however,  of  1877-8,  and  by  abolishing  tlic 
bouthern  agency,  they  were  finally  removed  to  the  Col- 
orado reservation  in  April  to  July  1878;  and  Xew 
j\[exico  was  thus  rid  of  them. 

The  Jicarillas  it  was  at  first  desired  to  remove  to 
B()s(|uc  lledondo,  but  they  were  unwilling  to  go  there, 
and  General  Carleton  was  unwilling  to  receive  them. 
In  1870  the  Maxwell  rancho  was  sold,  and  this  still 
I'urtlier  complicated  matters,  as  the  Indians  had  an 
idea  that  they  were  the  real  owners.  The  suspension 
of  annuities  in  1871,  a  measure  adopted  for  ctieet  on 
the  Utes,  greatly  disgusted  the  Jicarillas.  In  1872 
the  Cimarron  agency  was  nominally  abolished,  and  an 
effort  was  made  to  move  the  Indians  south  to  Fort 


JICARILLAS  AND  PUEULOS. 


T.IO 


Stanton  or  Tularosa,  but  most  of  tlioni  wore  pormittrd 
to  «;o  to  Tierra  Aiuarilla,  though  rations  wore  still 
distrihuted  in  the  east.  In  1874  a  reservation  of  900 
s(juaro  miles  was  set  off  east  of  the  Navajo  reserve 
and  north  of  the  river;  but  nothinij  further  was  dr)ne 
toward  moving  the  Indians,  who  seem  to  have  been 
willing,  though  refusing  to  go  south.  There  wan  an 
jiet  of  1878  requiring  them,  on  the  departure  of  the 
L  tes,  to  bo  sent  to  Fort  Stanton,  and  32  of  those  at 
Cimarron  went  there;  but  the  rest  refused,  and  on  the 
suspension  of  supplies  committed  many  thefts.  In 
1880  they  desired  a  home  in  the  north;  five  duefs 
visited  Washington;  the  act  of  1878  was  repealed; 
and  in  July  a  i\v\v  reservation  on  tlie  Rio  Navajo  was 
selected,  to  which  they  were  removed  in  December. 
Here  they  lived  until  1883,  when,  against  the  views  of 
the  military  authorities,  they  were  again  transferred 
to  Fort  Stanton,  where  they  have  since  remuini'd.^" 
(On  April  13,  1887,  the  day  that  this  page  goes  into 
tvpo,  the  newspapers  announce  that  they  are  to  be  re- 
turned to  the  northern  reservation.) 

A  list  of  agents  in  charge  of  the  pueblos  is  given 
in    a   note,'*^  to  which  is   added  a  brief  chronologic 

"l:i  a  recent  article  in  tlio  Ceiihiri/  (18)S7),  it  ii  st.-itdl  tluit  100  .Tii'arilljn 
li.ivo  left  the  leserv.  and  houglit  lands  north  of  Sta  Fi',  inlying  in  horses,  and 
imwKling  a  colony.  Bcsiika  tlie  animal  /nil.  Ajf.  I'i'}>U,  sue  ('.  S.  dnrt  I 'or., 
41.st  i'oii>,'.  2d  8USS.,  Sun.  Mis.  JJoc.  1)7;  4I!d  cong.  1st  scss.,  H.  Ex.  I»oc.  l."?!); 
id  scss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  1158;  4.")tli  Cong.  2d  sess.,  iScn.  Doc.  8,  21;  X.  Mf.r,,  L<nr^, 
I  ;:•>'.»  70,  appcu.  t)-10;  A/.,  1870-2,  p.  68-9;  Dund  Mni\  (hilch,  MS.,  4;  l>i.r- 
(Ill's   W'liilv  i'oiiijiii'.sf,  i.  2ir»,  etc.;  Sur.  Iiisciti',  Jinie  1.'?,  1S72. 

"*riiel)lo  au'cnt.s:  John  Ward  lS('>4-8  (Toribio  Romero  also  in  'O(i),  Charles 
L.  CooiKT  181)11-71  ((ieo.  E.  Ford  spec,  a^'oiit  in '(J'.ti,  \V.  F.  .\I.  Ariiv  1S71  2, 
•l.ilin  O.  I'.lc  ]S72-:{,  Ed.  C.  Lcwi-i  187:5-4,  B.  M.  Thomas  1874-.s;{,  I'cdr.. 
Saiii'licz  188.">  4. 

1S(J4.  IMuhlo  grants  patented,  all  hut  two,  amounting  to  (iS7  si[.  miles. 
Retroiirade  in  education  since  '4(1.  In  10  years  hut  one  charge  of  tlielc  ai' mist 
a  riiel)lo  Ind.  in  Ist  distiict,  eniliracing  half  of  tlic  puchlos.  I'op.  7.0:)(). 
•  Grants  of  15  towns  cover  4IU,S()4  acres. 

ISii.").  Crops  largely  lo,t  hy  tlood  and  gra.sshoppers.  All  tlie  grants  hut 
tliosi!  of  Lagiina  aiicl  Acoma  patented. 

1S((().  Supt  urges  that  the  sale  of  liquor  lie  prohil)itcd;  also  .sahs  of  lan<ls, 
past  .salcsheing  aiinulleil;  and  tiiat  suits  against  Ind.  he  hrought  only  in  U.  S. 
courts.  None  of  tiie  younger  [nd.  can  nsid  or  write,  nor  do  they  learn  to 
speak  Spanish  or  English.  Catholic  efforts  for  schools  meet  no  encouragement 
Irotn  Ind.  or  govt.  (lov.  says  pop.  is  7,0(J(),  fandlies  1,282,  childre:i  2.084; 
oTily  40  can  read  and  write.  18C7.  Decision  of  Justice  Slough  that  the  Ind. 
are  citizens. 


J.) 
S5 


740 


INDIAN'  AND   MILITARY  AFFAIRS. 


M^ 


sumiiian' (»f  their  ri'ord  for  these  3'cars,  as  drawn  finin 
agents'  reports  and  other  sources.     Then*  number  was 

IMJS.  Iiiil.  complain  tliat  so  imiuli  i-i  done  for  otliors  aiwl  notliiii,'  fnr 
tlioiii.  No  rc'si<li;iit  priests  except  at  S.  Juan  and  Isluta.  Soniu  fncro.nli- 
nii;iit  on  Inil.  laiiils;  ami  some  tlamaj^u  liy  liooils.  Itoiiort  in  favor  <>{  iSta  Au;i 
land  I'laim.    17.  .9.  (•<irf.  /hic.,  4()lh  coug.  '_M  nes.s.,  H.  llept  70. 

IS.'i'.t.  lud.  nuich  imposud  on  ninliir  tlie  citizenxhip  dcoisioa  of  '(i7,  siili-i'. 
(pitiiitly  conlirmeil  by  Cliief  Justice  Watts;  ciwe  carried  to  U.  S.  miyt.  cmnt; 
agents  oppose  tlie  decision,  and  Ind.  ilo  not  'wish  to  be  citizen.s. 

]S7<).  Ainirop.  of  .•;.."),()<(;),  and  some  implements  ilistrib.  Some  Ind.  rlr- 
dined  liiem  Itccau^e  there  vere  not  eiiouj^'li  lor  all.  The  gov.'s  inessag ;  con- 
tains statistics. 

1S71.  Approp.  of  jM.OOa.  Amy's  report  contains  full  statistics,  as  fcilluvj  ■: 
lad.  pop.  7,.'!10,  white  poii.  on  pueblo  grants  r>,.">i;!;  able  to  read  and  wiiu- 
r>7;  teachers  13  (but  re  illy  no  schixils  in  actual  fiperation).  Zuni  is  nut  in- 
cluded in  the  report.  Zuni  and  8ta.  Ana  had  no  grant.s  of  lanil;  while  tlm-c 
of  Lacuna  and  Acomi  were  not  .surveyeil.  As  to  the  white  residents,  tlie 
Ind.  Were  generally  willing  to  let  old  settlers  remain,  and  A.  opposes  tluir 
removal,  but  would  prohibit  further  sales  and  recjuirc  each  settler  to  pidvr  ,"i 
years'  residence,  no  family  to  have  over  1(U)  acres.  Yet  there  were  ni.iny 
disputes  about  land  and  water,  and  many  complaints  of  illegal  tra  le  au  1 
trespass.  ro|p.  by  puebhis  as  follows:  Acoma  344,  Cii>,  _JI,  Coohiti  24.S,  I -1  ;,i 
T()8,  .Tenies  .^44,  Laguna  U"27,  Nandte  78,  Pecos  ;!■")  (living  at  Jemes),  Picuri  lL'7, 
Pujnaipie  32,  S.  Felipe  412,  S.  Ildefonso  ].")(),  .S.  Juan,  Sandia  18lj,  Sta  Am 
1,5.30,  Sta  Clara  ISl),  Sto  Domingo  73."),  Tao.s  307,  Tesmiue  98. 

1S'i'2.  Pop.  7.()S3.  Some  controversy  on  relig.  matters.  Citizcnshi|) 
question  still  pending.  Jnd.  have  served  on  juries.  All  teachers  not  able  to 
teach  i'.nglisli  dischargeil;  ")  or  (i  schools  doi:ig  fairly  well.  Arny  M'cnt  ea.t 
and  made  arrangements  for  teachers  for  14  pueblos,  paid  half  liy  govt  a?i  I 
lialf  liy  religions  boilies. 

1873.  Failure  of  crops.  No  drunkenness.  No  justice  in  Mex.  court-. 
Conlirmatum  of  the  citizenship  decision  Ity  U.  S.  sup.  court  feared,  as  it 
Wi>uld  deprive  the  Ind.  of  all  protection.  Priests  hinder  all  educalioiiul 
efforts,  not  favoring  instruction  in  Knglisli. 

1874.  Crops  good.  8  schools  witii '298  pupils  (or  ()  witli  170i.  OppositiMii 
to  edac.  d  creasing.  187").  7  school.s,  139  pupils.  Women's  iinlustriil 
school  at  t^'oehiti.  ."^ome  pneblos  need  more  hind.  1870.  Presbyterian  mis- 
sion at  Laguna  iiudc^r  llev.  Meiiaul  and  wife. 

1877  Number.s  slowly  decreasing  (?).  Six  schools,  15,")  pupils;  attcndann' 
irregular.  Mission  at  i^aguna  has  r)Opupils  and  a  jirinting-press.  B.id  crep^. 
Lanil  si't  apart  for  Zuni.  Jemes  in  the  courts  succeeded  in  ejecting  settlers, 
licunulary  troubles  between  Aeoma  and  Laguna,  caused  by  interference  nf 
net  tiers. 

1 878.  fioo  I  progress  in  schools.  School  at  Jemes  opened  and  doing  W(  11, 
Zuni  selioiil  under  llev.  11.  K.  I'almer  and  wife  opened,  but  had  to  bi^  dosed. 
iJewellin  Harris,  Mdi-nion  missionary,  claims  to  have  cureil  many  of  sniall-pex, 
exciting  je.ilousy  of  the  ])resb.  at  Zuni.  Near  Z.  was  a  Mormon  settlemeiit 
of  S  ivoya  (Sevilla  or  C'ebolla).   .S'jw»ir/'.s'  fj  ilinr"  in  tin'   Viiniiard,  ()l-4. 

1S79.  Zuni  sdiool  >mder  K  x'.  T.  F.  Kaly,  M.  D.,  44  scholars,  many  of 
whom  died  of  small-[iox.  20  .'tO.OO.t  sheep.  Pop.  9,013.  School  at  Jem  s 
luidi  r  Dr  Shields  .'ind  2  young  women  from  Pa. 

ISSO.  The  railroads  cut  several  pueblo  grants,  causing  much  trouMi' 
about  right  of  way,  Schools  at  Laguna,  Zuni,  and  Jemes  prosperous,  lil 
ehil.lrin,  half  from  Zuni,  sent  to  Carlisle,  Pa,  for  education.  A  witch  e\  • 
cuteil  at  Zuni. 

1881.  Exact  census  9,01)0.  School  at  Zuni,  S.  A.  Bentley  and  Miss  H.ini- 
maker;  at  Laguna  llev.  Mcnaul  and  Miss  Perry;  at  ■Icmes  .).  M.  Sliiel  Is 
and  Miss  Harris;  avei'.ige  attemlanee  at  the  3  schools  81.  In  .Ian.  a  boarding 
and  industrial  school  o[)enud  at  All)ur(pieripie  by  presb.,  40  pupils.      10  inoio 


AVU  fl'i'UI 
ilW'l'  was 

nothiii'j;  f"i' 

no  fUCI'd.ull- 

r  of  Sta  Ai;;i 

if  '(17,  sul'-i'- 
.  n\l\>.  cninl; 

(iiie  Iml.  il'- 
mossag ;  (.nil- 
's, ;iH  fiilliiu  -: 
A  iiiiil  wiiit-' 
ni  is  iii'i   111- 

Wllilo    tlln-L" 

•esiileuts,  the 
opposes  tluir 
ei"  to  provi  5 
u  were  iniiny 
ill  tra  '.0  aiil 
iti'24S,  1,1,  la 
5>,  riuuri  r.'T, 
18lj,  !sta  Auv 

(.'itizcn.-liii) 
irs  ii"t  alilc  li> 
I'uy  %vi'ut  I'll  t 
f  l)y  giivt  aal 

Mex.    court-. 

foareil,   as  it 
.1   eilucalioual 

11.  Opp<'siti"ii 
I's  iiiiUisti'iil 
hyturiau  mw- 

Is;  attoiiilauii' 
lia.U'rnp-, 
;ting  sc'ltlti  -. 
titorforciii-o  I'l 

|iil  doing  wi  11. 

to  1)('  close   1. 

of  siiiall-pi'>^. 
|)u  Bettloiiii-iil 

1)1-4. 

ars,  many  of 

lool  at  Jl'iih.-* 

liUK'h  troul'ii' 
l)spero\is.  !*• 
lA  witch  CM- 

III  Miss  Haiu- 
[).  M.  Sliii'l  U 
In.  al>'>ariliii- 
lils.     10  uv""- 


rUi;i5L0  INDIANS. 


741 


oivon  as  from  7,000  to  9,000 ;  but  in  the  earlier  (estimates 
;iii(l  counts  till'  Zunis  seem  to  have  heen  omitted,  and 
the  real  numl)er  may  be  rcigartlcd  as  having;  increased 
from  about  8,500  to  somewhat  over  9,000.  They 
are  still  the  same  peaceable  and  inofi'eusive,  industrious, 
simjtle,  credulous,  and  super.stitious  |)e()[)lo  that  they 
jiave  always  been.  In  their  character  and  primitive 
manner  of  life  there  has  lx;on  no  essential  chauij^e. 
They  were  nec^lccted  during"  this  later  j)eriod  by  the 
priests,  and  the  work  of  protestant  missionaries  has 
l)ut  slii^litly  affected  them;  tliougli  at  Laguna  a  body 
ot"  so-called  protestants  became  strong"  enough  to  en- 
gage in  certain  controversies.  E.xcept  in  ]>aying  an 
;. gent's  salary,  approjn-iating  $10,000  in  1871-2  for 
implements,  and  paying  a  part  of  teachers'  wages,  the 
government  did  nothing  ibr  th.em,  and  thev  have 
<jiven  the  military  and  civil  authorities  no  trouble. 
Their  land  grants  were  patented  and  surveyed,  though 
a  few  boundary  disputes  occurred  later,  and  the  Indians 
have  been  often  im[)ose(l  u})on  by  tres})assing  settlers. 
For  some  seven  or  eii-ht  vears  from  18(57  a  decision 
of  the  su})reme  court  that  the  Pueblos  were  entitled 
to  the  privileges  of  citizenship  caused  much  trouble, 
because,  while  they  did  not  desire  these  privileges,  a 
way  was  opened  to  great  wrong  to  them  in  suits  with 
settlers  tried  before  local  courts.  I  have  not  found 
tlie  fin.al  decision,  if  there  was  one,  by  the  United 
•States  courts;  but  there  seems  to  have  been  no  com- 

iliildrcn  sent  to  Pa.  Map  showing  location  of  imehlo  grants,  in  l\  S.  d'urt 
line,  47tli  cong.  1st  scss.,  II.  .Mis.  Udc,  xx.,  ."{111. 

ISSl.'.  Troulilo  with  K.  It.  at  Stu  I)<iinim:".  tlic  Ind.  refusing  i-ii:lit  of 
M:iy  aiol  land  for  station.  Srhools  .^oincxvliat  prospuroMs,  tliougli  tin;  ]irii'sts 
v.iii-U  ag.iinst  them,  ancl  Iml.  do  not  wi.-li  the  children  to  \n:  anytiiing  Imt 
lid.  City  of  Alhunpunpiu  gave  tj,"j  acri:s  of  land  for  the  school  nndcr  .1.  S. 
Miearer,  and  1. iter  R.  W.  1).  i'ryan.  A  reader  piinteil  in  i^aguna  language. 
Is  ehildreii  at  Carlisle,  V;i,  school  Mheii  ;")  Ind.  went  to  visit  them,  and  were 
iinu'li  jdeased. 

lSS;5-4.  (iood  progres.s  tunU'r  Agent  S.mehez,  hut  the  lea.sing  of  land.i  hy 
I:id.  as  at  Aeonia  is  had.  On  tiio  Allivir(|iiercpie  school,  which  had  as  hijh  as 
1 1  I  puiiils  of  tliUerent  trihes  hesidi  s  the  put'tilos,  see  N.  J/cf.  Imiian  Srhititl, 
a  eolleetiou  of  printed  sheets,  from  newsjiajiers,  etc.;  also  'iry-ni'-i  AU'ur- 
ijiu  .-(jik;  liiil.  Scliiiol,  MS.  I  niiglit  add  many  references  to  descri[)tive  matter 
oil  the  ruehlo  manners  and  customs,  language,  origin,  traditions,  and  early 
:■  iinals;  but  these  have  properly  no  place  iu  couucctiou  with  uiy  pre.-ent  sub- 
ject. 


41 
iiilli 


■1% 


742 


INDIAN  AND  MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


j)liiiiit  since  1875.  In  education,  fioni  about  187;1, 
i-arnest  efforts  were  made  by  tbe  ])resbyterians,  aided 
by  the  <jjov(>rinnent;  and  selio»)ls  were  established  at 
several  pueblos  with  considerable  success,  cs[»ecially 
at  Laguna,  Zuni,  and  .Tenies.  Some  20  children  were 
also  sent  to  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  to  be  taught;  and 
in  1881  an  Indian  boarding-school  was  founded  at 
Albur(|uer(iuc,  where  in  later  years  over  100  pu[nls 
from  all  the  tril)es  were  gatheri'd;  and  at  latest  ac- 
c(»unts  the  results  were  most  encouraging.  This  is 
almost  the  only  ray  of  light  [lenetrating  the  blackness 
of  prospective  Indian  aft'airs  in  New  Mexico. 


Of  the  Apaches,  the  Mescaleros  are  the  only  band 
besides  tltc  Jicarillas  whose  annals  can  be  presented 
separately.  I  append  a  list  of  their  agents,  and  a 
chronologic  resume.^"     The  Mescaleros  were  in  many 

''■'Mescalero  agents:  Lorenzo  Lahadi  1SC4-9  (though  at  times  there  was 
practii'ally  no  agent),  A.  (I.  Henniseo  18()l>-71,  A.  J.  Curtis  1S71-3,  S.  H. 
Bushn.iriS7:M,  W.  D.  Crotliers  1874-(i,  F.  C.  (lodfroy  lS7t;-9,  S.  A.  Rus- 
sell I87!t-Sl,  W.  H.  H.  Llewellyn  1881-4. 

]SI')4.  At  Bosijue  Redomlo  much  ilissatisfie.l  with  the  presence  of  the  Na- 
v.ijos,  of  whom  tliey  killed  04  in  two  lights.  Behaved  well  in  other  resiiects, 
sellinsi  •':'4,(MM)  worth  of  fruit  and  vegetables,  but  lost  most  of  their  corn  emii. 
I'op.  4-J7. 

lSt(."i.  Po[).  472.  No  change.  1800.  Did  well  until  Nov.  3d,  when  all  1  nit 
S)  left  tile  rescrv.  on  account  of  troubles  with  the  Navajos,  going  more  or  le.^s 
on  tlie  war-path.  Tiie  ageTit  was  accused  of  stealing  cattle,  or  at  least  of  ir- 
rcgvdarities  iii  trading,  and  was  sent  oli'I)y  (Jen.  Carleton.    1807.    No  change. 

18. >8.  Aueney  nominally  at  Agua  Negra,  but  tlie  Ind.,  52.)  strong,  ui'Vir 
visited  it,  and  continued  their  depred.  No  approp.  for  several  years.  They 
would  probalily  accept  a  reserv.  at  Ft  Stanton,  but  never  at  the  Bosrpie. 

180".).  No  change.  Ind.  not  seen  excei)t  by  Lii.'ut.  Stanwood  on  a  scout. 
Agency  at  !•  t  Stanton,  wliere  a  reserv.  with  50()  acres  of  good  land  seems  to 
have  been  set  off  (probably  tlie  mil.  reserve).  1870.  No  change,  except  tii.it 
till'  .Mescalero  and  southern  agencies  are  said  to  have  been  consolidated  in 
July. 

1S71.  Agent  ("urtis  fouml  27  Ind.  on  the  reserv.  and  soon  had  32.j,  ex- 
pecting the  rest  of  the  700.     Prospects  good  if  means  are  supplied. 

1 872.  Mescal,  over  800  and  other  Apaclies  over  1 ,01)0  at  Ft  Stanton.  Prom- 
ises not  kept  by  govt,  (treat  need  of  dotbing  and  of  mil.  protection,  as  tUf 
Navajos  have  made  some  raids  (?).  Whiskey  causes  much  trouble.  It.iserv.  tn 
be  clidsen  this  winter.  Legisl.  recommends  a  reserv.  .s.  K.  of  the  fort.  HOD 
Apaclies  from  Tularo.sa  came  in,  but  the  Mescal,  were  opposed  to  their  remain- 
ing. 

187.'}.  Reserv.  set  off,  but  not  surveyed.  Ind.  roving  and  committing  many 
depred.  In  Sept.  all  but  200  ran  away  ••'i  account  of  the  arrest  of  certain 
Ind.  as  hostages  for  the  return  of  stolen  property.  Traders  too  intlueutial, 
but  Bushnell  attempted  reforms. 

1874.    Reserv.  of  C75   sq.  m.   by  order   of   Feb.  29,  '73,  and   Feb.  2,  "74. 


THE  MESCALEllOS. 


743 


iml   Fob.  2,  '74. 


respects  similar  to  the  Jieurillas.  They  sometimes, 
liowever,  engaged  in  farming,  and  they  also  at  times 
j(jined  the  other  Apache  bands  in  their  raids.  Their 
immber  was  betwei-n  GOO  and  800.  About  400  wen; 
gathered  at  the  Bosque  Kedond(j  until  November 
18(50,  when,  on  account  of  their  (juarrels  with  the  Xa- 

From  30()  to  700  on  or  near  the  reserv.;  (lispo.seil  to  roam,  hut  few  lU'iiroil. 
Not  much  iigric.  land,  ami  no  (li^spo.iition  to  engage  in  farming. 

187.").  Inil.  accused  of  depred.  and  attacked  hy  Hettler.s  in  Jan.  They  rail 
away  and  were  again  attackeil  and  a  few  killed.  They  were  hrought  hack  in 
a  .starving  condition.  Inspector  McNulta  reported  that  the  Ind.  were  not  to 
blame.     A  school-house  ready. 

187(>.  Re.serv.  o.\ten<led  by  order  of  Oct.,  but  not  yet  suitable.  Whiskey 
and  tlie  proximity  of  t2  .Me.x.  settlements  do  niucli  harm.  Ind.  work  well; 
have  597  horses  and  I'itJ  mules.  Some  feuds  with  Hot  Spring  Ind.  Mescal, 
can  be  made  self-supporting  iu  3  years;  they  have  been  grossly  misrepre- 
sented 

1877.  Rcserv.  unfit;  agency  or  settlers  must  be  rcmoveil.  No  buildings. 
Agent  has  selected  a  site  at  Elk  Spring,  15  m.  east.  Ind.  behave  well. 
Would  <1()  better  in  stock-raising  than  agric.  Work  interrupted  hy  small- 
pox. Reserv.  raided  by  Texans  in  .Inly,  and  13  horses  driven  ofl'.  Mueh 
illegal  traffic.  On  account  of  disorders,  agent  will  have  to  remove  his  fam- 
ily. 

1878.  Settlers  of  two  factions  engaged  in  murderous  warfare.  Ind.  much 
alarmed.  Two  bands  have  tjuit  the  reserv.  Agency  nuist  be  moved  from  the 
main  road,  and  out  of  the  way  of  Amer,  and  Mexicans.  School  doing  well, 
considering  circumstanees. 

1879.  Very  little  planting  and  only  000  acres  fit  for  cultivation.  Ind.  kill 
their  horses  to  eat  at  feasts.  No  school;  no  pro[)er  l)uildings.  Vietorio  an  I 
his  b.m.l  came  in  from  S.  (Jarlos,  Ariz.  (ien.  I'ope  thinks  the  Mesealeros  do 
no  more  harm  than  otlier  reserv.  Ind.,  but  still  the  reserv.  is  useless,  and 
serves  as  a  scapegoat  for  all  In<l.  trouliles,  real  and  imaginary. 

1880.  Vietorio  left  tlie  reserv.  soon  after  the  last  report,  and  induced  over 
200  Mescaleros  to  join  him  in  his  depredations.  In  Aprd  tlie  re-st  were 
alarmed  by  the  coming  of  troops,  and  an  attempt  to  disarm  them,  by  (ien. 
I'ope 's  orders — the  agent  lilaming  Col  Hatch — caused  an  afl'ray  in  which  sev- 
eral were  killed.  Before  this  it  had  been  proposed  to  move  the  Mescal,  to 
Hot  Spring. 

1881.  All  in  confusion;  contradictory  reports.  Lincoln  co.,  '  under  con- 
trol of  tliieves  and  cutthroats,'  is  no  ])lace  for  the  Ind.,  who  should  br  moved 
iKirtli,  which  (rcn.  Fope  also  urges,  as  it  is  impossible  to  discriminate  hetween 
the  hostile  and  peacefid.  Agency  40  m.  s.  w.  of  the  fort;  reserv.  30  hy  30 
miles,  tlie  'garden  spot  of  !S.  Mex.'  Ind.  ((iiiet;  marki.Ml  iiniii'ovemeiit  (I); 
school  only  moderately  prosperous;  Ind.  falsely  accused  of  taking  part  in 
raids. 

1882.  The  agencies  of  Mescal,  and  .Ticarillas  had  been  consolidated  with 
intention  of  moving  NL'Scal.  to  north;  but  Inspc'ctor  Howard  di^cided  to  let 
them  remain,  but  to  give  up  certain  lands  to  miners,  etc.;  hence  tlu;  cliangL^ 
in  reserv.  Ind.  <loing  fairly  well;  85  acres  cultivated;  In  1.  police  of  '_M  suc- 
ci^ssful  in  preventing  tliefts  and  arresting  renegades.  Tiiey  arrested  emis- 
saries from  Hot  Spring,  and  saved  the  agent's  life  in  a  fight  in  wiiicli  several 
Ind.  were  killed.  Day-school  well  attended,  and  some  eliildreu  sent  to  Al- 
biir(iuer({ue,  but  Apache  motliers  will  not  part  with  their  girls.  The  change 
of  reserv.  at  jietition  of  the  legisl.  restored  five  townships  to  iiuhlie  domain 
in  favor  of  the  Nogal  mining  district,  aad  disposed  of  all  private  claims  but 
two;  lud.  consented  to  the  cbunge. 


744 


IXIHAX   AM)   MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


vajos,  tlioy  left  the  ifsiirvation,  and  lu'camc  roviii-^ 
and  hostile.  In  1871  over  300  were  lounitt'd  at  Fort 
Stanton,  and  tlio  niunber  infroasod  to  ahout  800  in 
187-.  Pfcro  a  reservation  was  set  ott'  in  l87.>-4,  and 
the  Indians  wen;  kept  under  control  nion;  or  less,  and 
a  little  progress  was  made  in  iarininm'-  and  education ; 
though  there  were  almost  continuous  feuds  with  set- 
tlers, miners,  and  other  Indian  bands.  The  reserva- 
tion boundaries  were  several  times  chan<xed.  Jn 
187'J-8l  many  t>f  the  ^Fescaleros  joined  the  southern 
Apaches  in  their  raids ;  and  many  serious  con)plications 
resulted,  it  being  difficult  or  impossible  to  distinguisli 
between  the  i^uiltv  and  i'Miocent,  and  there  arisiii'-- 
many  controversies  between  the  agents  and  the  mili- 
tary on  these  points.  The  location  of  the  reservation 
so  near  the  frontier,  where  the  Indians  were  exposed 
to  the  raids  and  solicitations  of  the  renegade  bands, 
was  most  uidbrtunate,  and  a  change  was  often  urged, 
but  never  effected.  From  1882  there  was  a  slight  re- 
newal of  good  conduct  and  cftmparative  }irogress ;  in 
1883  the  .Ticarillas  were  brought  to  this  reservation; 
and  from  that  time  neither  band  has  caused  any 
serious  trouble. 


The  southern  Apaches  of  New  Mexico,  exclusive  of 
the  Mescaleros,  ct)nsisting  chiefly  of  the  Mimbrefios 
and  Mogollones — toijether  known  as  the  Gilenos — l)ut 
including  at  times  a  portion  of  the  Arizona  Chirica- 
huas,  luimbered  from  1,500  to  1,800.  Their  annals  are 
much  less  definite  than  those  of  other  tribes,  as  they 
were  generally  more  or  less  beyond  the  control  of 
agents,  and  spent  a  part  of  the  time  in  Arizona  and 
Mexico.  The  list  of  agents  and  a  summary  of  annals 
are  appendetl.'*'     In   1  8()4-t)  these  bands  were  gener- 

■■'"SoutlRTii  Aiiai'lio  agents:  John  Ayres  lS()S-9  (at  Sta  Fi'-),  Cliarles  E. 
Divw  iSfiit  70  (at  Ft  MiKae),  A.  (i.  Hunnisuu  1.S70-1  (at  Ft  Craiu),  ().  F. 
l'i[)ur  1871  ;?  (Ayrc's  in  cliarge  7-),  B.  M.  Tiionias  1S73-4,  John  M.  Siian 
1S74  (i,  Jaine«  Davis  1870-7.  In<l.  nominally  reniovuil  to  8.  Carlos,  Ariz.,  in 
KS77. 

18(U.  fJen.  (\-irk'ton's  mil.  opurations  extending  through  this  anil  the  M- 
lowing  years.      ISO,").     Inturviuw  of  (Jen.  Davis  with  Victorio,  Nane,  etc.,  at 


SOUTH KKN  APACHES. 


745 


ally  linstilc,  hut  were  hard  pressed  hy  the  troops. 
Depredations  were  constant,  hut  the  loss  of  lite  was 

llu^  ciilijur  iiiiiu's  ami  ctrorts  to  iinlufu  tlui  Apai'luis  to  go  to  I{(is()iic  Urdoiulo. 
1  lie  rliifl.s  g.ivi!  soiiu!  t'licoiiraj^ciin.'iit;  Imt  dcprt'il.  coiitimii'd.  Carlt'toii  tle- 
clitiril  to  piTiiiit  Siijit  Sleek  to  go  for  a  talk  with  tliu  Miiiibres,  wiio  must 
.sMrrciider  witliotit  cuiiditioiis. 

ISiil),  Iiittsiition  to  iiiaku  a  campaign  against  tliu  Mimhrert  and  cstal).  a 
(tost.  A  (iila  resL'i'v.  Mpoken  of,  liuL  no  Ind.  on  it.  IHtlT.  No  cliangc,  Imt 
continued  liostilitiiM.      18(iS.      Agency  at  Liuiitar;  eon.stant  dejiredations. 

IS(i!t.  Inil.  tlionglit  to  1)0  tiring  of  Mar.  Cliiefs  intervitiwed  liy  .Ayent 
Urew  and  willing  to  go  on  ii  reseiv.  at  Hot  Spring,  wliicli  is  recomiiiended. 
|S7(>.  OviT  .■>(«»  Miiiilpre.s  and  .Mogollones,  with  a  few  Mesealeros,  lieiiig  feci  at 
('inada  Alamosa.  <r(!n.  l'o[ie  has  no  hope  of  e«tal).  the  Apaehes  on  a  reserv., 
Imt  a;;ent  tiiinkn  ilitlereiitly.  Agency  con.solidated  with  tiiat  of  the  Mu.sea- 
iei-oi  i  I  .Inly,  Imt  theri:  is  no  further  trai'e  of  this  change. 

IS71.  Kioin  l,'J(H)to  l,!t(Hllud.  at  (JaAada  Alamosa,  who,  however,  ran  olT 
« lien  C'olyer"s  escort  a[ipeaied.  (.'oehi.su  and  his  Chiriealiuas  siilimitted  this 
year,  and  came  i.i  to  the  Canada.  Colyer,  the  peace  com.,  decided  to  li\  tlio 
iiiserv.  fartiier  north-west,  at  Tularosa,  hecause  of  the  iinsuitalileness  of  the 
Canada  for  agiie.,  and  tiie  pro-xiiiiity  and  opposition  of  the  settlers,  who  at  a 
|iiil)lic  meeting  eomplained  of  thefts  of  cattle  and  crops,  and  made  pie[para- 
tions  to  use  forcilile  measures. 

KST'J.  AlMmt4r)l)  Iiiil.  removed  in  Ajpril,  nmeh  against  their  wishes,  to  the 
new  ri'serv.  at  Tularo.sa.  The  rest,  ineliidiiig  Cochise's  hand,  had  run  away 
to  avoid  removal.  Ahout  \,0(H)  went  for  a  time  to  the  Muscalero  reserv.,  and 
iiiaiiy  risinned  tlieir  raids. 


1S7;{.  From  li(M)  to  7tM(  on  the  re.serv.  very  discontented;  defired.  frei(Ueut. 
lie  I'H'orts  of  Maj.  I'liee  to  enforce  the  return  of  stolen  cattle  caused  all  to 
run  oir,  hut  7>M)  were  caught  and  Imuiglit  hack. 

1874.  liul.  transferred,  in  accordance  with  their  wishes,  to  tiie  vicinity  of 
the  Canada,  an!  a  new  reserv.  of  7.")0  s(j.  in.  set  otf  at  the  Ojo  Calieiite,  or  Hot 
Silling,  where  tliey  hehaveil  lietter,  and  even  worked  a  little.     Cocliise  died 


r 

tiou 


tiiis  year,  anil  a  Cliirieahua  reserv.  was  cstah.  in  s.  K.  Arizona. 

187").  Apaelies  (|uiet;  l,7tK)  on  the  H(»t  Spring  reserv.,  receiving  tiieir 
■iticuis  and  eommittiiig  no  depred.  A  littli;  farming.  Whiskey  causes  some 
oulile.     Settlers  eji'ctecl,  and  new  hiiildiiigs  heing  erected. 

1S7().  (leiieial  jieaee  and  a  little  progii^ss.  A  sli;.;iit  trouble  in  Ajiril  wa.s 
lu'oiiiiptly  ([Uelled  hy  military.  Ahout  !.'.■»()  Chiricalmas  caiiu;  to  Hot  Siiring, 
when  tiieir  reservation  was  hrokeii  n\>,  a  pai't  of  the  trihe  heiiig  removed  to 
.S,  Carlos,  and  the  rest  going  on  the  war-path. 

IS77.  Ind.  aec.  to  agent  '  iille,  dissolute,  and  drunken,'  yet  some  eneour- 
agiug  n'sults  in  agric.  (len.  rojie  pronounces  them  's((ualid,  idle  vagahouds, 
utterly  worthles.-t  and  Impcdess.'  In  April  .May  4.")0  of  tiie  Hot  .Spring  Ind. 
were  foreilily  transferred  to  .S.  (  arlos  in  accordance  with  tlie  policy  of  coiicen- 


•■•■-■■■•■ .1 , ^ ..^ 1..  —  , 

tr.uioii.  tiie  rest  running  oli  liefore  the  removal,  the  4.")()  soon  escaping  from 
S.  Carlos,  and  all  resuming  tiieir  raids.     There  were  many  tiuiits,  Victfirio  he- 
i  ig  in  coiiiiiiaud  of  tlie  hostiles.     Ahout  'J()0  surrendered   in  Oct.,  and  were 
letiirned  to  Hot  Spring,  hut  jiart  of  them  ran  otl'  again. 
i:i  to  tiie  Mcscaliro  resi'rv. 


A  party  also  came 

1x78.  Victorio  in  I'eli.  surrendered,  hut  on  the  attempt  to  remove  them 
from  Hot  Spring  .an  away  again.  In  .lune  tiiey  came  in  voluntarily  to  the 
Mescal,  reserv.,  and  it  was  decided  to  let  them  remain;  hut  were  frigliteiie'd 
otr  hy  the  coming  of  county  oliicials,  the  chiefs  heing  under  indictiiient  for 
murder,  and  fearing  arrest.  After  a  destructive  raid  they  were  driven  into 
Mexico. 

187!>-S0.  Cmigre.ss  decided  against  a  proposition  to  move  the  Apaches  to 
the  Ind.  territory.  Down  to  Sept.  187'.l,  ace.  to  Gen.  Pope's  report,  there 
Were  no  very  serious  trouhles,  tlioiigh  petty  depred.  never  ce;i,sed;  Imt  then 
\'ictorio  with  00  Ind.  came  from  Me.x.,  and  attacked  the  herders  at  Ojo  Cali- 


74U 


INDIAN   AND  MILITARY   AFFAIRS. 


sliirlit.  Thon  ill  1870-1  al)out  1,800  of  the  savaj^.  s, 
tiriiiL;'  soiuewhat  of  war,  wero  fed  at  Canada  Alaiiiosi, 
in  tliu  region  of  Fort  ('raig.  J:Jy  Vincent  (\»lyti  a 
reservation  was  suleeted  at  Tularosa,  where  about  aoi) 
— the  rest  going  on  tin  war-path — were  transfiiiid 
against  tlieir  will,  and  lived  in  discontent  and  tnnilili 
during  1872-3.  In  1874  they  were  returned  to  luiir 
their  former  home,  and  a  reservation  was  HC!t  otf  at 
Ojo  ( 'aliente,  and  here  they  lived  in  comparative  (juit  t, 
though  without  any  real  progress  until  1877.  Tinii 
the  unwise  concentration  ])ol icy  caused  tlie  Hot  Spring 
reservation  to  be  broken  up,  and  450  of  the  Apaclus 
were  forcibly  removed  to  San  Cilrlos  in  Arizona. 
From  this  time  until  1882  southern  New  Mexico  was 
for  the  most  j)art  a  l)loody  battle-ground.  The  sue 
cessive  outbreaks  and  raids  of  Victorio,  Nane,  Lttco, 
Chato,  Geronimo,  and  otliers  are  mentioned  in  my 
note,  and  more  details  are  given  in  the  chapter  on 
Indian  atfairs  in  Arizona.  Since  1882,  though  the 
lenegades  from  Arizona  have  several  times  raided  the 
frontier  di.strict,  there  has  been  comparative  peace. 
The  management  of  the  southern  Apaches  has  been 
a  difficult  problem;  but  the  Indian  department  has 
much  to  answer  for  in  the  disasters  of  the  last  decade, 
since  most  of  these  may  be  traced  to  unwise  removals 
against  the    wishes   of  the  Indians,   in  disregard  of 

onto,  killing  several  and  drivin'^  off  4G  horses.  He  was  joined  by  1(X)  fnitii 
Mex.  and  l)y  a  largo  party  of  Mescileros,  and  a  bitter  warfare  ensued.  I'nl 
Hatcli  took  uoinniand  ami  kJled  about  100  Ind.,  driving  Victorio  into  Mi,x. 
Hitherto  the  scattered  Mix  h  'rdcrs  in  southern  N.  Mex.  had  been  sparid  liy 
the  Chiricahuas,  to  whom  they  rendered  much  aid;  but  now  their  Mescalim 
a;id  Comanche  allies  sjiaK-d  .lobody,  and  from  70  to  100  settlers  were  killiil. 
\'ic'torio  twice  recrossci!  th^  frontier  and  was  driven  back,  being  finally  killi'd 
in  Mexico.  Tiie  newspapers  in  the.se  years  are  full  of  items  respecting  tlR>e 
raids.     A  volunteer  force  was  organized  by  the  legisl. 

1881-2.  In  July  1881  and  April  1882  the  renegades,  now  under  Nam'', 
maile  bloody  rai<ls  across  the  border,  and  were  driven  back.  They  had  lutii 
largely  reeiiforccd  by  the  Mescaleros  and  by  Chiricahuas  ivom  S.  Carlos,  under 
Loco.  The  Hot  Spring  re.serv.  was  now  abolislied,  and  all  Apaches  not  at  S. 
Carlos  or  on  the  Ft  Stanton  reserv.  were  treated  as  hostilus.  In  1882  an 
arrangement  was  made  by  which  the  hostilea  could  be  pursued  across  tin.' 
line. 

188.3-5.  No  troubles  except  with  the  renegades  from  Arizona  under  (lin'- 
niino  and  Chato,  who  committed  many  alrooities  on  the  southern  border,  nnU- 
bly  the  killing  of  Judge  McComas  and  family  in  April  '83. 


siiil 


AI'ACHES  IN   NEW    MUXIC'O. 


747 


promlsoa  made,  aiul  aijfainst  tlu^  protosts  of  tlio  luili- 
tiiry  autlioiitU's.  Of  the  Anacln'W,  only  tlu;  n'limaiits 
of  the  Jicaiillas  and  !M('(scal(jrns  remain  in  X«'\v  Mex- 
ico, and  tlu\so  undiT  contrnl  on  tin'ir  reservation. 
Serious  outUreaks  aro  [)r()bal)ly  at  an  i-nd.  Tlie  prol)- 
lom  of  ultimate  imiirovuuient  remain.^  unssolved. 


!i;ii 


iijilliii 


CHAPTER    XXX. 

INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 

1804-1887. 

MiNF.UAL  Wealth  —  Mining  Notks  of  1804-79  —  Ouf.at  PROsrEOTs  and 
Hmai.l  Results — Statistics  ok  Pkodi'ction — Tiik  Minim;  Distuuts  — 

tiOLI),    SiLVEK,    Cori'KK,    CoAL,    AM)    IltON  — TlIK    '  lioOM '  I'KO.M    ISSO    - 
ACTIIOKITIKS  — ResiME    OV     DkVKLOI'.MKNTH — ^CrKNKKAL    RksULTS     \M» 

rKosi'Et'Ts — Spanish  and  Mexican  Land  Grants— List  of  Claims 
Pii'.LK,'  Lands  and  Sukvevs — AintKHTLTrRE — Statistics — Slicht  Puo. 
(iUEss— SrocK-KAisiN(; — Cattle  and  Sheki-  —  Monoi-olv  and  Oiiiiu 
Obstacles-  Manufactuues — Tkade — Railroads — Teleurai'ii  Links  - 
Staoe  and  ^Iail  Roctes — P>rREAr  of  Immigration — .'•'chools — I'riii.i- 
cations  of  THE  Jesuit  Collloe — Xewsi'ai'ers — Cuuiicii  AFFAIR^;. 


From  the  earliest  times  Xew  Mexico's  prospective 
luineral  wealth  has  been  recognized,  and  there  has 
hardly  ever  been  a  year,  perliaps  never  a  decade,  in 
wliich  a  few  mines  of  some  sort  have  not  been  worked. 
The  early  Spanish  workings,  never  successful  on  a 
large  scale,  have  left  traces  at  many  points;  but,  as 
elsewhere  fully  exj)lained,  have  been  habitually  and 
grossly  overrated  in  modern  times.  Practically,  noth- 
ing but  prospecting  was  ever  done  by  the  Spaniards 
or  Mexicans,  and  very  little  more  by  the  Americans 
fur  many  years  after  their  occupatit)n  cf  the  teTritory. 
Their  small  numbers,  isolation,  and  lack  of  capital,  the 
general  apathy  of  the  native  population,  the  heavy 
cost  of  transportation,  and  frequent  Indian  troubles, 
afford  sufficient  explanation  of  the  slight  })rogress 
made,  while  each  year's  operations  furnished  addi- 
tional foundation  for  faith  in  ultimate  success. 

Such  work  as  had  been  previously  undertaken  w;.s 
for  the  most  part  suspended,  on  account  of  the  coii- 

( T-fS ) 


•V 


MINIXO  IX  NEW   MEXICO. 


740 


IPECTS  AM) 
DlSTKIClS— 
:OM   188;)-- 

;.SUl,IS     ANI> 

F  Claims— 

LICIIT  Pko- 
VND     OlillU 
I'll  LlNlN 
)1,S — I'l  III  I- 
KrAIK.S. 

ispoctive 

lore  has 

^oadc,  ill 

worked. 

ul   on   a 

but,  as 

lly  aiul 

y,  notli- 

auiards 

lericans 

rrltory. 

tal,  tlie 

heavy 

rouhhs, 

)rogress 

I  addi- 

cen  was 
lie  con- 


federate  invasion  of  1861-2  and  the  ensuing  Indian 
wars;  though  at  Pinos  Altos,  in  the  south-west,  a 
nuck'us  for  future  operations  still  remained;  in  Santa 
F6  county  preparations  for  active  work  were  being 
pressed  forward  at  the  Old  and  Xew  Placers;  and 
each  year  the  natives  washed  out  a  considerable  'juan- 
tity  of  g(jld  in  the  wet  season  at  many  difterent  points. 
The  annals  of  New  Mexican  mining  in  1804-71)  would 
consist  of  a  long  series  of  detached  items,  not  without 
interest  in  themselves,  but  entirely  too  bulky  for  pre- 
sentation here.  I  aj»pend  some  general  notes  and 
references.^     The  yield  of  gold  and  silver  has  been 

^Sou  ,V.  J/Vv;.,  Ar/.^,  1804  ct  scmj.,  ts  jitir  rt'suine  alre;uly  givuu,  for  legisla- 
tive ai-'tidii  on  mines,  incliuling  the  incurporatioii  of  many  companies.  For 
mining  laws  of  tlic  territory  at  different  periods,  see  jV.  Me.i:.,  lieiyUiil  Lmr.-i, 
7-ll-3i2;  Mills'  J/iiiii/liodk  of  Mill.  Lmnn,  and  Git'ile,  to  K.  Mvx.  Las  Vegas, 
n.  (I.,  I'Jnio,  S.")]). ;  liHi/DioiKCH  Silrcrawl  Oobl  (1873),  p.  4.j;i-9;  L'aiid'n  Guide  h 
Cofo/v!(/o,  8.");  AiHirii'i<  Ihiiiil-liook  of  y .  Max.,  9.")-7;  llnidii.- M<'Xalhfi<<)vcrlttii<l 
(hiiilc,  2.S()-7;  -V.  Mfx.,  JlusimAi  J)intcl<)ry,  1882,  p.  185-lt7;  lUtdi'n  Bhtc-lUwk, 
127-8.  For  mining  information  in  tliu  sueeL's:<ive  years,  see  the  annual 
reports  of  the  rfurveyor-gen.  of  N.  Mex.,  in  U.  S.  Lmiil  Office  Rcj'orfs,  18(i4 
etscq. ;  also  Ji'tymond's  JA'ports  on  statistics  of  nunes  and  mining,  1869  ct 
seq. 

ISd-t.  ^V.  ifrx.  MinimjCont}).,  Prdiiniwi i-y  litpvt.  N.  Y.,  18(i4,  8vo,  21  p. 
This  conip.  had  been  or^'anized  in  'o;?,  and  ineorporatid  in  '58,  to  work  the 
Old  Placer  mines,  having  purchased  ihe  Ortiz  grant.  Tliis  pamphlet  contains 
liydaws,  act  of  incorp.,  extracts  from  Gregg,  etc.,  and  corresp.  intended  to 
'lioom'the  comp.my  s  enterprise.  Operations  continued  for  several  years, 
with  no  very  gre:it  success,  so  far  as  this  comp.  was  concerned.  Not  much 
done  anywhere  this  year,  on  account  of  the  Indians. 

hSG.").  (^Inartz-mill  being  built  at  tlie  Ortiz  mine.  Furnaces  at  Las  Cruces 
at  Work  on  o.o  fro.n  the  Organos  Mts;  '2-.'i.)i)  miners  at  work  at  Finos  Alt>is, 
M'itli  good  prci.ipccts.      (hrcii  {/Hrhcr'  L.)  anJ  E.   T.  Cur,  Jtcpirt  on  the  Mini.^ 

ofX.  Mr.,' I'iil,l!.--lir'l  1,1)  Jul.n  S.   il  "tfs.   Wa.-i:.,  ISli.j,  8vo,  59  p.     This  is  a 

report  of  a  geologist  and  chemisit,  in.  uding  an  eximiiiation  ol  several  mines; 
publiflied  in  the  interests  of  skidc  eoiiiii.,  and  showing  everything  in  some- 
what bright  cdh^rs. 

]S;;(!,  iluch  prospecting  and  many  discov.,  including  the  Moreno  mines, 
Colfax  CO.  X^,  Mrx.  Mill.  C.i.  at  wo:!i;  aaoiher  comp.  or^^anized  to  work  the 
mines  farther  M>uth  in  same  district.  Lit:!e  progre-s  in  s.iiclting  at  Las 
Cruees,  for  v.aiit  of  capit.d.  Maeliiiiery  e;i  roule  to  I'iiios  Altos,  (iohl  de- 
posited at  U.  S.  mint,  t>'>,  155.  (tov.  Amy's  .l/i.v.vfK/c  treats  of  'mineral  re- 
source s' indicating  that  notliing  mneli  is  being  doae.  Copper  diseov.  near 
Ft  I'liion.  Milhic's  Hft'iO  .Miir.f,  17v)-9,  has  a  eh.ipter  on  iir.nes,  witli  some- 
lliing  of  '  oiial  oI)servation.  <  Tiffdrd'.s  <  hvrltinl  '/''ilr.i,  Hi)7  8.5,  has  a  ehaii- 
ter  on  ■ .  ■■  ..rst  experience  ia  X.  Mex.'  in  'OlJ,  a  jileasing  sketch  of  life  at  It 
liay;,rd,  a.d  some  information  on  the  mines.  .Sir  Morton  Peto's  /,'i  inurci'S, 
N.  v.,  18li(),  p.  17>'-1.  mentions  tlie  copper  mines  of  the  s.  w. 

l;v;7.  Brnii'if  Olid.  Tdi/iir'n  l!i]niil,  IJ-'i  et  seip,  contains  Comi.  ,1.  W.  Tay- 
lor's report  on  X".  Mex.  mines,  cliii'lly  made  up  from  old  auth.,  ami  (jrer. 
Amy's  iiiessaiii^  of  'tiii.  It  is  al-o  found  in  Jliml'i  Mirr/i.  Mo;/  ,  lii.  -IW,  and 
(•'odi/tin/'i  W/nrc  to  /Jiiiii/niti',  ]l'.\.      Much  ilev-elopnu  lit  at  i'iiios  Altos:    I  ,()(K) 


is 


r  r 


mcu 


k;  UOO  lodes  within  G  miles;  15-stamii  mill.     Col  '   louiid  ne, 


ir 


.,.^-* 


780 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


estimated  at  $125,000  to  $2^J,000  per  year  down  io 
!8G8,  $500,000  annually  in  1869-74,  and  $400,000  in 

Tao8,  and  400  men  at  work.     Ore  at  Old  Placers  yields  ^7.     Many  diacov. 
of  silver,  hut  no  work.     Fifty  silver  iniues  in  the  Organos  Mts. 

18fi8.  Moreno  niinca  produced  ahout  $200,000  in  placet  gold.  Some  in- 
form., especially  on  the  Ortiz  mine,  in  the  gov. 'a  message.  The  S.  F.  news- 
papers of  '()8-9  have  many  items. 

1809.  Gold  product,  5«5()0,000;  no  silver.  The  Moreno  mines  in  S  districts 
— Ute  Or.,  Willow  Cr.,  and  Elizabethtown — yielded  $200,000,  of  wliiili 
5>100,(H)0  was  from  the  Aztec  mine.  Hydraulic  machinery  at  work  in  tlic 
gulolies;  270  lodes  registered  at  Piuos  Altos  and  Central  City;  product  from 
quartz,  .?(}0-70,000.  Mills  at  Old  and  New  Placers  badly  managed;  chief 
mines,  the  Cunningham,  Ortiz,  and  Brahm.  Coal  being  mined  at  the  Placers, 
Ditch  projected  from  the  Pecoa.  Gold  and  silver  lodes  on  the  Arroyo  Hondo, 
in  nortli.  Gold-wa.shing  near  Abiquiti.  Carson  lode  in  Manzaiio  Mts  very 
rich.  Lincol;i  co.  mines,  gol.l  phicers  and  quartz — Sierra  Blanca,  Carriza,  an  ' 
Jicarilla — showing  well.  Recent  discov.  of  copper  iind  silver  in  the  Ma^'<l;i 
l-jua  Mts,  Socorro  co.  The  Organos  Mts  yield  80 per  cent  lead  and  $50  silvci . 
Prof.  Hayden,  U.  S.  Oeol.  Sunry,  1st,  3d  rept,  visited  an<l  described  severi  I 
niin.  districts,  and  has  much  to  say  on  coal  and  other  minerals. 

1870.  Chief  excitement  at  Rahton  (Shakespeare),  an<l  CienegiV,  Grant  co., 
where  the  silver  lodes  proved  rich  and  numerous.  Increased  production  of 
t!ie  Moreno  mines,  the  .'Vztee  paying  !*t>2,000  in  3  months.  In  Sta  FO  the  N. 
Mox.  Min.  Co.  had  suspended  operations.  Large  deposits  of  iron,  but  as  yet 
no  smelting.  On  anthracite  and  otlier  coal  beds,  see  Rai/mnmCn  Report:  and 
McFarldiii'.s  Coal  RcifioHn,  72-();  S.  F.  Scientific  PrCKS,  April  29,  187J.  Mining 
.stat.,  in  U.  ,S.  Cciiuvs  Rejwrt-i,  9th,  Industries.  Items  and  corresp.  on  tlie 
Burro  mines,  or  Virginia  dist  (Ralston),  in  HayeiC  Scraps,  Miiiimj,  iii.  20(i-9, 
212-14,  217-2(i. 

KS71.  Increased  yield  from  Moreno  quartz  and  placers;  Maxwell  rancho 
sold  to  an  English  co.  Artesian  well  of  3(K)  ft  at  the  Sta  Fe  placers  not  suc- 
cessful. Details  of  Pinos  Altos  region  in  report  of  R.  Sturenburg,  in  /jUiiil 
Off.  Rept;  prospects  good,  but  no  true  fissure  veins  yet  discovered.  Sonic 
silver  development  in  the  Corona  ilel  Pueblo  dist,  Socorro  co.,  but  mines  badly 
manageil  and  results  exaggerated.  Hayden 's  U.  S.  Oeol.  Siiri'.  Rept  has  in- 
formation on  coal  de|)osits. 

1872.  No  material  improvement  or  important  discov.  Gidd  yield  of 
Moreno  and  the  Placers  $100,000;  Aztec  mill  suspended.  Grant  co.  pros- 
perous, but  operations  stopped  at  Ralston  for  want  of  machinery.  Proil.  of 
the  CO.  $350,000.  Silver  City  lively,  witn  4  nnlls  which  produced  .?(),990  in  a 
week.  Richness  of  Socorro  co.  mines  confirme<l.  Ruby  dist,  in  Rio  Arriba 
CO.,  shows  some  activity;  includes  tlic  reported  diamond-fields;  many  precious 
stones  exhioited  by  Ayres  and  Buckley.  For  1872-4,  see  Rai/mondsStifit- 
ticM;  Id.,  Silver  tnid  Oolil;  hi.,  Miiiituj  Indvjitry;  all  being  his  annual  reports, 
separately  publishi'd. 

1873.  Enco\iniging  success  at  Silver  City.  Among  the  claims  surveyed 
are  many  in  Rid)y  and  Spring  Hill  dist.  Wheeler's  U.  S.  (•'im/.  Siirvei/,iu. 
(i32-G  and  passim,  contains  nnich  on  tiie  antliracite  coal  and  other  minerals. 
Partly  reproduced  in  Ritc/i'-i  llluxt.  N.  M  .r.,  118-23. 

1874.  Eleven  mining  claims  surveyed.  Not  much  new  development;  l)ut 
great  activity  in  tlio  oh',  districts,  esjiecially  in  (Jrant  and  Socorro. 

1875.  Eleven  claims  surv.  Wheeler,  U.  S.  (7eo.;.  Siirv.  Rept,  187(5,  p.  (>(>  7, 
143^,  201,  describes  tlio  Aztec  dist  in  Colfax,  said' to  have  yiehled  $1,000,000 
since  '(18;  12  veins;  greatest  depth  180  ft;  yicM  per  ton  $60;  formerly  a  mill, 
now  only  nrrastra.s.  Also  the  Sta  Fe  placers,  where  only  a  little  rude  wash- 
ii>g  is  done;  nothing  on  the  rich  veins.  An  article  on  the  copper  mines  in 
Co((.i<  Reriew,  vii.  375-7. 

187fi.  Nothing  new  of  importance.  Many  claims  surveyed.  Capi'ilnuch 
needed.     Wheeler,  in  hia  reiwrt  of  1877,  p.  i2Uo-1303,  desc.  ^bes  the  u<;rtl\eru 


m 


I.  S(inic  in- 
1  S.  F.  uow.s- 

in  3  (listrii'ts 
0,  of  wliicli 
work  ill  till! 
jrcMluct  from 
.nageil;  chief 

tlio  Placers. 
Toyo  Hoiiild, 
no  Mts  very 

Carriza,  an ' 
1  the  Magda 
1(1  $50  silver. 
ribcd  sevcril 

ja,  Grant  c.o., 
production  of 
;ta  F«?  the  N. 
m,  hut  as  yet 
«  Report:  ami 
87).  Mining 
rrcsp.  on  the 
mj,  iii.  200  It, 

xwell  rancho 
iccrs  not  suo- 
lurg,  in  1,(111(1 
rored.     Sonic 
b  mines  liadly 
AVj)<  has  in- 
old   yield   of 
ant  CO.  |iros- 
.     Prod,  of 
8(),!)l»l)  in  a 
Rio  Arrilia 
ny  iiri'cioiiH 
\timlii  StrtU- 
uual  reports, 

niH  surveyed 
Siirvi'!/,  iii. 
ler  minerals. 

opment;  hut 
). 

87(5,  p.  GO  7, 
l.«:l,(KX),(KX) 
iierly  a  mill. 
rude  wasii- 
wr  mines  in 

"'api*  il  much 
the  ucrthuru 


PROGRESS  IN  THE  MINES. 


761 


1875-80.  The  total  deposit  of  gold  in  United  States 
mints  and  assay  offices  down  to  18G7  was  only  $85,459. 
The  chief  developments  during  this  period  were  in 
the  districts  of  western  Colfax  and  Taos  counties, 
where  gold  placers  were  profitably  worked  whenever 
water  could  be  obtained,  where  ditches  were  con- 
structed and  hydraulic  methods  introduced  to  some 
extent,  and  where,  at  intervals,  stamp  mills  were  run- 
ning after  1808;  in  Sta  Fe  and  Bernalillo  counties,  at 
or  near  the  old  and  new  placers,  where  the  customary 
washing  operations  were  supplemented  by  several  not 
very  successful  experiments  in  quartz-mining,  though 
the  veins  were  rich,  where  a  mica  mine  was  worked 
to  some  extent,  and  where  a  bed  of  pure  anthracite 
coal  was  opened ;  in  the  Sandia  and  Manzano  ranges 
of  Bernalillo  and  Valencia,  where  nothing  beyond 
prospecting  was  practically  effected;  in  the  Magdalena 
Mountains  of  Socorro,  where  rich  deposits  of  silver 
and  lead  were  found ;  in  the  region  of  Fort  Stanton,  or 
tlie  Mescalero  reservation,  Lincoln  county,  where 
were  rich  golo.  placers  and  numercjus  quartz  veins ;  in 
the  Organos  Mountains  of  Dona  Ana,  the  silver  ores 
from  whicli  were  smelted  without  nmch  real  success 
at  Las  Cruces  ;  and  above  all,  in  the  counties  of  Grant 
aivl  the  later  Sierra  in  the  south-west,  where  the  old 
cfip[>»-^  mines  were  for  the  most  part  unworked,  but 
wlH'iO  gold  was  washed  from  many  gulches,  and  where 

Hu'ier;'   ■.  qui  ting  from  a  work  hy  T>e  Grnot  and  Leembruzzen,  pul).  in  Dutch 
in  lb,+.     :..!  .'Iso  Sf,a  Fi,  ('entviiuuil  Celeh.,  .30-4. 

1877.  tine  deposits  of  mica  worked  73  ni.  N.  w.  of  Sta  Fe.  Rich  placers 
near  Ft  Stanton,  in  Sierra  Blaiica,  but  great  lack  of  water.  Tlie  prod,  (.f  tlio 
year  is  estimated  by  the  surv.-gen.  an  §.304, (KM)  gold,  cliietly  from  placei-,'^; 
i4'.Mi,000  silver,  chielly  from  (iraiit  co. ;  'J,01(),(H)()  ll).s.  copper,  ciiieliy  from 
Grant;  ami  800, 000  lbs.  lead,  chielly  from  Socorro. 

1878.  Increased  yield.  New  impetus  expected  from  early  completion  of 
the  R.  R.     Mica  mines  tlourisiiing. 

1870.    The  gov.  in  his  report  takes  a  very  favorable  view  of  tlie  prcspects, 

.ieclaung  that  the  era  of  prosperity  has  begun  in  earnest.     Las  Aniinas  Peak 

;"ild  (list,  in  Dofla  Ana,  is  a  recent  discov.  of  rising  repute.     OtIuT  new  develop- 

noits  are  at  Hillsborough,  Ft  Stantim,  in  tiie  Sandia  and  Manzano  nits,  near 

.Vi^:  -  (luerqiic,  Los  Cernllos  in  Sta  Fe,  near  Taos,  and  in  Moreno  district. 

'■'or  statistics  of  production  to  1870,  chiefly  foundeil  on  the  estimates  of 
Valentine,  of  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.,  see  Balrlis  Minvn,  Miners,  He,  "il'J;  Ihl 
Mnrs  HM.  Free.  MetuU,  )«>8;  Lns  V<-(jas  Min.  Worlil,  149;  U.  S.  Sec.  Tre<M., 
Rept  on  Finances,  18(50-7. 


■t|l!:j,  'Hi 


^:\ 


7.)'J 


IXDUSTKIKS  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


many  silver  iniiios  wire  developed  and  many  nioie 
discovered,  especially  in  the  districts  of  Pinos  Altos, 
Silv(!i'('ity,  Jiui-ro  jVfountains,  Hillsltorougli,  and  Loik} 
Mountain.  This  was  the  most  j)roniinent  section,  hav- 
'm\f  several  mills  at  work  and  i»roducing  more  silver 
bullion  than  all  the  rest  of  the  territory. 

From  187'J-80  there  M'as  a  veritable  'boom'  hi  the 
New  Mexican  mines,  the  railroad  briiijjjing  a  hxrrrv 
influx  of  ))Cosj)ectors,  and,  wluit  was  still  more  essen- 
tial, of  (Mpitalists,  fi-om  abi't)ad.  So  numerous  and 
complict-  '  Te  the  new  d.'velopments  that  only  the 
briefest  i\ .        .'  can  be  presented  here."''     Numerous 


■' Li'iiiling  authiiritiea  aro  tlio  ^ir.t  Vcijiut  Minhuj  WorU,  1880  et  soq.,  ;i 
]),i|)or  (IovoUmI  to  tlio  iiiiiiiiig  inton'sts  of  N.  Mex.,  and  full  of  useful  iufoni.a- 
iioii,  I'spoi'ially  in  I8S()  '2,  lator  articles  being  of  a  more  g(!n('rul  ami  less 
vahiahlc  uatui't";  Ihirrhnnl,  II.  C,  liijiort  of  thr  Dirvrtivr  ({f  tin'  Mint  itjKiii  tin' 
yriiilitvtitti)  of  till'  jiii'riDil'i  iin'tnU  hi  tlif  U.  S.,  Wash.,  |SSO-.'{;  U.  S.  Lniiil  0^/,',v 
lii'}>itrts,  ISN.)  et  si'ij. ;   llali'li  {Win  It  ),  The  Miiiv-i,  Miiiiri,  iiinl  Miniiuj  Jut,,-- 


/'  l/ii'   L'.  S.  ill   !SS'    Phil.,  ISS'J,  4to;  -tV.  Mi'.ri 


csfy  (I 

ncwsjiaiKT  t'liiii)iiigs 


y.  Ml 


•^friijiK,  a  CO 


Ueeti 


on  lit 


.1    Coiiiplift  JiiuiiiiciM  Dirii'/or;/  (Dili  Giizi/i 


[I  till'    l\  rntnrii,  Sta  l'Y'{ISS'J),  oontaiuing  a  description  of  the  mineral  ic- 
sources   hy  counties;  Sitiltil   Fr  Tniil,  1881   et  seil. ;   llitrli,    W m  S.,  Uliistrnliil 


y 


I  H' 


M 


l.lll'O 


(Sta  Fc),  1S8;1;  A/.,  A-.tlan,  Boston,  188."),  a  later  ed.  of  the  sai 


Work;  y.  Mr.r.  liinrni  of  liiiniiijnitioii  llvpnrt  on  liiriinliilo  Co.,  hy  Win  (' 
llaslcdine  (on  Dona  Ana  by  A.  J.  Fountain;  Grant  hy  W.  H.  l.,:iwrence;  Lin- 
coln hy  J  .1.  I>olan;  Mora  hy  Wui  Kra-uig;  Kio  Arril)a  hy  Sam.  Kldodt;  S. 
Mi-uci  hy  <i.  \V.  rriehard;  Sta  Fe  hy  C.  W.  Greene;  Socorro  hy  M.  Fiaclici- 
and  Ant.  Aheitia;  and  Taos  hy  L.  C.  Camp).  All  or  most  of  these  were  puii- 
lislied  as  i-i'iiarate  pamphlets  in  1881-2;  and  all  together  in  X.  Mi'x.  tin' 
Toini<t'-i  Sliriiir.  Sta  Fe  (188'2),  whii'h  contains  also  f'itrli's  X.  Mi'.r.  ami  its 
h'txiiiinrt,  all  with  much  )niuing  matter;  Aivrij's  Jlaml-hook  of  Xtiv  J/t'.W.V), 
Denver,  1881,  Kinit;;  A  rizini'i  J I  istori/  (VAliott  &  Co. 


188(t.     Total 


ot   ))ulliou:  gold  .S(;77,4iH),  silver  $()20,07S;  total  of  on 


raised  from  ileeji  mines .S8(U,3(>'.>;  worked  i?44l,(;iM;  average  yield  of  gold 
ir^li.Ci'J,  silver  .S"'-.()r).  liiilcli.  Valentine's  estimates  of  total  prod,  in  '80, 
87!l..i(K):  '7!l.  .Sr>22,800.  More  diseov.  than  in  the  past  20  years.  Soutlicra 
jilaeers  at  Finos  Altos,  Hillshorough,  Nogal,  and  Jicarillas  doing  well,  hut 
lacking   water.      At  the  New    I'lacers  a  pipe  line   nearly   eonipleted.     Rich 


rs  f. 


jilai'crs  loun.l  on 


tlie  Rio  (rrande  in  north,  and  on  Rio  Hondo  i 


Cidii 


I'rof.  Silliiiian  reports  that  tlic  region  fi'om  Knibudo  north  contains  vei'y  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  gold  gravel  tor  hydraulic  mining,  (iOO  feet  tldek-  the 
most  important  gold  diseov.  made  since  Cal.  and  Australia.  The  t)ld  Pla- 
cers or  Ortiz  grant  sold  to  a  N.  V.  and  Cal.  co.,  and  in  this  region  hydr 


nun. 


to  he  di 


lie  o-.i  a  laryc  sea 


le.     (Jraiit  co.  mir 


be 


nes  Dooming;  only  one  suieUer 


L-lte 


at  work  outside  of  Grant,     (iood  results  in  .S.icorro  mines.     Other  districts 


most  of  them  new,  wh 


r 


aeitas  in  San  ha 


Mts 


li  proini.se  wi 


11  are  Silver  Buttes,  neav  New  I'la 


S.  .Simon,  Sliakcspeare,  Cook's  I'eake,  and   McFvers 


i:i  (iraiit  co.,  White  Oaks  anil  Nogd  in  Lincidn,  8.  Agustin  in  Dona  Ana, 
Pieuries  in  Taos,  Las  Vegas,  or  S.  Ciirhn  dist,  in  S.  Miguel,  Hell  Canon,  east 
of  AUninpierciue,  Black  Range,  in  Socorro  and  .Sierra,  with  many  mines,  and 
Los  Ccrrillos  in  Sta  Fe.  Jlnj/iritnl,  J.  A.,  T/ir  Lim  Cirrillot  J/('«i.<,  Smith 
Framingham,  Mass.,  1880,  contains  a  brief  history  of  the  Ccrrillos  and  (ialw- 
tco  districts,  with  regulations,  list  of  mines,  and  nraps  showing  huudruJs  <>t 


LATE  DEVELOPMENTS. 


753 


as  they  arc,  these  devclopmetits  are  confined  for  the 
most  part  to  the  old  regions,  which,  however,  cover  a 

claiiim.  Prof.  Sillitnan  also  describes  these  mines,  only  a  few  of  which  were 
tleveloiHul.  Tlio  ores  were  ricli  and  the  situation  on  the  K.  H.  and  near 
c()al-l)L'd.s  oxcellont.  Here  was  a  tunjuoiso  mine,  and  somewhat  cxtensivo 
old  Spanish  workings.  The  Shnkriiyi'are  Miiihnj  Jountal  was  puhlLshud  at  St 
Ijoni.s  to  liooni  tiie  Burro  minus.  The  Homcstako  mine,  Wtiito  Oaks  dist,  is 
mentioned  as  tlie  rioliest  gold  mine  in  N.  Mex.  Coal  was  found  in  siA-(!ral 
new  places,  one  of  tliem  near  Alburquerque.  The  Cooney  dist  and  gold 
mines  of  Cailon  del  Agua  are  described  in  Tucson  Star,  Nov.  24-5,  'HO. 

1881.  Wonilcrful  development  and  almost  daily  discoveries,  though  pri- 
vate land  grants  and  Ind.  are  great  obstacles.  40  claims  surveyed,  of  whicli 
Cooney,  Encarnauion,  and  Mimbres  districts  are  new.  Product  of  the  year, 
Valentine's  estimate,  §81^,944,  of  which  §705,000  was  ore  and  l)ase  bullion, 
exported;  tlie  loi'al  prod.  !  -"ing  $!52,944  gold  and  $77,000  silver.  Mint  do- 
posits  to  June  '81,  Sr)4,'.)40  goid,  S2G2,21'2  silver.  Coal  area  on  U.  S.  lands 
1,080  acres,  sold  720  acres.  The  coal  mines  at  Amargo,  Rio  Arriba,  yi(dd 
22ri  tons  pt'r  day.  Tliere  is  no  other  min.  development  in  this  co.  Taos  lias 
many  ricii  mini's;  liydraulic  operations  on  Rio  Hondo,  Bernalillo  districts. 
Hell  Canon,  Tijeras  Cafion  (copper,  silver,  and  lead);  New  Placers,  where 
water  has  been  brought  15  m.  from  Sancba  mts;  and  Nacimiento,  copper,  in 
the  Jcmes  region.  Mora  co.  believed  to  have  much  min.  wealth,  but  unde- 
veloped on  account  of  the  land  grant.  S.  Migu<d  has  Mineral  Hill,  S.  Carlos, 
Sweepstakes,  and  Blue  ("aflon;  but  only  slight  development.  Socorro's 
prominent  mints  are  Socorro  Tunnel,  Torrence,  and  Merritt;  the  ridiest  in 
("eiitral  N.  Mex.;  3,000  locations  in  past  6  months;  bullion  shipped  to  date 
§1,01)7, 8I$4;  R.  R.  of  8  m.  to  the  coal-beds  to  be  completed  this  year.  In 
(Irant  co.  Silver  City  ranks  1st  and  (Jeorgetown  2d  for  the  whole  territory  in 
prod,  of  bullion.  One  mine  at  Silver  City  has  yielded  $1,2(X),000.  Tlie 
Lake  Valley  ilist  (Sierra  co.)  is  wonderfully  rich,  perhaps  the  greatest  de- 
posit in  tlie  world,  chlorides  yielding  .f5,000  to  §20,000  per  ton.  4  groups 
and  comp.,  each  with  a  capital  of  §5,000,000;  smelters  and  mills  lieing 
liuilt.  Tlie  copper  mines  of  the  south-west  not  worked.  New  copper  discov. 
in  the  Oscuras  mts,  Socorro,  said  to  be  the  best  vet  found. 

1882.  Total  prod,  of  N.  Mex.  mines:  gold"  §150,000,  silver  §1,800,000. 
Of  the  total  of  1,050,000,  Sierra,  Grant,  and  Socorro  produced  §1,820,000. 
Hornalillo  prod.  §5,000  silver.  The  Sandiamts  gold  and  silver  and  Nacimiento 
copper  miues  jiromise  w'ell.  In  the  N.  w.  are  very  extensive  coal-beds,  from 
4  to  1 1  ft  thick.  Dofla  Ana  (excluding  what  later  became  Sierra),  prod,  very 
small,  but  fair  prospects  in  Organos  dist  at  Memphis,  Merriniac,  Modoc, 
Iron  King,  Little  Buck,  and  Copper  Duke  mines;  also  copper,  gold,  and  silver 
iuJarilladist.  Colfax,  prod.  §20.000  gold.  Copper  mines  on  Pond  Cr.  600,000 
acres  of  coal-fields,  extensively  worked,  tat  li;iton.  (Jrant,  prod.  §425,000  sil- 
ver, §:15,000  gold  (but  including,  apparently,  part  of  what  was  later  Sierra  co. ). 
Leading  districts:  Percha,  about  Kingyton;  Silver  City,  where  the  Seventy- 
six  mine  has  prod,  in  10  years  §1,500,000;  Pinos  Altos,  with  much  placer 
and  arrastra  working,  prod.  $27,000;  Central  City,  including  the  Sta  Rita 
Copper  and  Iron  Co.  s  mines,  greatest  depth  in  the  Romero  .3110  ft;  Hanover, 
copper,  silver,  iron,  lead,  ftiid  gold;  Cieorgetown,  extensive  workings  in 
many  mines,  prod.  §287,898  in  silver;  Lone  Mountain,  rich  chloride  silver 
ores,  less  worked  than  formerly;  Burro  mt.  mines,  including  Oaklirovc,  I'as- 
ilial,  BuUard's  Peak,  and  Cow  Springs  dist;  Cook's  Peak,  Tres  Hermanns, 
\'ictorio,  Virginia,  S.  Simon,  Telegraph,  J^ureka,  Steeple  Rock,  Gillespie, 
Florida  mt.,  and  Carizillo;  nearly  all  having  extensive  developments,  much 
too  complicated  for  mention  here.  Lincoln,  prod.  §40,000  gold,  §25,0(X)  sil- 
vi;r;  CO.  particularly  rich  in  free  gold,  with  also  silver,  copper,  iron,  and 
coal;  not  much  development  of  <leep  mines;  leading  district  Wliite  Oaks; 
others,  (JuUiniM,  .Ticarilla,  Nogal,  Rio  Bonito,  aad  Vera  Cruz;  great  expec- 

Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    48 


dil' 


i  .  ;  1| 


rm:  h, 


754 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


very  large  part  of  the  territory's  area.  Every  county 
has  proven  rich  in  mineral  wealth,  and  in  only  a  few — 

tations  and  preparations  for  work.  Mora,  rich  prospects  in  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, iron,  and  coal;  but  no  development,  on  account  of  the  land  grant.  Rio 
Arriba,  great  resources,  but  practically  no  work  done;  districts,  Jilodiiitidd, 
Aztec,  and  tlie  coal  mines  of  Amargo.  San  Miguel,  some  progress  at  Min- 
eral Hill  and  Blue  Oaflon;  but  generally  nothing  but  prospecting,  witli  j^ 1 

results.  Sta  Fe,  prod.  S'25,000  gold,  $1."),000  silver;  numerous  mines  in  Los 
Cerrillos  and  New  Placers  dist;  prod,  of  the  S.  Pedro  works  !?'20,(MM>  j^old, 
$10,000  silver,  400,000  lbs.  copper;  15,000  acres  of  anthracite  coal;  4lKt  tons 
mined  for  Sta  Fe  market.  Sierra  (included  in  Doiia  Ana),  prod.  .S'.MM),()()0 
silver,  §20,000  gohl;  chief  district  Lake  Valley,  where  the  Lincoln  mine  li;is 
prod.  §838,958  in  bullion  in  '82;  also  the  Hillsl)orough  dist,  with  e.\tfiisi\e 
preparations  for  hydraulic  mining.  Socorro,  prod.  §430,000  silver,  .sl(),()(M) 
gold;  silver  and  copper  deposits  very  extensive,  but  development  hiniifn-d 
by  lack  of  capital  and  Ind.  hostilities;  districts,  Socorro,  Magdalena,  Water, 
MogoUon  or  Cooney,  Black  Range,  Apache,  Cuchillo  Negro,  Palomas  S. 
Cristobal,  Mound  Springs,  Ladrones,  Iron  mt.,  Pueblo,  (iallinas,  Limitar, 
Pittsburg,  S.  Andres,  Oscuras,  Taos,  no  product;  some  rich  developments  of 
gold,  silver,  and  copper,  especially  in  Picuries,  Arroyo  Hondo,  and  Rio  Cristo- 
bal dist,  besides  placer  mines.  Valencia:  Spiegelberg,  La  Joya,  and  Lailrones 
dist;  nuich  low-gr.''de  ore  in  these  new  dist  not  yet  worked. 

1 883.  Prod.  §^845, 000  silver,  §280,000  gold,  total  §3, 1 25,000,  of  which  uU 
but  .§91), 000  was  prod,  in  Grant,  Sierra,  and  Socorro  counties;  Valentine's  estini. 
§3,413,519.  A  '  Permanent  Territorial  Mineral  Exhibit'  estab.  at  Sta  Fe 
after  the  Tertio-millenial  celebration  The  districts  were  mainly  as  before; 
in  the  following  resume  by  counties,  from  Burchard,  oidy  new  and  important 
items  are  noted.  Bernalillo,  old  Span,  mine  opened  in  Las  Huertas  Canon; 
gold  found  in  old  bed  of  the  Rio  Grande,  near  Alburquerque;  promi.-'iiig  dis- 
covery in  Tijeras  Canon.  Colfax,  prod,  of  gold  §25,000.  Dona  Ana,  grvat 
activity  in  the  Organos,  especially  in  the  Memphis  copper  and  lead  minis; 
also  discov.  in  the  .Sacramento  range.  Grant,  prod.  §1,200,01)0  silv.,  §110,(H)0 
gold;  rich  discov.  i..  Bald  mt.  and  Bear  mt.  dist;  Silver  City  is  the  ciiitro 
of  mining  activity  in  N.  Mex.;  much  progress  in  Steeple  Rock  gold  mines; 
Carroll  is  a  new  dist;  Monument  dist  rich  in  copper  and  lead;  Florida  dist 
rich  in  lead.  Lincoln,  prod.  §24,000  gold,  §10,000  silv. ;  still  much  activity 
in  White  Oaks  and  the  other  dist.  Mora,  strike  in  Poverty  Hill  mine,  near 
Ocate.  Rio  Arriba,  good  promise  in  gold  quartz  and  placers  of  tlie  I  lead- 
stone  dist.  S.  Miguel,  great  excitement  over  gold  discov.  at  Las  \'egas. 
Sta  Fe,  prod.  §15,000  gold,  §10,000  silver;  new  discov.  of  gold,  silv.,  and 
copper  in  the  north;  Pecos  dist  in  east,  copper  and  silv.;  Sta  Fe  gold  dist 
3  m.  from  the  city,  and  Thayer  Camp  copper  mines  8  m.  Sierra  eo.  (with 
Dona  Ana),  prod.  $1,225,000  silv.,  §85,000  gold;  Lake  Valley,  including 
Sierra  Grande,  Sierra  Bella,  and  Apache,  still  flourishing  and  prod.  .''^lOOjOOO 
per  month;  Hillsborough,  with  the  Bobtail  mine,  also  productive.  Socorro, 
prod.  §400,000  silv.,  §6,0()0  goltl;  many  discov.,  more  systematic  working,  de- 
creased production;  Iron  Reef,  new  dist.     Taos,  §15,000  gold. 

For  1884  the  gov.  reports  prod,  greater  than  ever  before,  thougli  no  statis- 
tics are  obtainable.  Prod,  according  to  the  newspapers  §3,()(J(),(il4.  /I'itrli'n 
Azthii,  of  1885,  presents  a  view  of  mining  progress  by  counties,  sliowing  en- 
couraging progress  in  most  districts.  This  work  has  also  a  cliapter  on  '  the 
coal-fields  of  New  Mexico.'  Immense  copper  deposits  in  Bernalillo  arc  il«;- 
scribed.  Colfax,  from  its  placers  and  gold  quartz,  has  yielded  .§2-3,01)0,000 
since  '68,  liaving  also  an  unlimited  extent  of  bituminous  coal,  worked  only  at 
Rtiton.  The  Doila  Ana,  or  Organos,  mines  promise  great  things,  and  ricli 
prospects  are  found  in  the  Potrillas  Range.  (!rant  is  still  the  Ivanner  county, 
with  its  many  districts  and  thousands  of  rich  mines.  In  Lincoln  tlie  Wliite 
Oaks,  with  its  famous  Homestake  mine,  is  still  the  central  district;  Red  Cloud 


^!l 


GENERAL  RESULTS. 


755 


:hichall 
'sfstim. 
Sta  Fe 
)  before; 
ilJDi'taut 
■i  C'lifKm; 
sing  (lis- 
la,  great 
I  iniiiis; 
11(I,(K)0 
fi'iitro 
iiiiiit's; 
uhi  (list 
activity 
le,  near 
le  llead- 
X'egas. 
ilv.,  ami 
la  (list 
I.  (with 
.■lutling 
|()(t,(K»0 
ociirro, 
iig,  de- 

I  statis- 
llilclis 
liiif,'  eu- 
'tlic 
iro  (U;- 
|H)0,(H»0 
Innly  at 
lul  rieli 
Imiiitv, 
IWliito 
1  Cloud 


Rio  Arriba,  Mora,  Valencia,  and  San  Miguel — has 
this  wealth  not  been  extensively  developed.  The 
soutli-western  counties  of  Grant,  Sierra,  and  Socorro 
have  produced  nine  tenths  of  all  the  bullion,  and  liave 
to  some  extent  drawn  attention  from  the  northern 
region;  though  Santa  Fe  county  mines  are  very 
numerous.  The  bullion  product  of  gold  and  silver 
is  given  as  $1,300,000  in  1880,  $815,000  in  1881, 
$1,950,000  in  1882,  $3,125,000  in  1883,  and  $3,(3GO,- 
000  in  1884,  most  of  which  was  produced  in  a  few 
districts  and  a  few  mines  of  those  districts.  The  re- 
sults seem  small  in  view  of  the  rosy-hued  reports  of 
1880-2,  after  which  years  there  was  a  noticeable 
reaction  from  the  somewhat  extravatjant  boom.  There 
was  much  exaggeration  of  mining  values  in  most  sec- 
tions, for  speculative  purposes,  much  mismanagement, 
and  especially  much  effort  to  work  mines  without 
sufficient  capital.  The  surface  deposits  were  wonder- 
fully rich  and  complicated;  and  nmch  expensive  ma- 
chinery proved  useless  when  more  rebellious  ores  were 
reached.  Very  few  mines  reached  a  depth  of  over 
300  feet.  The  low  price  of  copper  and  lead,  with 
which  the  gold  and  silver  were  largely  mixed,  had  a 
very  depressing  effect.  While  the  Lake  Valley  mines 
and  some  others  liave  shown  large  bodies  of  ore  whotic 
richness  has  rarely,  if  ever,  been  equalled,  it  must  be 
confessed  that  no  deep  mines  at  all  comparable  to  the 
Comstock,  Leadville,  or  Tombstone  have  been  de- 
veloped.    Yet  there  is  nothing,  so  far  as  I  know,  to 

and  Bonito  are  other  districts.  Rio  Arriba  has  had  no  boom,  but  has  illimi- 
table mineral  wealth,  millions  (I)  having  been  taken  out  by  former  iidiabitants. 
'riie  Auiargo  coal  mines  prod.  17,-40  tons  of  coal  in  '81?.  Headstone  (list  has 
lieli  placers  and  veins,  with  considerable  development.  Sta  Fe  mines  still 
increasing  in  number,  with  good  prospects  of  tin,  rich  gold  discov.  at  . I  umbo, 
close  to  tlie  city,  and  the  invaluable  beds  of  anthracite.  8.  Miguel  shows  little 
development,  but  tine  ore  at  Rociado,  near  Las  Vegas.  Sierra  has  Laive  \'al- 
lej",  the  best  district  in  the  territory,  and  several  other  rich  districts.  At  Lake 
N'alley  81."),000,000  in  sight,  ore  running  §100  to  $'27,000  per  tou.^  In  the 
'  Bridal  Chamber  '  pure  silver  may  be  melted  otf  with  a  candle;  and  Gov.  .Saf- 
lord  offered  lf.50,00.)  for  the  ore  that  he  could  extract  unaided  in  10  hours. 
Tlie  Percha  and  Hillsborough  dist  hardly  less  rich.  Socorro  proil.  1*1, 228, "206 
in  '84;  53  districts;  smelters  of  '240  tons  per  day  eapacity  and  15  stamps. 
Taos  camps  prosperous.     lu  Valeucia,  rich  mineral  deposits,  undeveloped. 


Wm 


■i:i 


,    It! 


756 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


\'l\\' 


indicate  that  such  dovclopnioiits  may  not  be  confidently 
expected.  New  Mexico  among  tlie  states  and  terri- 
tories in  1880  ranked  eij^hth  in  the  production  of  silver 
and  thirteenth  in  gold,  being  tenth  in  production  of 
the  precious  metals  in  the  aggregate,  per  scjuare  mik', 
and  per  capita  of  pojailation.  There  are  no  definite 
statistics  of  the  copper  and  lead  production,  thougli 
these  metals  are  found  in  immense  quantities  in  many 
parts.  There  is  hardly  any  metal  or  mineral  not  found 
in  the  territory.  ]\Iica  and  turquoise  are  mined  suc- 
cessfully not  far  from  Santa  Fe.  Coal  deposits  ex- 
tend in  all  directions,  though  extensively  worked  only 
at  Amargo  and  Raton  in  the  north;  and  near  tlie 
capital  are  the  only  beds  of  anthracite  to  be  found 
west  of  Pennsylvania.  Iron  ore  is  reported  as  abun- 
dant, and  in  close  proximity  to  iron  and  limestone,  u 
fact  that  ctinnot  fail  to  have  a  deep  significance  fi>r 
the  future.  Gravel  deposits  of  gold  are  found  in  most 
of  the  counties,  so  rich  that  they  have  paid  fair  returns 
to  miners  who  brought  water  in  barrels  or  carried  the 
dirt  long  distances  in  a  dry  season;  and  while  hydraulic 
mining  has  not  yet  been  largely  remunerative  in  tli(! 
few  trials  that  have  been  made,  there  can  be  little 
doubt  of  ultimate  success.  No  country  has  a  climate 
better  adapted  to  the  mining  industry;  wood  and 
water  are  amply  sufficient  in  most  districts  for  deep 
mining;  ores  are  rich  and  widely  distributed;  practi- 
cally, what  has  been  done  in  the  past  is  mere  prospect- 
ing; and  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  to  doubt 
that  in  the  future,  when  land-grant  difficulties  are 
settled,  the  best  methods  ascertained,  transportation 
facilities  secured,  and  capital  invested,  this  territory 
will  rank  among  the  first  in  the  production  of  gold, 
silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  coal. 

The  whole  number  of  private  land  claims  filed  in 
the  survejair-general's  office  down  to  1886,  exclusive! 
of  the  earlier  pueblo  Indian  claims,  was  205.  Of 
these  13  were  originally  rejected  and  141  approved, 


LAND  GRANTS  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


757 


leaving  51  not  acted  upon.  Of  the  approved  claims 
46  were  confirmed  by  congress,  leaving  95  still  pend- 
ing before  that  body;  while  patents  were  issued  for 
only  15  of  the  confirmed  claims.  By  instructions  from 
the  land-office,  dated  July  23,  1885,  however,  35  of  the 
claims  originally  approved  were  re-examined  by  Sur- 
veyor-general Julian  before  March  1887;  and  of  these 
23  were  disapproved,  six  approved  as  equitable,  three 
approved  in  part,  two  fully  approved,  and  in  one  case 
a  new  survey  ordered ;  so  that  of  approved  cases  only 
02  are  now  pending  before  congress.  Meanwhile,  all 
the  approved  claims  but  13  have  been  surveyed,  and 
found  to  embrace  an  area  of  13,128,581  acres,  the 
pueblo  claims  containing  in  addition  1,092,206  acres. 
I  have  thought  it  best  to  append  a  complete  list  of 
the  grants,  showing  all  desirable  data.* 

^Seo  p.  758.  My  authority  for  the  list  is  the  statements  in  the  surveyor- 
general's  annual  reports,  in  U.  S.  Land  Ojjke  lii-pnrts,  18G4  et  scq.  (also  a 
MS.  letter  of  Surv.-gen.  Julian,  dated  March  3,  1887,  on  transactions  subse- 
quent to  July  1883),  but  a  largo  portion  of  the  s^-'ie  data  from  the  same 
source  is  found  also  in  a  table  in  Hitch's  Leiflsl.  Blue- Hook,  129  et  seq.,  prepared 
by  Dav.  A.  Miller;  also  in  Afilit'  Hand-Book,  Las  Vegas,  n.  d.,  8vo,  35  p.  See 
also  resume  of  legisl.  proceedings  for  successive  acts  on  matters  connected 
with  Span,  and  Mex.  grants.  3lany  congressional  bills  on  the  subject  are 
recorded  in  the  OlnUc  and  Jounmls,  which,  as  they  did  not  become  laws,  I 
liave  not  cited.  Additional  ref.  in  chronologic  order,  chiefly  made  up  of  the 
surv.-gen. 'a  reports  and  congressional  action  on  the  same,  are  as  follows: 
1SG5.  U.  S.  Oort  Doc,  39th  cong.  1st  sess. ;  Mex.  Aff.,  ii.  7,  on  the  claim  for 
the  site  of  Ft  Craig.  18GG.  One  claim  confirmed.  1868.  /f?. ,  40th  cong.  2d 
sess.,  H.  Rept  71.  18C9.  Five  claims  confirmed  by  act  of  March  3d;  mem. 
of  legisl.  and  rept  of  com.  on  other  claims.  Id.,  40th  cong.  3d  sess..  Sen. 
Rjpt  198;  Sen.  Miscel.  Doc.  2;  GMie,  1868-9,  appen.  304-5;  U.  S.  Stnluti'x. 
1870.  One  claim  conf.  1871.  Reports  on  various  claims,  with  doc.  f7.  <S^.  Govt 
Doc.,  41st  cong.  3d  seas.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  106;  42d  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc. 
296;  H.  Mia.  Doc.  181;  discussion,  chiefly  on  the  R.  Crrande  claim,  see  (^oiuj. 
Globe  and  H.  and  Sen.  Jounutls,  per  index.  1872.  Reports  and  doc,  includ- 
ing a  petition  of  citizens  on  the  Alaxwell  (Beaubien  &  Miranda,  No.  l.j)  grant, 
42d  cong.  2d  sess..  Sen.  Jour.  .344,  562;  H.  Mis.  Doc.  181;  3d  sess..  H.  Ex. 
Doc.  68;  Sen.  Doc.  37,  40,  45.,  50.  1873.  Reports  and  doc,  42d  cing.  .3d 
sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc  37,  40,  128;  43d  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  148  9,  206, 
213,  258,  280;  Sen.  Doc.  3,  .35,  58.  1874.  Ditto,  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2.39; 
Sen.  Doc.  43,  iiG;  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  62;  Sen.  Doc.  2,  3,  35,  38.  Brevoort, 
N.  Mex.,  124,  says  that  as  yet  no  fraudulent  claims  have  been  discovero<l  and 
few  are  believed  to  exist.  N.  Mex.,  A  Voice  from,  on  Pnvate  Laud  Claims, 
Wash.,  1874,  12mo,  7  p.,  is  a  defence  of  the  grants,  particularly  of  the 
Maxwell  grant,  assailed  by  Sen.  Sargent  in  debate.  See  also  Catlin's  Max- 
well Dynasty,  MS.,  1875,  44th  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Rept  50;  Sen.  Doc.  31. 
1876.  Discussion.  Cong.  Globe,  1873-6,  per  index.  1877.  Id.,  1876-7,  44th 
cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Rept  110-1 1.  1878.  45th  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Rept  149,  222, 
4G3.     1879.    4dth  cong.  3d  seas.,  H.  Rept  59. 


mi 


758 


INDUSTUllvS   AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Tm'.i.i:  (If  Ni:\v  Mkxkan  I'iuvatk  Lani>  (Iiiants.— (iriitits,  tlio  nil  tubers  of  ■'  liio 
nrt'  miukiMl  *,  hnve  \h'k-\\  n-fxiiiMinfil  siiico  .Inly  ISKi,  niiil  tliMii>i)r<)\ fd  liy  tlu- mii 
VL'yor  wt'iiuriil.     Tliohc  murki'd  +   liuvu  Ijucu  on  ruixuiiiinutioii  a|i]ir>>vi'(l  only  u 


No. 

1 
o 

3 
4 

5 
G 
7 
8 
i» 
10 

11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
IG 
17 

IS 
19 


20 

20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
20 
27 
28 

29 

30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
3G 
37 
38 
30 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45* 

46 


'I'ltAi  r. 


Ukantee. 


Claimant. 


Ojito  (lul  R.  (ialliiiaa Juan  E.  Pino Preston  Bi;ok,  Jr. 

Tdiiu',    town I.  Vart'la  et  nl 

Tierra  Aiiiurilla M.  Martinez  &  sons. 


Saii;4ii!  (lu  Cristo.  . 
('ana  ( 'ol.,  town. . . 

IJrat'ito 

Tucolotc,  town . . . . 

Los  Trijios 

La  Junta 

Nra  Sra  de  la  Luz. 


Chilili,  town. 


Agua  Ncgra 

Huluin,  town 

S.    Pu.lro 

Cimarron  or  Rincon. 

Los  Ksteros 

Las  Aiiiiaas 


Cafion  do  Pecos . . , 
S.  Cristobal 


Vaca  Location  1 . 


(  Vegas  Orandos.... 
Las  Vugas,  town .  . . . 

Tajiquo,  town 

Torrcon,   town 

Man/.ano,   town 

8.  Isidro,  town 

Cation  de  S.  Diego . . . 
Jornada  del  Muerto. . 
Las  Tranipas,  town. . 
8.  Joaq.  Nacimieuto. 


Anton  Chico,  town. 


Laguna  tracts. 


Mora,  town 

Valverde  &  Fr.  Cristobal . 

Bosque  del  Apache 

Chatiiita,  town 

Tejou,  town 


Cai-ioncito  or  Sta  Clara. 
Cai'ioti  del  Agua 


(iralliuas 

Ortiz  Mine 

Espirito  Sto  Spr. 
Aflil  Spr 


Cebolleta,  town. 


Leu  &  lieailbietl.  .  . 
R.  Citierrez  et  al. 
J.  A.  (J-arcia  et  al. . 
S.  Montoya  et  al.  . 
F.  Triijilloetal... 
John  .Scolly  et  al. . 
C.  Horrera 


S.  Padillaetal. 


Ant.  Sandoval. . . . 
D.  T.  Salazar  et  al. 

J.  Miera  et  al 

Heaubieu  et  al. . . . 

P.  J.  Perea 

Vigil  &  St  Vraiti. . 

J.  D.  Pci'ia  et  al. . . 


Dom.   Fernandez 

L.  M.  C.  Vaca 

L.  M.  C.  Vaca 

L.  M.  C.  Vaca 

.1.  D.  Maese  et  al 

M.  Sanchez  et  al 

N.  A.  Montoya  et  al. . 
J.  M.  Trujilloetal... 

Annenta  et  al 

Garcia  de  Noriega  et  al 
A.  J.  Rivera  et  al. .  . . 

J.  Argilello  et  al 

S.  Martin 


S.  Tapia  et  al. 


V.  Duran  de  Armijo. 

J.  Tapia  et  ai 

P.  Arinendariz 

P.  Arniendariz 

A.  Sandoval 

A.  Trujillo 

S.  Barreras  et  al . . . . 

P.  Sanchez  

Gerv.  Nolan 

J.  S.  Ramirez 

P.  Motitoya 

Ant.  Ortiz 

Ortiz  &  Cano 

L.  M.  C.  Vaca 

J.  Sutton 


F.  Aragon  et  aL 


Bishop  Laiiiy. 


J.  S.  Ramirez. 


i  Alex.  Valle 

/  J.  Estevan  et  al. 

E.  W.  Eaton 


Heirs  of  Vaca. 
Heirs  of  Vaca. 
Heirs  of  Vaca. 


Rep.  V.  Duran  et  al. 
G.  Ortiz 


Heirs  of  A. 
Heirs  of  A. 


Ramon  Vigil . 


E.  Whittlesey  etal. 


iiinil)orHof  ■  liloh 
inivcd  liy  tin-  Mir 
itli]ir(ivi'(l  (iiily  uit 


Claimant. 
Bstoii  Bock,  Jr. . 

(hop  Lainy 

8.  Ramirez 

ilex.  Valle 

.  Estevaii  ut  al. . 

W.  Eaton 

nm  of  Vaca 

sirs  of  Vaca 

iira  of  Vaca 

).  V.  Duran  et  al. 
Ortiz 

ra  of  A 

r3  of  A 

1011  Vigil 

/■faittleaey  et  al. 


TABLE  OF  LAND  CLAIMS. 


tquitablf  r'lnim 

tliiiM'  iniirkiMl  ijV  fully  apiirovtMl 


Tlinso  Tnnrkoil  J  hnve  boon  approvtMl  for  a  part  of  tlio  clnliii 
'wily  aii|)ri>V(Ml.    'I'ho  inatiTliil  lor  tlie.so  ami  other  lol«- ai"  ■■ 
March  1H87  have  huuii  kiiiiUy  fiirni.slu'd  iiio  by  Surv.-Uon.  Ouo.  \V.  Julian. 


7S9 


and 

ailtlltiolis  to 


No. 

D.VTB.  1 

1 

1823 

2 

I7:i9 

3 

1832  1 

4 

1843 

5 

1823 

G 

1823 

7 

1824 

8 

1815 

9 

184G 

10 

1820 

11 

1841 

12 

1824 

13 

1740 

14 

1839 

15 

1841 

IG 

1825 

17 

1843 

18 

1815 

19 

1827 

20- 

(18G0) 

(I8(i0) 

1835 

20 

]8:{5 

21 

18:i4 

22 

1841 

23 

1829 

24 

178G 

25 

1798 

2G 

184G 

27 

1751 

28 

1712 

29 

1822 

30 

31 

1739 

32 

is:j5 

33 

1820 

34 

1820 

35 

1845 

30 

1724 

37 

1840 

38 

1742 

39 

1845 

40 

1844 

41 

1824 

42 

1819 

43 

1833 

44 

1815 

45* 

1838 

4G 

1807 

COINTY. 

Filed. 

Al'HKO. 

S.  Mi«.... 

1855 

1856 

\  aluncia . . 

1856 

18.56 

Taos 

\H■^^^ 

1856 

Taoa 

1855 

1856 

Socorro . . . 

18r)G 

18.-)6 

D.  Ana  . . 

185G 

1856 

S.  Mig. . . . 

1855 

1856 

S.  Mig.... 

1855 

1857 

.Mora 

18.-)G 

1857 

Sto  Fe 

1856 

1857 

Bern 

1857 

1857 

S.  Mig.... 

1856 

1857 

\  alencia . . 

IS.^7 

1857 

Sta  Fe.... 

1857 

1857 

Colfax .... 

1857 

1857 

S.  Mig.... 

1857 

1857 

(Colorado). 

1857 

1857 

S.  Mig. . . . 

1857 

1857 

.Sta  F^. . . . 

1855 

1857 

Bern 

1855 

1858 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

1855 

18,-)8 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

18,")5 

1858 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

1855 

1858 

Valencia . . 

1857 

1859 

Valencia . . 

1856 

1859 

Valencia . . 

1856 

1859 

Bern 

1857 

1859 

Bern 

1859 

1859 

Socorro . . . 

1859 

(rej.) 

Taoa 

1859 

1859 

K.  Arriba  . 

1859 

1859 

S.  Mig .... 

1859 

1859 

Valencia . . 

1857 

1859 

StaFe.... 

1859 

lS.-)9 

Mora 

18.-)9 

1859 

Socorro 

1859 

18.VJ 

Socorro.. . . 

1859 

1859 

Socorro  .  . . 

18.V.» 

1859 

K.  Arriba  . 

18.")9 

1859 

Bern 

185G 

]8.")9 

S.F.&Bern. 

1856 

1859 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

1855 

1860 

Sta  Fe.... 

1859 

1860 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

185G 

1800 

S.  Mig.  . . . 

1857 

1860 

Sta  Fe.... 

1856 

1860 

Bern 

1856 

1860 

Val 

1858 

1861 

Bern 

1S59 

1861 

CONF. 

1860 
1858 
I8<i0 
I8(>0 
1858 
1860 
1858 
1860 
1860 
1860 

1858 

1860 
1858 
1860 
1860 
1800 
1860 

1860 

1860 

1860 
1860 
1860 
1860 
1800 
1800 
18(i0 
1860 
1800 


1860 
1800 

1860 

1860 
1800 
1800 
1800 
18(>0 
18(iO 
1800 
18tiO 
1860 


1806 
1869 
1869 
1861 
1809 


SlKV. 

18(K) 
1859 
1877 


1877 

1878 
1859, '8.3-4 
1860,  1877 

1877 

1861 

1877 

1859 

1883 

1877 

1859 

1866 

1878 

1871 


1877 

1860 

1877 
1801 


1860 
1877 
1877 
1877 
1877 


I'AT. 


1871 


1874 


1871 

1875 
1879 

1877 


1880 


1877 
1877 
1883-4  ) 
1878  } 
1860  ) 


1877 
1860 
1872 
1872,  1878 
1871 
1877 
1877 
1877 
1883 
1866 


1869 


1872 
1877 
1862 
1877 
1877 

"isis" 

1877 


1881 


A(  KES. 

318,099 

121,594 

594,515 

(In  Col.) 

131,779 

10,012 

21,0.36 

9,046 

108,507 

16,546 

23,026 

38,435 


17,301 

194,403 

35,594 

1,7I4,7()4 

17,712 


574 

81,0.32 
27,854 
99,289 
99,289 


496,446 

7,185 

14,146 

17.360 

11,476 

110,286 


1876 


1878 

1877 


1875 
1877 
1877 
1876 


li .} 


40,401 

5I,.3S7 

38.3,856 

389^662 
101,510 
57 
827,  (i2 1 
.397,235 

■,',..<r.o 

oi»,';7 

i,6:i6 

12,801 

31,802 

575,908 

3,.W1 

0.")5,408 

10.3,921 

09,4,')8 
127,875 

09,445 
199,567 
224,770 
200,848 


760 


INDUSTIIIKS   AND   INSTITUTIONS. 


I-  i ! 


No. 

47 

4« 
4i) 

5r 

52 
63 

54 

r,-,i 


5(5 

57 
58 
5!» 
tiO 
(ii 
»)•_' 
03 

(U 

05 

«(>• 

07* 

(is, 

(11) 

70* 

711 

7'-' 

7;j 

74 

75' 

7o; 

77 

78 

7!»* 

80 

81 

8l'* 

83 

84 

85 

8(i 

87* 

88 

8'.» 

90 

<J1" 

!t2 

93* 

94 

95 

9iJ* 

97 

98* 

99* 


TKAfT. 


Los  Liiecrim 

Kio  Doll  Carlos 

S.  Foiii.  &  S.  Klas 

\  C'aniulft  (lu  Apiiulics,  or  } 

I       AlillllOM i 

Middlu  Spr 


S  Ciiiladii   do   Alniium  or  / 

I       Al)ilclu^s \ 

('iiyaiiiniuiuo 

Eiiciiias 


Ta  Gotera. 


("aflada  S.  Francisco. 

11.  Kio  'iraiulo 

Los  Cerrillos 

Giilistuo,  town 

(Vlmlla 

Cienegiiilla 

Caja  del  Rio 


Mesita  de  T.  Lopez, . . . 

Cajnn  de  R.  Tosuque  .  . 
S.  Joaq.  Naciiiiicuto. . . 

S.  Cluiiientc 

Cliaiiiigoa  Hill 

Alaniitoa 

Estaiioia 

Caiion  do  Chaina 

Ai»ac'he  Spr 

I'it'dra  Luird)re 

Chaniizos  Arr 

Sierra  Mosca 

S.  Ant.  Rio  Col.,  town. 
Ojo  Caliente,  town.  . . . 

S.  .Miguel  Spr 

S.  Lorenzo  Arr 


Cuyainunque,  pueblo., 

Cerros  Negros 

Hernalillo,  town 

Angostura 

Aneon  de  D.  Ana. . . . 

Me. ilia 

Sierra  Mosca 

Sta  Fe,  city 

Talii 


laya 


Refugio 

Alameda,  town 

Jacona,  town 

Cailon  del  R.  Col 

Una  de  (lato 

Sevilleta 

Chaco  Mesa 

Sta  Teresa  do  Jesus . 
Cafiadii,  de  Alamos.  . 
Nra  Sra  del  Pilar. . . . 


CiKANTKK. 


r.  Vitfil  deS.  etal.. 

(J.  Nolan 

U.  M.  Montuflu  tit  uL 

A.  Sedillo 

N.  A.  Montoya , 

Roquu  Lol)uto 

L.  Marquez , 

B.  Sena  et  al , 

J.  B.  Valdea 


J.  D.  Peflaetal. 


J.  F.  Vacaetal 

J.  Miral)al  et  al 

J.  M.  Pefla  ct  al 

F.  Sandoval  et  al. . . . 
J.  C.  Santlativau  et  al. 

•f.  Sanchez  et  al 

N.Ortiz 


(Jl.AIMANT. 

Ant.  Leroux . . 


D.  Romero  et  al 

J.  Oabaldon 

J.  Luna  et  al 

Ana  Sandoval 

L.  Annenta 

J.  Salas  et  al 

A.  Sandoval 

F.  A.  Salazar  et  al . . 

V.  Trujillo 

P.  Martin 

Marquez  &  Padilla.  . 

L  L.  Ortiz 

R.  Archuletiiet  al. . . 
L.  Duran  et  al 

B.  Fernandez 

A.  C'iiavez 

J.  Mestaa 

A.  R.  Aguilar 

S.  (ionzalez 

F.  Gutierrez 

J.  J.  Gonzalez 

Colonists , 

Colonists 

V.  Duran  de  Arniijo. , 

City 

M.  Trujillo ,. 

Colonists 

F.  M.  Vigil 

Roibal  et  al 

A.  E.  Armenta  et  al . , 
Bernal  &  Lopez 

C.  Gabaldou  et  al 

I.  Chavez  et  al 

L  Mestas 

Miera  y  Pacheco  et  al. . 
F.  Tafoyaetal 


G.  Ortiz. 


TABLE  OF  LAND  CLAIMS. 


761 


)rtiz. 


No. 

Date. 
1743 

County. 

FiLEU. 

Appro, 
I8(il 

CoNr. 
181)9 

8UBV. 

1877 

I'AT. 

ArRKfi. 

47 

Tium 

1857 

12C.,()24 

4S 

1  SV.\ 
1753 

(Colorado). 
Bern 

18(10 
18(»9 

I8*>1 
1870 

1870 

4'.) 

1877 

151,050 

50* 

1769 

Bern 

1871 

1871 

1877 

88,079 

Bl* 

1831 

Val 

1803 

1871 

1877 

3,  .546 

5-2 

1785 

SUFe.... 

1871 

1871 

1877 

1.619 

53 

1785 

Sta  Fe.... 

1856 

1871 

1877 

13,706 

54 

1731 

StaFe.... 

1871 

1871 

1877 

1,08« 

5.')" 

1814 

K.  Airiba  . 

1871 

1871 

6,583 

(  1879  ) 
\     1877  [ 
(     1883  ) 

(    479 

5G 

1830 

StaFe.... 

1871 

1871 

\       2,.^.71 

(    789 

57 

1840 

Sta  F»5.... 

1871 

1871 

1877 

1,.589 

58 

1795 

1788 

1872 
1872 

1877,79-80 
1877 

109,043 

5'J 

StaFe.... 

1871 

2,287 

m 

1814 

1845 

StaFe.... 
Tiios 

1871 
1872 

(rej.) 
1872 



61 

1877 

17,159 

621 

1795 

Taos 

1872 

1872 

1878 

43,9()1 

63 

1742 

Sta  Fe 

1871 

1872 

1877 

62,:U3 

64 

1782 

StaFe.... 

1872 

1872 

1877* 

42,022 
]     43,022 

ii,(;i9 

65 

1752 

StaFe.... 

1872 

1872 

1877 

66" 

1769 

R.  Arriba  . 

1871 

1872 

1879 

131,725 

67* 

1716 

Val 

1855 

1871 

1877 

89,403 

68, 

1732 

Sta  Fe.... 

1872 

1872 

1879 

444 

69 

1840 

StaFe.... 

1872 

1872 

1877 

436 

70* 

1845 

Val 

1855 

1873 

1877 

415,030 

71-i 

1806 

R.  Arriba  . 

I8(>l 

1872 

1877 

472,730 

7'2 

1842 

S.  Mig.  . . . 
R.  Arr.... 

1872 

(rej.) 
1873 

73 

1766 

1872 





1877 

48,.336 

74 

1742 

Sta  Fe.... 

1872 

1873 

1880 

637 

75^ 

1846 

StaFe.... 

1872 

1873 

1879 

33,250 

76, 

1842 

Taos 

1872 

1874 

1880 

18,9.->5 

77 

1793 

R.  Arr. . . . 

1873 

1874 

1878 

38,5<H) 

78 

1767 

Bern 

1873 

1874 

1877 

2.5,170 

7'J* 

1825 

Soc 

1873 

1874 



1877 

1.30,1.18 

80 

1699 

Sta  Fe . . . . 

1872 

1874 

1878 

1,080 

81 

1699 

SU  Fe.... 

1872 

1874 

1878 

30 

82* 

1742 

StaFe.... 

1873 

1874 

1879,  1882 

103,9.-)9 

83 

1701 

Burn 

1874 

1874 

1878 

11,074 

84 

1745 

Bern 

1874 

1874 

1879 

2,319 

85 

1839 

D.  Alia  . . . 

1874 

1874 

1878 

19,.S23 

86 

1853 

D.  Ana  . . . 

1874 

1874 

1878 

33,900 

87* 

1806 

StaFe.... 
Sta  Fe.... 

1873 

1874 

1874 
1874 

1879 

1878 

88 

17,. 301 

81) 

i73i 

SU  Fe.... 

1874 

1874 

1879 

1,003 

«K) 

1852 

D.  Aua  . . . 

1874 

1874 

1878 

20,130 

91* 

1710 

Born 

1872 

1874 

1879 

IOC),  274 

92 

1702 

StaFe.... 

1874 

1874 

1878 

4(),:itl 

93* 

183« 

Taos 

1872 

1874 

1878 

42,939 

94 

1839 
1810 
1768 

Colfax 

Soc 

Bern 

1874 
J  874 
1874 

1874 
1874 

1874 

1878 

95 

224,770 

9(i* 

1879 

243,046 

97 

1768 

Bern 

1374 

1874 



1877 

3,032 

98* 

1768 

Bern 

1874 

1874 

1879 

148,862 

99* 

1767 

Bern 

1874 

1874 

1877 

22,578 

IIMl 


1  ?: 


762 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTION'S. 


No. 

100 

101 

102 

103* 

104 

lO.-)! 

10()* 

lOTt 

108" 

10!) 

no 
111* 

112 

113* 
114 

1 15:; 

lie 

117 

lis 
ii!».; 

I'JO 

I'Jl 

122 

123 

124 

12:) 

121) 

127 

128 

12!) 

LSO 

131 

1321 

133 

134 

13.-i 

130 

1371 

138: 

13!)* 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

u:> 

14(5 
147 
148 
141) 
liX) 
151 
152 

153 


Tract. 


Boscjue  (Jrande. 
Lagunitas 


GUA.STEE. 


M.  &  S.  Montoya. 
Aiit.  Vaca , 


S.  Matoo  (Marcos)  Spr. 

A^ua  Salado 

Kiiciiial 

l'uta«a 

(roat  Sjir 

Socorro,  town 

Vallcc'ito  (le  Lobato... 

Itanelio  Taos 

S.  Cri.stcjbal 

Sta  Teresa 

3  Mesiila 

t  Arroyo  Seco 

C'lin.  I'eiloruales 

Sta  Barbara 


Cicnuguilla 

Lucero  de  Godoy . 
Orejiis  did  Llano. 
Ojo  do  Borruffo. . . 
S.  Mig.  del  Vado. 


Diego. 


Maragua 
Caflou  de  S. 
S.  Isidro. 

I'eila  Blaiica 

S.  Fern,  de  Taos. 
Torreou 


Las  Truchas. 


Alburquerquo  .. . . 

I'llv  idoro 

J  lormosa  listrella. 


S.  Mateo  Spr 

Can.  de  Cocliiti. . . . 

La  Madera 

Arroyo  Hondo 

Tan.  Sta  Clara 

Sto  Toiiias  Itnrbide. 
Abi(juiu,  town 


oto  Dom.  &  S.  Felipe . 

Ccate 

Las  Huertas , 

Atrisi'o 

K\  Tajo 


riaza  Blanua. . . , 
I'laza  Colorada. 
Can.  do  Caniue 

El  Rito , 

truadalupita  . . . , 


A.  U.  Montafio.  . . . 
L.  Jaraniillo 

B.  Vaca  &  sons 

J.  .7.  Martinez  et  al. 

J.  Otero 

J.  Garcia  et  al 

J.  li.  Zaniora 

F.  A.  Gijosa 

S.  &  A.  Slartinez  . . 

F.  Garcia 

J.  Trujillo 

J.  Trnjillo 

J.  B.  Valdes 

V.  Martiii  et  al 

F.  A.  Almazau 

A.  Martinez 

J.  J.  Lueero 

N.  A.  Montoya 

L.  Marquez  et  al. .  .  . 

J.  Di)niiuj,'uez 

Vaca  et  al 

F.  &  J.  A.  Garcia.. 

I.  S.  Vergara 

J.  M.  Vigd 

Inhabitant.-! 

B.  Vaca 

B.  ¥..  Ell  wards 

F.  M.  Viyil 

J.  M.  Sancliez 

Inhabitants 

J.  P.   Martin 

C.  Ant.  Salazar .... 


S.  Duran  y  Chavez. . 

Ant.  Lncero 

S.  Ramirez 

Seb.  Vargas 

Indians  of  pueblo.  . . . 

C.ilonists 

Tnhab 

Dom.  Valdes 

Inhab...: 

Man.  Alvarez 

A.  Aragon  et  al 

Inhab 

1).  Padilla 

.1.  A.  Lncero 

.Man.  Bustds 

R.,  J.,  &J.  Valdes.. 
J.  A.  Lafoya  et  al. . . 

Town 

r.  A.  (tallegos  et  al. 
j  1'.  (iallegos&J.  M. 
/       Maes 


Claimant. 


An^.  11.  Lujan. 


11.  Lujaii. 


TABLE  OF  LAND  CLAIMS. 


No. 

Da  fE. 

17(i(J 

1702 

1754 
17(i!» 
1708 
183() 
18-15 
184(1 
1824 
1715 
1815 
179;» 
I7(M) 
1707 
1807 
1790 

1()93 

1710 
l>s-20 
1 708 
1794 
1702 
1820 
1788 
1809 
1754 
1799 
1819 

ii.ii' 

1853 

170() 
18.35 

iiis' 
1744 

'i7(i3 
18.53 
17.54 
1742 
1770 
1837 
17()7 
1708 
1718 
1732 
1739 
17.39 
1819 

'i837 
1790 

County. 

lierii 

IkT.l 

Sta  Fe.... 

HlTll 

Bern 

Taos 

V.il 

Soc 

Taos 

Taos 

FlLKD. 

1874 

1874 

1873 
1874 
1.S74 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1875 

AlM'llO. 

1874 

1874 

1874 
1874 
1874 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1878 
rej.) -79 

1879 

\   1879  } 

(   1879  \ 

1879 

1879 

1879 

1878 

r.'79,'S5 
1880 
1880 

(rej.) '80 
1880 
1880 
1881 
1881 
1881 

(rej.) '82 
1«S2 
1882 
1882 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1883 

(rej.) '84 
1885 
1885 
1885 

(rei  )  '85 

Co.VF. 

Sruv. 
1879 

1878 

1878 
1870 
1879 
1878 
1879 
1878 
1878 
18S0,'8;j-4 

I'AT. 

ACUES. 

- 

iOO 

101 

10-2 

103* 

104 

1051 
10(i' 
107  1 
lOS 

...... 



3,25.*? 

)  4(i,()43 

;  43,()43 

1.,S'.M) 

18,(>40 

1-2.207 

180,977 

4.340 

843,259 

109 

114,400 

110 

111* 

1).  Ana  . . . 
Sta  Fe.... 
Sta  Fe.... 
n.  Arr.... 
Taos 

Sta  Fe... 

Taos 

1883-4 
1880 

"i883li" 
1880 

1880 

1880 

113* 
114 

115: 

IK! 



5,999 

""18^489 

(  43,-244 

)     45, -244 

07,480 

117 

Taos 

Bern 

1877 

118 

1880 
1880 

00,214 

119 
1-20 

S.  .Mig.... 
1  aos 

1857 

315,300 

l-,'l 

Sta  Fe. 

1883-4 

1880 
1883-4 
1883-4 
1883-4 

1-22 
l-,>3 

B.rn 

Hern 

Kern. 

'icS.ii' 

9,752 

l-,'4 

|-,'5 

1-20 

Val 

127 

Val. . 

1882 




..... 

1883--t 
1883-4 
1883-t 
1883-4 
188;i-4 
1883-4 
188.-]- 4 
1883-4 
1885 
1885 

V.'H 

R.  Arr.... 
1).  Ana. .  .. 

liern 

U.  Arr.... 

1882 
18.50 
1882 

i-;9 

130 

131 



13-'t 

133 

Mora 

134 

.M  oru 

135* 

13() 

137H 

Bern 

Sta  Fe 

StaFe.... 
II.  Arr.... 
1).  Ana. . . . 
H.  Arr.... 
StaF6.... 

Ikrn 

Mora 

Bern 

Bern 

B.rn 

.Sta  Fe.... 
U.  Arr.... 
11.  Arr.... 

Bern 

H.  Arr.... 
Mora 

StaF.;.... 

1882 
1857 
1882 
1882 
1885 
1883 
1885 
1884 
18,55 
1802 
1881 
1872 
1885 
1801 
1801 
1S71 
1883 
1885 

18JG 

104,554 
0,105 

i;;8 

139* 

140 

141 

14-' 

1885 
(rej.) '85 
(rei  )  'S5 



143 
144 

145 

1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
(rej.) '80 

1880 

14() 

147 

148 

1-19 

150 

151 

15-? 

153 

i  if" 


H 


If 

I 

I 


, 


764 


INDUSTRIES  A^D  INSTITUTIONS. 


Claims  Pending  before  the  Surveyor-General. 


FlI.K 

No. 


4 

5 

7 

23 

26 

35 

37 

59 

71 

72 

75 

76 

77 

79 

80 

81 

82 

8() 

90 

91 

92 

94 

98 

99 

100 

101 

103 

104 

105 

10(> 

107 

103 

109 

110 

112 

113 

114 

183 

185 

186 

IIH) 

391 

192 

194 

195 

197 

198 


Filed. 


1855 
1855 
1855 
18.5() 
18.56 
1856 
1856 
18.59 
18.59 
1859 
1861 
1860 
18()0 
1861 
1861 
1861 
1861 
1861 
1858 


Tract. 


Cienega  , 


Cliiiperito,  town. . . . 
Angostura  de  Pecos 

Ciil)t;ro,  town 

Mor.'i  tract 

Sta  Rosalia 

Vallccito,  town  .... 

Rio  Picurios 

Macho  Bend 

Anjiiito 

Angostura 

S.  Antonito 

Rito  du  S.  Jose 

Conejos 

Arroyo  Hondo 

Cafi.  de  Mestenas. .  . 

Talaya 

Cardinal 

S.  Ant.  Embudo  . . . 


Grantee. 


1860 
1866 
1871 
1872 
1870 
1870 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1873 
1876 
1876 
1876 
1871 
1863 


(ruadaluijita 

Rio  Tesuque 

Ranchos  ami  towns. . 
Arkansas  colony  . . . . 

Lo  de  N'asquez 

Sta  Cruz 


,7(1  i 


( iuadaluiie,  town . . 

Frijoles 

Sta  Rita  del  Cobre 
Sta  Teresa 


1881 

1881 
1882 
1882 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1 88.3 
1884 


S.  Jerdii.  do  Taos  .  , 

Rio  del  Oso 

I'erta  Blanca,  town  , 

.Ml^silla  Val 

Vallecito 

S.  Jo8i'(  Spr 

I^a  Xaza 

S.  Mateo  Spr 


Elguea 

Si  til)  de  Navajo  . 

HI  Rit;) '.  . . 

I'ueblo  Colorado 


City  of  Sta  Fe 

J.  Ortiz 

S.  Martin  et  al 

J.  M.  Sanchez  et  al. 
Settlers 

E.  Sandoval  et  al., . 

I.  Cano 

Settlers 

R.  Fernandez  et  al. . 
V,  Gonzalez  et  al .  . . 

R.  Archiveque 

Jer.  ( ronzalez 

C.  Jaramillo 

P.  (lonzalez  et  al . . . 

J.  M.  Martinez 

N.  SisneroS  et  al. . . . 
v.  Trujillo  et  al. . . . 
J.  M.  Tafoyaetal.. 

J.  Chavez  et  al 

J.  Marquez  et  al. . . . 
Gr.  Davalos  et  al. . . . 

G.  Gold  et  a! 

Settlers 

Settlers 

Royuela  et  ai 

J.  Ortiz 

L.  M.  Vaca 

-V.  R.  de  Aguilar . . . 

Settlers 

A.  Montoya 

F.  M.  Elguea 


County.      Date. 


C.  D.  Serna 

F.  A.  [juejosa.  . . . 

.1.  A.  Valdes 

J.  Pelaez 

M.  (Uierra  et  al  . . 
.1.  G.  Mora  et  al. . 
1'.  Montoya  et  al. 
M.  Lucero 


Sta  Fe  . . . . 
Sta  Fe  . . . . 
S.  Miguel. . 
S.  Miguel. , 
Valencia  . , 

Mora 

Sta  Fe  .  . . , 
Bernalillo  , 

Taos , 

S.  Miguel. 

Bern 

S.  Miguel. 

Bern 

Valencia  . 
(Colorado) 

Taos 

Taos 

Sta  F^. . . . 
Sta  F(5  . . . 

Taos 

D.  Ana. . . 
Mora  .... 
St  Fe  . . . . 

Bern 

(Several)  . 

Bern 

Bern 

Sta  Fe  . . . 

Taos 

Bern 

Grant. . . . 


Taos 

Taos 

R.  Arriba. 

Bern 

1 ).  Ana . . . 
R.  Arriba. 

Bern 

R.  Arriba. 


A.  Salazar 

A.  Jacques  et  al. 


Joaq.  Garcia. 
J.  J.  Lobato. 


!R. 

111. 


Arr. . 
Arr. . 


1715 
1840 
1846 
1842 
18:i4 
1835 
1833 
1777 
18.32 
1846 
1840 
1843 
182() 
1847 
1833 
1815 
1828 
1825 
1846 
1725 
1846 
18.37 


1832 


1744 
1854 
1814 
1804 


1710 
1715 
1840 
1695 
1851 
1807 
1768 


1780 
1740 


PRIVATE  LAND  CLAIMS. 


705 


usTY.   Date. 


1715 
1840 
184() 
1842 
18:}4 
1835 
1833 
1777 
1832 
1840 
1840 
1843 
182r> 
1847 
1833 
1815 
1828 
1825 
i  184(5 
1725 
184(5 
1837 


1832 


1744 
1854 
1814 
1804 


1710 
1715 

1840 
1()<.)5 
1851 
1807 
17(58 


Arr. . 
Arr. . 


1780 
1740 


It  will  be  noticed  that  only  eight  claims  were  con- 
firmed during  the  whole  period,  and  only  one  after 
1870;  that  down  to  that  date  only  five  claims  were 
filed  and  one  approved;  and  that  down  to  1870  only 
four  had  been  surveyed.  From  1871  many  claims 
were  filed  and  approved,  and  from  1877  surveys  wore 
pressed  forward,  the  law  that  required  claimants  to 
pay  the  cost  of  survey  having  been  repealed.  Of  the 
128  claims  surveyed,  however,  only  4G  have  been  con- 
firmed by  congress. 

On  the  general  subject  there  is  little  to  be  added  to 
what  has  been  said  in  an  earlier  chapter.  All  the 
claims  sl.ould  have  been  confirmed  and  surveyed  long 
before  18G4,  Then,  and  for  ten  years  later,  there  was 
no  fraud  or  serious  temptation  to  fraud.  The  claims 
were  perfectly  valid  under  the  treaty  and  laws.  The 
urgent  necessity  of  a  prompt  settlement  was  con- 
tinuously urged  b}^  the  people,  the  legislature,  the 
governor,  and  the  surveyor-general;  but  always  in 
vain,  for  the  Ljovernment  did  notliinij,  ney'lectini''  even 
to  fix  a  limit  date  for  filing  claims.  Xo  change  was 
made  in  the  system.  The  surveyor-general  was  con- 
fessedly and  obviously  unable  to  do  justice  to  tlie 
investigation,  taking  as  a  rule  only  ex  ]);irte  testimony 
and  forwarding  it  to  Wasliington,  where  congress  had 
even  less  facilities  for  an  impartial  examination.  The 
claimants,  confiilent  in  tlie  validity  of  their  claims,  and 
noting  the  slow  action  of  the  government,  were  apa- 
thetic ctbeat  filing  their  titles.  From  about  1874 
i'raudh  began  to  be  discovered  and  suspected;  and  the 
danger  of  fraud  constantly  increased  with  delay. 
Twenty-three  claims,  originally  approved,  have  recently 
been  n-jected  on  reexamination.  I  have  neither  space 
nor  data  for  a  fair  piescntinent  of  special  cases;  but 
that  many  s[)urious  claims  or  genuine  ones  fraudulently 
changed  or  extended  have  been  })resented  successfully, 
there  can  be  no  (piestion.  One  reas(in,  and  perhaps 
the  only  intelligible  one — beyond  a  vague  feeling  that 
providence  might  one  day  show  some  way  to  annul 


11 


J,    i\< 


766 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


all  such  iniquities  as  rights  under  Mexican  or  Spanish 
grants — for  the  inaction  of  congress,  was  the  fact  that 
minerals,  not  originally  included  with  the  land,  could 
not  under  United  States  laws  bo  reserved  after  a 
patent  or  quit-claim  had  been  issued.  As  to  the 
validity  of  the  Mexican  colony  grants  made  after  the 
treaty  of  1848,  I  am  not  aware  that  any  final  decision 
has  been  made.  One  of  them — the  Santo  Tomds  i](i 
Iturbide — has  been  rejected  by  the  surveyor-general, 
though  new  evidence  has  since  changed  his  opinion. 

In  the  earlv  years  of  Indian  troubles  and  sli<;ht 
immigration,  tliere  was  no  demand  for  public  lands, 
and  no  surveys  were  made  in  18()4-G;  but  from  18G7 
the  work  of  surveying  was  carried  on  as  fast  as  the 
small  appropriations  would  permit,  the  amount  being 
greatly  increased  from  1874.  The  fact  that  the 
irrigable — and  therefore  the  only  desirable — land  lay 
in  narrow  strips  along  the  streams  caused  tlie  regular 
township  surveys  to  cover  many  unsalal)le  tracts, 
})romptiiig  many  demands  for  a  change  of  system, 
which  were  not  heeded.  These  surveys  also  extended 
over  more  than  a  million  acres  of  unsurveycd  or  unfiled 
private  grants.  Another  tlifficulty  was  the  custom  of 
the  natives  to  live  in  settlements  for  protection,  which 
custom  interfered  with  tlie  requirement  of  actual 
residence  on  homestead  or  preemption  claims.  Down 
to  1882  there  had  been  surveyed  about  21,(300,000 
acres  of  ]>ublic  lands,  malving  tlie  total  surveys,  in- 
cluding private  and  pueblo  grants,  with  Indian  and 
military  reservations,  nearly  half  of  the  territory's 
whole  area  of  77,508,040  acres.  For  later  years  I 
have  no  exact  figures,  but  the  increase  in  public  lands 
has  been  very  large.  Sales  and  entries  of  public  lands 
under  the  difl'erent  acts  amounted  to  about  410,000 
acres,  besides  the  mineral  clainus.  A  second  land 
district  was  created  for  the  south  at  Mesilia  in  1874.* 

■•Sou  siirv. -j^cn.'s  aiiaual  reports,  iiixl  tallies  e'dimoctoil  tlierewitli.  The 
a|)pnn».  were  .>>)-IO,()0()  down  to  KS7.'{,  l)Ut  later  .'jSO.OOO,  more  or  less.  A  Mil 
for  a  eiiaime  in  system  to  aceommoilate  settlers  t'aiK'il  in  congress  IHtiO.  For 
bill  of  1874  creating  iiew  laiul  district,  see  Zxliv'i^kk'-i  Lnwl  L<i\c<,  siipiil  , 


AGiaCULTUIlE  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


767 


Agricultural  progress  has  been  slight  in  compari- 
son with  that  of  other  regions.  All  the  valley  lands 
susceptible  of  irrigation  will  produce  in  fair  quantity 
and  excellent  quality  nearly  all  the  crops  of  temperate 
and  semi-tropical  latitudes;  and  there  are  limited 
tracts  in  tlie  monntain  parks  that  are  })roductive  with- 
out irrigation;  but  the  quantity  of  agricultural  land 
in  proportion  to  the  whole  area  is  much  smaller  than 
in  most  other  states  and  territories.  Statistics  iVom 
the  census  reports  of  1870  and  1880  are  ai)[»ended, 
requiring  no  explanation  or  comment."     Experience  in 

1877,  p.  r)9.  Oil  homestead  laws,  see  Siiii/lli'ii  Lair  of  Homextewli  untl  K.icn.p- 
iiiin.-i,  S.  v.,  187'),  p.  4."),  407.  Wliuolcr's  )nap.s,  in  U.  S.  (ico;/.  ,Si(n:,  contain  a 
I'las.silicatiou  of  lands  ill  parts  of  N.  Mcx.  For  desert  land  act  of  1S77,  see 
U.  S.  S/dt.,  4'.ttli  coug.,  '_M  sess.,  377.  81)  entries  of  desert  lands  were  made  iu 
1878-82.  The  unsurveyed  irrigahlo  lands  were  estimated  in  1878  at  S,()()(),()UO 
acres.  Iu  1878  there  was  an  act  of  the  legisl.  authorizing  the  ot'cujiation  of 
Hl20  acres,  with  title  good  against  all  but  tiie  U.  S. ;  and  a  me;nori:il  for  the 
))rivilege  oi  buying  1-5,000  acres  by  a  bona  tide  settler.  In  his  message  of 
18S;?  the  gov.  notes  that  the  homestead  and  preemption  laws  result  in  tlic 
worst  kind  of  inonope'y,  since,  with  100  acres  al)out  a  spring,  a  vast  tract  was 
controlled  free  from  taxation.  For  table  of  sales  in  lS7'2-8'2,  see  47th  eong. 
'Jdsess.,  11.  Kx.  Doc.  72,  p.  14G. 

•'  Sec  (/.  S.  CciiKiiii  I'cporU,  9th  and  lOtli  census.  The  1st  figures  in  each  case 
are  for  1870,  tlio  2d  for  1880,  and  the  3d  for  1882,  from  the  U.  S.  Ai/ric 
Ji'cjxir/,  47th  cong.  2d  sess.,  U.  Ex.  Ijoc,  vol.  xxv.-vi. 

Improved  land  U.'{,007  acres,  2;i7,S92  a.  Uaimpr.  584,250  a.  +  ]0t),28;}a. 
of  wood  lan.l,  ;{".):5,7:W  a.  +  210,224  a.  wood.  ^o.  of  firms,  4,480,  5,0.")3. 
Average  si/o  180  a.,  luS  a.  Value  $2,200,139,  S5,514,3-t0  (assessment  in 
"82,  land  i:7, 100,744,  improv.  ,$4,300,205;  '8,"$,  lanil  0,0.")0,000,  improv.  ."<5,751,- 
370).     Value  of  implements,   etc.,  $124,114,  $255,102.     Amt  of  wages  paid 

.S">23,S88,  .     Value  of  farm  products  $1,<)!)5,000,  $1,8'.)7,074,  !?2,7I0,082. 

N'ahie  of  orchard  prod.  $1.S,()00,  $2(5,706.  Market  and  garden  prod.  .•;04. 132, 
$42,070.  Forest  pro<l.  $.")00,  $77,408.  Wheat  352,822  b.,  7i»(i,(i4l  ]<.,  707,000 
b.  (wheat  yields  12-50  b.  per  acre).  Corn  640,823  b.,  033,780  b.,  <),;5,0;i0  1). 
(40  00  b.  i»r  acre).  Oats  07,000  b.,  1.50,527  1).,  185,000  b.  (.35  45  b.  p^r 
acre).  I'.arley  3,876  b.,  50,0.-<3  1).,  53,557  b.  Rye  42  b.,  24!)  b.  r..ans  and 
pca.sc  18,8.50  b.,  21,2(18  b.  Potatoes  .3,102  b.,  2,5,100  b.,  40,.")0.»  b.  Ilav4,2i)0 
tons,    11,025   t.,    13,000  t.     Tobacco  8,587  lbs.,  800  lbs.      Wine   r.t,(ksO  gal., 

gal.,  251  gal. 
Milk  813  gal., 


Fhi 


■d 


8:i4 


lbs.     Sorghum   molasses    1,705 
Butter  12,012  lb.s.,  44,827  lbs.     Cheese  27,2.30  lbs,  10,.501  ll)s. 

10,036  gal.     Eggs ,  238,858  doz.     Honey ,  4.50  lbs. 

The  rainy  season  is  from  .June  to  September.     On  climate, 


with  tables  of 

» 
d 


temiii'rature,  rainfall,  etc.,  see  Siiiitli-ioiiinn  in.il.  J'tjit,  1877,  p.  323  et  se(| 
y^.  Mi.i.,  (lOivnior'n  L'ljioit,  1872  et  seep;  IJ,  S.  dor'  J><>i\,  45ili  coug.  2 
sess.,  11.  Ex.  Doc.,  vi.  00-1,  145-(i,  and  passim,  with  cliarts;  3d  ses.  11. 
E.v.  Doc,  vii.  i)t  ii.,  S3,  114-10;  40th  eong.  2d  sess.,  11.  Ex.  Doe.,  vii.,  jit 
ii.,  128  .34,  251-8;  47th  cong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  vii.  02,  475,  5>s0; 
,Sc/io/t'ii  /'r<ri}iiliitioii,  70-3,  115;  /(/.,  DistriliiUioii  iiinl  Voriatiniix,  54-5;  W'/ixl- 
cr's  U.  S.  (li'oij.  Sin-i:,  ii.  5.33,  568  et  se(j. ;  (J.  S.  Surij.-d'i  ii.,  (ircidar  8, 
p.  204  8,  .302-6,  313.  1865.  No  probable  increase  in  proil  since  bSOO.  KMIO. 
Meliue,  J,(i('i'>  Mili.t,  158-61,  describes  Maxwell's  farm  of  5, (MM)  acres  as  the 
model  and  largest  in  N.  .Mex.  1868.  (ii>v.  urges  the  great  prospects  of  grape 
cultufo.     1800.     Sugar-beet,  long-staple  cotton,  and  tobacco  do  well;  as  silk 


7G8 


INDUSTRIES   AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


the  period  of  18G4-8G  has  done  httle  more  than  con- 
firm what  was  well  enough  known  in  past  centuries 
respecting  the  country's  fertihty.  Farming  is  still 
conducted  for  the  most  part  by  the  old  methods  of 
irrigation  and  tillage;  and  practically  nothing  has  been 
done  to  increase  the  water  supply  or  [)revent  waste. 
Floods  occur  occasionally,  but  the  climate  is  remark- 
ably healtliful  and  well  adapted  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits. A  living  is  easily  gained,  and  that  is  all  that 
the  natives  desire.  There  has  been  little  or  no  expor- 
tation of  products,  and  such  will  perhaps  always  be 
the  case,  unless  wine,  grapes,  and  certain  fruits — in 
the  production  of  which  New  Mexico  seems  to  have 
some  advantages  over  California — may  prove  an  excep- 
tion ;  yet  the  home  market  furnished  l)y  the  mining 
canijis  and  towns  is,  and  is  likely  to  be,  excellent  for  a 
vastly  increased  production;  and  with  the  settlement 
of  land  titles,  storing  and  proper  use  of  water,  ami  ade- 
quate tillage  of  small  farms,  agriculture  in  the  future 
should  be  a  remarkably  prosperous  industry. 

A  very  large  part  of  the  territory,  consisting  of  dry 
mesa  and  mountain  land  unfit  for  farming,  is  available 
for  grazing,  producing  in  large  quantities    the  most 

and  tea  ought  to  do.  1871.  Many  nuw  vineyards  coining  into  hearing.  1872. 
IJiU  to  donate  10  sections  of  l:in<l  to  John  Martin  for  tinding  water  in  the 
djsert,  tahled  in  congress.  1^7!^.  (Jovt  aid  for  irrigation  urged  hy  surv.-gen. 
1874-").  ^[any  destructive  Hoods.  1S78.  Cotton  successfully  raised  in  the 
south.  1879.  Mucli  testimony  in  //.  S.  Pub.  Lantls  Coin.  I'cpt  (Uitli  eong. 
2d  sess.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  4(i),  p.  441-04,  010-22.  Wine  prod.  240,000  gal.  1880. 
Severe  drought.     1884.     Floods. 

Tlie  U.  S.  J)ipt  A(jrtc.  J'l'jioiis  contain  nothing  on  N.  Mex.  until  18(59, 
when  a  gooil  sketch  from  a  pamphlet  hy  C.  P.  Clever  is  given;  and  the  later 
reports  contaui  more  or  less  information.  Tiie  U.  .V.  Lnwl  Oji'ire  licportx, 
1804  ct  seq.,  give  tiie  condition  of  agric.  from  year  to  year  in  the  surv.-gen.'s 
reports;  so  do  many  of  the  governor's  messages,  liltrlis  IlJi'it.  X.  Mex.,  and 
/</.,  Ar.tlan,  passim,  are  useful  authority  for  tlie  late  years;  and  the  X.  Mex. 
liuredu  of  Inimhi.,  Jfeport  of  Bernntillo  Co.  (and  otlier  counties),  1881-2,  maybe 
cited  as  especially  valuable.  See  also  Wlieehrs  if.  S.  Oeoij.  Sun:,  iii.  57;$-83, 
001-3;  Reports  1875-7,  passim,  and  maps;  A"".  Me.c,  Scraps,  ivisaini;  X.  Me.i\ 
Jill-si iie.'i.'f  ]>irectorij,  1882;  MrKenueifs  Bus.  l)ii:,  308;  J/iu/deii'.s  (Ireat  Wed, 
190-H;  X.  Me.r..,  A  I'nlilkal  Prohlem;  Palmer  h  Coloiiizntinn  in  Volonulo,  22-52, 
59-79;  Jireroorl'n  X.  Mex.,  57-08;  Xcw  Mi.c.  ami  the  Xew  Mcrieatifi,  24-5; 
(iOililaril's  Where  to  Emiirale,  140-7;  Owens  Mines  of  X.  Mex.,  32—4,  45-7; 
JJeaille's  West  Wilds,  '228-9;  Porters  The  West,  Census  of  JSb'O,  450-1;  X.  Mex., 
J'oiniers  on  the  S.  W.,  58-9;  Band,  MrXaUi/,  ,6  Co.'s  Over!.  Ouide,  84-8;  AVc 
erts'  With  the  Inrader,  25-9,  84-7;  Coplei/'s  Kansas,  08-9;  llayden,  in  U.  S. 
Govt  Doc,  42d  coug.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  325. 


STOCK-RAISIXa  IX  NEW  MEXICO. 


Lian  con- 
onturies 
is  still 
thods  of 
has  been 
it  waste, 
rcmark- 
iral  pur- 
all  that 
lo  expor- 
ways  be 
ruits — in 
,  to  have 
an  excep- 
e  mining 
lent  for  a 
jttlenient 
,  and  ade- 
hc  future 

ng  of  dry 
available 
the  most 

lanng.      1872. 

water  in  tlie 
Iby  surv.-i,'(ju. 

I'uised  ill  tliu 
Uith  coiit;. 

0  gal.     1880. 

until  ]8C>9, 

liiul  tlio  later 

hiire  licportri, 

surv.-geu.'s 

|iV.  Mex.,  aiul 

the  X.  Mix. 

|Sl-2,  maybe 

[.,  iii.  5711-8^, 

Jiiii;  N.  Mi'x. 

(Ireat    Wvd, 

Viriulo,  2'2-5'2, 

l.r!V"».s,  24-'); 

,  32-4,  45-7; 

-1;  N.Mcx., 

k  84-8;  /.'()/- 

icn,  in  U.  S. 


nutritious  of  wild  grasses;  while  the  climatic  and  otlier 
conditions  are  all  favorable  for  stock-raising.  Tliis 
industry  has  tliercfore,  as  shown  by  the  a[)pended  sta- 
tistics," far  excelled  that  of  agriculture  or  any  other, 
except  |)crhaps  mining,  and  is  likely  to  retain  its  prece- 
dence in  the  future.  Yet  success  in  raising  cattle  and 
.sheep  has  by  no  means  been  commensurate  with  the 
country's  natural  atl vantatifes.  Here  the  land  laws 
have  woi'kcd  again.st  the  industry.  The  land  is  worth- 
less for  farms,  but  cannot  be  sold  in  tracts  sufficiently 
larg(^  for  grazing.  By  owning  IGO  acres  about  a  spring 
a  few  men  have  control  each  of  an  immense  range,  thus 
monopolizing  the  business,  very  much  to  the  disadvan- 
tage of  the  territory.  If  the  government  would  })er- 
mit  the  taking-up  of  'pastoral  homesteads'  of  1-5,000 
acres,  sufficing  for  the  support  of  a  family  as  IGO  acres 
are  supposed  to  suffice  as  a  farm;  if  it  would  offer  lib- 
eral areas  for  the  finding  of  water  by  wells,  with  the 
privilege  of  buying  more;  or  if  the  grazing  lands  were 
simply  offered  for  sale  at  reasonable  prices  in  large 

*"'('.  .S'.  Cciiyus  Itcporf",  1870,  18S0.     .Statistics  for  later  years  frniii  otbcr 

sources  are  very  coiitradietory.      N'aliic  of  animals  slauijhtered  !?224, 7<i"),- •. 

Value    of   live-stoek,   !?2,:W'.),1.")7, (iu   '83,    S18,l.")<.C4(ij,    ('>i/tkwrii,    Proc. 

1st  X'if.  Coiir.,  12-13;  al.t  .s2(l.0()0,()00  investeil  in  '7!»,  U.  S!.  J'tih.  Lati'/i  Com. 
Ji'cj^f,  441  -()4,  010  22;  assessment  in  '82  .•?.5,272,()44;  in  '83  .•?0,33,j,20;».  Auditors 
ncpoi-t-^).  Horses  .■),033,  l."),.V>7  (in  "82,  12,140,  in  "83,  10,(;72,  Awlitnr:  in  'S3, 
1(),(J40,  Cnttiiiini).  Muk's  ami  asses  0,141,  0,003  (in  '82,  .■'),221;  in  '8:{,  8,440, 
Awlltor:  \n  '83,  10,082,  Cittlrwni).  .Mileli  cows  ll),417,  12,0.V).  Oxen  10,774, 
10,432.  Other  cattle  21,34.'},  137,314  (cattle  in  '82,  2;;7.200;  in  '83,  471,121, 
Aiiililor:  in  '70,  500,000,  (lor.  unil  Sitrr.-iji'n.:  in  '83,  547,113,  Vnttli-iiKii;  in  "84, 
1,000,0,10,  Gor.;  iu  '85,  800.000,  lUtrh).  Sheep  (il0,4:{8,  2,0.S(!;,fS31  (in  "70, 
5,0(K),0tM),  <!nr.:  ]0,000,(K)0,  Siirr.-i/ni.:  in  '82,  1,3.'W,718;  in  "83,  1,757,048, 
AitiL:  iu  'S.3,  3,900,000,  r,(///r///.'//;'in ',S4,  1,000,0(K)  and  decreasing,  (.'or.:  iu 
85,  5,000.(K)0,  Jiltr/i:  iu  '83,  25,0(K),000(:),  .V.  ^fr.r.  llirlrv,  .luly'lO,  1883). 
Sivine  1  l,2(i7,  7,8.57  (in  '82,  3,740;  iu  '8:1,  4,0-14,  Awl.;  in  '83,  10,300,  Cnttlrmni). 
(ioats  (in  '82,  27,002;  iu  '8.3,  34,00:{,  .1 ;«/.— proliahly  included  Mith  sheei)  in 
other  li-iires).  Troduet  of  wool  (i84,0;{0  lbs.,  4,010,188  lbs.  (iu  '84,  2l),(il0,000 
lbs.,  llUrh). 

C'attle  and  .sheep  have  no  diseases  except  as  introduced  from  abroad;  and 
in  '84  au  act  was  passed  to  prevent  the  introd.  of  dis(!r,sed  aTiimals  from  Texas, 
etc.  Tlii're  was  always  a  contliet  between  cattle  ami  shei'p  men,  as  cattle 
and  liorsijs  will  not  thrive  where  sheep  are  grazed;  and  in  the  later  years  it 
has  been  tiiought  that  sheep  m\ist  go  to  the  wall;  yet  it  is  thought  tliat  with 
careful  attention  sheep-raising  is  more  protitablo,  though  cattle  ri^iiuire  unich 
less  care.  30  acres  will  support  a  beef  or  5 — 0  sheep.  Sheep  have  been  worth 
§1  to  •'?1..50;  cattle  $15;  and  liorse.f  *20-35.  The  authorities  cited  in  the  pre- 
ceding note  on  agric.  contain  also  '  .lUiation  on  stock-raising;  see  also  I^((<^-^' 
Stii  Fi'  .l//'('(;'.'(,  ^IS.,  17-18;  X.  Mi'x.,  /t.i  /iVw«;rM  oifl  Aihtmki'jv^,  8;  W<x)d 
Brol/ierd  Lire  Stark  Mnrrnii'nt:  Stoura  Gvn.  View,  MS.,  8-i>, 
UijT.  Aiiu,  A.SD  N.  Mex.    49 


v'-m 


If. 


■■!■  '■ '  I'? 


if  iiii 


ill' 


770 


INDUSTRIES  AXI)  INSTITUTIONS. 


tracts — many  of  the  obstacles  to  a  grand  success  would 
apparently  be  removed,  and  at  least  the  lands  would 
pay  their  part  of  territorial  taxes.  But  all  the  numer- 
ous efforts  to  secure  these  reforms  have  thus  far  failed. 
New  Mexico  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  as  yet  any 
manufacturing  industry ;  that  is,  the  only  establish- 
ments of  this  kind  in  existence,  as  shown  in  statistics 
of  the  census  in  1870-80,"  are  the  few  and  ordinary 
ones  that  naturally  spring  up  in  any  community  to 
supply  in  part  local  needs  and  furnish  a  livelihood  to 
those  engaged.  Flouring  and  lumber  mills  take  the 
lead,  followed  by  the  carpenter  and  blacksmith  shops, 
which  can  hardly  be  rated  as  manufacturing  establisli- 
ments  at  all.  It  will  bo  noted  that  the  list  includes 
no  woollen  mills,  though  one  was  in  operation  in  1870, 
and  one  or  more  have,  I  think,  been  established  since 
1880.  And  there  were  then  no  tanneries,  notwitli- 
standin<>'  the  abundance  of  cattle  and  the  existence  of 
a  native  plant,  the  canaigrc,  thought  to  be  well  adapted 
to  take  the  place  of  oak  and  hemlock.  It  would  seem 
that  the  manufacture  of  woollen  fabrics  and  leather 

'Eatab.  in  70,  '80,  192,  144.  Capital  $1,450,095,  $403,275.  lianas  cin- 
ployod  427,  559.  Wagus  §107,281,  $218,731.  Value  of  materials  §880,957, 
$871, 352.     Products  §1,489,808,  §1,284,840. 

Statistics  of  1880: 


Blacksmith 

Boots 

Carpenter 

Carriage 

Clothing 

Furniture 

Jewelry 

Distilleries 

Breweries 

Wine 

Ma-ions 

Harness 

Tin  and  Copper. . 

Tiil)aeco 

W  iieel Wrights.  . . 

Flour-niills 

Siw-inills 

Prick 


E.stab. 

Capital. 

Hands. 
17 

Wages. 

Material,  i 

11 

§4,950 

§5,944 

§0,075 

0 

5,300 

0 

3,050 

3,500 

22 

40,2.10 

130 

90,075 

205,250 

1 

20,000 

12 

9.500 

39,000 

1 

500 

2 

2,100 

1,000 

1 

3,500 

4 

3,000 

7,000 

o 

13,000 

10 

11,000 

14,000 

1 

1,000 

1 

40 

350 

3 

0,000 

2 

410 

1,772 

1 

1,.300 

3 

800 

1,500 

2 

700 

4 

2,000 

3,300 

i> 

7,000 

11 

5,900 

6,500 

2 

30.000 

12 

10,100 

22,000 

T 

1,000 

1 

550 

500 

0 

3,450 

10 

12,800 

15,000  i 

51 

240,250 

1.34 

35,410 

435,450  i 

20 

»■  4      /»■■  ■' 

172 

24,240 

117,055 

1 

800 

8 

GOO 

500 

I'roduet. 


§20,550 

11.4:i0 

330,790 

48,000 

3,(i00 

18,000 

35,000 

533 

3,290 

4,000 

7,000 

15,800 

40,000 

2,000 

.34,250 

529,179 

17.3,9.30 

1,500 


TRADE  AND  RAILROADS. 


771 


}ss  would 
ds  would 
o  nuuier- 
far  fulled. 
3  yet  any 
Bstablisli- 
statistics 
ordinary 
Qunity  to 
;lihood  to 
take  the 
ith  shops, 
cstabli  sh- 
it includes 
u  in  1870, 
shed  since 
,,  notwith- 
cistence  of 
3II  adapted 
'ould  seem 
id  leather 

).     Hiuiils  cm- 
rials  !j8SO,*Jo7, 


•ial.      l'riMl\ict. 


(h.')  ; 

^;-J0,550 

500  ' 

n.-4:.o 

•250 

3:ii;,7'.to 

000 

4S,000 

0(X) 

3,1)00 

000 

IS,  000 

000 

35,000 

350 

535 

772 

3,290 

500 

4,000 

300 

7,000 

500 

15,800 

000 

40,000 

500 

!    2,000 

000 

!   34,250 

+50 

i  529,170 

055 

173,930 

500 

1,500 

should  assume  some  importance;  and  the  possibilities 
of  future  developments  in  the  extensive  working  of 
iron  have  already  been  noted. 

New  ]\Iexican  trade  consists,  as  in  Arizona,  of  the 
brin<j;ing-in  and  distribution  of  merchandise  required 
for  the  supply  of  mining  cainjis  and  towns,  and  for  the 
consumption  of  the  peoj)le  generally,  no  satisfactory 
statistics  being  obtainable,  and  no  comment  on  metli- 
ods  needed.  The  advent  of  railroads  put  an  end  to 
the  famous  old  Santa  Fc  trade,  carried  on  by  wagon- 
trains  across  the  plains,  a  trade  which  amounted  in 
1870  to  over  $2,000,000.  There  is  no  exportation  of 
products,  except  those  of  the  mines  and  Hocks;  the 
immense  quantities  of  freight  carried  through  tlie  ter- 
ritory to  the  Pacific  states  and  ^Eexico  form,  of  course, 
no  element  of  New  Mexican  trade  proper;  and  I  find 
nothing  in  the  distribution  of  goods  from  railroad 
centres  or  the  operations  of  the  ordinary  mercantile 
establishments  of  the  different  settlements  that  calls 
for  remark. 

Of  railroads  the  territor}'-  has  over  1,200  miles,  built 
in  1878-85.  They  were  nt)t  built  with  any  view  to 
the  benefit  or  business  of  New  Mexico,  l)ut  to  com- 
plete transcontinental  connections  between  tlic  east, 
the  Pacific,  and  Mexico.  Therefore,  I  do  not  deem 
the  annals  of  the  various  companies,  projects,  and 
complications  as  belonging  in  any  importune  sense  to 
the  history  of  New  Mexico,  even  if  there  were  space  in 
this  chapter  for  such  matter.  I  append,  however,  a 
few   miscellaneous  notes.^     The  first  passenger  train 

*  1855-6.  Act  of  Icgisl.  iiicorp.  A.  &  1*.  R.  R.  Co.  185(5-7.  1<1.,  incorp. 
N.  Ml'X.  Min.  &  R.  R.  Co.  18(i3-4.  LI.,  incorp.  Kaiis;is,  X.  Mox.,  Ariz.,  & 
Cal.  R.  R.  Co.  18G4-5.  Uill  for  R.  R.  and  tcl.  through  N.  Mcx.  au.l  Ariz, 
tabled  iu  congress,  joint  resol.  to  facilitate  connnuiucation  passed.  lS(i('i,  etc. 
Laws  on  A.  &  1\  R.  R.  in  rept  sec.  int.,  1882,  p.  59«-(J02.  1807.  R.  R.  pro- 
jects. Coplci/'ii  Kcnsdx,  08-70;  Sac.  L'liioii,  Nov.  2d.  18(iS.  Mem.  of  li^;,'isl. 
for  R.  R.,  as  best  means  of  settling;  Ind.  troubles  and  giving  N.  !Mex.  tlio 
protection  promised  by  the  treaty,  often  repeated;  ■  [it  of  t  ng.  com.  U.  S. 
Onvt  Doc,  40th  cong.  2d  sess.,  II.  Rept  43.  187!.  iCansas  Pac.  R.  R.  now 
within  3  days'  staging;  otlier  roads  apiiroacbing.  N.  }h'X..,  Mesa,  of  tjov.; 
later  messages  record  progress  and  prospects.  1872.  Acts  of  legisl.  giving 
right  of  way  to  N.  Mex.  &  (Julf  R.  R.  (also  act  of  congress);  authorizing 
county  aid  to  R.  R. ;  and  mortgage  or  consolidation;  and  appraisenieut  of 


iffl 


772 


INDUSTRIES  AND   INSTITLTIOXS. 


JHll 


entered  the  territory  in  Fel)nijirv  1879,  brintiini''  tlio 
Colorado  legislature  to  OtiTo  ov(!r  the  Atchison,  To- 
]n'ka,  and  Santa  l^'e  liiu';  work  was  rajiidly  puished 
ior\var<l,  and  for  the  most  j)art  completed  in  five  ycai'S. 
The  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  line,  known  also 
as  the  New  jNTexieo  and  Southern  I'acitie,  enters  the 
territory  at  the  Raton  tunnel,  sending;  out  a  short 
hraneh  to  the  coal-heds;  in  1871)  reached  Jias  Veij^as, 
Avhence  a  branch  extends  to  the  Hot  Sprinii^s;  in  1880 
reached  Santa  Fe  by  a  branch  of  1)5  miles  from  Laniy ; 
and  in  1881,  branchini;"  at  Jiincon,  reached  ])enjinj4' 
and  Fl  ]*aso.  It  has  short  branches  in  Socorro  county 
to  the  mines  of  JMajj^tlalena  and  Carthage;  a  nari'ow- 
IH'auge  extension  of  4(5  niiU's  from  Deming  to  SiUer 
City;  and  has  in  all  (580  miles  of  tiack.  The  Atlantic 
anil  I^icitic  line,  virtually  a  part  of  the  Atchison,  To- 
])eka,  and  Santa  Fe,  began  building  at  Albunpieniue 
in  1880,  on  the  completion  of  the  former  line  to  that 
point,  and  was  rapidly  pushed  westward  until  in  188;? 
it  reacluKl  the  Colorado  liiver,  opening  a  new  and 
favorite  route  to  California.  This  road  has  171)  miles 
in  New  ]\lexico,  including  a  fivi'-mile  siding  to  the 
(lallup  coal  mines.      The  Southern  l*acilic  from  Cali- 

II.  R.  liiiuls;  coiig.  hill  t(i  iiicorp.  N.  Mox.  U.  K.  an<l  CViitnil  K.  H.  1874  ct 
si'Cj.  Surv.-m;ii.  ruimits  j^iroj^ri'ss  and  jimspfots.  IS7S.  A(^t  <il  K;gisl.  fur  iii- 
Ciii']).  (if  R.  R.  CDiiipanics;  R.itoii  Mt.  lii'iiij^  tiimii'lK'il;  I),  it  (Vil.  R.  R.  gnuliMl 
t((  iiiirtii  liiu!  of  N.  Mcx.  IST'.K  A.  T.  it  Stii  Vr  \{.  R.  o(iiiii)li;ti'il  to  Las  W'^.ih 
ill  July.  ISSO.  I'oiiqiletioii  of  N.  Mox.  it  South  R.  R.  liniiu'ii  to  Stii  Fo  in 
Fi'l). ;  A.  it  v.  R.  R.  has  9  in.  of  traoU  wcstwanl  from  Alhiiriiiienjuo;  1).  it  R. 
(i.  R.  R.  graded  to  IVfia  Rlaiica,  traik  to  iioai:  Einhudo;  si'i;  ct.itistics,  utc, 
in  I'.  S.  (loii  Jkic,  4tUh  cong.  liil  si'ss.,  H.  Kx.  Doc,  xvi.,  pt  ii.,  p.  'J'JT;  Id., 
47tli  cong.  LM  si'ss.,  II.  Rx.  Doc.  xiii.,  pt  iv.,  p.  ;")(')  <».  IS.SI.  A.,  T.,  it  Sta  V6 
]\.  R.  c'oinplt'tod  to  jiuu'tions  with  tiie  .S.  J'ac  Ji.  R.  at  J)i'nung  and  Rl  I'aso; 
train.s  running  to  Ariz,  and  Cal.  from  May;  S.  Rau.  R.  R.  has  1.").")  in.  in  N. 
Mux.  D.  it  R.  (!.  R.  R.  oompl.  to  Rs]ianola,  {SO  ni.,  and  (iO  m.  \vi,'st  on  S. 
.luau  division.  \.  it  1'.  R.  R.  oxtoiid-s  LM'2  in.  w.  from  Alhur(pu'r((ue.  Sue 
ri'pts  of  gov.  ami  snrv.-gcli.  Seu  A'.  Mcx.,  Ritilituul  /jUirn,  roniyilcd  In/  Ca/roii 
iinti  T/ionifnit,  Sta  Fe,  ISiSl,  Svo,  (il  p.  RSS'J.  Total  miles  R.  R.  in  .fail.  ],()'.»(); 
hnilt  during  the  past  year '.H:{  111.  Act  of  legisl.  to  regulate  R.  R.,  iiroliihit 
diseriinination,  and  lix  jiasseuger  rates  at  (i  ots  per  mile;  also  authorizing 
Silver  City  to  sui)sidizc  a  R.  R.  See  J'itr/i'.'^  liliw-liook-,  l.'t'.l  45,  for  details, 
stations,  distaiiees,  cte.  ISS.'i,  Narrow-gauge  R.  R.  eomi)l.  from  Deiuing  to 
Silver  City,  4(i  m. ;  and  from  Lordsl)urg  to  C'liftou,  'M)  in.  in  N.  Mux.;  some 
Avork  done  on  a  line  to  join  Sta  Fe  and  Ksjianola.      See  gov.'s  rept  and  llilrli\t 

III.  X.  Mcx.,  "J.S  f).  lfSS4.  Mex.  Central  R.  R.  completed.  See  details  in 
McKiii)icy\i /lii.t.  nircrton/,  'M)S;  MilW  S.  Mhjnd  Co.,  20- [.  188.5.  See  excel- 
lent  suniiuary  in  L'itc/i\i  Aztldii,  13-18,  'J.j-li. 


RAII,H()AI)S  OF  NKW   MKXICO. 


773 


illg  tllO 
on,  io- 

|)UsllO(l 

0  yi'tirs. 
wii  also 
ters  tlio 
a  sliort 

Ve«jfus, 
in  IS  SO 

1  Laiiiy; 
Dell)  mil;' 
)  county 
narrow- 
o  Silver 
Atlantic 
-;on,  To- 
([Ucr(i[Uo 

to  that 

in  lSS;i 

lew  ami 

7'.)  miles 

r  to  the 

Cali- 


>m 


1S74  ct 
gisl.  for  lu- 
ll, graded 
l,as  N'cuiis 
i>  St  a  I'V-  iu 
o;   I),  it  U. 
i.stics,  etc., 
•J-J7:  M., 
,  ct  Sta  F6 
1  Kl  I'aso; 
■)  in.  ill  N. 
wost  nil  S. 
[■i(|iu,'.   Sco 
/  //)/  ( 'd/ron 
Ian.  l.OltO; 
I.,  jiroliihit 
[luthoriziiig 
(If  details, 
1  )eiiiiiig  to 
lex.;   some 
and  /I'i/rli'.i 
details  in 
See  excel- 


fornia  and  Arizona  lias  2'\'2  miles  in  N<'NV  Afe.Kieo, 
incliidin'L!;  ;')()  miles  of  tlie  ljonlsl)ur<j^  and  (TiTton  n.-ir- 
rt)\v-<j^aun'e  road;  joins  the  Atchison,  To|u'kM,  and 
Santa  Fe  line  at  Disminjj^  and  I^]l  l?aso;  and  theiiccj 
extendiiii'  e;istw;ird  throiiuh  Texas  i'onns  another 
overland  line.  The  Denver  and  Hio  (Jraiide  i-oad 
from  Colorado  in  tlu!  north  enters  Xew  ^^exico  near 
Antonito,  whence  one  division  extemls  southward  71) 
miles  to  within  'JH  miles  of  Santa  ¥6,  and  another 
division  (!()  miles  west  throui^h  the  San  Juan  country 
to  the  Amarn'o  coal  mines,  and  thence  northward  into 
Colorado.  This  road  has  1(54  miles  of  trattk.  Some 
Avork  has  been  done  on  an  extension  of  the  I'oad  from 
]*]sj)ahola  to  Santa  Ke,  and  an  extension  to  the  Pecos 
and  to  (Galveston  is  projected.  Other  |)romineiit  pro- 
jects ai'c  the  (julf,  Colorado,  and  Santa  Fe  road,  and 
an  extension  of  tlu!  Atlantic  and  Pacific  eastward  to 
Indian  Territory.  Numerous  branch  lines  are  pro- 
jected and  will  he  huilt  in  time;  meanwhile,  the;  ter- 
ritory, most  fortunate  in  its  position  on  the  o'reat 
overland  lines,  must  he  regarded  as  well  supplied  with 
railroads. 

A  military  telei^ra|»h  line  from  the  north-east  was 
in  operation  from  IS(!8;  and  ten  years  later  the  lino 
had  been  extended  to  all  the  forts  except  Wingate  and 
Stanton,  and  telegraphic;  communication  was  opened 
with  California  by  way  of  Tucson.  Subseciueiitly, 
telegraph  construction  jirogressed  with  that  of  rail- 
roads, until  all  the  mori!  ini[)ortant  settlements  are  in 
communication  with  the  east  and  west." 

'  lS()()-8.  Aet  incorp.  N.  Mex.  Tel.  Co.  and  ineniorialH  for  U.  S.  aid;  aa 
there  were  iiiein.  for  inerc'ased  faeilitie.s  in  later  years.  18(18.  (Jov.  in  lii.s 
nie.ss.  aiiiiouiiee.s  the  opening  of  tcl.  I'oiiiiimiiieation.  1875-8.  Jtenis  on  eoii- 
struetioti  and  projeets.  uX.  M<.r.,  Srnijiy,  (>7.  1878.  Western  I'nion  line 
from  sta  Fe  via  Las  Vegas,  Ft  I'nion,  (imarroii,  and  Trinidad,  Col.;  l'.  S. 
mil.  line  to  Alliuniuenjue,  lias  Lunas,  Helen,  Ft  <'raig,  J^as  (.'ruecs,  .\Ie.sill  i, 
Silver  City,  Tucson,  and  S.  |)iego.  Siiri'.-ijin.  I{<']it.  187'.*.  1st  tel.  ili'.s|)al(h 
from  N.  Mex.  ri'eeived  at  San  Franeiseo.  .S'.  7"'.  /jh/Zi*'/;,  Aug. 'Jlst.  Statistics 
'Sl-'J.      U.  S.  doH  Doc,  47tli  eoug.  Istsess.,  II.  Ex.  Doe.,  vii.  l!l '_'-•_*."). 

All  parts  of  tlie  territory  are  tolerahly  well  provided  with  stage  and  mail 
routes  from  the  R.  R.  stations,  though  there  liave  heeti  frecpieut  ])etitiou.s  from 
dill'erent  sectio:n  for  inerea.se<l  facilities.  The  ('.  S.  <li)H  J>i)<:  contain  fr-oui 
year  to  year  the  records  of  such  petitions,  with  the  opening  of  new  routes, 
etc.     There  is  also  ipiite  a  quantity  of  matter  rel'itiug  to  military  and  other 


i'ii   ■!'■ 


''til   i 


! 

1 

ii 


774 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


A  l)uroau  of  iminijjfnitiou,  ostablisliod  by  an  act  of 
the  li'i^islaturo  in  IHHO,  is  an  institution,  which,  under 
tlio  prtisidcncy  of  Prince  and  Hitch,  lias  dono  nuK'li 
t<i  attract  S(^ttl(!rs,  by  the  jiubhcation  of  information 
resjicctiniL?  the  country's  resources  and  attra(!tions. 
The  county  reports  of  1881-2,  as  pubhshcd  in  pani- 
]>hlet  form,  have  already  been  noticed;  and  of  Kitch'a 
work  on  the  resources  of  New  Mexico  some  27,000 
coj)ies,  in  six  editions,  under  diHereiit  titles,  have  be(>u 
issued,  and  widely  cir{!ulated  from  the  central  oflico 
through  the  railroad  conn)anies  and  at  various  fairs 
and  expositions  in  the  eastern  states.  It  is  estimated 
that  nearly  20,000  immigrants  have  been  drawn  to 
the  territory  since  1880;  and  doubtless  the  bureau 
lias  exerted  a  beneficial  iuHuence.'"  An  annual  terri- 
torial fair,  or  exposition,  has  been  held  at  Alburquerquo 
since  1881. 

Education,  resj)ectini>'  which  some  statistical  and 
other  items  are  j^iven  in  "  note,^'  has  remained  in  a 

ri).i(ls;  ))ut  I  liavu  not  thought  it  necessary  to  niproihioo  tliuse  items,  even  in 
a  liricf  ri'MiiiK'.  Several  iiicori)()ratioiis  of  roail  ami  hriilgu  eoinpaiiies  aro 
liieiitioiieil  ill  tlie  resmiie  of  leyisl.  proeeediiijis. 

"'A'.  Mr.r.,  JiitmiHof  Iiniiihj.,  h'l'jiorl,  JSfSH;  ///.,  County  reports,  18S1-2, 
as  iiotctl  e.irlier  in  tliis  elia])ter;  A'.  Mcr.,  ArU,  iJ4th  sess.,  p.  1\  'i\  Uilcli.-i 
niiiM.  X.  Mr.r.  (1th  e.l.),  1SS:{;  /-/.,  Azfl'iii  ((ith  eel.),  188.'),  with  lists  of  oliiei.p.s 
ami  iiieiiiliers,  of  which  tlicre  was  one  cominissiouer  for  e.ieh  county  and  ;")  to 
it  com.  at  l.irt;e;  the  gov.  lieing  a  com.  ex  otlieio.  The  Ijureau  was  'investi- 
gated' by  the  Ic^^isl.  in  KS84,  and  was  warndy  praised  in  the  committee's  re- 
port, all  charges  of  extravagance  and  inetUcieiicy  being  refuted.  ^V.  M.  Jniir- 
wiLi,  'J()th  sess.,  ptii.,  .'iS^'i,  04-8.  1  ha\'e  a  i)amphlct  entitled  X.  Mr.r.,  Prr- 
liiiiiiii  l/'-it  of  thr  N.  Mix.  Erfxmlion  timl  />rli'hi(/  I'urk  Annor.  Third  mniiitil 
J'liir,  Alburipier(iue,  1883;  also,  A^  J/f.c.  /'(•.■ioiirces,  jirejiti nil  under  l/ie  aiifi})irrd 
oj'l/ir  Jiiiriiiu  i)f  fmmiij.  for  thr  trrritoriid  J'lir.   Sta  Fe,  1881. 

"  School  statistics  from  the  census  of  1880:  no.  of  pub.  schooln  1(>'2, 
sdiool  buildings  4(1,  seats  in  same  r>,.')SO,  value  of  property  .'?i;J,.500,  receipts 
for  year  ;?;i'_',171,  expenditures  .'J'JS.'JT.'},  teachers  104  (males  r_'8,  females  HO); 
avtM'age  salary  .^;{0.07,  average  moiitlis  of  school  5..")>"),  pupils  4,7r)5  (males 
2,4.S4,  females 'J, 271),  average  attendance  .'{,!.")(),  inhab.  over  JO  years  of  age 
unalile  to  read  r)'_',".M)4  (percentage  fiO.2),  unable  to  write  57,150  (percentage 
0.-.). 

18ti;?.  Act  of  legisl.  creating  a  board  of  cduc.  and  ostab.  a  system  of 
schools;  incorp.  'Industrial  College  of  N.  Mex.'  at  Sta  Fe.  1800.  The 
various  statutes  have  no  eti'ect,  but  some  activity  in  private  schools.  Mrlinn's 
",1)111/  JIilr.'<,  l'.l2-:{.  1801).  Not  a  single  free  public  school;  an  approp.  by  the 
U.  S.  urged  by  gov.  and  legisl.  ill  this  and  other  years.  1807.  Act  amending 
and  perfecting  school  system;  probate  judges  to  act  as  county  superintend- 
ents. 1808.  Still  no  schools  and  no  school  tax  collected,  ace.  to  gov.'s  mes- 
sage. 1871.  In  4  counties,  out  of  5,053  votes,  oidr  37  were  in  favor  of  a  law 
to  support  schools  by  taxation.     1870.    Total  achoul  attendance  ace.  to  census, 


SCHOOLS  OF  NFAV  MEXICO. 


i  act  of 
1,  under 
0  much 
rnuitioii 
actions. 
,n  pani- 
llitcli's 
27,000 
,vo  been 
al  ofticG 
us  fairs 
itimated 
rawn  to 
bureau 
lal  terri- 
'quer(|UO 

cal    and 
led  in  a 

!iiis,  even  in 
mpauicH  aro 

ts,  18S1-2, 
5;  l,'ilrli'.'< 
(if  (iliu'c:rs 
ty  and  5  t<» 
as  '  iiivusti- 
iiittt'o's  rc- 
M.  Jour- 
Mr.i:,  I'rr- 
hinl  (Uiiiiial 
■  the  aH.tykrs 

ichooln  !(')-, 
00,  rcoi'ipts 
feinalua  'M))\ 

7r)5  (iiialus 
'oars  of  age 

percentage 

system  of 
ISGO.     Tlie 

s.  Mrliiie'n 
)rop.  by  the 
t  amending 
uperintend- 

gov.'s  iiies- 
v'(ir  (if  a  law 
c.  to  ceusus, 


backward  condition,  iiotwitlistandinL?  tlu>  advanced 
vii'ws  and  earnest  etfoj  cs  of  teri'itorial  olHcials  and  of 
manv  citi/iens.  In  IHSO  tliero  wore  only  1(12  schools, 
with  an  attendance  of  :},1.'>0  |>U])ils.  By  acts  of  tiie 
legislature  a  ])ul)lic  school  system  was  created  and 
])ei'fectt'd  at  (lilferent  dates  from  18<i;3  to  I.SS4,  wlii-n 
it  assumed  a  tolerably  etl'ective  form,  in  tlu^ory  at 
least.  ()n(;  fourth  of  all  taxes  is  devoted  to  educa- 
tion, but  in  the  colU'ction  and  application  of  tlu;  funds 
there  have  been  great  irrej^ularities,  on  aceount  of 
the  apathy  of  the  native  population.  The  mixture 
of  lanij^uatj^e  and  reliijfion,  with  a  <ifreat  ])reponderance 
of  Sjianisii  and  the  catholic  faith,  have  been  the  ^reat 
obstacles;  and  the  cause  of  education  has  been  retarded 
also  bv  all  the  causes  that  have  hindered  i)roLjress  in 
otluT  directions.  With  the  increase  of  innniLj^ration, 
however,  there  is  noted  a  constant  tliou<>"h  slow  jj^rowth 

],s>Si).  1872.  Act  providing  for  county  boards  of  4  snpnrvi.sors.  187').  8 
ctinntics  report  l.'{8  .sehooln,  47  teJieliers,  and  ."),1.")1  pnpds,  under  law  of  '71 
giving  tlir  seiiools  \  of  tax  and  the  poll  tax.  ISSO.  Act  to  select  university 
I-inds.  1881.  Kdue.  compulsory  for  3  niontiis  per  year.  188.'{.  (lov.  reports 
not  niudi  progres.s  under  the  .system.  1884.  Act  estalplisliiug  pulilio  scliools, 
with  an  elective  county  superintendent,  one  or  more  schools  in  each  district, 
under  'A  directors,  and  a  tax  of  'A  mills  per  dollar,  witli  poll  tax;  school  fund 
this  year  to  he  j^lOO.OOO,  or  .}  of  all  taxes. 

On  educational  matters,  see  A'.  Mix.,  Min.'^dijc  of  (jnv.,  from  year  to  year; 
U.  S.  Ei/uriitioiiol  Ji'ijHir/s,  containing  some  details  down  to  1877,  hut  not 
much  later;  liir mart's  A'.  Mix.,  10"),  showing  .statistics  of  1878,  wlien  tliere 
Were  ]:V.\  public  and  'J()  private  scliools;  Milti'  S.  Mhjwi  Co.,  1!>  "JO;  IHlrli'a 
ICiKt.  ^'.  Mi.r.,  r)8-()0;  /(/.,  Aztlaii,  78-'.t;  A'.  Mix.,  Biisi„i:'<ii  Direct.;  A'.  Mix., 
Srrii]>",  81. 

1  have  before  me  Allniri/iicnjuc  Arinfrnii/,  fith  Aiiiiwil  liipnrt,  etc..  Alh., 
1881!  4,  8vo,  lop.;  Uiiiri'r.tUij  of  Xi'W  Miriro,  /.s^.  AiiiiU'il  i'dluloi/ui'  (StiiVt'), 
18^2,  8vo,  I'Sp.,  containing  act  of  incorporation,  othcers,  etc.;  //<(.<  I'niii.-i ,/i.^nii 
Colliyr,  J'ro.'ijiictii.tiuii/  <  'ittnloiinr,  I.,as  X'egas,  18S2,  r)8  p.,  1884,  08  p.  Tliis  latter 
institution  has  puhlisheil  .'<pi  Uhnj  Booh  for  tlif  i'sr  of  Pii'iiir  .Vc/zoo/.v  of  \.  Mi  x., 
Albunpicniue,  1874,  l()mo,  47  p.;  I'Jli'mnifo.^  ifi-  Ari/nntiro,  Las  Vegas,  187*), 
Kimo,  14()  p.;  lli'miiiiz  ;/ (Jiiirrc,  Elrtiivii/iM  i/r  drniiiittirit  Vnitillnwi,  Las  V., 
1877,  Khno,  124  p.;  and  besides  these  educational  works,  the  following  of  a 
religious  and  general  character:  lialiiii.'i,  l.a  llrliifnin  Ih  iiio.^/nii/ii,  Alh.,  ]S~'.\, 
lliiiio,  llOp.;  Lou  /'rotirlori.f  ill'  la  Juiriitiii/,  .Mb.,  1,S74,  Kimo,  151  p.;  Ltiiiij, 
Coii-^lilurioiii:-^  EfU.iiiiiiticox  jmrii  In  J)iori\ti.i  i/r  Slo  Fi\  All).,  1874,  Svn,  H7  p.; 
Fruiiro,  BiiijniiiiiM,  J^'oreln  ('onti')iiyorii)ii'n,  Las  V.,  1877,  12iiic\  140  p.;  Itl., 
Li>.\  Coni-iwf.f  /'ojiultirr.i,  Xorilit,  Las  V.,  1878,  LJmo,  1(J7  p.;  /'/.,  /."  /'"• 
hrci'Hlii  dr  ('itnamnri,  Kowli  llMi'irirn,  Las  V.,  187!),  12mo,  2'.K{  p.;  CmtcliUi, 
JJiiilot/o.'i  II  CartiiH,  Las  V.,  188."?,  12mo,  ];■)()  p.;  Ainhe.  ',  El Jli rimmovn  So/'iiin, 
L'ls  v.,  1883,  12in(i,  128  p.;  Lim  JMuitnn,  n.  p.,  n.  d.,  Kimo,  Til  p.;  Colin-ion  ilr 
Ciiiiliro.1  E-ijiiriiiialc^,  Las  V.,  1884,  Kimo,  198  p.;  Rijioliln,  Cntiri.tiiio,  Las  \'., 
18!S4,  1()iiio,  87  p.;  and  Cln.i.iir  Emjli.'ih  Portri/,  Las  V.  (college  press),  1884, 
12iiio,  \'.i'.)  ]>.  All,  with  one  exception,  bear  the  mark  of  ' Lnpreiita  del  Kio 
Grande, '  from  which  press  is  also  issued  the  lievinta  CtUolica, 


m 


!1|  I 


i.   ! 

M 


!i 


iii 


INDUSTir/ivS  AND   INSTITUTIONS. 


of  ft  healtlif'ul  scMitinuMit  in  favor  of  schools;  and  cti- 
rour.'i'^iii'j,'  protj^ross  is  looked  lor  in  tlu'  future.  'I'liei-e 
is,  besides,  a  consiiU^rahlc  nunil)er  of  fairly  i)ros])ei'ous 
])ri\iiti!  institutions  in  the  laru^er  towns,  ineludiuL!^ 
si'Nt'i'al  eatholie  colleges  under  tlu^  direction  of  the 
Jesuits,  Christian  Brothers,  Sistei-s  of  Jjoretto,  and 
Sisters  of  (*harity,  supported  lai'ij^ely  hy  ]>ul>Iie  school 
funds;  and  a  few  others  under  othi>r  relin'ionsdenoinina- 
ti<»ns,  supportt'd  l>y  tuition  fees  and  [)i'ivate  eoutiihu- 
tions.  The  .lesuit  colleuft;  at  Las  Ve^as,  that  of  the 
(Miristian  Hretlu^rs  at  Santa  Fe,  and  the  academies  at 
Alhuitpiercpie  and  Las  Ve^as  may  he  named  as  the 
most  ]»romin(Mit  educational  institutions. 

Xe\vspa[)ers  in  I8f)0  were  two  in  nund)er,  with  a 
circulation  of  1,150;  in  IHOO  the  liu,ures  had  not 
chani^'ed ;  in  1.S70  then^  were  five  journals,  hut  the 
circulation  had  only  increased  to  I,;")!!;");  while  the 
census  of  ISSO  shows  IS,  with  a  circulation  of  C),;!;");"). 
In  ISS;")  the  luunhcr  was  ',)*),  of  which  eioht  were 
dailies,  two  semi-wi>eklv,  -7  wet^klv,  and  two  monthly. 
A  list  of  those  puhlislu'd  in  1SS2,  not  nuich  <'lian«jfed 
since  that  date,  is  appended.'"     Several  of  these  nevvs- 

'- r.  S.  ("<ii.fii.i  /i'i7)())7.i;  li'ilr/i'fi  lilui-Ihmk.  '.Mi  7;  Id.,  A-.fl,ni,  S'J;  f.,1.1  I'r./fM 
Mill.  W'orli/,  .1:111.  ISSI,  \<.  ItT,  of  1S>S'2;  riltiiiiiiW.f  Xniv],.  / )i,;r/iiry,  IS."); 
I''ii</i(  /■'■■<  \t  //•.■••j).  Aiiniri/,  Kt;  Jiroii-ii'.i  Ai/nrf.  Ai/iiir!!,  •_'  5. 

J<is|,  of  X.  Mc'x.  nt'Wsji.i|nT,s  ill  ISS'2:  Alli\ir(nu'r(|iU',  Jdiirmil,  daily  and 
wtcklv;  lit  rii  ir.  \v.  {\n\\>.  t rum  "70  .'is  l\(yuh.  litriiir);  /,'iris/ii,  w. ;  Mimriiiiif 
M(iiiiij'i'r/)iri  i\  w.  (aiidtliiT  MiiK  r  x\\s]t.  in  \S0).  |{cni,ilil!ii,  A'l '/•<,  w  .  {.\'ii/iir 
sus[>.  ill  .SO).  Raton,  \iir.i  tiiid  I'riss,  w.  (at  CiiiiaiToli  '7.S  .SO);  (litmil,  w. 
Mosill.i,  yar.t.  w.  L.i.s  Cnu'o.s,  A'/o  Urnudc  li'jiidil/rnii,  \v.  (also  Thiiiii four 
ill  '.SO).  l,ako  Valley  (//mild  in  'S4).  Silver  City,  Aiir  Soiif/nir.st,  w. ; 
Miiiiii'j  ('/n-diiirlc,  w. ;  'J'dtiiriiri,  H.-w.  {(frniit  Co.  /lirald,  in  '7>S  SC,  SniHiiii 
in  M),  iiOi'il.shiirf,'  (. I (/(•((/)('(' in 'iS4).  ( Jcoi-i^i'town,  .^//ci  ;• /^/vV/-,  w.  i)t'niiii^', 
J/aidi/.j/,/.  w.  (and  Tiihiim'  in  '84).  ^VIlitl•  O.ik.s.  (nililni  /■,'rn,  w.  Tliaoci- 
vilK',  Mara  Co.  /'ioiin'i;  w.  Sai  ta  K(\  A'cic  .Vc.r'u'un,  d.  and  w. ;  M.-idii;/  S'l  irn, 
w. ;  y III  IV  ^/l.l^it^o.  w. ;  C/iri.itidii  Adoivii/i',  inontldy;  /)i  morrn/,  w. ;  Militiiri/ 
Hirliii;  s.-iiionlldy  (iloi-kii  Mt.  Siiiliiiiim  'SO),     (ioldcii,  /litort,  w.     S.  rc.lro, 

. \v.      Las   \'i;j;.ia,  <!iizitti\   il.    and  w.;  (>}>/ir,  il.  and   w.;    /'nis/'i  ('nlnlira, 

w,;  i/i)iiii'i  ll'or/./,  a. -niontlily  (N.  Mix.  Adniii.ti  r  in  VS).  .S.  Jiorcii/o,  /tni 
Hiivr  Chroiih-ti .  \\.\  Cniiiirn,  w       Mineral    Hill,  .\Hii.  Ci/i/  Nnr.-t,  \\. 

Tlie  follow  i  notes  resjieeting  news(ia]ior  history  are  cliietly  from  Hitrli'x 
/ibii-Ziiiiik.  The  Taos  r;(ji».i'///ii,  ISIt"),  was  the  1st  p.iiier,  |iiililisliei|  foe  only 
4  weeks.  The  St.i  l<"e  /,'i  juililiitiii,  IS47,  was  the  1st  jLijier  in  Knulish.  The 
1st  .'S|,i  Fe  \iir  Mi'jiriiii  was  ])iil'.  in  KS47:  the  'Jd  was  started  in  ISllll.  The 
Mi'silla  A'l  »',s' was  jiuli.  in  IS()0-1;  the  later  Xiirx  from  IS7r{.  The  Sta  l'"o 
(,'iKitli  was  ]iiili.  hetween  1851  and  IStKt,  on  the  jiress  l)ronjj;lit  hy  (ieii.  Kearny 
in  liSKl.  'Ihe  Alliiir(iuer(|iie  N.  Mi.r.  /'rif-i  of  l.SCiH  was  eh.iiii;eil  to  the 
Jiciiulitioiii.     The  Elizabethtowu  Lan'i  rii  of  JSlJ'.l;  cliaagud  to  Haibmii  /'vim; 


;  and  vu- 
1'lu'ro 
i-()s|)(' rolls 
iiicliidiuuf 
n  <»t'  tlu; 
ctXo,  and 
lie  scliool 
Icnoniina- 
<'ontiil)U- 
lat  of  t\\v. 
demies  ut 
jd  as  tlie 

>r,  \vit]i  a 

liad    not 

,   hut  tlie 

while  the 

of  (),;>r)r). 

jo'lit  were 

monthly. 

1  chanLi^ed 

esi'  news- 

irirlorij,    IS,"); 

(/,  daily  ami 
Mini  r  mill 
w.  (Siiliiv 
(liiiiril,  w. 
'I'/iiiii/fiiiir 

uilhirist,  \v.; 
S(l,  Sint'niil 

w.     Di'Miiiif^. 

w.     'ri|ili.[i- 

MilllliJ  Si  irK, 
w.;  Mililitrij 
S.  I'cilro, 
ri.-it'i  ( 'iihilirii, 
L(ircii/ii,  HiU 
w. 

friiiii  Ulti'li'* 
lii'd  fur  iiiily 
lulisli.     Tlio 

ii'isc.:i.    'I'lio 

'I'lu'  Sta  l''e 
<li'ii.  Kfariiy 
iiitrcil  til  till! 
ulwaii  J'niitt; 


*  ,,  11 


^  NKWSr.M'F.RS   ANP  CHUTUMIKS.  777 

papers  are  ])uhlis]u!d  in  S[)anish,  and  several  others  in 
l^vn^lish  and  S|»anish,  In  «(uality  they  will  comparo 
iavorid)ly  with  similar  pul)li(;ations  in  other  territori<'B. 
A  Pj'ess  Association  was  ori;anize<.l  at  Las  Yemas 
in  isso. 

'V\\{'  reliyion  of  the  tcn'i'itory  is  natiii'ally  for  the 
most  p;)rt  Koma.i  (^atholie.  In  IS7()th;it  thMiomina- 
tioii  h;il  152  of  the  I  ;')S  ehiirehes,  with  ehureh  ])ro)it;rty 
valued  at  ,$;U  .'1,;)2 1.  The  census  of  IS.SO  contains  no 
oliurch  statistics.  In  IHH2  tlien^  were  72  pi'i(  sts, 
sci'vinij;'  a  catholic  population  of  1 2(1,000.  New 
]\Iexico,  with  v\ri/,ona  itnd  ("olorado,  forms  ;iii  arcli- 
l)isho|>ri('  undei  ,Iohn  H.  Lamy  since  lS(;r).  The 
J(>suits  an  act  incori)o rating  which  society  was 
annulled  hy  coiij^ress  in  IH7H  -are  activ<',  especially 
in  educational  mnttt>rs,  as  are  the  C^hristian  Hrothers 
and  Sisters  of  ( 'harity  aiid  Mercy.  'i'her<^  has  heeu 
some  clashinu;  hc'tween  the  old  native  ])iiests  and  the 
new-comers  introduced  hy  Lamy,  hut  under  the 
hisho|»'s  eiierL!;'t>ti<^  manajj^emeiit  thert;  has  heeii  a  nota- 
hle  im|)rovement  in  tht^  toiu^  of  ecclesiastical  alfairs, 
and  ail  almost  com[)lete  weedinjjf-out  of  the  old-time 
hixity  of  morals  that  was  remarked  hy  early  sisitors. 
]  lere,  as  els(>where,  tlu^  church  is  slow  to  ado|)t  sweep- 
in<j;'  I'clorms,  and  does  not  often  favor  educational  ad- 
vancement that  it  cannot  (Mitirelv  control ;  hut  a.  !>-ood 
Work  has  heeii  slowiy  accomplished,  and  tlu're  is  a 
tolerahly  stnuiLif  tendency  to  improvement,  many  of 
the  catholic  institutions  of  ('ducation  and  charity  heiiiL;' 

consdl.  in  IST")  with  \i  ir-:  uihI  I'ri'ti  at  ( 'iiiiarroli.  I.as  \r;;as,  A'.  Mi\r. 
Ailnrlisrr,  1S70  S,  l,sL]ia|«'r  in  S.  Miguel  co.  Cmiarrnri,  l'r<:<s,  IS7tt,  aiiMnrliml 
tlio  A'rH'.s'  ill  liS7r>.  La.s  \'ff,'a.s,  Mail,  INTO,  i'iiaii;<t'(l  to  Hit'.itlr.  Silvi^r  ( 'ity, 
Miiiiiiii  l.ijr,  IS7M;  siis|nMiili'<l  I'ST");  liitur  rt^vivi'il  as  llirnil.  I^a.s  < 'ruccH, 
Kra  ill  I  /tin  drniiilf,  ISTl,  ti'aiist'i'rrcd  to  (ilolic,  Ariz.  Las  \'c),'as,  Hrrista 
Cii/iilini,  started  in  I.S7.");  Hrri.ttii  h'riiiii/i  lii-n,  IS7<!  !).      Musilla,    I'tddi/  /iii/i])'ii- 


(/,„/,  1,S7'.»  11. 


1)  It.  Santa  I'V,  /lliis/.  Mniithlii,  Ian.  May  1.S7S.  l.a.Lruua.  I.n  .Snlnini, 
lS7iS.  'I'ao.-,,  h'^ipiji),  ]S~S;  trans,  to  HcrnaUlln,  .and  to  Alipnri|in'ii(nc'  l^'7'.'; 
c'li,in>;i'(l  to  Mirror;  incri^i'd  \u  Miinr:  .su.spiMidiid.  Sta  I'V-,  Iturtii  Ml  Si utiint, 
I.S7S  it.  1/1,-'  Cnii'i's,  Thirl ii-/oin;  1S7>S;  Newman's  Tliirlii-/i>iir,  IhHI. 
SilvirCity,  Sibvr  Itn'ord,  I.S7'.t;  suspended.  Otero,  Oylir,  |S7",I:  trans,  to 
Las  \C>,'as.  A'.  Mix.  Ilindil,  I.S7'.t;  trans,  to  Sta  I'l'i  in  IS,S(t  as  Hni  Suiil/iinsf,. 
cm:  I'll,  to  Ihiiiorrnl.  *  Aiw  CirrilliM  /'riiajxi-lnr,  at  ( 'arlionalevillc,  IH7!I. 
Alliun|Ueri|Ue,  Ai/rniirr,  ISStl;  trans  to  Socorro  as  Sun.  All).,  (inli/i'it  ilatHy 
1880;  ell.  to  h'liiiilAicaii,      Wliite   Oaks,  GoUlin  Era,  ISSO. 


l! 


77S 


INDUSTRIKS  AND   INSTI'IUTIDNS. 


well  inaiiiiL^t'il  and  cllrciivt'.  Tlu^  JMoniioiis,  r('s))rciiii»jj 
whose  |ti'(>,s('ly(iiii^  scliciiU'S  tlnTc  luis  bt'rn  soiiw!  cv;'!!*'- 
iiM'iii,  i's|)('ciiilly  ill  ISTT)  7,  us  sliown  by  the  ncws- 
|)a[)i  I's,  lia.\t'  u  I'cw  clnirclics  on  tlio  liastciii  hoi'dei', 
l)ut  I  liiul  no  (liMinito  inrormaiion  or  statistics,  (M' 
prot.cstanl.  (IciKuiiiiialiinis  l\\v  ('|)ist'o|)ali;iiis  sct-in  io 
liiiNi'  tlu>  K'a.(l,  with  six  clt'ij^ymtMi  uiuUt  (iroi;^(>  Kelly 
as  primate  in  ISSl!,  and  thi'eo  ehui'ches  as  eai'ly  as 
1S7().  The  pn>sl)yteria!is  and  nu'thodists  are  n-ported 
as  ha\  in<4'  a  <Io/en  or  more  <'ler!j^ymen  and  700  <'om- 
municaiits;  \vhiK>  i\\e  baptists,  (•onL;i'e«;ationalists,  and 
sonthein  mt>thodists  liavo  eaeli  two  oi- thre(^  <'leri;ymen. 
]>i'ot('stant  inlhien('i>  is,  howe\er,  weak,  and  is  eonlined 
tor  the  most,  pai-t  to  tlic  new  and  thrivinjjf  towns^ 
most  ol'whieli  have  one  or  more  ehureli  cdiliees. 


I 

\i': 


^r 


ri!sp('ctin«ij 
int)  ovi'ito- 

illC    lU'WH- 

11  l)onlci-, 
sties.  (M' 
i  sccin  i(» 
irL;e  Ki'lly 
s  ViU'\y  as 

0  i'('j)()rt»'«l 
700  com- 

ii lists,  and 
l»'i"i;'.yiii('U. 
IS  ('DnliiH'd 
iii^  towns, 

1  ices. 


CTTAPTKR  XXXI. 

(^OUNTIKS  AND  TOWNS  OK  NEW   MEXICO. 
1880. 

L'orNTY     MaI"— Coi.KAX"    AltKA     AND    AnnAI,H — STOrK-UAISINfJ       RaI'ON    AVI) 
.Sl'KINdKll—  DlCIATIONH    (IK     I'KO.VI  I N  DNT    (JlTIZKNS— MoKA       Kolil     UnION 

-  'J'aos  a  (Jaiikkn-si-ot  Old  I'ckiii.o -San  Kkknanim)  Ivio  Ak- 
hiiia-San   .Ii:an    Imhans     ('(iai.     'I'ikkua   Amakii.i.a     Onaik's   (.'ai'I- 

•I'M,         Ill'.lfNAI.II.I.O         A       FLOIUrSMINd      ('olTN'rV         TliaiKX  I'lKlil.OS      • 

Ai.iii'iiyiKityiK-SANTA  I'k  AN'i'iyi'ri'Y  AM»  Minks  Tiik  ('AriiAi.  - 
SiA'ii'.MKNi'.s  OK  Crn/KNS  San  MuirKi,-  l''AitMs  ami  ICancikis  Lah 
Vkiias — Tus'I'Imonv  <ik    Kksiuknts     \'ai.k,ncia    anii  Las    I,i'n\s     I.in- 

Tdl.N  AND  WlllTK  OaKH  SdCdItUd  MiNINd  AcilMIV  <il;ANr  SlI.VKK 
ClIY  AND  Dl-.MINd  l»dSA  Ana  MksII.I.A  VaI.I.DV— LaS  CltliCliH — 
SiKUKA— lIlLl.SlltlKdUilll    AND    l^AKK    V'aI.I.KY. 

lioi'N'DAKrKs  of  tlic  tliirtccn  c'(>UMti(\s  ofNc^w  iVIoxico 
are  sliown  on  the  a{)])('ii(ie<l  iiiaj).  J*yii>lit  of  tliciii  dato 
liack  to  Mi^xicaii  times;  one  was  added  soon  after  tlio 
territorial  or-gani/ation;'  and  four  liave  sineo  beou 
CJ'eated. 

Colfax  county  ocou|)ies  an  area  of  7,000  S((uaro 
mill's  in  the  north-eastern  cornc^r  of  tin;  t(!rritory,  its 
altitude  hein*^  from  5,500  to  8,000  feet,  with  some 
lofty  peaks.  It  was  created  l>y  act  of  ISfJl),  its  l)oun- 
dai'ies  heiniif  modified  in  187<)andin  I.SH2.  ^'Iie  county 
si>at  was  first  at  lOli/ahetlitown,  which  town  was  in- 
c«)r[iorated  in  1870,  but  was  moved  to  ("imarron  in 
1872,  and  finally  to  S[)rin,<,^er  in  1882.  In  I  870-8  tho 
county  was  attached  to  Taos  for  judicial  purposes. 
Ahout  half  the  area  'm-:  mosa  or  prairie  land,  atl'ording 

'  Fur  till!  ("(Unities  anil  lic)niiilari(!M  as  (ii'^aiiizi'il  liy  the  l('t,'isl;itiir('  df  IS.VJ, 
Bce  A'.  .)/<.)•.,  ('Diiijiilt'd  Lull's,  'J.'i2  et  mM|.  'I'ln' cniiiity  'iruas  as  j,'ivt;ii  liy  iiic  aro 
ciiiiiimtcd  fr  (iin  tlic  ma)).  Tlu;  aiitliorilii's  ilill'cr  mi  greatly,  ami  in  .sdiiic  eases 
are  sii  dearly  wning,  that  1  liave  hesitate'l  to  givo  thuir  liguies,  tliuuyh  uot 
vui'v  cuutiduut  that  iny  own  aro  alwaya  accuratu. 

(77'J) 


pr 


I!    I 


780 


I'OUNTIKS   AND    lOWNS  OK   NEW    MKXICO, 


exrollont  •jci'mzIiil;-,  and  supportin_i»'  iu  ISHO  ubout  21), 000 
cattle  and  Oa.OOO  sIhh'j»,  tlu>  mimluT.s  liaviiiL!,'  ^rcaily 
iiioroasod  since  that  date,  187,000  and  8(1,000   being 


•>.R    I   iOj     AlR    R    I    foA       Mh  '  V'aI""';''^ -\7r''"''M-.  ! 

fv-f''-^4:cf^ti-f"^''r''^^  ^ 


■/■li  V  x   ^  ^  ""I       ii? '>//'i"'-'!i'ii''i"-;s.Mi«urtx  !  hfi.ni,,;;,':'     ,    ii.n:,. 

/..,  !  \,V^^.,_       I    //p„„„  ■,,,„,,  s    A    ir\M    1    G'  U    E    L 

i  /     ^  ■W^'  Ij  LAo.iniip   V   j'/Us  LUNA9   , 

Mjin/iiiiiW 


«**> 


ia,i,.y„y   ^-v 

,]M^.  Ahtniill<> 


j.                 "X  V'l  .SiiinniT 
U    ""»']'"'.  1  .!.'.'■' I'.'... 


i>?,70     d^    O    ,11  vj  R    1)  !;wHm'6AKi.  J    ,|> 

%  '"   <  Cy^'-r?^  iiuMJ-      i  J  -;;^-^ -7-    — )  4 

I  1\ls,.  ,1,1  .N, 


:\V 


V    ^/*^^    U    A    H    U    A'J^r^y   '" 


1', 


tVX'NriKS   (IK  Ni'.w   .Mkxuo. 

the  fi>;i!rcs  in  18S;5.  Alonji^  the  watercourses  arc 
numerous  narrow  tracts,  successluilv  cultivated  hv  irri- 
jifation.  There  are  over  lialt'  a  niiUion  acres  t>t'  coal- 
tickle,  and  the  coal  is  somewhat  extensively  worked 
in  the  region  of  l-Jaton.  The  mountains  are  cox-ered 
with  i)ine,  all'ording  lund)cr  ot'fair  (juality  in  consider- 


ill 


\\ 


COLFAX  COUNTY. 


781 


)()ut  21), 000 
;,600   bfiii';- 


QUEL 


'ourses  arc 
ted  by  irri- 
■cs  1)1'  coal- 
'ly  worked 
tro  covered 
11  ctmsidcr- 


aMc  (|UJintiti«'H.  Of  t^old  IVoni  the  Mortiiio  jtlacera 
and  I  t(!  ( 'riMik  and  otiu'r  t|uart/i  iiiiiics  several  iiiillioiis 
of  dollars  have  heeii  ]>r()(lu('i'(l  siiico  IH(!H,  and  e()|)|)er 
is  also  (omid.  Over  lialf  the  county  is  included  in  the 
famous  Maxwell  raneho,  or  land  j^rant  of  Jieaiihieii  and 
jM  iranda,,a-nd  here  the  .Jicarilla  Ai)achesand  lJt(!  hands 
had  their  honuis  for  many  years,  as  related  in  an  r-arlicT 
ehaptei'.  'I'he  Atchison,  Tojteka,  and  Santa  1^'e  llail- 
road,  the  lii'st  to  entcir  tin;  territory,  crosses  (!ol fax  from 
north  to  south,  antl  on  its  line  an.  the  leadiniL»'  towns. 
The  population  in  1880  was  .'?,:}98,  and  is  now  perhaps 
0, ()()().  'I'he  total  assessed  value  of  j)ropei'ty  in  1883 
was  iji?."),  I:)7,n4(),  the  larj^est  item  l)ein<j;'  that  of  live- 
stock. Haton,  with  over  2,000  inhabitants,  is  the 
la?'jj,'est  town,  being  of  modern  or  railroad  origi'i.  Its 
])ron>inence  ai'ises  from  the  proximity  of  the  coal 
mines,  to  whic'h  a  branch  road  cixtends,  ajid  from  the 
location  of  the  railroad  shops  here.  The  town  lias 
good  water-woi'ks,  good  schools,  two  news|)apers  the 
(t'liard  and  i\V'//'.s  («.//(/ 7 Vr.s'.s'  — tin;  only  ones  publisiied 
in  tlie  county,  and  it  aspires  to  future  prominence  as 
a  manufacturing  centre.  Springer,  the  county  seat, 
had  but  .'M  iidiabitants  in  1880,  l)ut  is  now  a  thriving 
village,  with  a  line  court-house  and  a  cement  factory, 
being  als(»  the  shijtping  [)oint  for  a  large;  tiTi'ltory  east 
and  west.  ICIizabethtown  and  (Jimarron,  formerly 
lionored  as  county  seats,  had  resjiectively  \7b  and  21)0 
inhai)itants  in  1880.  The  former  is  a  mining  town  in 
the  Moreno  districts;  and  tlu;  lattiT,  formerly  known 
as  Maxwell's  raneho,  may  be  considered  the  oldest 
settlement  in  the  county.  Colfax  has  a  smaller  [)ro- 
pi  lit  ion  of  na,tive,  or  Mexican,  population  than  most 
parts  of  the  territory." 

''  Amoiifi  tlio  pulilioafcions  nf  roront  yoai's  uhidi  cdDtaiii  nioro  or  1(wh  do- 
scriptivc  iiiiittt'r  on  tlio  coiiiitit's  and  towns  arc  Ritch'H  Aztlmi,  his  llliisl.  A'. 
M(.r.,  .iiiil  tlio  various  otlur  editions  of  tl,'  sanu;  work;  tin;  county  luports  of 
tilt'  A'.  ,)/<'.;•.,  Jiiiriiiu  1)/  liiiiiihi.:  A'.  Mcx.,  linniin.^x  lUnclorji;  .Mckiiiiii-i/'.i 
Jimi/iis.t  Dinrlonj:  A'.  Mcr.,  Poiiiti'rs  on  tlic  S<:iif/i-ii'i:\f:  I'mnl,  MiXallii,  ,(•  Co., 
Or.rhniil  dii!,!,-'  h!  ,  iluhlv  to  <\>L:  X.  Mi'.r.,  /{ml  I-Uitli;  Sta  l''<;,  l.SS.S; 
Ai'irii'i  llmiil  Hook  Hid  TrowUera'  Cuiile  of  X.  Mr.i.,  J)i:iiv(!r,  ISSI,  Ilinio; 
Bcnjcr'^  TounsU'  Oukk  to  JV.  Mtx.,  Kansas  City,  1883.     Tliis  last  book  has 


782 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW   MEXICO. 


i 


!••   1 


Mora  county,  lying  south  of  Colfax,  with  an  area 
of  3,700  square  miles,  was  created  in  18G0,  being  cut  otF 
from  Taos,  and  including  Colfax  down  to  1 8G9.  There 
were  slight  changes  of  boundary  in  18G8,  187G,  and 
1882.  Tlio  county  seat  has  been  Mora,  or  Santa 
Gertrudis,  from  the  first.  The  population  was  9. 7 5 1 
in  1880,  and  may  be  nearly  12,000  now,  a  majority 
being  of  Spanish  origin.  The  average  elevation  is 
4-7,000  feet,  the  mountainous  parts  being  in  the 
western  fourth,  while  the  mesa  lands  occupy  throe 

a  brief  treatise  on  '  Pronunciation  of  Spanish  Names,'  which  lias  tlic  iinusiKil 
merit  of  lieiny  accurate.  All  tlie  common  errors  are  indicated  as  errors,  aii<l 
not  given,  as  is  too  common,  for  the  correct  pronunciation.  The  autiinr, 
however,  is  wrong  in  attributing  these  errors  to  N.  Mex.  esj)ecially,  or  to  the 
uneducated;  for  they  are  almost  universal  in  Spanisli  America,  and  very  com- 
mon in  many  provinces  of  Spain. 

Tlie  fi>llowing  stock  men  of  Colfax  county  have  given  for  my  use  inter- 
esting JJictittioiin  or  StdtonenU  in  MS.,  containing  biograpliic  items  and  iiifor- 
nia'.ion  respecting  tlie  county's  chief  industry,  tlie  .separate  MSS.  liciiig 
mentioned  under  the  authors'  names  in  my  list  of  authorities:  Tluinwis  0. 
Boggs,  of  Springer,  is  a  son  of  Oov.  L.  W.  Hoggs  of  Mo.,  a  man  well  known 
in  the  annals  of  Cal.  He  came  to  N.  Mex.  in  1844,  and  later  served  as  .siuut 
in  the  Ind.  wars.  He  furnished  also  the  i'aivon  I'liyicrt  for  my  use,  having 
been  the  executor  of  Kit  Carson's  estate.  J.  IJ.  Dawson,  of  V'crmejo,  is  a 
native  of  Ky,  and  first  came  with  a  herd  of  cattle  from  Tex.  in  IStJO.  For  a 
long  time  he  was  engaged  in  the  purchase  of  cattle  for  the  Colorado  market. 
He  has  5,000  acres  in  his  home  rancho,  and  is  a  partner  in  several  large  cattle 
companies.  H(!  lias  a  large  family  at  li'.s  home,  including  liiai  aged  father  and 
motlier.  Stephen  Dorsey,  a  native  ot  Vt,  rose  from  private  to  colonid  in  the 
war  of  ISOl-i"),  was  U.  S.  senator  from  Ark.  from  1873,  came  to  N.  Mex.  in 
1877,  and  heeame  the  owner  of  many  ranches.  He  has  U.  S.  jiati^its  for 
4-5,000  acres,  including  springs  and  streams,  which  give  him  control  of  im- 
mense grazing  ranges.  He  owns  about  50,000  head  of  Durham  and  Hereford 
cattle,  being  connected  in  the  past  with  several  companies,  but  gradually 
severing  this  connection,  with  the  idea  of  doing  business  for  himself  alone. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  stock-raisers  in  the  territory.  Josepli  W, 
Dwyer  is  the  owner,  with  J.  S.  Delano,  of  the  Una  de  ( Jato  rancho,  which 
grazes  1'2,000  cattle.  He  is  a  native  of  Ohio.  Mrs  S.  C.  Lacy,  a  native  of 
Ark.,  and  widow  of  I.  W.  Lacy,  who  died  in  1881,  leaving  5  children,  liaj  a 
rancho  at  Verniejo,  where  she  rai.ses  grain  and  vegetables,  having  also  a  range 
in  Colorailo,  with  12,000  cattle.  John  Love,  born  in  Ta,  came  in  1880  as  sec- 
retary of  S.  W.  Dor.sey,  a  position  which  he  still  held  in  1885.  He  is  also 
th(»  owner  of  1,000  cattle.  (}eoffrey  McCroham  i.s  foreman  of  the  Cimarron 
Cattle  Co.,  at  Blue  Water  Hole  Springs,  where  the  co.  has  20,000  cattle.  He 
has  also  a  farm  at  Wagon  Mound.  He  is  an  Englishman  who  came  here 
from  Texas.  Russell  Marcy  has  been  since  187o,  when  he  came  from  Cal.,  a 
cattle-raiser  on  I'alo  Blanco  Creek.  He  is  also  a  banker  at  Raton,  a  represent- 
ative business  niau  of  the  territory,  and  I'as  served  as  constable  and  county 
commissioner.  Taylor  F.  Mauhling,  a  native  of  Tenn.,  came  in  18(i(),  and 
has  a  large  rancho  on  the  Vermcjo.  .Tames  E.  Temple,  of  Cliico  Springs,  has 
a  home  ranch  of  2,000  acres.  He  is  an  Irishman  who,  after  many  wander- 
ings in  America,  came  to  N.  Mex.  in  1S(')7,  engaging  unprolitalily  in  mining 
at  the  Moreno  jdacers,  and  later,  with  much  success,  in  the  dairy  business 
down  to  1882.     Since  that  date  he  devotes  himself  to  raising  cattle. 


MORA  COUNTY. 


783 


an  area 

g  cut  otr 

Thor.> 
i7C),  ami 
r  Santa 
as  9.751 
majority 
atiou  is 
;  in  tlu' 
)y  three 

the  unnsu;il 
1  errors,  ;uiil 
L'liu  autlmr, 
ly,  (ir  to  tlui 
(I  very  cdiii- 

y  use  iiiti'r- 
s  I'liicl  iiif(ir- 
MSS.   heiiijr 
Tlidiiiiis  (). 
well  known 
vad  as  h(.'<iut 
use,  having 
eriiiejo,  is  a 
S()(>.     For  a 
iilo  market, 
large  cattle 
I  father  ami 
loiiel  in  the 
N.  Mex.  ill 
patents   for 
itrol  of  ini- 
1(1  Hereford 
t  grailually 
iiself  alone. 
Josepli  W. 
lelio,  -whieh 
a  native  of 
ren,  luio  a 
Iso  a  range 
SSO  as  sec- 
lie  is  also 
Cimarron 
•attlo.     He 
came  here 
rom  Cal.,  a 
represent- 
ind  county 
IH(i(),  ami 
prings,  has 
y  wander- 
ill  mining 
■y  business 


fourths  in  the  cast.  These  grazing  lands  rcsemhlo 
those  of  Colfax  in  a  general  way,  but  are  more  cut  up 
by  ravines  and  timbered  belts  affording  good  protec- 
tion from  the  winds.  Thirty-eiglit  thousand  cattle 
and  78,000  sheep  are  noted  by  the  assessor  in  188:3, 
but  these  figures  are  more  than  doul)led  by  other 
authorities.  The  census  of  1880  gives  57G  farms,  with 
an  average  extent  of  101  acres,  not  only  C(!reals  but 
small  fruits  and  sugar  beets  being  successfully  pro- 
duced. In  agricultural  products  for  1880  Mora,  with 
$301,190,  stood  second  in  the  list  of  counties.  The 
total  assessment  in  1883  was  $1,540,451.  Mineral 
resources,  known  to  be  considerable,  have  been  but 
very  slightly  developed,  because  the  deposits  are  all 
on  the  unsettled  Mora  grant  of  some  800,000  acres. 
The  railroad  crosses  the  county  from  north  to  south, 
tlio  principal  stations  being  Ocate,  Ewans,  Wagon 
Mound,  Tiptonvillc,  and  Watrous.  The  latter  has 
about  500  inhabitants,  a  newspaper — the  Pioneer, 
formerly  published  at  Tiptonville — and  is  the  point  of 
distribution  for  stock-men  in  most  parts  of  the  county. 
Mora,  tlie  county  seat  and  the  oldest  town — dat- 
ing" from  the  issue  of  the  land  errant  in  1835 — had 
a  population  of  915  in  1880,  probably  scattered  over  a 
considerable  area.  Fort  Union  is  one  of  the  best 
known  military  posts  of  the  territory,  having  been 
much  of  the  time  the  military  headquarters.  The 
reader  will  recall  the  unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  con- 
federates to  capture  this  fort  in  18Gl-2.^ 

Taos  county  covers  a  tract  of  about  1 ,400  square 
miles  in  the  upper  Rio  Grande  valley,  directly  west 
of  Colfax  and  Mora.  It  was  one  of  the  original  ^lexi- 
can  counties,  including,  as  bounded  by  the  act  of  1852, 

'The  population  of  other  towns  in  1880  was,  Coyote  (upper  and  lower)  ."i.")4, 
Ft  Union  1()4,  (huulalupit*  4'J8,  Sirhuela  (?)  IT'J,  Tiptonville  128,  Watrtms 
100.  A  woollen  null,  shut  down  and  for  sale,  is  reported  in  1S8H.  The  rais- 
ing of  horses  is  named  as  a  prominent  industry  of  the  future.  Wells  are  more 
needed  than  in  many  parts,  a  largo  part  of  the  grazing  lands  lieing  available 
only  in  the  wet  season.  Ft  Union  is  described  in  ii'^ortliiiii/toii'/t  ]Voinan  hi 
Brittle,  (iOl,  and  there  is  a  plan  iu  Wheeler's  LT.  S.  Oi'O'j.  Sun:,  ii.  491.  Wni 
Kronig's  Report  as  tn  Mora  Counti/,  Las  Vegas,  1881,  is  the  source  of  most 
that  appears  about  the  couuty  ia  other  works. 


1  ,:i:i    .:II* 


m'l 


784 


COUXTrKS  AND  TOWNS  OF  XKW   MEXICO. 


' 


I    i 


all  of  the  ])rescnt  counties  of  C'oll'ax  and  ^lora,  a  wide 
strip  of  liio  Arriba  extending  westward  to  the  Ari- 
zona line,  and  all  that  part  of  the  territory  since  an- 
nexed to  Colorado.  Thus,  from  being  one  of  the 
largest  it  has  become  one  of  the  smallest  counties.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  puebhj  of  Taos,  one  of  the 
grandc^st  found  by  Coronado's  expedition  of  1540,  and 
still  standing  as  the  chief  attraction  of  the  region  for 
visitors  of  to-day.  Another  of  the  ancient  pueblos, 
that  of  the  Picuries,  still  stands  as  in  the  i)ast  centu- 
ries. The  chief  town  is  also  Taos — known  as  Fer- 
nandez do  Taos  or  Don  Fernandez  dc  Taos,  a  corruption, 
I  suppose,  of  San  Fernando  de  Taos — situated  several 
miles  from  the  old  pueblo,  having  a  population  of 
about  2,000,  and  having  always  been  the  county  seat. 
The  average  altitude  of  the  county  is  0,000  feet,  and 
it  is  one  of  the  best  watered  and  timbered  regions  of 
the  territory,  having  always  been  famous  for  its  agri- 
cultural excellence.  That  very  nmch  greater  progress 
has  not  been  made  in  this  direction  is  due  chieiiy  to 
the  fact  that  four  fifths  of  the  12,000  inhabitants  are 
of  Mexican  origin,  and  cling  to  their  primitive  methods 
of  cultivation;  yet  Taos  produced  $386, 283  in  agricul- 
tural products  in  1880,  standing  first  in  the  list  of  coun- 
ties. The  assessment  was  $583,810  in  1883,  when  there 
were  about  2,000  cattle  and  83,000  sheep.  There  were 
in  1880,  888  farms,  averaging  73  acres  in  size.  The 
Taos  mines  have  been  more  fully  developed  than  others 
in  the  north,  with  good  results  from  both  quartz  and 
placers,  as  elsewhere  noted.  The  Denver  and  Kio 
Grande  narrow-gauge  railroad  extends  through  the 
county,  or  along  the  western  border,  from  north  to 
south,  afl'ording  easy  access  to  what  has  been  a  conqiara- 
tively  isolated  region;  and  the  result  in  respects  of  im- 
migration from  Colorado  has  already  been  felt.  Taos 
seems  destined  to  bo  in  the  future  as  in  the  past  one  of 
the  garden-spots  of  the  territory.  There  are  no  towns 
of  nuich  importance,  outside  of  the  county  seat,  not 
mentioned  in  the  census  of  1880;  but  among  the  small 


RIO  ARRIRA  COUXTY. 


785 


a  wide 
10  Ari- 
ice  aii- 
of  the 
OS.       It 
of  tlio 
iO,  aiul 
jlon  for 
>uol)los, 
,  centu- 
is  For- 
■uptiou, 
sovorul 
tion   of 
ty  soat. 
3ot,  and 
j^ions  of 
its  agri- 
)ro!j;ross 
lieiiy  to 
lilts  arc 
iiotliods 
aorioul- 
)f  couu- 
utlioro 
ro  woro 
Tho 
|i  otlicrs 
tz  and 
id.  llio 
li    tho 
rtli  to 
[inpara- 
of  iin- 
Taos 
ono  of 
towns 
|it,  not 
small 


hamlots  may  be  mentioned  Ranclios  do  Taos,  with  a 
fine  flouring  mill,  Arroyo  Soco,  Arroyo  Hondo,  San 
Antonio  Corro,  Castilla,  Ojo  Caliente,  Red  liivor 
Town,  and  Calabria.* 

Rio  Arril)a,  or  *  Up  the  River,'  county  occupies  an 
area  of  about  12,500  square  miles  in  tho  north-wostorn 
corner  of  the  territory,  lying  west  of  Taos.  It  was 
one  of  tlie  old  Mexican  counties,  but  originally  and  as 
organized  in  1852  it  did  not  include  tho  northern  strip 
along  tlie  San  Juan.  This  strip  was  in  18G1  cut  off 
from  Taos  and  organized  as  the  county  of  San  Juan, 
with  the  soat  at  Baker  City  ;  but  the  act  was  repealed 
in  18G2 ;  and  in  1 880  the  tract  was  added  to  Rio  Arriba. 
(In  1887,  as  this  goes  into  type,  San  Juan  has  been 
again  created.)  The  county  seat  was  in  1852  fixed  at 
San  Pedro  Chamita;  but  moved  to  Los  Luceros  in 
1855,  to  Alcalde  in  18G0,  and  finally,  in  1880,  to  Las 
Nutrias,  which  was  renamed  Tierra  Amarilla.  The 
average  fJtitude  is  nearly  7,000  feet.  In  the  south- 
eastern parts,  near  the  Rio  Grande,  this  county  re- 
sembles l^ios,  and  has  all  the  acfricultural  advantaires 
of  its  noiglibor  in  respect  of  soil,  water,  and  produc- 
tions. Another  fine  agricultural  tract,  which  in  re- 
cent years  is  rapidly  being  filled  up  with  settlers,  is 
that  iu  the  valleys  of  the  San  Juan  and  Las  Animas, 
in  the  nortli-wost.  In  1880  the  county  had  915  farms 
— heading  tho  list — averaging  67  acres  in  size,  and 
yielding  ,$17G,G41  of  farm  products.  In  1883,  accord- 
ing to  tho  assessor's   report,  its   80,054    acres  were 

*  77(60.  C.  Ciimp's  Report  on  Taos  Co.,  Sta  Fe,  1881,  contains  nearly  all  that 
appears  iu  modern  publications  on  the  subject.  See  also  an  article  in  tho 
Laa  Vegas  L'l  rhfn  CnMUca,  1881,  p.  5S4  et  scq.  The  county  lias  no  news- 
paper. The  rt'aih;r  will  lintl  Taos  often  uicutioueil  in  the  country's  early 
annals.  At  Taos  was,  for  many  years,  the  hmno  of  Kit  Carson,  auil  liure  lie 
his  remains.  His  career  has  been  given  iu  luy  Hktnry  of  Cali/ornii.  No 
man  was  bettor  known  or  more  respecte.l  iu  N.  Mux.  than  this  famous  scout 
anil  IniUan-lii;htcr,  who  became  brevct-coloacl  of  U.  S.  volunteers,  and  serve  I 
abo  as  Indian  agent.  He  died  in  13G8  at  Ft  Lyon,  and  his  wife,  Jo.sufa  .Jara- 
niillo,  tho  same  year.  Ho  left  7  chiLlrcn  living,  and  a  consideralilo  amount  of 
property,  as  shown  by  his  will  and  other  docuincnts  among  the  Cnrnon  Papers, 
MS.  Santiago  Val.ltSs,  born  and  educated  at  Taos,  gave  me  iu  l.S,s4  a  brief 
statement  on  Pnhlir.  Affairs  in  Xem  Mexico,  MS.  Ho  has  been  county  clerk, 
many  times  member  of  tho  legislature,  and  probate  judge.  He  names  tho 
famous  Padre  Martinez  as  his  father  as  well  as  teacher. 
Hist.  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.    50 


786 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


valued   at   $87,282;    there  were    13,791    cattle   .mkI 
171,107  sheep,  not  including  the  extensive  Hocks  of 
tlie  Xavajos;  and  t'lo  total  assessment  ^vas  )S>788,180. 
Natural  advanta<;es  for  farniinjnf  and  stock-raising;  are 
excellent,   but  only  V;0  a  comparatively  slight  extent 
utilized ;  while   the   mineral  resources,  known   to  bo 
large,  have  been  still  less  developed,  though  in  late 
ye>ars  mines  are  successfully  wc^rked  in  several  districts. 
In  tlie  extreme  west  the  Navajos  have  their  immense 
but  somewhat  barren  reservation,  as  recorded  in  other 
chapters;  while  in  the  eastern  regions,  about  Abicjuii'i 
and  Tierra  Amarilla,  the  Jicarillas  and  Utes  formerly 
roved    and    had   their   ai^encies.     The   narrow-gauijo 
railroad  from  Colorado  has  its  terminus  at  Espauola ; 
wliilc  anotlier  branch  extends  through  the  northern 
b(H'd(rs  to  and  bevond  Amartjo,  where  coal  mines  are 
worlccd.     Tierra  Amarilla,  the  county  seat,  is  but  a 
small  village,  and  the  county  has  as  yet  no  towns  of 
any  special   importaice,  or  of  more  than  a  few  hun- 
dred inhabitants,  except  Santa  Cruz,  which  is  said  to 
have   had   1,000   in    1883.     The  total  population    in 
1880  was  11,023,  but  the  number  lias  since  been  con- 
siderably increased  by  unmigration.     It  will  be  re- 
membered by  the  reader  that  Rio  Arriba  has  played 
a  prominent  part  in  the  country's  early  annals.      Hero 
are  seen  tlie  wonderful  clift"  dwellings,  built  by  the 
Pueblo  tribes  long  before  the  Spaniards  visited  the 
province.     Here  are   the  aboriginal  pueblos  of  San 
Juan,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Santa  Clara.     Here  Ofiate  in 
1599  fixed  his  capital,  at  San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Hio  Grande  and  Cliama;  and 
here  he  proposed  to  build  the  great  city  of  his  prov- 
ince, though  circumstances  required  a  change  t)f  plan, 
and  the  town  was  built  at  Santa  Fe,     Under  Spanish 
rule  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada  was  a  more  or  less 
prosperous  villa,  ranking  among  the  first,  with  Santa 
¥6  and  Alburquerque,  in  population.'' 

*Tho  pop.  of  Rio  Arril)a  towns  is  given  ia  tho  census  of  1880  as  follows: 
Cauoiieito  147,  Cliiuiallo  175,  h'A  Cerro  '22S,  Embudo  249,  La  Joy  a  347,  Laa 


" 


tlo   J  -ncl 
,ocks  of 
'88,180. 
;in;^  arc 
,  extent 
[1  to  be 
in  late 
listriots. 
mineiise 
ill  other 
Abu^uii'i 
formerly 
w-<^augo 
spauola ; 
nortl\ern 
nines  are 
is  but  a 
towns  of 
few  hun- 
ts said  to 
ation    in 
)een  con- 
11  \)c  re- 
ls  played 
Here 
by  the 
ited  the 
of  San 
)nate  in 
jalloros, 
na;  and 
is  ])rov- 
of  plan, 
Spanish 
or  less 
.  Santa 


as  follows: 
ya  347,  Laa 


BEIINATJLLO  COUNTY. 


787 


Bernalillo  county  lies  soutli  of  Rio  Arriba,  havinu" 
an  area  of  some  OjOOO  square  miles,  a  width  of  ovi'r  70 
miles  in  the  ^reat  valley,  extending-  westward  to  tlie 
Arizona  line,  aiul  eastward  in  an  absurd  little  sti'ip, 
far  enouji^h  to  make  an  entire  length  of  about  250 
miles.  This  was  one  of  the  ori<j;inal  counties  of  1852 
and  earlier,  but  its  boundaries  were  chaiii-ed  in  1870. 
The  county  seat  in  1854  was  ehanged  from  the 
raiichos  to  the  town  of  Alburquenjue,  where  it  has 
since  remained,  though  in  1878  an  election  for  a 
change  was  authorl/A-d.  The  north-eastern  i)ortion 
was  formerly  Santa  Ana,  with  seat  at  Santa  Ana  and 
later  l*eha  ]3lanca;  but  this  little  county  —also  one  of 
the  (^ritrinal  ones — was  merited  in  Bernalillo  by  act 
of  1870.  In  wealth  and  population  this  has  always 
been  one  of  tlie  leadhig  sections  of  the  territory.  The 
rich  alluvial  lands  of  tlic  Rio  (xrande  bottom,  having 
for  80  miles  an  average  width  of  five  mi'is,  furnish 
unsur{)assed  advantages  for  agricultural  operations; 
and  tlie  region  is  especially  noted  for  its  grapes  and 
small  fruits.  In  1880  there  were  only  112  farms, 
with  o,821  acres  of  im}>roved  land,  })roducing  $!M,7.)0. 
In  188.3  the  acreage  is  given  as  11(;,0.')7,  valued  at 
$1,1(50,370.  Thus  tlu;  i'arming  lands  have  not  yet 
been  very  fully  utilized.  J^acU  from  tlu;  liver  are 
the  mesa  tracts,  from  ten  to  twenty  miles  in  width, 
on  which,  in  1883,  grazed  475,000  sheep  and  41.700 
cattle,  this  county  Jieading  the  list  in  the  item  of 
sheep.  Mines  are  successfully  worked,  es[)ecially  in 
the  Sandia  Mountains,  at  the  New  Placers  on  the 
Santa  Fe  borders,  and  in  the  Nacimicnto  or  Jenies 
district.  The  total  assessed  value  of  property  in  1883 
was  ,$4,328,005.      Tlu^  population  in  1880  was  17,225, 

Truchas  220,  Los  Sirceros  (Liicoroa?)  ITm,  Alcalilo  IfiS,  Puonto  19'),  Sta  Cruz 
1%.  Figures  of  1SS:{  aro:  A/ti'c  2tM).  Ksiianola  I.jO,  Sta  Cruz  (1,(MH»),  (.'lidiria 
.*?IM),  Chaiiiita  (")(X)),  El  Kito  (1,(KI0),  Kuihudo  (1,500),  Tortor  City  (Bloomlielil) 
800,  Tiorra  Ainarilla  (1,200);  Imt  in  caso  of  tlio  larger  tigiires,  ineludiiig  Sta 
Cruz,  I  suppose  the  pop.  is  that  of  the  towiisliip,  and  ineludes  tlie  .scattered 
farmers.  Samuel  Kldodt's  Report  ex  to  lilo  Arriha  (^oini/i/,  Sta  Fe,  ISHl.  is  the 
fountlation  whieh  other  writers  have  for  the  most  part  followed.  Seo  also 
Laa  Vegas  licviula  Caidlica,  1881,  p.  488  ct  secj. 


11 


i  Sf 


:.ss 


•  'Ol'NTFKS   A\l»  TOWNS  iW   SV.W   MKXItU 


Itiit  liiis  r«tiisi(k'i'ul>ly  iiiiTi-asi'd  in  hiUv  ycai's.  ir<'J'<?, 
ill  thiit  |)Mit  of  tlic  »;rt>at  vjillcy  adjoiiiiiii^  th<>  town  of 
Hcnialillo,  was  (^)l•oIla(lo's  Tiu^ui'X.  wlicrc  lio  spiMit 
tlio  winter  of  1.110  "J.  Of  tlio  .iiiciciit  piicMos,  tlio 
couiily  coiilaiiis  Jciiics,  Cia,  Santa  Ana,  Cocliiti, 
Santo  I)oniiiiu;o,  and  Isicia;  and  the  nuist  of  tlio 
towns  of  (lie  ijfri'nt  valley  aie  settlements  witli  wliieli 
the  I'eadef  is  familiar  from  S|ianisli  times,  veiT  slii^iit. 
improN'enient  l>ein<^  noted  in  modorn  times,  not.wilh- 
standiiit;"  their eX('e}»tional  advantages.  All>ui'»pier(|iie, 
tlu>  ('(»nnty  seat,  is,  however,  a.  nota,l»le  exeeption.  lb 
Mas  foinuled  in  17(H;,  nametl  for  the  viceroy  of  Mex- 
ico, and  was  in  S[>anish  times  a  ilonrishiiiL:;  town,  often 
mentioiu'd  in  the  eai'lioi*  ehapteis  of  this  volume, 
Xew  M*'xieans  usually  wi'ite  the  name  Alhucjuei'ijue, 
ineori-ectly,  elaimin;^  the  duke  as  governor,  and  heiuLif 
ijri'atlv  at  sea  respi^ctiniX  the  earlv  annals  of  the  \  ilia. 
The  modei'ii  city  is  of  very  recent  jj^rowth,  thouij^h  ad- 
joininu^  tht>  old  one,  datinijf  from  I.SSO,  when  the  lii-st 
loeomoti\-e  ari'ived  ovei'  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe  Hailroad.  Its  orowth  has  heen  remarkahle, 
the  jiopulation  in  ISSO  heino^  2,'Miy,  in  1S83  JiUoufc 
l),r)00,  and  now  claimed  to  he  10,000,  makinj^  this  the 
metropolis  of  the  territory.  It  is  at  the  junction  of 
the  two  main  lin(>s  of  r.-iilroad,  is  looking;  for  the  ar- 
rival of  tliviM's  othei'  liius,  and  hases  its  faith  in  future 
greatness  on  its  position  as  a  railroad  eontre,  as  well 
as  on  the  surroundinLT  eountrv's  resources.  The  new 
town  has  many  solid  hrick  blocks,  vrood  hotels,  tiiio 
residences,  scvei'al  manuf'ieturlnj^  estahlishments,  he- 
sides  the  raih'oad  sho})s;  aiu!  it  takes  especial  pride  in 
its  schools,  includiiiL;'  the  AlhunjJierquo  Academy  ami 
the  Indian  school,  and  al)ove  all  itJ  its  clearly  mani- 
festetl  sj)irit  of  j)ronress.  The  second  town  is  Berna- 
lillo, with  some  1,800  inhabitants;  and  the  third 
Golden,  with  about  1,000.** 

*'llie  i)(H>.  of  to'.vii.s  liy  tlieci'iisuN  (if  1880  was:  Alameda  570  (UnO),  Alhur- 
queniiif  •_'.:iir)  (H»,(KM»),  Algodoiios  HTG  (oOO),  Barelas  HM  (400),  Boriialillo 
I.'JT;!  (I.MtK)),  Caftoii  ik-  .lomcs  IIH),  (\isa  do  Salazar  UOO  (400),  Corralos  (i()4 
(GOO),  El  Kaiicho  400  (300),  Guadalupo  101,  La  Vcutura  I'J*-'  (400),  Los  Oriugoa 


san;,\  if.  coitnty. 


780 


kal>l»% 
jilxnit 
his  ilio 
oil  of 
w  ;ir- 
uturo 
wrll 
^  new 
s,  fiiio 
s,  l»o- 
i(K'  ill 
y  ami 
iiuini- 
criia- 
third 


All)ur- 
iTnalillo 
ilos  (U)4 
CI  riogos 


Siiiita  I'Y'  «'ounty,  lyim^fasl  and  iiortli  of  iJcnialillo, 
lias  ill!  area  of'  l,"J;')()  soiiare  inilfs.  It  is  one  of  tli(^ 
old  couiitit's,  with  scat  of  oowrmiioiit  always  at  tho 
<'ity  of  Santa  l^'o,  tliouoh  the;  h(»mi<hiri('S  wnc  sli<j,htly 
C'liaiiLjfd  hy  acts  of  IHCJ,  l.sdl)  70,  ami  ISS-J.  It  is 
tlu!  smallest  sulMJivisioii  of  t\\r  tcrritoi-y,  of  hrokcri  .-iiid 
inountaiiious  sui'fact.',  with  a  limited  area.  «'|'  fnrmiiii,' 
lands  ami  still  iiioti!  limited  sii|ij)ly  of  water;  yet,  likt; 
iiio-t  other  parts  of  Xew  Mexico,  Messed  v.lth  a  iMo>t 
])ro(luctivc  soil,  with  j^i'cat  agricultural  [lossihilities  in 
])ro|)ortion  to  its  extent,  lii  IHMO  there  were  .'>l;{ 
i'arms,  of  12  axrres  avorasj;*!  si/(%  fai'in  products  heim^ 
ostimated  at  .*?;")!>,  107.  In  ISSM  its  0^,425  acres  were 
valued  hy  tlu;  asses.sor  at  .ii?;!Sl),2(ir) ;  thei'c!  wen^  :>,  H  f) 
cattle  and  22,2a()  she«!|>;  and  the  total  assessiiuMit  of 
property  was  ^2, !)!);!, 04!).  The  population  was  10, SO/ 
in  1S80,  and  has  since  heeii  largely  increased.  Miii- 
iiiijf  has  Keen  niorc^  activelv  i)rosecute(l  here  than  in 
any  other  northern  county,  hoth  in  early  and  later 
tinic.>^,  the  Old  and  New  IMacers,  Jjos  Cerrillos,  and 
the  tunpioise  mim>s  heinii^  famous,  as  (>lsew]iei(;  re- 
corded. Manufacturing;'  iialustry  here,  as  eveiywhefe, 
is  yet  doi'iiiant;  but  the  invaluahle  heds  of  anthiacito 
coal,  with  other  natural  advantages,  {)romise  to  make 
Saiitii  Fd  a  manufacturinj;*  ceiiti'e  of  the  future.  The 
Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad  crosses  the 
county  from  east  to  wc'st,  sendiiiij^  out  a  branch  from 
I^amy  station  northward  to  the  capital.  The  old 
Indian  pueblos  are  Numbe,  Tt'sucpie,   Pujuaepie,  and 

r^OO  (400),  Los  llaiu'hos  400,  Miidcra  '2m,  Naeimieiito  :<.'>0  (400),  P.ulill.is  :;,-,(», 
r.iJMrito  400  (."HKl),  IViia  |{|uiic;i  ."i04  ((UMI),  IM.icitas  '2K\  (L'OO),  It.inclios  .Ic 
Atii.sco  740  (7(M)),  S.  Fraucisii)  KiO,  .S.  Jgiiacio  l.")'2;  and  tlicn^  an;  ii.iiiicil  in 
ISS.'t,  (loldcii  1,0(K),  ('liililir.OO,  aiiil  S.  .\iitoiii..  (KK).  IViii.C.  /A'-./.-////'  -  A',;,,,//: 
<;/■  Xt'ir  Mi'.iiro,  N.  All>ur((iUTi|ii(',  ISSl,  cDiitaiiis  full  iiifdrmatiori,  niillini'd 
I'niiii  li'adiiij'  citizeiLs  and  wrilui's.  Sue  also  Jiiiii'ilillo  Ai'ir.s,  Ud.  7,  ISM. 
Sue  j^'ciioral  (Ifscrij).  of  AlliHr(Hii'r(|ue  in  the  .1/''.  KnuliKj  DeiiiitiTut,  Dec  ;t,  'S4; 
AVi.  Miiniiiiij  Jim r.,  ^n\y  4,  "8-1.  Other  jiajnTs  of  the  eoiinty  are  the  Alh. 
Jt'iriiir,  ItirisUt,  Miiiir,  Bernalillo  A'<(ra,  ami  Wall.iee  Wntcliiinui.  Wallace 
is  a  J\.  it.  station  with  possihilities  of  future  ini[iortanoe.  The  Ojo  Caliente, 
aliove  Jenies,  is  a  resort  of  growini;  attraetiveiiess  for  hii.ilth  anil  jilca.sure 
seekers.  1'he  AUniri/iiciyiK'  BiixiiirA'^'  Diniiori/  of  1S.S;{  should  he  notieed  as 
eontaininj,'  an  excellent  iiroseiituient  of  the  eity  in  its  modern  phases,  and  iw 
iuaceurato  u  sketch  of  early  history  as  oau  be  imagined. 


:i'Hi 


'!fi!     ■ 


n: 

:i,, 


m^. 


790 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXIOO. 


San  Ildefonso.  The  towns  outside  of  the  capital  are 
small  hut  flourishinof  villafjes  in  the  niininir  districts, 
including  Los  Cerrillos,  Bonanza,  Carbonateville,  and 
San  Pedro. 

The  city  of  Santa  Fe- — or  San  Francisco  de  Asis 
de  la  Santa  Fe — the  countv  seat  and  territorial  cap- 
ital,  has  been  from  the  first  the  centre  of  the  historical 
ha[)[)enings  recorded  in  this  volume;  and  no  retrospect 
is  needed  here.  The  town  was  founded  shortly — 
perhaps  several  years— before  lGl7.  Its  oft-repeated 
claim  to  gieater  antiquity,  or  to  be  considered  the 
oldest  town  in  the  United  States,  can  rest  only  on  the 
possibility  that  it  was  founded  on  tne  site  f)t  a  small 
aboriginal  pueblo,  and  is  not  a  legitimate  claim.  The 
city  is  old  enough  and  interesting  enough  without 
such  exaggeration.  In  Spanish,  ^Mexican,  and  Amer- 
ican times  it  has  been  the  capital,  metropolis,  and 
commercial  centre  of  the  territorv:  thouijfh  in  tiio 
past  few  years  it  has,  as  is  claimed,  been  surpassed  in 
])0})ulation  by  Alburquer(][ue,  its  chief  rival  in  the  past. 
It  had  G,();)5  inhal)itants  in  1880,  and  the  population 
is  now  about  8,000.  During  tin.;  past  decade  its 
quaint  old,  Mexican,  one-story  adobes  have  given 
way  to  a  considerable  extent  to  biick  blocks  and  resi- 
dences of  modern  style.  It  has  gas  and  water  works, 
good  hotels,  and  fine  churches  and  schools.  The  town 
is  the  arclibishop's  residence,  and  the  catholics  have 
three  cliurches  besides  the  cathedral,  with  the  San 
Miguel  colk'go  of  the  Christian  Brothers,  the  convent 
and  academy  of  Xuestra  Sehora  de  Luz.  Other  edu- 
cational institutions  under  protestant  auspices  are  the 
Santa  Fe  academy  and  the  university  of  New  j\Iex- 
ico.  At  Fort  ]\[arcy,  in  the  city  are  the  military 
hcadquarte/'s.  Among  relics  of  anti(|uity  tlu;  old 
adi)\)v  jnilaclo  holds  the  first  rank,  while  the  old  foun- 
dations of  the  more  modern  capitol  and  penitentiary 
are  also  interesting  ruins.  The  town  has  .lu  alt'-'ude 
of  7,044  feet,  and  is  noted  as  a  sanitarium.  With  this 
advantage,  its  fascinating  reminiscences  of  past  centu- 


CITY  OF  SANTA  FE. 


791 


lo    its 


given 


i 


rics,  its  central  jiosition,  its  modern  spirit  of  thrift, 
its  extensive  mercantile  establishments,  and  its  half- 
dozen  newspapers,  Santa  ¥6  looks  funvard  to  a 
future  of  pi'osperity,  and  has  n^t  tlie  slightest  idea  of 
ceding  its  sujireniacy,  political,  commercial,  or  in  any 
res[)ect,  to  cither  Alhurquerque  or  Las  Vegas,  its 
most  ambitious  rivals/ 

'Tlic  census  of  1880  names  besides  P.tii  Fe  only  fialisteo,  witli  r>0()  iuliab. 
In  KS8;{  Jjos  CiTrillos  is  aaiil  to  have  a  ;  >;i.  of  1,800,  anil  'iolden  of  '.Wd. 
Tilt!  iSta  Vti  iKJWspapers  are  the  Nf.ir  Mem-  it  ,  Miiiiwj  Xnvf,  Xuem  Mtjintno, 
('hri4iiiii,  Ai/riiTdie,  Dfiiinrrnt,  and  M'''Uar<j  Renew:  while  at  (ioiden  i.s  pub- 
lislietj  the  Retoit,  and  S.  Pedro  ha.,  -i,  weekly,  tlie  name  of  which  is  not  given. 
Kiteh's  Azlini  gives  the  best  sketch  of  Sta  Fe;  but  there  is  liardl_  ,.  "'"rk 
cited  b^  me  in  these  chapters  that  does  not  devote  much  space  to  the  'escrip- 
tioii  of  this  old  city. 

M.ijor  .lolin  Ayers,  often  named  in  other  chapters  as  Indian  agen*„,  is  a 
New  Y  iiker,  who  after  10  years  of  sailor  life  wi^nt  to  Cal.  in  1840.  In  181)1 
he  enli.-;ted  in  the  Cal.  \oluiiteers,  and  ca'iie  to  N.  Mex.  with  (i(  ii.  C'aikton, 
being  ])roiiiotcd  in  the  service  to  lient.  and  quartermaster.  He  dates  tin;  real 
improvement  of  the  native  population  from  the  coming  of  the  stildiers;  ami 
in  his  Solilicr'.t  Experience  In  -X.  Me.r.,  M.S.,  1884,  he  gives  many  valuable 
items  on  military  ajid  ln<l.  affairs,  land  grants,  and  events  generally.  The 
decoration  of  Sta  Fe  with  trees  lii'gan  in  18Gli  at  his  instigation  and  under 
his  direction.  Hon.  Klias  Brevoort  is  a  native  of  Mich.,  who  came  in  bS")!), 
after  a  bmg  experience  as  trader  among  the  Indians;  ami  he  has  since  tivuclled 
extensively  in  thi.j  and  other  territories  and  in  Mexico.  He  takes  pride  in 
having  ridden  l{Ol)  miles  from  Dona  Ana  to  Sta  Fe  in  three  days  on  one  horse. 
A  printed  work  from  his  pen  is  noted  elsewhere;  he  has  given  me  much  aid 
in  obtaining  original  material;  and  his  Std  Fd  Trail,  MS.,  i.s  an  interesting 
iiairative  oi  his  experience  and  observations.  Judge  Francis  Downs,  a  ])romi- 
iicnt  lawyer  of  Sfa  Fe  since  1880,  is  a  Canadian  by  l)irtli,  w'lo  scj-ved  lour 
years  in  the  union  army  during  the  Mar  (jf  bSdl-"),  subsequently  jirai'tising 
law  ill  Arkansas,  being  twice  elected  to  tlx,  bench,  and  also  a  meinlicr  of  the 
constitutional  coiivcntion  of  1874.  Ive  takes  a  deep  interest  in  tlie  early 
annals  c.f  Ne"'  >'i.;:.-.<'o;  gave  me  a  orief  Die/ation  in  188.");  and  has  otherwise 
been  of  great  servii^c  to  me  in  obtaining  items  of  information  on  vaiious  sub- 
jects. Svmucl  hllison,  territorial  lilirarian,  is  another  who  has  given  me 
inqiorta  '  aid  in  my  researches,  and  has  been  named  often  in  this  v  lume. 
He  is  a  Ki.ntnckian,  who  went  to  Texas  as  a  lieut.  in  18H7,  served  in  th.  Mex. 
war  as  (|uartermastcr,  and  came  to  this  territory  from  Mex.  in  Tn'-  with 
Col  ^\'asbiIlgton.  Later  he  was  secretary,  interpreter,  translator,  Ir;ji-lator, 
and  lield  various  other  positions  before  being  made  librarian  and  keejiir  of 
till  archives  in  1881.  His  J/i.-ifori/  <>/  X.  Me.r.,  MS.,  1884,  is  m^t  only  a 
sketch  of  his  own  life,  but  contains  bis  important  testimony  on  early  e.'eiits 
and  olliinals.  (ico.  W.  Hickox  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  wiio  came  in  bssi)  and  is 
cngag.ed  ii'.  the  manufactun^  of  tlie  famous  Sta  Fe  gold  and  silver  tllagrce 
jewelry,  employing  8  to  \'>  hands,  and  making  annual  sah^s  of  >^~,\  ilO.OOi). 
\Vm(!.  Kite h  has  also  been  fniniently  named  in  a  variety  of  connections. 
lie  came  as  territorial  sec.  in  bST.'J.  He  is  a  native  of  N.  Y,  For  biog.,  see 
Chicago  Iiiler-Oeeoii,  .Inne  '2,  18811.  No  man  ba.s  worked  more  acti\(l\  or 
eliiciently  for  the  territorial  welfare,  esiieeially  in  the  cause  of  cdiiiation, 
and  in  making  know  n  tlie  country's  resources.  As  secretary,  acting  gov., 
and  pr'sideut  ot  the  Historical  Society  and  Hurean  of  iminig.,  he  has  played 
an  inqiortant  part  from  the  first.  His  Hist.  X.  Me.r.,  MS.,  contains  some 
hasty  notes  of  mueli  interest  ami  covering  a  -. -ide  range  of  topics.  Lelunaii 
Spicgclberg,    a  prouiiueut  merchant  of  Sta  Fe,  is  a  Prussian,  who  came  iji 


I 


mmmm 


79? 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


San  Miguel  county  lies  cast  of  Santa  Fc  antl  Ber- 
nalillo, extending  eastward  to  the  Texas  line,  with  an 
area  of  10,(500  square  miles.  It  was  one  of  the  old 
oriranizations,  the  boundaries  beinir  sliijfhtlv  modified 
m  18H2,  and  the  county  seat  beinjx  chanijfed  fi'oin  San 
Miguel  to  Las  Vegas  and  back  again  in  18()0-2,  but 
finally  fixed  at  Las  Vegas  from  18(54.  San  Miguel 
had  a  population  of  20,(588  in  1880,  which  has  been 
largely  increased.  Not  only  is  it  the  nu)st  populous 
and  one  of  the  largest  counties,  but  it  is  [)robal)ly  in 
most  important  respects — except  that  of  mineral  re- 
sources, which  exist  but  have  not  been  much  developed 
— the  best  and  richest.  It  is  watered  by  the  Pecos 
and  (Canadian,  with  their  branches,  and  contains  a  large 
amount  of  the  richest  soil,  well  situated  for  irrigation, 
while  certain  considerable  tracts  will  produce  crops 
without  artificially  su[)[)lied  water.  In  1880  there 
were  (522  farms,  averaging  283  acres  in  size,  and 
yielding  $lo5,28G  in  products.  In  188."5  the  valuation 
of  farm  property  was  $362,443.  The  mesas  of  the 
east  and  south  furnish  the  best  of  grazing  ranges,  and 
stock-raising  is  the  county's  industry.  In  1883  there 
were  assessed  47,295  cattle  and  385, TDO  sheep,  San 
Miguel  taking  second  rank  in  each  item;  but  in  later 
yeais  there  has  been  a  very  great  development,  and 
now  tliis  county  probably  heads  the  list.  The  western 
mountains  arc  well  wooded,  and  the  lumber  business 
has  assumed  com))arativcly  large  proportions.  In 
climate  and  scenery  this  region  is  unsurpassed  by  any 
in  tiu3  territory.  The  abandoned  pueblo  of  I*ecos 
— the  Cicuyc  of  Coronado  in  1540 — is  an  object  of 
historic  interest,  and  there  are  many  older  ruins;  the 

1858,  Ih  in;;  [inn'oilod  Ity  four  hrotlicrs  in  1844-54,  and  followril  i)y  iiiKitlior 
ill  I8()l.  His  ('oiiniivnr  of  Sta  Fi\  MS.,  is  a  skcti'li  of  liis  jouiiicy  iicross  the 
lii.iiris,  iiMil  of  his  oltsorvatioiis  of  tnnlinn  iiuitters  in  early  tiiin  s,  ami  a  gun- 
t'ral  idea  ol  tht'  country's  progri'ss  in  otiur  ii'sjifcts.  .1.  II.  Watts  is  a  son 
of  .liiiiii  S.  Watts,  one  of  the  original  jiistious  of  the  suiiri'nif  I'ourt.  lie  is  a 
native  of  Ohio,  an<l  oanii!  in  1S.")7  at  tlir  age  ol  IS.  }U;  has  haii  much  expe- 
rience ,is  translator  and  survi'vor  in  the  military  and  land  otliccs.  His 
Sfii.  J<'c  ,I//1//V.s',  .Ms.,  1878,  is  d(.'voted  iarj^'cly  to  jionitiii},'  out  tlu^  f.ources  of 
historical  iiitorniation;  also  in  jiart  to  his  own  observations  in  the  country, 
and  to  ]ii,<  lather's  services. 


SANTA  FE  COUNTY. 


793 


■J  Pecos 
i  a  largo 
igatiou, 
e  crops 
)  there 
ze,  Jind 
iluatioii 
of  tlie 
j^es,  and 
'  there 
),  Sail 
I  hiter 
it,  and 
cstcni 
usiiu'ss 
«.  In 
)y  any 

J*C'COS 

ject  of 
lis;  the 

ly  iiiintlu'r 

■niss  the 

il   a  j^cii- 

is  a  sou 

llr  is  a 

IH'll     CXllL'- 

icc's.      His 

SClUlt't'S  of 

louulry, 


route  of  the  old  Santa  Fc  traduig  caravans  was  nearly 
identical  with  that  of  tlie  modern  railroad;  here  were 
fouijht  the  battles  of  the  confederate  invasion  of 
1801-2.  Las  Vegas,  the  county  seat,  tliough  its  his- 
tory dates  back  only  to  18;5o,  has  grown  steadily  and 
bceoiiie  the  third  town  in  Xew  Mexico,  with  a  [)o|)U- 
latioii  of  al)Out  0,000,  and  with  unlimited  aspiiatioiis 
for  the  future.  It  is  in  all  respects  a  'live'  town  in 
its  commerce  and  industries,  and  perhaps  the  most 
agreeable  of  all  New  ^Mexican  towns  as  a  place  of 
residence.  It  has  several  good  ncwspajiers,  fine  jiub- 
lic  buildings  and  hotels,  gas  ami  water  works,  a  street 
railroad,  several  churches,  and  exce[)tioiuilly  good 
educational  institutions,  headed  by  the  Jesuit  college. 
The  city  expects  to  be  a  railroad  centre  when  divers 
inevitable  linos  shall  have  been  built,  is  as  well  situated 
as  any  other  town  for  l)usiness,  is  the  distributing 
point  for  an  immense  stock  and  farming  region  in  the 
east,  has  enterprising  merchants,  who  already  do  a 
largo  trade,  and  will  by  no  means  yield  the  j)alm  as 
commercial  metropolis  of  the  future  cither  to  Santa 
Fe  or  Albunpienpio.  Six  miles  awaj',  with  a  branch 
railroad,  are  the  Las  Vegas  Hot  Sjirings,  with  fine 
and  constantly  increasing  accommodations  ibr  pleasure- 
seekers  and  invalids.  The  waters  arc  claimed  to  be 
unsurpassed,  like  the  climate,  and  the  property  is  for- 
tunately controlled  by  the  raili'oad  comi)any,  wliich 
has  the  means  and  disposition  to  make  this  the  great 
resort  of  the  south-westcirn  interior.  Outside  of  Las 
A'egas  the  villages  are  as  yet  of  small  population  and 
of  no  special  imi)ortance.  One  of  the  smallest  and 
lea^t  important  of  tlu'sc  is  San  ^Miguel  del  \'ado, 
which  in  Si)anish  and  ISFexican  times  was  the  })lace 
most  frecjuently  mentioned,  and  which  gave  a  name 
to  the  county.** 

•'■'Die  ]po|i.  of  towns  liy  tin'  census  of  ISSO  is  as  follows:  A,i.nia  /.ana  I'JS, 
Cano:)  .Irl  Agua  LSI),  Kl  l5ruiio  l.'t'.l.  La  Ciiila,  117  (ir)(l).  I.as  Colouias  118,  S. 
l.oii-ii/o  I'm,  Nit'tos  ;{.VJ,  I'lMos  211,  Hoiiicro  ].")!>,  Saliiimsa  llill,  S.  Juse  •_'77, 
Sapcllo  IS'J,  Tiw  lotuiios  (?)  17t'>,  Vi^ilias  I'JIi.  Ill  I  NS^  are  ineiitioiieil  Anton 
t'liico   .");)(»,    (iallinas   Spr.    001),   (Uorieta  .'iUO,    Lilierty  titX),   Los  Alamos  (iOO, 


ii 


~Ull*  , 


794 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Valencia  county  lies  south  of  Bernalillo,  having  the 
same  length  from  east  to  west,  and  covering  an  area 
of  about  7,500  square  miles.  Its  southern  boundary 
witli  that  of  San  jNIiguel  forms  a  dividing  line  between 
northern  and  southern  New  Mexico.  This  is  one  of 
the  old  counties,  its  boundaries  having  been  modified 
by  acts  of  1870  and  1882.  The  county  seat  was  in 
early  times  at  Valencia,  but  in  1852  was  moved  to 
Tome,  to  Belen  in  1872,  back  to  Tome  in  1874,  and 
finally  to  Las  Lunas  in  187G.  The  population  in 
1880  was  13,095,  ranking  third  in  the  list  of  counties. 
There  were  239  farms,  of  97  acres  average  size,  and 
farm  products  were  valued  at  $102,701.     In  1883  the 

Puerto  (le  Luna  (iOO,  Reil  River  S]^)rings  2.3,  S.  Hilario  GOO,  most  of  these  fig- 
ures i:iolu(linj^  townships  rather  tliau  villages.  The  iicwsijapers  are  the  Las 
A'egas  (rdzHtf,  Optic,  I'cri.itii,  ami  Minimj  World:  and  the  S.  Lorenzo  (or  S. 
Hilario)  L'lii  Hirer  ('hronirlc,  Crdnica,  and  Mineral  City  News.  G.  W. 
J'rirhurd''<  Rv}>ort  of  Situ  M if/uel  CouidywM  published  at  Las  Vegas,  1882.  See 
also  J/.  T.  Wil.sDH.i  I/istorical  Sketch  of  I,iii<  IVj/a.s,  Chieago,  n.  d.,  an  excellent 
Work;  Porter's  Dirertnrii  of  Liu  Vcijits,  1882-.3;  A^.  Me.c,  CUiiiiite  of,  and  Lns 
Vitjd.-i  Hot  S]iriii;/s,  Chieago,  ISS.j;  Aiw  I'eijas  Hot  iSpriii/j.f,  3d  ed.,  Spring- 
tiel.l,  0.,  1S8;{;  Alhurfjiieri/iie  mid  l.in^  Veijim  Directori/,  1883. 

The  following  residents  of  S.  Miguel  co.  have  given  me  MS.  Dictations  or 
Stnteiiieids,  as  noted  in  the  list  of  authorities,  on  stoek-raising  and  otiier  i.i- 
tercsts  of  their  region:  Frank  W.  Dale,  from  Ohio,  has  since  ISS.'i  hecn  in 
the  cattle  business  at  Carpenter's  raneho,  near  Ft  Basconi,  where  he  is  con- 
stantly increasing  his  herd  of  Durlianis.  Houry  Dold,  of  L;ia  Vegas,  is  the 
son  of  Andrew  D.,  aOerman,  wliocame  in  ]S.")1  and  liecame  a  prominent  mer- 
chant and  govt  contractor,  being  the  owner  of  the  Hot  Springs  property, 
which  he  sold  to  tlie  11.  11.  for  !$41,0()0.  Dr  E.  C.  Hcnriqucs,  a  practising 
physician  of  Las  Vegas  since  1878,  has  also  a  large  stock  range  in  Valencia 
CO,  He  is  a  native  of  Conn.  James  C.  Leary,  a  native  of  ^lass.,  came  in 
1871),  and  was  for  G  years  foreman  for  S.  W.  Dorsey.  Later  he  organized  the 
Wagon  !Moun<l  Cattle  co.,  of  which  he  is  still  secretfiry,  being  also  largely 
interested  in  other  companies,  besides  doing  a  live-stock  eonnnission  business 
at  Las  Vegas.  Francisco  Lopez,  a  native  of  Sta  Fe,  was  the  founder  of  S. 
Lorenzo  in  18G2.  He  was  also  in  the  sheep  and  later  the  cattle  busine.js. 
W.  H.  MclJroom,  a  Canadian,  came  to  the  territory  in  1S7G,  and  lived  at  iSia 
Fe  for  9  years.  Then  he  engaged  in  cattle-raising  near  Ft  Sunnier,  where,  by 
owning  water-rights,  he  cfintrols  a  range  of  8l)(),i)()0  acres.  He  is  al.no  inter- 
ested in  breeding  line  horses.  Benigno  Romero,  born  at  Sta  Fe,  is  a  merchant 
at  Las  Vegas,  in  partnership  with  his  brother,  Don  Hilario.  To  his  Dictntion 
is  appended  a  newspaper  biog.  of  his  motiier,  Dona  Josefa  Delgado  de  Romero. 
Michael  Slattery,  a  New  Yorker,  formerly  engaged  in  freighting  ii\  Coi.  and 
Montana,  came  to  N.  Mex.  in  18ii7,  and  is  manager  of  the  Waddingham 
Ranges  aiicl  Cattle-raising  Assoc.,  which  controls  100,000  acres  near  Ft  Ras- 
cipm,  the  Montoya  raneho  of  655,000  acres,  and  the  P.  P.  P.  range  of  .'U),0()0 
acres.  Napoleon  R.  Stoneroad,  residing  with  his  family  at  Las  Vegas,  is  a 
inend)er  of  the  firm  of  S.  lirothers,  wlio  raise  cattle  on  a  large  scale  at  tiie 
Cabra  Springs  rangi!  of  I?1S,00()  acres,  having  abandoneil  sheep  as  less  proiit- 
able.  He  is  a  native  of  Ala.  and  a  '■lOor  of  Cal.,  coming  to  N.  Mex.  with  a 
drove  of  aheep  in  1870. 


'■'■i:  ' 


VALENCIA  COUNTY. 


;95 


^ing  the 
an  area 
oundary 
between 
is  one  of 
modified 
t  was  in 
loved  to 
874,  and 
iation  in 
counties, 
size,  and 
1883  the 

of  these  fig- 
are  the  Las 
oreiizo  (or  S. 
"W.S.  O.  W. 
IS,  1882.  See 
,  ail  oxcullcut 
»  oj",  (I  III  I  Las 
.  ed.,  Spriiig- 


DkUitioiis  or 
and  other  i.i- 
1883  hcou  in 
re  he  is  con- 
L'gii.s,  is  the 
iiiuL'iit  mer- 
,gs  property, 
;i  practising 
ill  Valencia 
Liss.,  came  in 
_^;inizecl  the 
also  lar;:cly 
;i(in  Imsiuess 
lui'lcr  of  S. 
tic  liiisineoS. 
livcil  at  .SLa 
■,  where,  liy 
s  al.-io  inter- 
i  nierchant 
his  PiHittiivi 
le  llotnero. 
iii  Col.  and 
addingham 
lear  Ft  Bas- 
ige  of  :W,(IIH) 
Vegas,  is  a 
scale  at  the 
IS  less  prolit- 
Mex.  with  a 


^V; 


land  was  assessed  at  $2,209,323,  and  all  property  at 
$3,834,200,  there  bein^r  12, OGG  cattle  and  217,778  sheep. 
These  figures  would  indicate  a  good  showing  as  com- 
pared with  those  for  other  parts  of  the  territory ; 
though  most  current  descriptions  ])oint  to  a  lack  of 
development.  The  agricultural  land  is  for  the  most 
part  confined  to  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  whose  lengtl; 
in  Valencia  is  limited,  but  the  grazing  lands  are  of 
great  extent,  though  standing  in  greaUsr  need  of  wells 
than  many  other  sections.  Mineral  resources  are 
almost  entirely  undeveloped,  though  several  districts, 
notably  the  Manzano,  Lath'ones,  LaJo3'a,  and  Spiegel- 
berg,  have  sliown  good  prospects.  There  are  broad 
cf)al-fields  and  fine  deposits  of  salt.  Las  Lunas,  the 
county  seat  and  chief  town,  lias  a  population  of  about 
2,000,  ami  is  a  distributing  point  of  some  im[)ortaiKH\ 
Belen,  or  Bethlehem,  has  nearly  1,500  inliabitants. 
Fort  Wingatc,  in  the  north-west,  is  near  the  Navajo 
reservation,  and  is  intended  to  keep  the  Indians  in 
subjection.  Zuhi  and  Acoina  are  the  abt)riginal  pue- 
blos, both  famous  in  early  annals.  Coronado  s  route  in 
the  sixteenth  century  led  him  past  Zuhi,  or  Cibola, 
and  the  peilol  town  of  Acoma  to  the  great  valley,  and 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad  follows  nearly  the 
same  route.  The  fall  of  Acoma  was  tlui  deciding 
event  of  Onate's  conquest,  and  has  been  graphically 
narrated  in  A'^illagni's  epic.  Laguna,  by  its  situation, 
gives  the  overland  passenger  by  rail  his  best  view  of 
a  pueblo,  though  it  is  of  comparatively  modern  origin." 
Lincoln  county,  lying  south  o'i  San  Miguel  and  Va- 
lencia, and  (H'fupying  the  south-eastern  corner  of  tlie 
territory,  is  the  largest  of  the  countit's,  with  an  area 
of  20,000  sipuire  miles,  and  has  the  smallest  population, 
only  2,513    in   1880.     It  was  created   in   18()1),  being 

*The  census  of  ISSft  giv^s  Las  Lunas  a  pop.  of  87t),  S.  'Mateo  lUI,  and 
CtAt'ro  2'<V  In  ISSH,  acu'ording  to  tlie  X.  Mi.r.  /iit.-i.  Dincturii,  Jjas  IjUiias 
>i»l  '-',()(KK  B.h;;  1, .')(«».  Manzano  ()(H),  IVralta  1,(MH1,  S.  Mateo  41  1,  Znfii  'J.dOd, 
Lagniia  l.'.'lHi  ('nluTo4(M».  Tlie  U.  K.  station.^  have  as  yet  assuiiicd  no  ini- 
jiortan  ■  as  t.iwus.  The  count)'  has  no  newspaper,  and  the  settlements  still 
rutuiii  lor  tkv  most  part  their  old  Mexican  characteristics. 


>t!!l 


i 


vi 


...HIMV. 


796 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


cut  off  from  Socorro,  and  the  boumlaries  being  definod 
bv  act  of  1878.  The  settt  was  fixed  at  Kio  Bonito, 
formerly  caUed  Las  Phicitas,  and  renamed  Lincohi  in 
1870.  The  county  was  for  a  time  attaclied  to  Socorro 
for  judicial  purposes.  It  is  watered  by  the  Kio  Pecos, 
the  old  Hio  de  las  Vacas,  and  its  brandies;  and  the 
oroat  valley  is  thought  to  possess  great  agricultural 
j)ossibilities  for  the  future.  In  the  east,  adjoining 
Texas,  tlie  plains  are  arid  and  largely  unfit  for  grazing 
except  by  means  of  wells.  In  the  western  plains  and 
mountain  valleys  the  grazing  is  excellent.  In  1883 
Lincoln  headed  the  list  with  81,05)5  cattle,  and  stood 
sixth  with  137,01;}  sheep.  The  assessed  value  of  prop- 
erty was  $2,053, 17G;  and  18,283  acres  of  land  were 
valued  at  $(10,028.  In  1880  there  were  (50  farms, 
averaging  224  acres  in  size,  and  producing  $38,74!). 
ilich  mines  have  been  worked  in  the  districts  of  White 
Oaks,  Nogal,  Bonito,  lied  Cloud,  and  others  in  the 
western  mountains.  Among  the  impediments  to 
progress  the  most  serious  have  been  Indian  troubles, 
tiie  disorderly  character  of  the  population,  and  the  lack 
of  means  of  transportaticm.  Hei'e,  under  the  ])rotec- 
tion  of  Fort  Stanton,  is  the  Apache  reservation,  and 
the  field  of  countless  raids  in  former  years.  Here 
have  been  the  most  serious  disturbances  and  '  rustler' 
wars  l)etween  Texan,  native,  antl  JVIexican  stock-nirn, 
miners,  and  desperadoes.  And  this  is  the  only  county 
that  has  no  railroad,  though  several  are  projected. 
Lincoln,  the  county  seat,  with  500  inhabitants,  has  no 
sj)ecial  importance,  except  in  being  the  county  seat. 
White  Oaks,  a  mining  town,  has  a  ]it»pulation  of  about 
1,000,  and  is  the  county  metropolis.  Roswell  is  re- 
garded as  the  prospective  site  of  an  important  agri- 
cultural centre.'" 

'•  l'(.iuilati(iu  by  census  of  1880:  Ft  Stantoi\  118,  Lincoln  (WS,  South  Fork 
190,  Wliite  Oiiks  'J(iS.  'I'lu'  <ii«iiliilii]ic  Mumittiiii.i,  n.  p.,  u.  d.,  is  ,i  painiililct  of 
8  pages  (li  (l(.i.si.Ti]iii\  o  niiittur.  (Inrnit  (I'ul.  /•'.),  T/ic  Auf/«'Ht/r  Li/roj'  Hill;/ 
th>'  Kid,  Stu  Fi',  1H8'_',  l.'JT  p.,  is  a  liioy.  of  Win  11.  Honnciy,  a  famous  outlaw  and 
murilerer,  by  tlu'  .slu;ritr  who  tinally  iiilU'J  liini.  The  book  eontaiub  nuich 
iuforniatiou  about  the  'Lincohi  Co.  War'  of  stock-men  in  1S7!>,  etc. 


i^i 


J  defined 
Bonito, 
incolu  ill 
1  Socorro 
lo  Pecos, 
and  the 
■icultural 
idjoiniu!^ 
f  oraziiHj^ 
lains  antl 
In  1883 
nd  stood 
.',  of  prop- 
uul  were 
;0  farms, 
$;]8,74l). 
of  White 
rs  in  the 
ments   to 
troubles, 
I  the  lack 
e  ])rotec- 
tion,  and 
Here 
'  rustler' 
ock-iuen, 
y  county 
l)n)iected. 
s,  has  no 
nty  seat, 
of  ahout 
■11  is  vc- 
ant  ao-ri- 


Soutli  Fork 
I  puiiijihlet  of 

I/.//;-  of  Biiiif 

Is  (.ut.law  ami 
litaiiib   iiuicli 
jtc. 


SOCORRO  COUNTY. 


797 


Socorro  county  covers  an  area  of  ahout  1  2,000  miles 
We.st  of  Lincoln  and  south  of  Valencia.  It  oris^inaUy 
inclu<ied  all  of  southern  New  ATexico;  hut  Dona  Ana 
was  cut  off  in  18.r2  and  Lincoln  in  IHC)!);  and  the 
boundari(-'.s  were  otherwise  somewhat  changed  in  I  870, 
1872,  and  1880.  The  county  scat  was  removed  to 
Ivimitar  in  1854,  but  restored  to  Socorro  in  1 8()7. 
With  its  lonu'  stretch  of  fertile  alluvial  soil  in  the  main 
vallev,  Jind  its  4-0,000,000  acres  of  orazinL!:  lands,  tliis 
county  is  believed  to  have  unexcelled  advantages  for 
agriculture  and  stock-raising,  though  both  industries, 
and  especially  the  former,  have  hitherto  been  too 
nuich  neglected.  In  1880,  nevertheless,  there  were 
728  faiijis,  averaging  53  acrtis  each,  ami  producing 
$217,2U5.  In  1883  the  assessment  was  !$330,7!);'.  on 
393,170  acres;  there  were  20,430  cattle  and  00,015 
sheep;  and  tin;  total  valuatitjii  of  property  was  .^2,4  50,- 
193.  A(;cording  to  Kitch,  in  1882-4  cattle  incr(;ased 
from  9,000  to  70,000,  while  sheep  decreased  from 
300,000  to  1 00,000.  ^Mining  activity  dates  from  about 
1881,  and  in  the  yield  of  silver,  gold,  and  cop[)er  So- 
corro has  become  one  of  the  leading  counties,  with 
over  50  districts  and  niany  remarkably  productive 
mines.  With  the  growth  of  this  great  mining  indus- 
try the  others  retrograded  at  first,  but  in  recent  years 
there  are  indications  of  revival;  atid  a  })rospt>rous 
future  seems  assured.  Socorro,  the  county  seat,  is  a 
fiourishiiiijf  t(jwn  of  over  3,000  inhabitants,  with  e\erv 
siijfu  of  becoiiiinu'  a  roininorcial  ceiitro  of  orrnit  iuinor- 
tance;  and  doubtless  other  settlements  will  eventually 
enter  the  race  of  progress,  though  liitherto  all  have 
been  content  with  mere  existence.  The  railroad  dt)wn 
the  Rio  (Jrande  ti'averses  the  county  from  north  to 
south,  two  short  hranches  extend  to  the  mines  at 
Carthage  and  Magdalena,  and  here,  as  everywhere, 
several  cross-county  roads  are  looked  for  in  the  early 
luture.  In  a  certain  sense  Socorro  may  be  regarded 
as  the  oldest  Spanish  name  in  New  ^lexico,  though 
it  is  not  quite  certain  tliat  the  pueblo  or  spoi  so  named 


hliijii 

I   li.Ui 

i 
I 


'ui 


708 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ill  the  sixtooutli  century  by  Ofiatc  is  exactly  the  site 
of  the  present  town.  In  tliis  region  was  tlie  st)ntliern- 
iiiost  group  of  pueblos,  noted  by  all  the  early  ex[)lorers 
coming  from  the  south,  or  in  the  case  of  Coronatlo 
from  the  north;  and  the  name  Xuestra  Sehora  del 
Socorro  was  given  in  1598,  in  ri'cognition  of  the  succor 
tliere  found  after  crossing  tlu;  southern  tleserts.  Span- 
ish and  ^lexical!  annals  deal  for  the  most  ])art  only 
with  the  line  of  settlements  along  the  river,  where  llio 
earl}'  pueblos  have  long  since  disappeared;  but  in  tlic 
north-cast  were  several  riourishing  mission  pueblos, 
eventually  destroyed  by  Apaches,  tlie  ruins  of  which 
arc  still  seen  at  Ab(),  Gran  Quivira,  and  other  places." 
Grant  county  occu])ies  the  south-western  corner  of 
the  territory,  witli  an  area  of  about  7,000  square  miles, 
being  l)()unded  on  the  west  by  Arizona  and  on  the 
south  by  ^[exico.  It  is  a  new  county,  organized  by 
act  of  1  8(!8.  It  was  then  cut  off  from  Doha  Ana,  and 
a  small  portion  of  its  tt^rritory  Avas  included  in  the 
Arizona  county  of  ISHO-l,  before  Arizona  was  or- 
ganized as  a  territory.  There  was  in  1877  an  un- 
successful attempt  to  attach  it  to  Arizona;  and  the 
boundary  was  slightly  changed  in  1880.  The  county 
scat  was  originally  at  Central  (^ity,  but  was  moved  to 
Pinos  Altos  in  1 8(19  and  to  Silver  City  in  1872.  This 
region  does  not  figure  in  the  early  records,  except  as 
the  Santa  Rita  coppt^r  mines  were  worked  to  some  ex- 
tent in  ^Mexican  and  Spanish  times.  It  is  essentially 
a  minino'  county,  the  develoi)mcnt  of  which  bcijj'an  at 
Pinos  Altos  in  18G(),  and  the  yield  of  which  in  1872-81 
was  about  85,000,000.  In  this  industry,  as  elsewhere 
recorded,  it  heads  the  list  of  Xew  Mexican  counties. 
Here  was  the  home  of  the  Apaches,  and  the  scene  of 
many  a  bloody  conii)at.     The  jiopulation  was  4,5;VJ  in 

"  Socorro,  with  a,  population  of  1,'27-,  is  tlie  only  town  notcil  in  the  census 
of  ISSO.  S.  \l:iicial  anil  ('liloriiiti  .-ul;  ineiitioUL<l  in  ISSS;  al.so  a.s  post-ollit'os 
BcavLT,  I''t  Craig,  JIophu  S[)ring,",  Ma^daltiia,  I'arajc,  S.  Antonio,  S.  Frau- 
I'isi'o,  Clierryvilli',  and  Clainnoiuil.  Ft  ('niig  is  a  place  of  iiistorioal  interest, 
as  iti  Valverile,  the  liattle-lieltl  of  1S(J'2.  Mdijdah  im,  I'rnsj^iectu^  of  the  Tnwit,  is 
a  ])ani]thlet  jtuh.  at  Sta  Fe,  1885,  l'2nio,  'J4  p.  M.  Fischer  and  A.  Abeytia  aro 
the  authors  of  the  J)'f}>ort  (W  to  Socorro  Co.,  Hoc,  1881. 


GRANT  COUNTY. 


709 


1880,  and  has  been  douMed  since.  Tlic  native  or 
jMexican  clement  is  f()nij)aiatively  small.  There  are 
excellent  a^ricultuiul  tracts,  especially  in  the  valley^! 
of  the  ^Miinhrcs  and  (iila,  wliert;  fihout  10,000  acres 
are  cultivated,  the  minini^  cami)s  aH(>rdinj>;  an  advan- 
tageous market.  In  1H80,  G8  farms,  with  an  avera^'c 
extent  of  144  acres,  are  noted  as  producing  8145,107, 
In  188:5  the  assessment  was  $04,1)50  on  5,052  acres; 
total  valuation  of  [)roperty  !?'2,9()0,8r4.  (Jrazing  lands 
are  extensive,  of  good  ({uality,  and  somewhat  more  fully 
utilized  than  in  other  parts  of  the  territory.  In  188:1 
there  were  15,871  cattle  and  328,400  sheep.  Tlio 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  crosses  the  county  from  west 
to  east,  with  a  narrow- rauGfe  hranch  from  Lordshurjf  to 
Clifton  in  Arizona;  while  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe  road  comes  to  Deming  and  has  a  hranch  to 
Silver  City.  The  county  seat,  Silver  City,  is  the  mining 
centre,  and  though  a  new  town,  incorporated  in  1878, 
has  a  population  of  :i,000,  witli  solid  hrick  huildings  and 
all  the  characteristics  of  a  thrivinsf  modern  citv.  J)em- 
ing,  at  the  junction  of  the  two  great  railroad  lines,  and 
noted  as  the  only  competing  railroad  point  in  tlie 
territory,  has  sprung  u))  since  1880,  and  has  a  })opula- 
tion  of  nearly  2,000,  with  well-founded  as[>irations  to 
the  position  of  county  metropolis  in  the  early  i'utui'e. 
Georgetown,  Pinos  Altos,  Santa  Rita,  Lordshurg, 
Shakespeare,  and  Carlisle  are  the  most  prominent  of 
otlier  settlements.^' 

])ona  Ana  countv  covcts  an  area  of  ahout  (!,700 
square  miles  on  tlie  southern  frontit'r,  hetween  (irant 
on  the  west  and  Lincoln  on  the  east.  It  comprises  a 
considerahle  })ortion  of  the  Crudsden  purchase  of  185:J- 
4.  The  county  was  cut  off  from  Socoi'ro  in  1852,  and 
then  included  all  of  southern  Xew  ^Mexico.     Resides 

'-'Tlie  census  limirosof  ISSOwi-rc:  ('(.'iitr:il  City  ]•_'(),  (icorgotuvvii  ">40,  I'iiids 
Altos  irw),  S.  LoreiZd  I'SI,  Silver  City  l,.SOi».  'i'liis  eouiity  iin"liicc(l  |:),'Jl'-J 
11)S.  of  Imtter  in  1880,  more  than  doulilc  the  j)roiluet  of  any  other.  IT.  //. 
Jjiiirn  )i(''''i  Itijiort  ax  (o  (Irant  Coiin/i/,  Silver  City,  1881,  contains  nearly  all 
tlie  information  extant  in  other  works.  Th(!  ne\vs[)ajiers  an^  tin;  Silvei'  City 
xi'nv  S<iit/li-iirf<f,  Miiihiij  C/iniiiiiii;  ami  'J'/li'i/ntiii;  the  Lordshurg  Athuinre; 
Georgutown  Silver  BricL-;  aud  Di'iiiiag  Hcadlhjht. 


']| 


i 


SO) 


COUNTIES   AM)  TOWNS  OF  NKW  Mi:XICO. 


:!l^ 


the  cuttiii^^-oirof  the  otlier  soutlicrn  countica,  as  elso- 
\vlic'io  ivc'ordcd,  tlu!  boundary  was  nioditit'd  hy  acts  of 
1870,  1872,  and  1878.  The  county  scat  was  origi- 
Uidly  ])ona  Ana,  but  was  changed  to  Las  C'rucos  in 
18a.'5,  to  ]\rcsilla  in  18r)(),  and  finally  to  l^as  Cruces 
again  in  1882.  The  })o})ulation  in  J880,  including 
most  of  Sierra  county,  was  7,(512;  and  is  now,  alone, 
pntbably  much  more.  The  lower  Kio  (;rrande  valley 
is  known  as  t])e  ^Fesilla  valley,  and  is  a  veritable 
garden-s])ot,  famous  not  only  for  its  gencr.d  crops  of 
grain,  but  for  its  vegetables — especially  onions — sinall 
fruits,  and  above  all,  for  its  grapes  and  wine.  Its  soil 
is  fertile  and  easily  irrigated;  two  crops  in  a  year  are 
often  raised,  and  hay  can  be  cut  on  the  mesas  any  day 
in  the  year.  In  1880  there  are  noted  431  farms, 
averaging  107  acres,  and  producing  .^j)  175,005.  In 
188->  the  assessment  was  $474,817  on  30,584  acres; 
and  the  total  valuation  of  property  was  $1,417,354. 
Back  from  the  river  the  mesas  furnish  the  same  ad- 
vantiiije  for  y;razing  that  are  found  in  other  rejj^ions: 
but  in  1883  only  7,248  cattle  and  24,853  sheep  are 
reported.  Kich  mines  have  been  worked,  especially 
in  the  (?)rganos,  Jarillas,  and  Potrillas  mountains. 
The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road from  Dcming  to  El  Paso,  and  by  the  Atchison 
road  from  Deming  to  Rincon,  and  from  Rincon  down 
the  Rio  Grande  to  El  Paso,  so  that  no  rcsrionis  better 
supplied  with  railroads.  Las  Cruces,  the  county  seat, 
has  about  1,500  inhabitants,  a  newspaper,  the  Rio 
Grande  RepnhUcan,  and  is  the  business  centre.  Me- 
silla,  with  a  population  of  1,200,  and  another  paper, 
the  Xcirs,  is  a  close  rival.  Rincon  and  Nutt  are  rail- 
road junction  stations.  This  section  has  no  early 
history,  except  that  it  was  traversed  by  all  the  ex- 
plorers and  travellers  b(>tween  new  and  old  Mexico. 
I  have  not  even  been  able  to  learn  from  what  particu- 
lar Ilona  Ana  tlie  settlement  derived  its  name;  jv^-ob- 
al)ly  from  the  wife  of  one  of  the  early  explorers  or 
governors.     The  first  settlement  of  the  Mesilla  valley 


DOXA   ANA  AND  SIKKllA. 


801 


as  0 


acta  of 

S    ()Vlg'\- 

uccs  in 
C'l'uccs 
cludin*^ 
,  alouo, 
^  vtilloy 
oritahlc 
.Tops  of 
— -small 
Its  soil 
rear  arc 
any  day 
farms, 
05.     In 
I  acres; 
117,354. 
ame  acl- 
rogions ; 
ecp  are 
i[H!cially 
untaiiis. 
c  Rail- 
tchison 
n  down 
IS  bettor 
|ity  seat, 
,lic  Rio 
Me- 
paper, 
re  rail- 
o  eai'ly 
'le  ex- 
lexico. 
)articu- 
;  p^ob- 
irers  or 
valley 


was  by  a  Cliiliualiua  colony,  after  the  boundary  survey 
had  left  tins  tract  in  Mexico,  and  before  the  Uadsdeii 
treatv  restoring  it  to  the  United  States.'^ 

Sierra  county  is  a  new  creation  of  1884,  vvlien  it 
was  formed  from  ])ortions  of  Dona  Ana,  Grant,  and 
Socorro,  with  county  seat  at  Hillsborouj^h.  It  has  an 
area  of  about  2,100  miles,  as  I  estimate  it  from  the 
map,  thoUi;h  different  figures  are  given  by  Hitch  and 
others.  On  account  of  its  recent  origin  no  statistics 
are  accessible.  It  is  a  mountainous  region,  with  con- 
sideral)le  grazing  ranges,  which  have  been  compara- 
tively well  utilized,  anil  many  fertile  though  small 
vall(>ys,  wliich  may  in  time  be  cultivated.  The  main 
industry  Is,  however,  mining,  in  wliich  the  county 
takes  the  highest  rank  in  proportion  to  it«  size,  and 
very  nearly  so  without  reference  to  area.  Oidy  a  few 
mines  have  been  developed,  notably  those  of  the  Lake 
Valley  district,  but  these  have  proved  by  far  the  most 
productive  of  the  territory.  Hillsborough,  the  county 
seat.  Lake  Valley,  and  Kingston  are  connected  witli 
the  main  railroad  by  a  branch  from  Nutt  station,  and 
are  thriving  mining  centres,  of  small  population  as  yet; 
and  the  northern  settlements  are  Palomas,  Fairvicw, 
Grafton,  Robinson,  and  Chloride.  The  Canada  Alamosa 
is  known  to  the  reader  as  the  site  of  a  former  Indian 
rcservatit)n ;  and  in  the  main  Rio  Grande  valley,  now 
traversed  b}^  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe 
Railroad,  is  the  famous  Jornada  del  Muerto,  anohject 
of  terror  in  early  times  to  all  who  were  compelled  to 
make  the  trip  between  old  and  now  Mexico. 

"La  Luz  and  Tularosa,  with  pop.  of  249  and  .'549,  are  tlie  only  towns 
named  in  the  census  i>f  1880.  Tlio  post-otfices  iiamud  in  18S.S  are  Culoraito, 
near  Hatcli  Station,  500,  Ooua  Ana  tiOO,  Ft  Suldoii,  S.  Agustin,  'ruLirosa, 
Cliamberino,  La  Mesa,  Thorne,  and  Victoria.  A.  J.  Fniii'lnin-'i  I'i'port  on 
Dona  And  Cn.,  1882,  corresponds  with  the  other  county  reports  cited,  and  id 
quoted  by  Hitch  and  otliers. 

llisT.  Ariz,  anu  N.  Mex.    51 


)>■' 


<b^ 


^<^,>-  ^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


^/ 


y 


^ 


^'  /  "^^ 


-^^/^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


Ilia  112  5 


lllj  T  9 


12.2 


2.0 


14    IIIIII.6 


V. 


<^ 


/^ 


'» 


^F 


e. 


ei 


m  .  ^? 


<$> 


m 


% 


7 


>^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y    14580 

(716)  872-4S03 


m 


V 


^v 


<N 


^9> 


v 


6^ 


f^ 


<i.^ 


V 


% 


INDEX. 


Note. — Attention ia  called  to  the  heading  'Lists'  and  to  other  general  or 
inclusive  hciwlings,  such  as  'Statistics,'  'Puehlon,'  'Towns,'  'Forts,'  Land- 
grants,'  'Govornors,'  'OtHoials,'  '  Military  Commanders, '  'Mines,'  'Legisla- 
ture,' etc.,  the  separate  items  of  which  are  not  as  a  nilo  entered  alpliaheti- 
cally  in  this  index;  that  is,  in  looking  for  a  particular  governor,  or  fort,  or 
town,  see,  in  addition  to  the  references  iiere  given,  the  guuural  heading  that 
includes  it. 


u 


Abeitia,  Antonio,  752,  798. 

ALert,  J.  W.,  4()5. 

Abiquiii,  '249,  258,  .307,  .^40,  419,  421- 

2,  4()2,  «k)5  et  seq.,  737  et  seq. 
Al»<i,  \'*0,  i:W,  1«1,  170,  (w.1,  75I8. 
Ahreu,   gov.  Santiago,  313,  318,  426. 
AcelKido,  Fr.,  72. 
Acha,  l>4. 
Acoma,  42,  .50-1,  !>4,  56,  86,  97,  138- 

45.   UJO-1,   18'-',   im,  200,  20*2,  207, 

216-7,  221-2,  'i26,  '2'*9s  '231,  274. 
Acts  of  r.egislature,  Ariz.,  539-4'2. 
Acts  of  Legislature,  N.  Mex..  637-40, 

710  et  seq. 
Acuco,  4.5,  ."iO,  see  'Acoma.' 
Acurta,  Fran.,  .1.')5. 
Acus,  31,  see  'Acoma.' 
Acuye,  5.3. 
Adams,  «.  H.,  107. 
Aflams,  Whiting  &  Co.,  531. 
Agents,  see  'Ind.  Affairs.' 
Agin,  .53. 
Ago,  51. 
Agriculture,   Ariz.,  .5.30,   5.34-5,  545, 

57'2,  5!>4  et  slmj.,  5% -7. 
Agriculture,  N.   Mex.,  275-6,  30*2-3, 

Mi  r\  7t>6-8. 
Agua  ( 'iiliente,  .366-7. 
Agua  Fria,  .58(5,  605. 
Agua  Ncgra,  74'2. 
Aguas  Calientes,  63. 
Aguiis  Zarcas,  77. 
Aguato,  87. 
Aguatuvi,    201,    222,   225,    238,   241), 

363-4,  see  '  Mcxjui. ' 
Aguilar,  Alonso  11.,  '2.36. 
Aguilar,  Pal  do,  1'28,  133,  143. 
Aiiacus,  31,  41. 

(802) 


Aijados,  149. 

Aijaos,  163. 

Ainsworth,  F.  K.,  61.3. 

Ajuico,  170. 

Ajo  mines,  408,  579,  590. 

Alamoila,  188. 

Alamdlo,  181. 

Alarcon,  Hem.,  0,  .32,  35-6. 

Allwrt,  .John,  43'2. 

Allmrquerque,  79.  168,  170,  188,  228, 
'231,  '234,  2.31),  '274,  '29«>,  42'2,  4-2,S  Jl, 
4.33  (51>'2-3,  6!t7  s.  740-3,  774,  787-9. 

Alcalde,  plaza,  'S'>. 

Alcaldes,  see  'government.' 

Alchedoinas,  Hce  '  Hiilchedumas.' 

Aldi  .  5(M,  507. 

Aleg  iliority.  M). 

Aleni.:  r,  Joa(i.  Ilual,  gov.,  284,  295- 
6,  3(X). 

Alexander,  lieut-col,  441. 

AUande,  gov.  Pedro  M.,284,  298. 

Allen,  Air.,  298 

Allen,  \Vm.  C,  531. 

AUyn,  judge,  .5'22. 

Aliuanza,  Ant.,  21M)-7. 

AIniazan,  Fran.  A.,  '209. 

Almy,  lieut,  .567. 

Alona,  202-'2.34. 

Aloqui,  18.5,  see  'Mnqni.' 

.\lpuente,  .Fuan,  205,  210. 

Altar,  .378,  3<.».3,  4(M'.. 

Alvarado,  Hern.,  50  et  seq. 

Alvarado,  Pedro.  .'<5. 

Alvarez,  .Fuan,  '2'27-8. 

-Mvarez,  Manuel,  447-9. 

Alvarez,  Sebastian,  30(». 

Aniacavas,  1.55,  .'US,  see  'Mojaves.' 

Aniajavas,  see  'Mojaves.' 

.\  males,  507. 

Amargo,  786. 


INDEX. 


8QB 


•  general  or 
irts,'  Land- 
,'  'Legisla- 
l  alpliabeti- 
,  or  f<>rt,  or 
ijadiiig  that 


-6. 

70,  188,  228, 
,  422,  42S  !t, 
,  774,  787-y. 

It.' 
duinaa.' 


,  284, 295- 
84,298. 


Mojaves.' 


Ame,  86. 

Aineju.s,  see  'Jemea.' 

Aiiiulcu,   141. 

Analfo,  179. 

Analiza,  Fr.,  182. 

Ander.son,  .Joe,  488. 

Andrew,  ()7,  78-9,  86. 

Andrews,  Hvo.  L.,  544. 

Angerstein,  E.,  512,  GS8. 

Ai.gney,  W.  Z.,  4:«,  444,  449. 

Aiiiaii,  7  et  suij.,  in  et  aeq.,  98,  152. 

Auiiiia.'i,  Las,  78."). 

Anthracite  coal,  756,  789,  see  'Mine".' 

Aiitii|nitiu.s,  1-5. 

Anton,  ,S(i. 

Anton  Cliico,  322,  430. 

Anza,  .FuanB.  de,  260-8,  371,  385-6, 

3S!l-'.)(i. 
Aiiache  Cafiou,  413-1.'),  093et8eq. 
Apaciio  County,  527,  591,  596,  608  et 

.sec}. 
Apache  Pass,  502,  51 .5,  590.  ^ 
Aii.iLlie-Mojaves,  546,  see  'Yavapais.' 
Ai>achu  Yunias,  54(),  .sou  '  Hualapais. ' 
Aiiaches  Ariz.,  .S54-407  passitn,  474- 

,■>.-)()  i.as.sini,  .5.")2-70,  ."iSl,  .594. 
Al»aclios,   N.   Mo.x.,    162-268  passim, 

315,   418,   4.37,  459,  462-4,  668  et 

seij.,  744  et  seq. 
Ajiaricio  (authority),  SO. 
Approiiriations,  Ariz.,  526. 
Apiiropriatitma,  N.  Mex.,  714. 
Acniico.  8(5. 
Ar.ios,  l)oniingo,  234. 
Aripaiioes,  437. 
Arrhives  of    Mexico,   20   et   seq.,    of 

Spain,  19-20,  llSetscq. 
Aichivo  de  N.  .Me.\.,  20,  197,  641,  719, 

and  piissini. 
Arcluvo  do  Sta  Fe,  19-20,  197    and 

passim. 
Archuleta,   Diego,   323,  41.3,  429-32, 

431). 
Ar.iiiuleta,  Juan,  166,  322. 
Archundi,  Fran.,  239. 
Arellano,  Diego  M.,  'Mil. 
Arellano,  Tristan,  39,  40,  54,  56,  01- 

3,  (■>."). 
Arcvalo,  Lrtcas,  232. 
Argiiello,  gov.  Fern.,  164-5,  167. 
Arias,  capt.,  204. 
Arias,  .Tuana,  171. 
Arihae,  .388,  seo  'Arivaca.' 
Arida  Zona,  521. 
Arisona,  .'521. 

Arivaca,  388,  403,  507,  589-90,  596. 
Arizona,  chap,  ii.,  xv.-i.,  xix.  xxiv., 

see  tiihle   of   contents    for  details. 

Mention  in  N.  Mex.,  chapten  72-3, 


139,  157,  liM  ct  seq.,  200  et  seq., 
408,  4."kS,  68S-9. 

Arizona  Cent.  ii.  K.,  611,  see  'Kail- 
roads.' 

Arizona  City,  61.5. 

Arizona  Compiled  I^awa,  523. 

Arizona  County,  X.  Mex.,  508,  ,590, 
641,  798. 

Arizona  Journals  of  Legis.,  523,  and 
pa-tsim. 

Arizona  ranchorla,  371. 

Ari/(«wc,  345,  520-1. 

Arizonia,  521. 

Ariz|)e,  3.50.  475. 

Arizuinii,  50.S,  .521. 

Arkansas  Kiv.,  236. 

Arlegui  (autiiority),  SO. 

Armendariz  grant,  472,  726. 

Arinijo  family,  339. 

Armijo,  Ant.,  284. 

Armijo,  gov.  Manuel,  313,  310et  .seq.. 
.322  6,  329,  336,  411-12  et  seq.,  419 
et  seq. 

Armijo.  Santiago,  4.30. 

Army  of  the  West,  409  et  seq. 

Arnold,  .5'.»I  2. 

Amy,  W.  Y.  M.,  705,  711,  728,  7.3.3- 
4,  740. 

Anicha,  .Tuan  J.,  313, 

Arreziife,  521. 

Arricivita,  Cmtw-a,  .375  et  seq.,  380-1, 
:«7-8,  .397. 

Arriquil>ar,  IVdro,  370. 

.\rroyo  ilu  Arizona,  401. 

Arroyo  Honilo,  4.S2. 

Artesian  wells,  645,  see  'Agricul- 
ture. ' 

Arvide.  Martin,  160,  166. 

A.-!ay  N'alley,  77. 

Ascension,  Luisa,  163. 

Ash  Folk,  tM»5. 

Asidey,  .50il. 

Assenilily,  see  'Legislature.' 

Asunq»ciou  convent,  l.'fO. 

Atchison,  Topeka  and  Sta  Fe  R.  K.. 
3:10,  (»04-5,  781,  788-9,  799-800,  see 
'Uailroads.' 

Atlantio  it  Pacific  R.  H.,  003,  79.5,  see 
'Uailroads.' 

Autliorities  qufited,  sec  list  at  l>ci;in- 
ning  of  Vol.,  page  19-26,  and  tool- 
notes  passim. 

Austin,  Texas,  602. 

Austin,  F.  S.,  028. 

Austin,  Win,  4.(2. 

Averill,  licut.  07l'>. 

.<vila,  Alous.iR.,  171. 

.^vila  y    I'aclieco,   t'ov.    Knriqnr,  165. 

Axtdf,  S.  ]{.,  700,  Via. 

Ayala,  I'udro,  170. 


804 


INDEX. 


Ayamoiitc,  Fr.,  75. 

Avotii,  Fnin.,  171-'2, 181-.S,  187, 190  1. 

Ayurn,  .Idlin,  791. 

A,\  uiitaiiiiuutu,     311,     see     'Uovcni- 

IllCltt.' 

A/.tucs,  4  5. 
Aztlati,  527. 

B 

B.il>c()(!k,  Win  F.,  592. 

Kio,  S.  .lavier  del,  ^.W-S,  .V)2-3,  3f>9, 

;<73,  375,  379-81,  39ti,  398-9,  401-2, 

40t>,  5:K)-1,  005,  (507.  ol8. 
Bigl?.  S.  C,  022. 
Bkliaeocliax,  150,  348. 
Biil,  Joliii,  720. 
Baird,  James,  298. 
Bikor,  322. 
Biker,  570. 
Biker,  Alex.,  076. 
Biker,  A.  C,  028. 
Biker,  Cliarlcs,  017. 
Bikei-,  J.  M.,  013. 
Biker  (Jity,  785. 
Bileh,  W.  R.,  Mi>ip»,  752  et  acq. 
Billiiiger,  .F.  O.,  531. 
BiUas,  Ilio,  41. 
Bimlelior,    Ad.    F.,   /fi<   Tntrod.,  17, 

24,  38,   .W  3,   55,    02,  04,  89,   112, 

133,  15S,  182. 
Bipti'itH,  Hoo  'Church.' 
Birliicoiiiari,  403. 
Birliiw,  .59. 
IJiruhart,  (1.  H.,  028. 
Birraiioa,  Arroyo,  41. 
Bureiro,   Aiit.,  Ojemlti,  91,   111,  157, 

289,  311    14. 
Birreiieche,  Juan  A.,  379. 
Birrera,  .Fo.-jt',  309. 
Birrott,  lieut,  091. 
Birrio,  Nuevo,  (Japt.,  03. 
Barrosd,  Cris.  A.,  198. 
Birruiido,  Hern.,  78. 
Birtlett,  K.  !..,  720. 
ISirtlett,  J.  R.,  91,  408-71,  479-80. 
liiK^Din,  lieut,  502. 
Biihford,  Coles,  .521. 
Biiteinia,  O.  K.,  017. 
Biuin,  I'etLT,  298. 
Baylor.  John  R.,  512,  088  et  8e(i. 
Belle,  Kl.  F.,  494  5,  .'JOO. 
B   ilj  Sjiring,  540,  502,  504. 
Belli,  lieut,  444  .5. 
Bian,  Sun.  (1.,  507. 
BiMr  Spring,  see  '  Ojo  del  Oso.' 
Biard,  judge,  455. 
Boauhiou,  Charles,  420. 
Bisaubien,  Nareiso,  432. 
Bcauinout,  Croiiica,  72-3, 


Beekliell,  capt.,  299. 

Heelie,  A.  1'.,  .531. 

Beleii.  .307,  794  0. 

Hell,  lieut,  00(i. 

Beltran,   Bernardino,  80,  84,  87,  89- 

!N). 
Beltran,  Manuel,  192. 
Benavides,  Alonso,  Memorial  and  Iteq- 

veMe,  70.  14(5,  100-2. 
Bendell,  H.,  544. 
Benedict,   Kirhy,  719. 
Bennett,  C.  K.,  517. 
Bennett,  K.  J.,  028. 
Bennett,  T.  T.,  T.^\. 
Benson,  (504-5,  021. 
Bent,   gov.,   (-'harles,    335,    415,   420, 

430,  432,  437,  441,  4(50. 
Bent's  Fort,  see  'Forts.' 
Bentley,  S.  A.,  740. 
Benton,  Thus.  H.,  3.33,  412-1.3,  431, 

443. 
Berado  rancho,  531. 
Berger's  Tuui-Wh  Oiiiile,  781-2. 
Bernal,  (Vis.  M.,  355-0. 
Bernal,  Juan,  177. 
Bernal,  Mariano,  '298. 
Bernal  Spring,  094,  097. 
Bernalillo,   52  .'1,  83,   217-18,    227-8, 

78S. 
Bernalillo  County,  787-8. 
Bernave,  .1.  C.  (ill,  379,  384-5. 
Berry,  J.  N.,  013. 
Bigelow,  J.  N.,  48'2. 
Biggs,  .Jonathan,  540. 
Biyotes,  49  et  secj.,  55,  59. 
Bill  Williams,  river  and  nit.,  88,  155, 

348,  3(5(5,  482,  5'.K). 
BillaiKiui,  .lesuit,  711. 
Billy  the  Kid,  790. 
Biography,  Ariz,  pioneers,  chap.  xxiv. 
Biography,   N.   >Ie.\.   pioneers,   chap. 

XX  xi. 
Bisi)ee,  .'577,  .'589  et  seq.,  021. 
Bisiiop  and   hishoprie,    1(51-2,   240-2, 

'257.  '289,  307  8,  314,  34"2,  305,  see 

'Church.' 
Black,  C.  S.,  01.3. 
Black  cailon,  495. 
Black  iiills,  5<M). 
Blair,  F.  I'.,  42(5. 
Blinu,  L.  W.,  (5'28. 
Blunuier,  Charles,  4'2G. 
Bocanegra,  Juan  (!.,  14'2. 
Boggs,  Thos  O.,  (5(58,  78'2. 
Boggs,  T.  \V.,  (5'28. 
Bohu?  de  I'lata,  1'2,  345,  30'2. 
Bolsas,  Antonio,  '205. 
lionanxa,  79(). 

Boiiilla,  Ant.,  Apiiiiti':*.  20.  2.5'2,  203. 
Bonilla,  Fran.  Leiva,   107-9,  138. 


INDEX. 


8Uj 


'2,  2G3. 
38. 


Bonner,  \V.  N.,  504. 

B^iiinuvilic,  col,  501,  670,  676. 

Boiinuy,  Win.  H.,  75)6. 

BcH>k,  Itit  in  Ari/.,  Ml. 

Bordoy,  Mariano,  379. 

Bosqiio  Itcdondo,  (i61-2,  671,  678-9, 
7:Wot  seq.,  742  et  slmi. 

Boundary  and  survt-ys,  290-1,  311, 
;«4-5,  408,  442,  447,  4r)3  ct  mti, 
457-8,  467  et  seq.,  477,  479-80,  491, 
493  et  acq.,  504,  608,  527-9,  65:, 
7-22. 

Boullton,  Raoussct,  475. 

Bourko,  J.  (i.,  S mike-dance,  548. 

Bove,  131. 

Bowie,  Geo.  W.,  514. 

Biiyakin,  col,  440. 

Bralta,  50,  6.'i,  see  'Taos.' 

Bracito,  Ei,  432. 

Brackett,  A.  (1.,  Ilitl.  U.  S.  Cavalry, 
(i(iO. 

Bradshaw,  W.  D.,  522. 

Ba-uliiiiu,  R.  T.,  320. 

Brei-vort.  Eliasi,  and  hia  books,  191, 
7.'>7,  791. 

Browcrtoii.  lieut,  466. 

Brictifio,  Hco  'IVfialosa.* 

Bri.kwood,  .1.  T..  628, 

Brighani  City,  531. 

Bii^noli,  322. 

Broiikow  mine,  .')90. 

Brooks,  niaj.,  676. 

Brotoni,  Fran.,  'I'M, 

Brown,  C.  O.,  488. 

Brown,  ({.  K.,  628. 

Brown,  John,  25)2. 

Brown,  J.  C,  334. 

Brown,  Robt  F.,  435-6. 

Brown,  VV.  H.,  5(kJ. 

Browne,  J.  Uo»m,  and  hia  works,  SH- 
IS, 522,  54i,  581. 

Bryan,  R.  W.  D.,  791. 

Buchanan,  James,  408-9. 

Buena  Esperau/.a.  riv.,  155,  157,  348, 
see  'Colorado  riv.' 

Buena  Uuia  ri\',  35. 

Buenavista,  369,  390. 

BuflFaloes,  49,  51,  59-61,  72,  77,  90, 
i:W,  210,  see  also  'Cibola.' 

Burch  &  Woods,  49(i. 

Burchard,  H.  C,  Ri^porU,  58.3,  752  et 
seq. 

Burgwin,  capt.,  422,  428-9,  433-4. 

Burr,  Aaron,  28(J. 

Bushman,  John,  531. 

Bustamante,  C.  M.,  and  his  works, 
319,  32.3,  414-15. 

Bustamante,  gov.  Juan  D.,  2.38-42. 

Bustamante  and  Uullfgos,  77. 


Bnsto,  Ant.  C,  2.38. 
Buttertield  stagu  hue,  406. 


Cabeza  de  Vaca,  9,  HJ-19,  27,  60,  75, 

82,  ).")8. 
Caborea,  Mission,  .353,  'M'A,  .393. 
Cabrillo,  Juan  U.,  9. 
Cachupin,   gov.    Tomas    Vuloz,   244- 

'yH,  272  3. 
Cadancho.s,  Kio,  157. 
Cadeua,  Fr.  Fran.  (Jomcz,  180; 
Caliigua«,  286. 

Calabaais,  :W9,  .385,  403,  507,  605. 
Caldwell,  Matthew,  .320. 
Calhoun,  James  S.,  460  et  seq.,  44(5  7, 

463,  630-2,  662-3. 
California,  9,  1.3,  314,  3.38,  359,  'MA, 

387-90,  394-7,  431,  44S-.'Jl,  4.-)(;  7, 

467,  478,  48.3,  ct  acq.,   :m,  511-14, 

5.").'>,  558,  598. 
Califori.ia  Southern  U.  U.,  ()()4  5. 
California    Volunteers,    513  16,    .'356, 

690-1,  726. 
Callc,  Juan  D.,  Memorial,  III,  158. 
Calloway,  capt.  Wm  1'.,  514. 
CallviUe,  613. 
Calzadc,  Fr.,  18'2. 
Caniargo,  Fr.  Ant.,  234-5. 
Canibujos,  16.3. 
Came  val.,  77. 
Camp,  L.  C,  752,  785, 
Camp  Apache,  see  'Fort  Apache. ' 
Camp  Calhoun,  486. 
Camp  <Jo()dwin,  see  'Fort '-'oodwin.' 
Camp*  I  rant,  .557,  559,  562,  565-6. 
Camp  Independence,  488. 
Canq>  Lincoln,  5.16. 
Camp  Lowell,  515. 
Camp  McDowell,  562. 
Camp  Ord,  565. 
Camp  Reno.  557. 
Camp  Thomas,  586. 
Camp  UUh.  .5.32. 
Camp  Verde,  .')62,  566-8. 
Campbell,  A.  H.,  482. 
Cauqibcll,  .1.,  (i'2H. 
Canqiln;]!,  .1.  (i.,  61.3. 
Cainpo,  Andres,  (>(>  7. 
Campus,  Fr.,  352,  3.")9-6l. 
Canada,  La,  178,  2:U,  274,  311,  317- 

19,  433-4,  786,  sec  also  Santa  Cruz. 
Cafiatla  Alamosa,  ,5(13,  711,  74.5,  8U1. 
Canadian,  Rio,  53,  59,  1.57. 
Canby,  Col,  677  et  seq.,  687  et  aeq. 
Cambar  Ijivkes,  1.57. 
Caflon  Bonitti,  l'X,\. 
Cafluelas,  lieut,  'J68. 
Capitol  Ariz.,  508,  512,  52&-17. 


I 


'It 


806 


INIJEX. 


r.ipitf.l  N.  M.,  010  ct  Rf(i.,  71()-17. 

(.'iiplam-cieiiuraU  X.  M.,  ;io;{-4,  iio8. 

I'iii-iiviiu.i,  "JlMi,  :VJ!(  ut  suij. 

CiirlxuiateviUf,  ~'M>, 

C'iirik'iias,  (iarcia  L.,  47,  54,  5G-7. 

Cai'iloiia,  l.">7. 

Carey,  A.  Ji.,  C>'M. 

(.'arlariia,  cliiot,  '-M(i. 

Carletoii,  Jas  H.,  r)l4-t'.,  r)'_'7.  r)54  7, 

(liil  It  H»(|.,  (»7S  !•.  tiJK)  ft  Nuq.,  (i'JO- 

7(M),  7'<0  ft  8i'(i.,  7i'J0,  745  ut  8C(j. 
Carli.slii,  79'.). 
Carlos,  .S-J-J. 
t'arrasoMl,  IVvlro,  154. 
Carrasi'o,  col,  ;i")7,  4>S7. 
CaniUo,  Italtasir,  'M'.l 
CarriU...  .lose  M    Klias,  476. 
C'arri.seo,  lieiiteol,  303. 
Carrizal,  UOli,  :iS4. 
Carson,  Kit,  Xis,  407,  419,  4(10,  470  7, 

548,  (508,  078,  mi,  701),  730-1,  730, 

785. 
Carter,  Jacol>,  29'-'. 
Cartilage,  797. 
Carzall,  .Iiian,  379, 
Ca.sa  Coloraila,  05.1. 
Casas   (;raii.le,   4-.',   355-C,   362,  305, 

005,  ()25. 
Casas  (iraiiiles,  Chill.,  73. 
(  asaiiate,  152. 

Casas,  Heriial.e,  141   2,  147-50. 
CasUinetla,  I'uilro,  37,  .")0. 
Castano  de  Sosa,  <iasi)ar,  100-7,  130. 
Castililiivitl,  77. 
Castillo,  Diego,  160. 
Castillos,  138,  184. 
Castle  l)oiiie,  580. 
Castro,  .lose,  470. 
Castro,  Juan  M.,  102,221. 
Cataract  Creek,  547. 
Catiti,  Alonso,  175,  18.5,  189,  199. 
Catlin's  Muxvitl  Diimmtiiy  757. 
Cau.lal  lie  ni.lal>;o,'398 -9. 
Cavo,  Andres.   Tivx  Sijlos,  170. 
Caxuo,  120  et  setj. 
Cay  pa,  131. 
Cazorla,  108. 

Cel.olleta,  (54,  247,  419-22,  429. 
Cedulas,  20. 

Ceiis,  .lose  Ptdro  R.  do,  342. 
Central,  533. 

Central  Arizona  R.  II.  Co.,  605. 
Central  City,  798-9. 
Cerhat  Mtns,  502. 
Cerrillo,  214. 
Cerrillos,  Los,  790-1. 
Cerro  Azul,  108. 
Cerro  Colorado,  200-1, 
Cervantes,  lieut,  550. 
Chaca,  285. 


Cliai'o,  407. 

l-'liacon,  Fernando,  Inj'orute,  302-.1. 

Chacon  Medina  Salazar  y  Villas"fior, 

gov.    Jose,    227-31,  208,  272,  280, 

284-5. 
Chatfee,  AdnaR.,  .557. 
Chaguaguas,  247-8. 
CiialchiliuiteH,  104. 
Chalmers,  L.  11.,  028. 
Chania,  Rio,  131,  210,  295,  422. 
ChainiiurH,  Samuel,  298. 
Chamita,  785. 
Chaniuscado,    Fran.    Sanchez,    75  et 

Beij.,  78. 
Chandler,  capt.,  328. 
Chapman,  capt.,  402, 
Charlefonx,  3.39. 
Cliartz,  John,  013. 
Chatham,  J.  J.,  028. 
Chato,  chief,  570-1,  746  et  seq. 
Chavarria,  Diego,  217,  221. 
Chavez,  Fern..  181. 
Chavez,  gov.  Fran.  .1.,  284. 
Chavez,  Ireueo,  720. 
Chavez,  Jo.se  Ant.,  287,  327. 
Chavez,  J.  F.,  710,  7:i2. 
Chavez,  Manuel,  438,  077,  09(»-7. 
Chavez,  I'ahlo,  433. 
Chelly,  Canon  <le,  285,  422,  4(J.3,  407, 

()09,  075,  079. 
CheuKihuevis,  .545. 
Chiehiltioale,  40  2,  08. 
Chihuahua,  0  13,  74.  277-8,  297,  311, 

330,  419,  422  4,  434,  4.59,  402,  492. 
Chihuahua  City,  12,  424. 
Chilili,  170. 
Ciiilescas,  163. 
Chinali,  2.39. 
Chinese,  723. 

Chiricahuas,  503-9,  .57.3,  745  6. 
Chivington,  J.  M.,  687  et  seq.,  093  et 

He(|. 
Chloride,  801. 

Chotcau,  Augnsto  P.,  298-9. 
Christ,  (;.,  028. 
Christian  Bros,  N.  M.,  776-7,  see  also 

'Church.* 
Christy,  W.,  0'28. 

Chron.  iSummary,  N.  M.,  701  et  acq. 
Chump,  Ind.,  l.'W,  143,  14.x 
Ciiurch,  Ariz.,  '237-8,  :W7-8,  379-80, 

(H)7. 
Church,  N.  M.,  O.W-l,  777-8. 
Churchill,  C,  0'28. 
Cia,  .50,  58,  77,  SO,  1.30,   18'2,   194-6, 

200,    '20.3,     '206,     '209-11,     216-17, 

'2'28  9. 
Cihicii  Creek,  .50.")-569. 
Cdxtla,  ;W-5,    68,    85,    154,   see   also 

'Zufli.' 


INDKX. 


807 


Cicuyo,   40-52,   58-9,   G5-9,  158,  see 

alno  'Pecos.' 
Cicuique,  89,  seealHn  'Pecos.' 
(Jienuga,  La,  175,  4S5,  5t3G. 
Cieneguilla,  189,  '208,  213,  221. 
Ciinanon,    665  et  seq.,    723,   737  et 

8eq.,  779-81. 
Civilization  of  the  Indians,  1-5. 
Cladin,  capt.,  694. 
Claims  against  U.  S.,  N.  M.,  718-19. 
Claims,  land,  see  laud-grants. 
Clark,  424. 
Clark,  Louis,  703. 
Clay,  senator,  457. 
Clemente,  Kstevan,  1G8. 
Clemente,  (lasjiar  de,  379. 
Clever,  C.  P.,  715-16,  719. 
Clifford,    Josephine,    Overland    Tales, 

749. 
Clifton,  590,  605,  627,  799. 
Climate,  Ariz.,  594-5. 
Climate,  N.  M.,  766-7. 
Chim,  John  P.,  566-7. 
Coahuanas,  156,  348. 
Coal,  see  Mines. 
Cocapas,  156,  348. 
Cochise,  502,  657,  564,  566. 
Cochise   Co.,   627,  566,   688-90,  596, 

b98,  620  et  seq. 
Cochiti,  58,   179,  189,   195,   198,  200, 

208-9.  216-17.  221.  2*28,  '237. 
Cockhurn,  F.  Q.,  628. 
Coco,  50. 

Cocoiiiiiricopas,  358,  367,  390. 
Cocopas,  489,  501,  545. 
Cocdspura,  3.")3-4. 

Codallos  y  Uabal,  gov.  Joaq.,  244,  249. 
CoUinaii,  IJ.  S.,  ♦>22. 
Coleccion  do  Doc.  Imdito»,  22. 
Colfax  CO.,  779  et  seq. 
Colk'^^es,  see  '  Kdnciition,' 
Collins,  Jiw  L.,  662.  677. 
Colly,  Solomon,  '295. 
Coloiiias  .Militare.-t  di;  Occidente,  475. 
Colony  grants,  N.  M.,  766. 
Colorado  City,  4H9  et  seq.,  499. 
Colora.lo,  Kio,  35,  39,  47  8.  S8,  li)4~6, 

.346,  3.V2,  3.-)7  9,  3(;.-)-7,  38()  96,  4(>6- 

7,  43-2  3.  469,  481  2,  489-91,497-9, 

527,  .">47,  580,  586,  595,  60*2-4. 
Colorado,  Rio,  Ferry,  486-8. 
Colora<lo,  Rio,  Navigation  and  Steam- 
er, 489-90,  <K)*2. 
Colorado   Chiquito,    Rio,    41,  48,  88, 

154,  346,  42'2,  481-2,  495,  531,  591, 

596,  610. 
Colorado,  State,  258,   292,   421,  592, 

684  ot  sen.,  692. 
Colorados,  Karon  de  los,  see  '  Poralta 

de  Cordoba.' 


Colton,  D.  D.,  592. 

Colyer,  Vincent,  548,661-4,729,  745- 

6. 
Comadurdn,  capt.,  405,  475-8. 
Comanches,  171,  '2.39,  249,  '2.')6-9,  2(>4. 

280,  285-6,  292,  437,  46'2,  658,  73'2, 

736,  746. 
Comandancia,  N.  M.,  31.3. 
Combs,  Franklin,  NamUiw,  324. 
Commerce,  see  Trade. 
Compromise  measures  in  Cong.,  456- 

7. 
Concepcion,  .397. 

Concha,  gov.  Fernando  de  la,  268,  276. 
Concha,  gov.  Hern.  Ugarte  y  la,  165, 

167-8. 
Conches,  7i. 
Conchos,  Rio,  76,  124. 
Confederates  in  Ariz.,  510  ct  seq. 
Confederates  in  N.  M.,  chap,  xxvii, 
Coiigregationalists,  see  Church. 
Congress  on  Ariz.,  504-5,  525-6. 
Coiigregationalists,  see  Church. 
Congress  on  Ariz.,  504-5,  52.')-6. 
Congress  on  N.   M.,  427,  446,  451  et 

seq.,  651,  714-16. 
Conibas  Lake,  149. 
Conejos,  '295,  710,  722. 
Conklin,  E.,  Picturesque  Ariz.,  693. 
Connell,  Robt,  613. 
Connelly,  gov.    Henry,   413-16,    423, 

448,  633,  690,  705,  719. 
Conquest  of    Ariz,    by  U.  S.,  476  et 

seq. 
Conquest  of  N.  M.  by  Spanish,  chap. 

vi.-vii.,  xvii.,  by  U.  S.,  cliap. 
Constitution  of  Ariz.,  507. 
Constitution  of  Mex.,  316. 
Constitution  N.  M.,  447-8,  720et  seq. 
Contested  seats  in  Cong.,  716. 
Contraband  'Trade' q.  v. 
Convention,  Constit.  Ariz.,  504-7. 
Convention,    Confederate  Ariz.,  511. 
Convention,  Constit.  N.  M.  443-8. 
Cooper,  55. 

Cook,  capt.,  328,  694-5. 
Cook,  H.  C,  512,  688. 
Cook,  Nathan  P.,  504. 
Cook,  Thomas,  '298. 
Cooke,    lieut-col    and  works,    411    et 

seq.,  416,  421,  4()4~.'),  477  9. 
Cooke,    P.    St  <i.,  Voitinu'fit  uf  N,  M. 

(imiCal.,  413. 
Cooke,  Win*;.,  .3'20,  322. 
Cooper,  Stephen,  '299. 
Copala,  73. 

Coi)ala,  I-ake,  .')."),  \m,  348. 
Co)iper,  see  'Mines.' 
Coral,  Rio,  l.")7. 
(Joriizoaes,  39. 


608 


INDEX. 


Ctinloba,  Lnif«C.,  112. 

Cornwall,  A.,  )il4. 

C'oriiyn,  .lohu  W.,  651. 

Coro,  'Aoo. 

Coronailo,    Francisco  V.,    10,  33-70, 

84,  8«,  88,  H'J,  158,  103,  188,  340, 

355. 
Corporations,  N.  M.,  "lOetscq. 
Ctirtes  of  Spain,  Dclugutc  to,  1283. 
Cortes,  Hcrnan,  7-9,  33,  35,  110. 
Cortes,  Juan,  143. 
Cortes,  430. 
( 'onifta.  Viceroy,  92-3. 
Cttrvera,  Fran.,  198. 
Costilla,  710,  722. 
Cotton,  31,  45,  154,  330,  534,  595. 
Cotuntlio,  Ind.,  141. 
Coult,  Tlieo«lore,  510. 
Council,  see  'Legislature.' 
Counties  Ariz.,  ciiap.  xxiv.,  p.  503-4, 

507,  523,  527,  539  et  seci. 
Counties,  N.  M.,  chap,  xxxi.,  p.  312, 

037  et  acq.,  641  et  seq.,  710  et  seq., 

748-5<i  i)a8sim. 
Courts,  N.  M.,  0;iOet  seq.,  720. 
Coutts,  Cave  J.,  Diaz,  479,  48()-7. 
Cox,  E.  T.,  see 'Owen  R.  E.' 
Cox,  F.,  028. 
Covero,  221,  422. 

Coyner,  l>.  H.,  /.o.sr/'/vfj)?WM,300-l,3.38. 
Coyoteros,  070. 
Coz/ens,    S.  W.,  Mitnelhus  Cotintnj, 

373,  506-7,  519. 
CrabI),  Henry  A.,  502. 
Craig,  Col.,  4(i8,  480. 
Crawford,  Capt.,  572. 
Crawford,  Sec.  War,  446. 
Cremony,  John  C.   ami  Works,  468, 

514,  550,  609. 
Crcpiisculo,    El,    'Newspaper,'    314, 

:mi. 

Crospo,  Benito,  and  Memnrial,  240-1. 

Crespo,  Francisco  Ant.,  391. 

Creuzbaur,  llohert,  486. 

Crinie,  Ariz.,  .503,  575-7. 

Crime,  N.  M.,  722-3. 

Cristobal,  Ind.,  1.30. 

Crittenden,  Senator,  505. 

Crittenden,  (Jeo.  B.,  087  et  seq. 

Crittenden,  T.  L.,  550. 

Croix,  Caballero  de,  263,  270,  378. 

Crook,  Geo.,  and  lieporU,  560-8,  571- 

3. 
Cross,  Editor,  .WS. 
Crothers,  W.  D.,  548. 
Cnices,  Las,  .507,  800. 
Cruz,  Juan,  67,  81. 
Cruzados,  155. 

Cruzat,  gov.  Doin.  J.  P.,  192-4. 
Cruzat  y  Gongora,  gov.  Gerv.,  242-3. 


Cuartalcjo,  106,  229,  236-9. 

CulHjro,  Kio,  221. 

Cubero,  Gov.   I'cdro  II.,  218  ct  aeq., 

224-0,  36.3-4. 
Cuerno  Verde,  264. 
Cuervo  y  Valdes,  gov.  Fran.,  227  et 

seq. 
Cuesta,  La,  436. 
Cuit<ias,  106. 
Culcbra,  710,  722. 
Culiacan,  8. 
Culver,  R.,  432. 
Cunanics,  see  '  i'unaines.' 
Cuipiiarachi,  350. 
Currency,  N.  M.,  277-8. 
Curtis,  53.3, 
Gushing,  H.  B.,  560. 
Custom  House,  see  'Trade.' 
Cutts,  J.  W.,  Coiiiiiir.it,  416. 
Cuyamanque,  '20(i,  210,  217. 
Cuyammiquc,  199. 
Cuyanmuque,  63. 

D 

Dale,  F.  W.,  794. 

Daley,  315. 

Dallam,  Richard,  426. 

Dallas,  Maj.,  .565. 

Dampier,  imijuiji'.,  18.3. 

Dann,  F.  P.,  Ai-iz.  L'cjm-ts,  536. 

Darling,  E.  W.,  733. 

Date  Creek,  56'J-6,  587. 

Davidson,  Capt.,  488,  060. 

Davidson,  M.  O.,  551. 

Davis,  Gen.,  744. 

Davis,  Jeff.,  508. 

Davis,  W.  H.  H.,  and  his  works.  18, 
23,  53,  58,  59,  02,  79,  81,  84-5,  88- 
91,  109,  111  et  seq.,  131,  150,  157-8, 
1()4,  176,  182-3,  194-7,  '200,  203, 
'209,  212,  2I()-'20,  305,  446-7,  455, 
(!33,  (545,  654,  081. 

Dawson,  J.  li.,  782. 

Decourcy,  Lieut,  410. 

Deer  Creek,  585 

Defrees,  W.  S.,  548. 

De  Groot,  751. 

De  L'Isle,  71. 

Dclche,  Chief,  557. 

Delegate  to  confed.  cong.  Ariz.,  511. 

I>ek'gates  to  cong.  Ariz.,  504-9,  5'25. 

Delegates  to  cong.  N.  M.,  448,  650-1, 
715-16. 

Delegate  to  cortes  N   M.,  287  et  seq. 

Delgado,  Carlos,  and  works,  231,  243, 
'240-7,  '250-1,  272. 

Delgado,  Fel.,  731. 

Deniing,  (504,  799. 

Dent,  (J.  W.,  .544. 

Denver,  Jlid.,  687  et  seq. 


INDEX. 


809 


Donrcr  &  R.  O.  R.  R.,  784;  sec  also, 

'UailriMids. ' 
DeiMirtmciit  of  N.  M.,  311. 
Derliy,  <le<».  U.,  and  works,  489-90. 
De.-ieret,  440. 
l)i)«i)erii<li'.i,  see  'Crime' 
Deviii,  T.  C,  and  /Ajw/V,  556-7. 
Diamond  Hoax,  Ari/.,  591-2. 
Diaz,  .Juan,  309,  379,  :i89. 
Diaz,  Mukhor,  37,  39,  4(>-7. 
Diaz,  lUfael,  379. 
Dickenson,  S.  C,  (512. 
Dicz,  Pedro  R.,  .369, 
Diimtacion  i)rovincial,  311. 
Di.^c(>ve^y  of  Ariz.,  chap.  ii. 
Discovery  of  N.  Alex.,  chap,  ii.-iii., 

pp.  10-19. 
Districts,  see  Mines. 
Distil  rnell's  map,  409. 
Documentos  jxove  Li  Ifixt.  de  Mrj.,  22. 
Documentospuni  ii  llUt.  tie.  X.  Mcj:., 

20-1. 
Dodd,  Theo.  H.,  693  et  seq.,  7.32-3. 
Dodge,  Hiram  C,  Art.,  591-3. 
Dodge,  H.  L.,  675. 
Dodt,  Helenas,  546. 
Dog,  a  faithful,  140. 
Dolan,  J.  J.,  752. 
Dold,  Henry,  794. 
Dolores,  .352. 

Dominguez,  Francisco  A.,  261-2,  392. 
Dominguez,  Jo.se,  210,  225. 
Dominguez  de  'Memloza,'  q.  v. 
Dona  Ana,  190,  424,  800. 
Dofta  Ana  co.,  5(M,  507,  723,  799-800. 
Donaldson,  Maj.,  09.3  et  secj. 
Donaldson,  A.  H.,  735. 
Doniphan,  A.  W.,  409,  421   et  seq., 

424-5,  428-9,  432,  434,  437,  403. 
Dooiittle,  J.  R.,  731. 
Dorantes,  Andres,  16,  27. 
Dore,  Maurice,  592. 
Dorrington,  J.  VV.,  616. 
Dorsey,  Stephen,  782. 
7>ou{iherty,  J.,  028. 
Dougliis,  James,  504. 
Downing,  Capt.,  095, 
Downs,  Francis,  791. 
Drama,  127. 

Drought,  184-5,  214-15,  .397. 
Dryden,  \Vm,  321  2. 
Dudley,  L.  E.,  500,  729. 
Dunhar,  E.  E.,  American  Pioneeritiff, 

519. 
Duncan,  Maj.,  698. 
Dunn,  (}.  E  ,  028. 
Dunn,  Jolm  (J.,  540. 
Dunn,  J.  v.,  MiUHacren,  554,  676,  679, 

730  et  sen. 
Durau,  Andres,  170,  180. 


Duran,  Rod.,  119,  121. 

DuranK'o,  2ft8,  311. 

Durango,  liisliop  of,  /{ijmrl,  271. 

Durkeo.  J.  E..  i>'2H. 

l)wyer,  Jos.  VV.,  782. 

Dyer,  Lieut,  433. 

E 

Ealy,  T.  P.,  740. 

Ears,  prtKif  of  killed  Indian.s,  208. 
Kartliiiuake.s,  Ariz.,  489,  535. 
Eastman,  (ralen,  734-5. 
Easton,   Lieutenant-col,  440. 
Ehstein,  F.  H.  E.,  500. 
Elmondson,  Maj.,  435-0. 
Education,  Ariz.,  OO.'i  et  seq. 
Education,    N.    M.,    chap,    xxix.,    p. 
;i04  5,  341,  (543,  710  et  seq.,  774-6. 
Elwards,  (Jov.  of  Mo.,  409. 
Edwards,  Frank  S.,  <'<t>ii}»iii/ii,  420. 
Ehrenherg,  Ariz..  580,  (M).3,  0I(>. 
Ehreul)erg,  H.,  3(i0,  489,  498,  504,  540. 
Filers,  A.,  581. 
Eixarch.  Tonias,  3!>2,  .394, 
El  Paso,  91,  128,  lOS,  170  et  seq.,  182- 

3,  218,  274,  279,  297,  311,  415,  423- 

4,  440-2,  408,  493. 

Eldoldt,  Sam.,  and  works,  752,  787. 

Eldorado  Caflon,  .')80,  585. 

Elections,   Ariz.,  505,  522,  525. 

Klguea,  Francisco  M.,  303. 

Elias,  Col,  475. 

Elias,  Simon,  305. 

Elizabeth  town,  779-80. 

Elk  Spring,  743. 

Elliott  &  Co.,  //w<.  Ariz.,  373,  592-3, 

087. 
Elliott.  Capt.,  070. 
Ellis,  Powhatan.  325. 
Ellison.  Sam.,  19,  717,  791. 
Eman,  T.  J.,  02S. 
Emancipaticm,  N.  M.,  081  et  seq. 
Emenes,  Ind..  132;  .see  also 'Jemea,' 
Eniexes,  see  'J ernes.' 
Emigration  to  Cal.  via  Ariz.,  483,  480. 
Emigration,  N.  M.,  472-3;  sea  also 

'  Immigration.' 
Emory,  W.  H.,  and  works,  416-19, 

464,  468-9,  493-4. 
Encinal,  248. 
English  designs,  94. 
Episcopalians,  see  'Church.' 
Erwin,  A.  M.,  557. 
Escalante,  Sergt,  350. 
Escalante,  Silvestre  V.,  and  works, 

19,  176-7,261-2,  .391-2. 
Escalante  and  Barrundo,  78. 
Escalona,  Juan,  and  Carta,  147,  150- 

1.  154. 


810 


INDEX. 


E«!alona,  Luin,  fiT. 

K^i'iiujiKiiu't,  14!'  oO. 

Ksiliiiiiiii,  «'.,  &2H. 

F^Hcoliiir,  Frail.,  154,  l.'>(i,  l.'iS. 

K-iciiilini,  .loso  A.  ill',  .\'olieiiiM,  289. 

K-iiuilt'l'ii,  Man.  S.,  XH. 

Ksiujii,  Aiit.,  .")•-',  7<»,  7S-U1,  y5-7,  154, 

ISS,  ;<4(5. 
E<l.i'U'tii,  Cliiff,  '-••-'•-'. 

Ki.riiaii,  .ii.sf,  :mi». 

I'^piiioia,  Aliiii.to,  1">-,  'Mt9. 
J'!<|iiiii>sa,  Juan,  Hflnriit,  .">i!. 
M-iliiritu  Siiiitii,  IJi'i-narilo  del,  406. 
K  il'iivtl  Fran.,  1 1'. »,  1  •-'•-'. 
Kitailit  Iiitiiriiii  ilcl  Nurte,  .''11. 
Kitanuia  ill!  l>o:iiin^'Uu/.,  188. 
ivstelric,  .luau  IS.,  ."is."). 
K-ftuni,  Jjar;!<>,  1 '.*<>. 
Kitevaii,  Noijrii,  lU.'), 
JOitevaiiicn,  "JT  .'!-. 
Kitraili,  (Jov.,  not-  '  liainiri'/.' 
JOitraila  y  Austria,  .luau,  'I'M, 

iivaiis,  Col,  70),  ~s:\. 

Kvau.s,  .1.  \V.,  (iL'S. 

Everts,  W.  II.,  5.-iti. 

Ew'.ll,  H.  S.,  .W,  512,  070. 

EwcU  ("(I.,  507. 

Kxiicilitiiiiis  ami  Exiilorations,  early 

cliapturti  passiiii,  uee  alao  names  of 

explorers. 
Explorer,  steamer,  4J)5. 
Exports,  see  ''Jrailc' 
Eyre,  Edward  E.,  514. 


F 


Fairliauks,  005,  021. 

Fairs,  N.  M.,  277,  302,  044. 

Fairview,  801 

Falconer,  Tlios,  Notea,  324. 

Famine,  184-.'),  214-15,  206,  .397. 

Faraoii  Apaches,  223,  232. 

Farfan,  Francisco,  105,  180,  200,  209, 

213. 
Farfan,    Mtircos,  124,  127,  139,  143, 

147. 
Fauntleroy,  Col,  606,  677. 
Fay,  A.  E.,  012. 
F'ergusson,  D.,  500,  516. 
Fernandez,  570. 
Fernandez,  Fr,  265. 
Fernandez,  Bartolonie,  288,  293. 
Fernandez,  Jaime,  122. 
Fernandez  Duro,  C'esareo,  works,  24, 

.37,  152,  170-1,  112,  115. 
Ferry  of  the  Colorado,  486  seq.,  499- 

500. 
Fendge,  John,  540. 
Figueredo,  Ilo<iue.  Ri'Uirion,  115. 
Figueroa,  Jose,  182,  349. 


Fililmsters,  Ariz.,  502-.1,  R1.1. 

Fililtusters,  N.  M.,  280,  320,  476. 

Finance,  N.  M..  444,  642,  710,  717. 

Fischer,  M.,  752,  798. 

Fitzpatrick,  (iuido,  411,  415. 

Fitziiatrick,  Thomas,  400. 

Flagstaff,  0O.\  Oil. 

Flemiiig,  J.  1).,  5^8. 

Flint,  Timotliy   Xarr.  o/PnUie,  .3.38. 

Flon,  flov.  Manuel,  208. 

Floods,  Ariz.,  499  et  seci.,  513,  531, 

535. 
Florence,  32,  535,  595,  599,  003,  005, 

024-6. 
Flores,  Ag.,  2.30. 
Flores  MogoUou,  Gov.  Juan    I.,  231 

Fonte,  redro,  .392,  .394. 

Fonte,  Admiral,  170. 

Ford,  <;.,  507. 

Ford,  J.  11.,  093  et  seq. 

Ford,  John  S.,  4.55. 

Forest  Dale,  531. 

Fort  Apache,  .507-8. 

Fort  lUrrett,  515. 

Fort  liiiscom,  730. 

Fort,  liont's,  409-11,  41.'>,  400,  405. 

Fort  Bliss,  088  et  seq.,  099. 

Fort  Bowie,  515. 

Fort   Breckenridge,  497-8,  501,  512, 

515,  689. 
Fort  Buchanan,  496,  512,  515,  089. 
Fort  Craig,  512,  689  et  8e<).,  740. 
Fort  Defiance,  422,  547,  584,  591,  675 

et  seq.,  733,  736. 
Fort  Fillmore,  512,  688  et  seq. 
Fort  Fauntleroy,  677. 
Fort  (roodwin,  550-7. 
Fort  McDowell,  549. 
Fort  Mann,  4.37. 
Fort  Marcy,  418,  790. 
Fort  Moiave,  395,  497,  500,  545-6. 
Fort  .Smith,  481. 
Fort  8Unton,  670,  739,  742  et  seq., 

796. 
Fort  Sumner,  671,  678,  730  et  secj. 
Fort '1  horn,  691. 
Fort  Union,  093  et  seq.,  783. 
Fort  Webster,  663-4,  669. 
Fort  West,  662,  671. 
Fort  Whipple,  522,  558. 
Fort  Wingate,  678,  73.3,  795. 
Fort  Yuma,  480-1,  485-90,  499,  513, 

544-5,  615. 
Forts,  Ariz.,  496  et  acq.,  515,  554. 
Forts,  N.    M.,   655-6,   726;  see  also 

'Camps.' 
Fountain,  A.  J.,  752,  801. 
Fra  Cristobal,  83,  181,  190,  422. 


IXDKX. 


•It 


1 


Franri-tcans  in  Ariz.,  MQ-!iO,  303-6, 
Mrt  SO,  Uf_'  :«. 

FraiR'iMiiin  in  N.  M.,  l'J4,  147  51, 
l.->H  (il,  ICd  7.  171  :»,  17'.»,  ISn;,  'JO.-!, 
•Jl'J  i:t,  •-•!()  17,  '2Mi,  '.nw,  l»40  1, 
'2U>,  '2M\-A,  •_'()'.•  7"),  30(>-8,  341-2. 

Fniiicisi'ii,  I  ml.,  7'S-l'. 

Frank,  AIt.,  (»17. 

FrazitT,  <!.  M.,  tWM. 

Frcot^iiii,  «;(iv.,  M'u  Treviflo. 

Freij{!it,  Hie  't  rado. 

Frei.si!,  I'mf.,  734. 

Frcju-i,  Fianci.sco,  /fUlorui,  112, 

Fivniiint,  ('apt.,  4(Mi. 

Fri'Miiint,  (lov.  John  C,  40S,  S'io. 

Fren.-li,  •->•:•_',  •23'_>,  •J3()  it,  •J4:{-»,  470. 

Freytils,  Itvlwion,  24,  10!»-70. 

Fria,  i:«),  1. •{•.',  8Lual»o  'L'ia.' 

Fri>ntfras,  ;)."i4  .'>,  378. 

Fmrt.-.  3.'.(). 

FiUMte.  Itio  till,  3.'i(). 

Fiigitivu  Slave  Law,  N.  M.,  003. 


a 


f!ailM(lcn,  .Ianu?-<,  4'.)1. 

(J  i.l.4iUn   I'liivliaso,  41)1  et  st-q.,  490, 

504. 
(iail.-ionia,  5*21. 
(ia','i',  5-JI. 
(Jalantiii,  .lolin,  4SS 
(lalistif),    t.J,    7!t.    Mt,    10.->,    13'.>,    ISC), 

litS  -.'OO,  '.05,  'J14, 'J-JI,  '-"JH,  413   15, 

4 IS,   OiC. 
Gallatin,  AH).,  .9h/' Z' vl/ieieHHC,  52,  53, 

81. 
f!alU'i;i),  4(i. 
(JalliHos,   Lieut,  ooO. 
(;.ill..L'..s,  .1  -us  M.,  311. 
Gallon. )s  .l...e  M,.  42i»,  050. 
(ialle^DS,  .Inan,  08, 
(iallinas.  llii),  53,  59. 
(ialvcz,  370. 
GunMinj;,  N.  M.,  044. 
(iiinilara.  fiov  ,  404-5,  475,  478. 
Gansl,  A.,  .V.I2. 
Ganz,  K.,  02S. 

(iaraicoechea,  Juan,  222,  226,  228. 
(Jarce;,    Francisco,    anil   works,  202, 

379- SI,  ;i80-97. 
Garcia,  Fr,  205-6,  398. 
Garcia,  Aloiiso,  178,  181,  186,  193. 
(Jarcia,  Manuel,  287. 
Garcia  Con.le,  reilro,  46&-9,  479. 
Garland,  Gen.,  070. 
Garrett,  Pat.  F.,  796. 
Garri.son,  A.  P.,  710. 
(iarrucho,  Joae,  362. 
Ga.spar,  Ind.,  86. 
Uastou,  C.  A.,  733-4. 


( Joncral  Toimp,  Steamer,  4!)0 

Gciii/Jiro.'i,  2()9. 

iU'orgiJtown,  790. 

Guroniino,  t'iiiuf,  507,   5(>9-73,  740  ct 

.SLMJ. 

(icriiuinio,  Ind.  Burvant,  7S  9. 

Gt!tty,  (icn.,  711,  72.V6. 

Gicoinlio,  Inil.  143. 

Giddings  ''ov.  .Marsh,  705,  717. 

Gil,  Alon.so,  IS2. 

Gila("ity,  500,  507. 

(iila  Co.,  527,  5S0,  5S2,  5S5,  .■)S7,  5'.10, 

020. 
Gila  Land  District,  .WO. 
Gila,  Uio  au.l  Valli-y,  31,  3.1  .'i,  .17,  .19, 

41,  73,  l.-)0,   102  .1,  245,  :WS  9.  :!54- 

8,  .104  0,  3S7  92,  404  7,  419,  479, 

483-4,  491,  4'.Ki,  550,  670-80,  585-0, 

.595,  071. 
Gildersleeve,  C.  IL,  7'iO. 
(iilui^o.  Apaches,  2S(). 
(;ilpin.  Gov.,  419-23,  440,  093. 
(Jird,  Uich.,  022. 
Glanton,  .lohn,  487. 
Glenn,  ('apt.,  299. 
Glenn,  K.  H.,  f)07. 
Gli.s.son,  407. 
(ilisteo,  see  'Galisteo.' 
Gh)l)o  City,  507,020. 
Golden,  788,  791. 
(roldschniicit.  A.,  028k 
t  ioniara,  70. 
(Jomez,  Fran.,  178. 
(iomcz,  Juan,  107. 
(ionzalez,  A'M. 
Gonz.alez,  Ant.,  106. 
Gonzalez,  Ignacio  E.,  3,')8,  .183,  405-6. 
(i()nz<alez  de  Mendoza,  <i.  v. 
(toodwin,  (.iov.  John  N.,  521-2,  525, 

550. 
Gorman,  Sam.,  /\<l<lrc»n,  072. 
Gordejucla,  Juan,  147. 
Gonlun,  Wm.,  292. 
Go.sper,  Gov.,  576. 
Gourley,  510. 
Government,  Ariz.,  503  et  seq.,  521 

et  .seij. 
Government,    N.     M.,    chap,    xviii., 

XXV.,  xxviii.,  p.  272  et  hc(|.,  287  et 

seij.,  .104  5,  311  et  scii.,  425  et  .seq. 
Governors,  Ariz.,  507,  525. 
(iovernors,  N.  M.,  158-01,  104-.'),  192 

et  seij.,  218,  220,  220-7,  231,  2.13  5, 

242  4,  2.5.1-7,  20;i-4,  2(W,  284,  300, 

310,  439-41,  448,  702. 
(Jrafton,  801. 
Graham,  5.13. 
Graham  Co.,  .-)27,  .5.13,  580,  590,   596, 

598,  003,  020-7. 
Graham,  J.  1).,  408. 


812 


INDKX. 


flraliam,  L.  P.,  470. 

(Jrim   'Qiiivira,'  ij.  v. 

(iranuda,  41,  -i'X 

(iriiuil  i 'ant  III,  547. 

(iraiiilu,  llii),  HL'ti  '  111(1  (trniiilc.' 

(iraiiillo,  Luis,  'Mi,  'A>H,  :.M4,  lilO. 

(trauito  t'roik,  M'2. 

Oraiit  Co.,  W7,  T;.".'.  798-9. 

(Sraiit,  Prosiilent,  5*>l. 

(ira|n'!4,  Ariz. ,  593. 

(JiaHshoiriT,  Juan  R,  nC2. 

Oravos,  E.  A.,  (W.). 

(Jiivos,  .r.  K.,  7i.'«,  732. 

dray,  Amlnw  H.,  4(W,  480,  501. 

(Iraydou,  Capt.,  099. 

Urooii,  Jolui,    r><i5. 

Orooii  River,  5IM. 

(Jroono,  V.  W.,  7t:0,  7B2. 

(trounwnml,  r)8(i. 

(tromu,    ''"^'''l'.   <i">'   W(ir!\H,  24,   109, 

112.    1S2  :<,   ."JlO-n,  329,  :W2,  335, 

337,  .'W2.  .')5d. 
Oricr,  liout,  422. 
(Jrinoll,  4S(i. 
Oromrnan,  F.  K.,  5.')0. 
(tuailtlajara,  l>iego,  IfiO. 
(Juadalfiiiivir,  Ki<>,  7t),  soo  also  'Ilio 

Graiido.' 
Oua.laluiio  <lil  Piwo,  182-3,  192. 
(Jualpi,  '2M,  :«9. 
(Juayiiias,  f)13,  ()02,  004. 
(iuorra,  Aiit,  187,  191,221,  225. 
(ruurra,  Juan,  121,  147. 
(i.usrra,  P.  A.,  2JH5. 
Cniorroro,  capt.,  122-3. 
(Juerroro,  Ant.,  232. 
Guovavi,  3(i2-3,  309,  374,  384-5. 
(tuinui,  l.W. 
(lurley,  John  A.,  521. 
(Jutierrcz,  C'lenicnte,  273. 
Gutierrez,  Jiise,  288. 
Gutierrez,  Juan  R.,  229. 
Gutierrez,  Lorenzo,  {^)5. 
Gutierrez,  Miguel,  222. 
Gutierrez,  Narciao,  379,  385. 
Guzman,  gov.  Luis,  l(i5. 
Guzman,  Nufio  do,  8-9. 

H 

Haciendas,  Ariz.,  .374,  402. 

Hagli,  Iu<l.,  IM. 

Hah  Hoo  Keeah,  51. 

Hakluyt,  Rieliard,  Voyages,  84,  86-8. 

Haldiodumas  l.W,  348, 

Half  Way  Bend,  545. 

Hall,  J.  L.,  613. 

Hall,  Willard  P.,  425-6. 

Hallook,  gen.,  556-7. 

UomanoB,  see  'Jumanos.* 


Hamilton,  .Tacoh,  5.11. 

Ilaniilton,   I'at.,   J{tnource«,   S73,  406, 

;>02,  .'192  3. 
Ilamniakur,  Miss,  740. 
Hardy,  liuut,  407. 
Hardyville,  580,  586. 
ifaro,  l^ipez,  2.'{0. 
Harpending,  591-2. 
Harris,  L.,  740. 
Harris,  MisH,  740. 
Hart,  H.  L.,  5C7. 
Hart,  L.  S.,  (J-J2. 
Hartihornu,  4NS. 
Hartwood,  Win,  7">2. 
Hassayaiiipa,  Rio,  5SG. 
Hateli,  eapt.,  OTlt. 

Hatch,  «en.  K  1.,  712,  725-6,  743,  746. 
Hatch,  L.  H.,  531. 
Hattield.  Wm,  432. 
Hatton,  lieut,  556. 
HavicK,  154. 

Haydcn,   Prof.,  and  works,  722,  7r)0. 
Hayes,  A.  A.,  works  of,  087. 
Hayes,     Ik^n,      C'oW'cUon  and    l^mnj, 

483  4,  487,  004. 
Hayn.M,  Henry  W.,25-6. 
Hays,  John  (".,48.1,  517. 
Hay  ward,  J.  L.,  752. 
Hazledine,  W.  C,  Jiermilillo  Co.,  732, 

789. 
Head,  I.,iifayette,  677. 
Head,  Mark,  4;{2. 
Heath,  H.  H.,  70.5,  711. 
Heintzelman,  (ien.,  488-90,  509, 
Hemes,  see   'Jemes.' 
Henchehvood,  489. 
Henderson,  (iov.,  455. 
Hendley,  C'apt.,  429,  4.T4-5. 
Hen.    iek,  H.  L.,  481. 
Hen'  .^ues,  E.  C,  794. 
Heredia,  (iov.  Alonso  P.,  164. 
Heredia,  Pedro,  81. 
Hereford,  B.  H.,  620. 
Heman,  Caijt.,  166. 
Herrera,  Nicolds,  38.S. 
Herrera,  Sebast.,  181. 
Hewitt,  485. 
Hickox,  (}eo.  W.,  791. 
Hidalgo's  Revolution,  297  et  seq. 
Higgins,  Frank,  512,  688. 
HiUsborougii,  801. 
Hinojos,  Agustin,  166. 
Hinojosa,  Jfiaquin,  202. 
Hinton,  Francis,  545. 
Hinton,  R.  J.,  lltiwl-}>ook,  373,  592-a 
Historical  Soc.  Ariz.,  607. 
Historical  Soc.  N.  M.,  641,  717. 
Hodge,  H.  C,  Arkona,  393. 
Hodt,  Capt.,  677. 
Hoifman,  Col,  SOL 


INDEX. 


S18 


Holhrnok,  A..  filO. 

ll..l«niii,  (',ii>t.,  :<('»3. 

lliiluiiiii,  Tiiiii,  'J'.MI. 

JlolliHter,  ().  .1.,   J/M.  IH  linjt,  087, 

ti'.n. 
H.M.kor,  H.  ('.,  (V27. 
llol.kiiiH,  «}.  W.,  C.'JO. 
Hopkins,  11.  ('.,  <M)0. 
HnrcusitiiH,  :«»(). 
HomU,  Iiiil,  *.n. 

lint  Spring,  oCiti,  .'!()'.),  ."iT:*,     '•">.  7*5. 
lloui(lit<in,  .hHtic)',  711    I'.K 
lldu^litoii,  .loali,  4'Jli,  447,  7'20. 
H(.u>,'lit..ii,  W.  I).,  'A'M. 
Howunl,  K..  »iL'8. 
Howiinl,  K.  H  ,  487. 
How.iril,  Major,  411. 
Howanl,  (lila,  487. 
llowanl,  (mmi.  O.  O.,  549,  50a-0. 
Howe,  Col,  (i'.tl). 
ilowi-11  C'o.lo,  .VJ.T 
HowlII,  .Iu.Ikc,  .522. 
llowlaiiil,  t'Xfcutcil,  322. 
Howlan.l.  ('apt,  fi<.)4. 
llualiipai  Mts.,  r)()2. 
llualap.ii-    '.'■)  (i,  ."12,  C5C,  504,585. 
Huhiitex,  .-.to  'UlKitos. ' 

llu.ls C'apt,  42.H. 

I'lilson,  C'liarle^i,  5.")0. 
Hu.lsoii,  K.,  :v_>(). 
HiUTto,  Toriliio  do,  1ft.'). 
Hu;;lu!.s,  .lohii  T.,  Doii'qihann  Exped., 

4()ft  10,  423. 
Hughen,  Sam,  010. 
Huaiiiaila,  .luaii.  107  0,  138,  149. 
Hunter,  Capt.,  513- 1."),  O'JO. 
Hurall,  51. 

Hurdai.le,  Capt.,  S.TO. 
HurricaML',  Ariz.,  358. 
Hiirtido.  .luaii  r.,  203,  219,  227,  2.33, 

235,  239. 
Hurta<l<),  Martin,  225. 
Hurta.lo,   Nic,  182. 
Husdmap,  Frt!.!.,  490. 
lliiti-liinaon,  V.  S..  028. 
Hiitul)ins<in,  W.  W.,  013. 
Huttou,  N.  H.,  490. 


I 


Iliarra,  Francisco,  10,  72-3,  350. 
Il)arra,  Koque,  .384. 
Ice  in  Kio  (Jraudo,  59. 
Ilarregui,  Jose  S.,  493. 
Ilzarl)o,  Fr.,  Infnrme,  271. 
Iniinigration  to  Ariz.,  5:)0. 
Immigration  to  Cal.,  48.3. 
Immigration,   N.    M.,  774,    see  also 

'Emigration.' 
Imports,  see  "Trade.* 


Indc^HJudcnco,  Colch.  of  N.  M.,  ,308- 

9. 
Indian    AffairH,    Arix.,    Chap,    xix., 

xxii.,    p.    I5«},    348,    377  9,   402  et 

Ht'<|.,  000  i'X  ne(i.,  510,  .'»0(i,  ."0. 
In<lian    Atl'airM,    N.   M.,  Cliap.  xxvi., 

xxix.,    p.    241,    24.'t.   2."»0  I,  207  9, 

285  7,    273  4,    315-10,   3.35,  430-7, 

4.')9,  710. 
In<lian  lUttiilion,  440. 
Indian  \\'('ll.s,  535. 
InduitricM  Ari/.,  578. 
IndustrieH   N.    M.,    27.'>,  339-40,   043 

et  Mcij. 
Inge,  S.  W.,  517. 
Ifligo,  I0.'i. 

ImiuisitioM,  109,  172,  398. 
Insiription  Rook,  4!\  t)r>   201,  407. 
Insnixirdination,  U.  S.   J    ,.  ms,  420. 
InvinciMe,  SehoontT,  489 
lraz(Sl)al,  Fran.,  231,  233,  •'39. 
Iriteba,  Cliief,  .'>4.'). 
Iron,  iHoe  '  Mines.' 
Irrigation,  soo  '  A  ./iijulturo.' 
Islfta,  ."),  83,  i:«),  177  8,  \-i\  1,  180- 

92,  2:«),  29'i,  .307,  422,  UO' 
Iturliide,  487. 
Ives,  J.  C,  and  works,  481,  495,  547. 


.T.aca,  175. 

.lackson,  .^38. 

.Tackscm,  Lieut-col,  419,  421-3. 

.Jackson,  Major,  097. 

.lackson,  A.  II.,  550. 

Jackson,  A.  M.,  088. 

.lackson,  D.avid,  407. 

Jackson,  Jeremiah,  292. 

Jacohs,  Ed.  C,  500. 

Jacona,  199,  200,  217. 

Jaeger,  488-9. 

Jahnico,  170. 

Jainiez,  Alonso,  100. 

.Jalchedunes,  .390. 

Jaiiin,  Henry,  .TCI. 

Janos,  4.")9,  479. 

Januskc,  Fr.,  3.')2. 

Jaraniillo,  .hian,  37-8,  40-1. 

Jaraniillo,  I'ahlo,  432. 

Javier,  Francisco,  187. 

Jefe,  Politico,  310. 

Jellords,  ThosT.,  .^OO. 

.Tcffcrys,  Tlios,  71. 

Jemes,  03,  80,  91,  1.32,  107,  ISO,  1S2, 
185,  191-2,  199-2(K),  202,  209-12, 
21(>-r,  228,  230,  232,  239,  274,  403, 
742. 

.Tenies,  Rio,  5.3. 

Jerome,  005. 


814 


INDEX. 


Jesuits,  Ariz.,  chap,  x-    3i50-C8,  375, 

406,  497,  579,  77iV7. 
Jesuits,  N.  M.,  237,  239,  246. 
Jesus,  Juan  «le,  211. 
Jicarillas,  'J22-3,  229,   237,  239,  242, 

665,  736  et  seq. 
Jimenez,  Bartolome,  379. 
Jimenez,  Franeisco,  493. 
Jimenez,  Lazaro,  157. 
Jimeno,  369. 
Jncomes,  356. 
Johnson,  (teo.  A.,  490. 
Johnson,  James,  407. 
Johnston's  Jounutl,  464. 
Jones,  Col,  44i). 
.lones  Colony,  5.S3. 
Jones,  iMniel  \V.,  532. 
Jones,   hniieetor,  5t")7. 
Jones,  John  M.,  481. 
Jonesville,   532. 
Jorge,  Ant.,  21 1. 
Jornaila   del    Muerto,  187,  424,  504, 

8v)l. 
.lose,  Inil.,  108, 
.Joy.i,  La,  698. 
Jiiaa  .lose,  Cliief,  407. 
Jiiilieiul  Distriets,  Ariz.,  507,  522. 
Juli,  Cliit't'.  567,  509,  571. 
Julian,  7.')7. 
Jumanas,    IS,   82,   90,    1.38,   161,   16.3, 

16.),  i!>2.  222,  23(),  276,  286. 
JuinaiKMs,    170. 

Junta  Central  dv.  las  Esi)anas,  287. 
Junta  Du|iartaniental,  311. 
Juzgailo  do  Distrito,  N.  M.,  312. 


Kaitchum,  John,  531. 

Kanali,  ^Vash,  614. 

Kautz,  (Jen.  Aug.  V.,  566,  568-9. 

Kearny,  (icn.  S.  W.,  409  et  se^.,  417- 

18,  425-7,  439,  477. 
Kearny  Code,  N.  M.,  426. 
Keller,  Ignaeio  J.,  362,  365,  369. 
Kidly,  (!i'o.,  778, 
Kemp,  ('has,  407. 
Kemp,  11.  E.,  628. 
Kendall,   Geo.     W.,    Narrative,  316, 

323-4. 
Kendrick,  S.  F.,  676. 
Kennerly,  C.  li.  R.,  482. 
Kennerinan,  Henry,  292. 
Kern,  R.  H.,  481. 
Kern,  R.  M.,  52. 
Kihhcn,  C.  H.,  and  BitxiH,  424. 
Kinder,  R.  C,  610. 
King,  Clarence,  and  works,  592. 
Kingman,  614. 
Kiugstou,  585,  801. 


Kino,   Euaebio  F.,   11,    3.3,    352-6., 

'.m,  37.3. 
Kino's  Map,  69. 
Kiowas,  6.")8,  736. 
Kirker,  James,  .321-2. 
Kolosky's  rancho,  695-7. 
Kroeuig,  Wm,  works  of,  752,  783, 


Lalmdi,  Lorenzo,  671. 

Lahora,  Fr.,  :«59. 

Lacy,  H.  E.,  620. 

Lacy,  Mrs.  S.  C,  782. 

Ladrones  Mtna,  202. 

Laet,  Joannis,  79. 

Lagera,  Fran.  P. ,  340. 

Lagnna,  .TO,  55,  83,   195,  221-2,  228, 

231,  460,  672,  741-2,  79.>. 
Lacuna  Colorado,  323,  422. 
Lajas,  Rio,  102. 
Lake,  fabulous,  83,  87,  94. 
Lake,  (!eo.,  531. 
Lake  Valley,  801. 
Lalande,  Baptiste,  291,  29.3,  295. 
Lainanites,  531. 
Lamar,  President,  320. 
Lamy,  .L  B.,  777. 
Land,  W.  C.,  628. 

Lands,  Puldic,  Ariz.,  501,  598  et  seq. 
Lauds,  I'uhlie,  N.  .M.,  646-7,  765-6. 
Land  grants,  Ariz.,  398-9,  505,  .")99- 

600. 
Land-grants,    N.    M.,    194-5,    647-8, 

757-63. 
Landin,  Diego,  127. 
Lane,  .losepli,  517. 
Lane,  (Jov.  Wui  C,  6.32-3,  G50,  652, 

664. 
La  'Paz.'q.  v. 
Larkin,  Lieut,  4.35. 
Larkin,  'I  hos  O.,  works  of,  408-11. 
Larrahee,  C.  F.,  Stili. 
Las  'Cruces,'  q.  v. 
Las  Vegas,   322,  415,  433,   435,   775, 

792-4. 
Latham,  Senator,  591. 
Lawler,  J.,  628. 

Lawrence,  W.  H.,  and  works,  752, 799. 
Laws,  Ariz.,  ehaj).  xxi.,  p.  512. 
Laws,  N.  .M.,  425-7,  450,  710  et  seq., 

719  et  sctj. 
Lay  ton,  Capt.,  573. 
Lawyers.  Ariz.,  536. 
Lawyers,  N.  M.,  720. 
Laytoii,  533. 
Leach,  .laines  B.,  49C, 
Leal,  Fr.,  358. 
Leal,  James  W.,  432. 
Leary,  J.  C,  794. 


?■; 


INDEX 


815 


152-6., 


83. 


15. 

et  seq. 
■()o-(i. 
5,  5H9- 

G47-8, 

t,  G52, 

-11. 
k  775, 

l2,799. 

I  BOq., 


Lecount,  .Tnlm,  485. 

Lee,  .Stephen,  4;i2. 

Legislature,  Ariz.,  622  et  seq.,  530  et 
seq. 

Legislature,   N.   M.,  311,441-2,448, 
(y,M  et  Heq. ,  7(M>  et  seq. 

Lehi,  532. 

Leil),  Chas,  522. 

Leiliy,  Oeo.  W.,  544. 

Leit/.emlorfer,  Eugene,  426. 

Leiva,  4:». 

Leiva,  Fran.,  see  'Bonilla.' 

Leiva,  Pedro,  181. 

Leiva  y  Chavez,  .Salvador,  288. 

Lent,  \V.  M.,  5!)1. 

Leroux,  Ant.,  481. 

Letra.lo,  Fr.,  166, 

Lewis  326. 

Lewis,  C'apt.,  324. 

Lewis,  ('has  H.,  856. 

Lewis,  \V.  H.,697. 

Lewis,  Win  P.,  320. 

Lezaun,  Juan  .S.,  Noddaa,  27& 

Liberds,  Raninn,  379,  385. 

LiberUd,  Port,  300,  602. 

Lil)raries,  Ariz.,  606-7. 

Libraries,  N.  M.,  641,  717. 

liinitar,  699,  745,  797. 

Lincoln,  796. 

Lincoln  Co.,  72.3,  79^-6. 

Lincoln,  President,  521. 

Lincoln  .State,  721. 

Lindsivy,  Capt.,  676. 

Lino,  Rio  del,  41,  88. 

Lists,  Castafio  de  Sosa's  men,  101; 
Choteau'a  men,  299;  Coronado's 
captains,  3();  Counties,  Ariz.,  597- 
8;  Counties,  N.  M.,  723;  Dele- 
gates to  Cong.,  Ariz.,  525;  Dele- 
fates  to  Cong.,  N.  M.,  715-16; 
hnigrants  to  Cal.,  N.  M.,  339; 
Espejo's  men,  81,  89;  Events  in  N. 
M.,  314-15,  701  et  seq.;  Forts, 
Ariz.,  554;  Forts,  N.  M.,  726; 
Franciscans,  124,  151,  161,  171, 
179,  204,  212-13,  216, 238,  241,  275; 
(lovernors,  Ariz.,  525;  tJovernors, 
N.  M.,  l()4-5,  25.3-4,  310,  702  et 
seq. ,  Indian  Agts  and  .Supts,  Ariz. , 
chap,  xxii.,  passim,  see  names  of 
Tril)e.s;  Indian  Agts  and  Supts,  N. 
M.,  chap.,  xxix.,  p  662-t,  668, 
672,  727,  see  names  of  Tribes;  In- 
dian Tribes,  R.  t'olorado,  348; 
Kearny's  Officers  and  Troops,  410; 
Land-grants,  Ariz.,  600;  Land- 
grants,  N.  M.,  648,  757-63;  Law- 
yers, Ariz.,  536;  Lawyers,  N.  M., 
720;  Members  Legislature,  Ariz., 
637-9;   Members   Legislature,   N. 


M.,  442,  GM  et  seq.,  706;  Mem1>ers 
Territorial  Convention,  Ariz.,  501; 
Members  Territorial  Convention, 
N.  M.,  44:^6;  Military  Command- 
ers, Ariz.,  554;  Military  Command- 
ers, N.  M.,  655,  725;  Military  OtH- 
eer.s,  Ariz.,  497;  Mines,  Ariz.,  579- 
92,  passim;  Mines,  N.  M.,  748-56, 
passim;  Missions,  Ariz.,  .369-71; 
Mormons,  Ariz.,  531-3;  Names  on 
early  maps,  71;  Newspapers,  Ariz., 
607;  Newspapers,  N.  M.,  77(>-7; 
Officers,  Cal.  Volunteers,  f  14;  Offi- 
cials, Ariz.,  .507,  "i.S.'i-O;  Officials  of 
El  Paso,  187;  Officials,  N.  M.,  21 S, 
228,  238,  241,  287,  426,  445-(5,  630 
et  seq.;  704  et  seq.;  Oftates  Cmii- 

?any,  125-6;  Otcrmin's  captains, 
87;  Pike's  men,  292;  Places,  ran- 
cherias,  etc.,  early  expldratioiis 
Ariz.,  201,  3.-)6  9,  36(i,  .3(i'.t  71,  387- 
95,  507;  Places,  ranchcrias,  etc., 
early  explorations  N.  M.,  139,  187, 
200,  236,  265;  Public  and  .Tcsuit 
Colleges,  N.  M.,  775;  Pnclihis  and 
Missions,  N.  M.,  13.')  7,  lt>3-4, 
172-3,  187,  212,  241,  2.V.'-3,  279- 
82,  302,  312,  :«2-3,  739  et  so(i.; 
Railroads,  N.  M.,  771-2;  Rod- 
riguez' Companions,  75;  Spanish 
officers,  p.  159,  PJ.'i— 4;  Texas'  oiK- 
cers,  1841,  p.  320;  Translators  anil 
Printers  of  Law.s,  713;  Union  men, 
N.  M.,  684;  Vargiis'  officers,  203; 
Victims,  Acoma,  142,  revolt  of 
1680,  p.  179,  of  1847,  p.  4.32. 

Literature,  Ariz.,  592-3,  607. 

Literature,  N.  M.,  775. 

Little  Colorado,  See  '(,'olorado  Clii- 
quito. ' 

Lttle  Desert,  507. 

Live-stock,  see  'stock-raising.' 

Lobato,  Ventura,  328. 

Lobos,  Port,  605. 

Local  annuls  and  descrip.,  Ariz., 
chap.  xxiv. 

Local  annals  and  descrip.,  X.  M., 
chap.  xxxi. 

Loco,  Chief,  569,  57 1 ,  746  et  .seq. 

Logan,  618. 

Lomas  y  Colmenarcs,  ,Tuan  li.,  99- 
100. 

Lond)arde,  Fr.,  182. 

Long,  R.  L.,60(). 

L(i))ez,  Capt.,  57. 

Lopez,  Diego,  16.3. 

Lopez,  Fr.,  75-80,  84,  158. 

Lopez,  Francisco,  794. 

Lopez,  Juan,  4.30. 

Lopez,  Nicolas,  192. 


J! 


816 


INDEX. 


Lopez,  Ramon,  370. 

Lope/,  Vifeiile,  'JS5. 

Lopu/.  lie  Hiiro,  Xoliilario,  157. 

Lord,  (.'apt.,  1)1(4. 

Lord,  C.  H.,  r>r)Oet  seq. 

Lonlsburi;,  004  5,  7!t!>. 

Loriiig,  Fred.  \V.,  r)<»0. 

LoriiiK,  W.  M  ,  G87  etseq. 

Los  I'lacores,  4l2(>. 

Lossiiig,  B.  J.,  M orka  of,  f)84,  G87  et 

seq. 
Louisiana  Ter.,  280,  290  et  aeq. 
Love.  liieut,  4:^7,  4:». 
Love,  John,  782. 
Lovell,  Chas  S.,  556. 
Low,  F.  F.,  720. 
Lucas,  .las  A.,  mi_7,  512,  688. 
Lui'iTo,  Altt'rt'/.,  178. 
liUcero,  l{la-<,  (i7<). 
Lucoros,  Los,  4;i;{,  785. 
Liidlaiii,  A.  H.,  uJO. 
LuKiiuz,  47t>. 
Luis,  Kr.,  <>t)  7. 
Lujaii,  (itiv.,  sue  'Vargas.' 
Luiultur,  .\riz.,  .T.H*. 
Luuas,  Las,  7S*4  li. 
Lutin'raiis,  !)4. 

Lyiiik',  Isaac,  r)12,  ()S8  et  aeq. 
liyux  {'reck.  580,  ."iS7. 
Lyous,  Alirahain,  501. 

M 

Macana,  Xra  Sia,  dc  la,  195. 

Maooiiil),  .).  Ts.,  (m4. 

M.tcv,  Aitliur,  (J'-'u. 

Malariagi,  .SIS. 

Madura  Mt.,  4(H. 

Ma.lrid,    Roqiic,  do,    VXi,  202,  200-7, 

210,  22S,  'JiW. 
M  11,'dal.Mia,   7!t7  8. 
Ma^adaleua   Mts,  202. 
M  igoliiu.  James,  411    15,  423. 
Mai^rias,  S(h;  '.Maj^uaa. ' 
Magna 3,  84-5,  89. 
M  iianoy,  O.  L.,  628. 
Mails,  Ari/.,  002-3. 
Mainez,  (tov.  Alberto,  284,  298. 
Maize,  01. 

Maldonado,  AlonsodulC,  10. 
Maldouado,  C.  de  V.,  27. 
Maldonado,  Juan,  .379. 
Maldonado,  Liica-s,  ]82. 
Mallory,  Henry  R.,  540. 
Mallory,  John  C,  540. 
Mangas  Coh^'-adas,  405,  502. 
Mange,  Juan  M.,   aiul  works,  354-5, 

35?. 
Mangle,  Joseph,  449. 
Mauriiiue,  Jose,  208,  284,  287. 


Mango,  ToTtJjJs,  161. 

Mausos,  182,  192. 

Manufacturers,  Ariz.,  601. 

Manufacturers,  N.  M.,  275-0,  .303-4, 
339-40,  770-1. 

Manuscripts,  19-26. 

Maps  of  1779,  p.  265;  Boundary 
Question,  471;  Caheza  de  Vaca  a 
route,  17;  ("oronado  in  N.  M.,  54; 
Coronado  and  Niza  in  Ariz.,  43; 
Counties,  Ariz. ,  528,  (i09;  Counties, 
N.  M.,  780;  Earliest  E.xplor.,  Ariz., 
347;  Early  routes  to  N.  M.,  70; 
Espejo  in  N.  M.,  85;  Font's  1777, 
p.  .393;  Kino'.s  Ariz.,  3C)0;  Missions 
of  Ariz.,  384;  Id.  of  i'inieria  Alta, 
3,")3;  N.  M.  10th  Century,  137:  Id. 
17th  Id.,  17(>;  Niza  and  C'oronailo 
in  Ari/.,  43;  Northwest  in  l.")39,  p. 
29;  01<1,  71;  Onale's  Route,  123; 
Tike  ISOt),  p.  294;  Sinaloa  and 
S(uiora,  .351;  Venegas'  1757,  ]>.  370; 
Wytlliet  rtolemy,  1!">97,  p.  71. 

Mar  del  Sur,  l.")4  et  seq.,  340. 

Marata,  31,  45,  80. 

Marcon,  Jules,  482. 

]Slarcy,  H.  H.,  407,  05.3,  782. 

Maria  de  J<!sus,  103. 

Maricopa,  ()05. 

Maricopa  Co.,  527,  586-7,  59.5,  50,% 
022  et  seq. 

Maricoi)a  Stake,  5.S2-.3. 

Marioopas,  4S5,  501,  518,  548,  5.'0. 

Marin  del  '  Valle,'  (j.  v. 

Marquez,  Diego,  9.';,  119,  124. 

Marcpicz,  (ierdniino,  140,  143,  155. 

Marshall,  490. 

.Marsiiall,  .loseph,  432. 

Martin,  Cris.,  94  5,  101. 

Martin,  .loiiu,  707. 

Martinez,  Alonso,    124,  134,  147,  341. 

Martinez,  Aiit.  J.,  311,  703. 

Martinez,   Daniian,  ('urtu,  273-4. 

Martinez,  liov.  Felix.  219,  231-5. 

Martinez,  .lose  M.,  382,  504. 

Mason,  .lohu  S.,  5.")5~0. 

Masons,  Ai'iz.,  007. 

Massacre -1,  437.  .')57  00. 

Mastin,  Thus  .1.,  507. 

Mata,  ,Ti;aii,  217. 

Matanza,  108,  149. 

Mateer,  Win  R.,  548. 

Mather,  Tiios.  3:M. 

Mauldiui,',  T.  F.,  782. 

Maxwell.  Fern.,  007.  671. 

Maxwell.  Raneiio,  738,  781. 

Mavos,  350,  404. 

McAllister,  J.  P  .  628. 

McBrown.  W.  H.,  794. 

McCall,  (J CO.  A.,  Litters,  446-7,  462. 


iNw:x. 


McCk 


817 


(.-avo,  Win,  r,li,  731,  7.%, 


M  (-'lull.iii,  .1 


.■it* I,  (j.j;j. 


Mi'tlioilists, 


oil II,  4(iJS. 


AI 


sen  'Cliuruh. 


.M.:C.,.u;is,  Ju.lg,',  .-,70,  740. 
.^^,•l.,r„llck    (iov.  llichard,  525,557 

MclUiiiel,  John,  .•{i>7. 
^IcI>„Miil,l,  A.  F.,  5.Si.'-;<. 

^1l'I>(,ii<.,i^.|,,  Micliiicl,  L»<J8 

•Mt'l)ougiil,  ;■)();». 
AItI>„w,,ll,  «i,.,;.,  ■>:,:,,  5.-.7,  504. 
Ah.'tail.iiics  <  oal  l{n,hn,..,  750. 
^Mc  .owaii,  K.lMar.l,  507,  511. 
-\  tkiiy,  Alex.,  O.'i'J. 
•McKil)l,(.|i,  500. 
.MoKiiiglit,  KoLcrt,  L>!)7-9. 
AIcLaiic,  Ciijit  ,  (J7(i. 

-McMillan  s,  5(i7. 
•McAJillaiivillc.,  5SS. 
-McNulta.  74:i. 
-^^^■Rau,  C'apt.,  092. 

aI"^\'' »•'  ,^'-  "••  ^'-.  688. 
-Mea.l,  \\  .  K.,  Oi'S. 

Mo.Mlos,  Ariz.,  .-WO^. 

^MLiliiia,  ('apt.,  225. 

AlL-.liua,  C.v.  Juan,'  105. 

-Mi.i;k,  Win  J:.,  i'<J2. 

^|<'jia,  Haciund,  l!»S,  200 

M.Igt.sa,  <'apt.,  5<i. 

;ilT74!t"'"  ^'^'""'"'"^  ''''■''■■''  24,  220, 
Alunaiigli,  Hugii,  292. 
Miiiaiil,  lifv.,  740. 

245   "4-  s   •"•>  ■^'^'■^uructon, 

Muii.liLta,  111?  "' 

^^2li4,''S"'  '^'"-   ^"'™  ^-  '^•''  -^«' 
Ajoiulizalml,  (Jov.  Horn.  L.,  105  I 

.Miuiloza,  ,\na,  12.'{. 
-Nl.ii.Ioza,  <  ;..\-.Gasi,ar  i  ),„„.  ,1,.,  24:i  4   ! 

Mon.l.,za,  ( :,.v.  .Matt„  A.  do,  257,  272, 

Morn...).,,  <,,.,  ij.,  033,  «,,^  ,,^_ 

Mo.sa  C'itv,  .').'{2. 

Me^c-alenM,  ^SO,  08S  et  se.i.,  742  ot 

Mosilla,  .104,  .Wli^,  512    GO'>-'i    r.s«j 
fW!),  72:».  ,S(H).  •  •*■  ''*^^' 

Me,silla  r,,!,,,.^-,  ii.-,o   710.  , 

.M(\silla  \'allf\ ,  4!»;{. 
ModscrCy,  Wni  .S.,  448.  ' 

I 

UisT.  Aku.  .v.so  X.  .viaj  5^ 


•y  T,  A.  L.,  02s. 


Ux.oan  U..u;„i:s,.rv..y,  407  ot  «eq. 

Aj'Mcan  <  itiz.n.s  m  Ariz.,  :,o;i   57-, 

M<;,\ican  t'ltuens  in  \.  M     47'>  3"  " 
I  Mexican  (JrantH,  see  'Lan.i-.nu.U' 

•Me.xuviii  UmIuwi  Ariz.,  402  ,t.M,, 
I  Mexican  Ituio  in  X.  .M.,  diai..  J; 

Mexican  War,  4(),S  et.se.,.      ' 
Mlclilcr,   .\.,  494 

Mieray  l'..,l,e.-.,;  Hemar.l,.,  2*i5 

Micr.iy  i'aeiiee,.,  (let,.,  2,s7 

Miles,  I).  .S.,  070. 

Mlle.s,   .Nelson,  57."{. 

Military,    Ariz.,   ,.|,ai,.    xxii      „     VU 

:-7!»,;is:M.)2,4(/9etJ',:.'^,.?'"' 

M'l-ary.X.   Al..  d.a,..    xv.i!.     ^.^vi.- 

Mi.,  XXIX.,  p.  .so.>,  .-{i;!,  :i-j'2, 

Militia,  Ariz.,  .V,7. 

M'jitia.N.  M.,259  01).  20.V0,  .•!2-' 

AI'K  l)a.,,|.J.,  aiHlworks,2rT.-.« 
K'4,  ISO,  7i:i  '       • 

.\''JK  .',.  J<  .  7:m. 

•Mill.r,  S   ('.,  OLS. 
■Miller,  Tlieo.,  292 

Mill.s;}lan,l.|,ook."749et.seM. 
Millvill,.,  .^-Ji.  !• 

MiinLrenoH,  50;{,  008,  744  ct  8en. 
I  Mineral  (  ity,  010.  * 

i  Mineral  <'nek,  477. 

Mineral  I'ark,  5,S.-,,  01.1  |4. 

Mines,  Ariz.,   .'Ull,  ;{02,  .S74   .'{79   ^S'l 

'  m:::,Vn  M^  t"  ^"--rr; . . 

>^:;..ij^  .iM:i95;i;i^ii?;!;j; 
74S .-;;;     '"•  ^"-^ -i' 340 ', 049, 

Mines,  Win,  2<»S. 
Mingiies,  .liian,  .2.•^o. 
Miral.aj,   .liian,  2;{9 

P^i^';;''.;;:^30,  10;i,  J82,  195.  210,  228, 

Mir.m.la,    Ant,   222,    220     "•>:)    -^  w 
'      2.{4    2.(9  —  '   ~     • 

,  Miran.la,  (iov..J,iaii,  105. 
.Mission  Caiiij),  570. 
Mi.s.si.,naries,  .see   'Mi,s.si„„,s,' 
Mi.ssions,  t  ojoraMo  River,  ;{90  7 
Mwsions,  An/.,  ;{:{2  et  .s......  :U),':Q'^^ 

;).    .J0(,,    ;{(i,s,    .•i7;{  ,so,   ;i,s.-,,   ;;,v.,  .,o 

•i%7. 402, 4..0,  .see,•;l.so•i..,,^•*• 
:f^;  ;  .  2,.0  ,0,  274,  07.,  .,o  ;:,j,i_^ 
.U\  2,  .se,.  also  'Li.,ts.' 

.Mi.s.sonri  ('oin|ir,,niis<s  45;t. 

Mi.s.s<iiiri  River,  2;i7. 

Missouri  Volnnteer.s,  410 et  .se...,  419- 
-J,  4o9  et  su.j.,  459, 


818 


INDEX. 


Mitchell,  Gov.  R.  B.,  705,  711,  733. 

Miy.({uia,  La/aro,  216. 

Moan  Coppy,  531. 

Mogollon,  (}ov.,  Bee  'Florea,  M.' 

Mogolloii  Mts,  234. 

MogoUones,  (508  et  seq.,  744  et  acq. 

Mohoce,  87,  96. 

Mojavo    City,    523,    hoc    also    'Fort 

Mojave.' 
Mojavc  Co.,  5'23,  .527,  580,  585,  595, 

51)8,  012  et  seq. 
Mojaves,   1,")5,  485,  49.5,  501,   544-5, 

sec  also  '  Yaniajabes.' 
MoUhausen,  il.  B.,  482. 
Monroe,  (Jov.  John,  440,  443,  446-9, 

451,  455,  407. 
Monterde,  Jos(5  M.,  327,  329. 
Monterey,  391-2. 
Monterey,  Viceroy,  117  et  seq. 
Montezuma,  4-.'>,  IKi,  180. 
Montoya,  Diego,  287. 
Montoya,  Nerio,  273. 
Montoya,  Pahlo,  434. 
Moore,  F.  L.,  028. 
Moqui  Traders,  .363. 
Moquino,  64,  266. 
Moquia,  42,  46-8,  7.3,  87-9,  1.54,  157, 

159,  161,  106,  168,  173,   182,  185-6, 

189,    201,   207,    209,    216,    221-.30, 

23.3-4,  237,  239,  24.3-4,  246,  256-7, 

260-2,  265-7,  287,  .344-6,  349,  362- 

7,  391-8,  407,  461-2,  495,  547,  502, 

584,  5.»l,  ,594,  609. 
Mora,  329,  432,  435,  782-3. 
Mora  Co.,  782-3. 
Mora,  Fr.  Ant.,  182. 
Mora,  Jose  G.  de,  287. 
Mora  Valley,  429. 
Morador,  Jesus,  182. 
Moraga,  Salvador,  384. 
Moreno,  Fr.,  214,  379. 
Moreno,  Juan  Jose,  243. 
Moreno,  Jose  M.,  379. 
Moreno  Dist.,  722. 
Moreno  I'lacers,  781. 
Morfi,  Juan  A.,  and  works,  263,  268- 

9,  273-4,  278. 
Morford,  W.  E,  546. 
Morgan,  L.  H.,  52. 
Morin,    Capt.,  435. 
Morlete,  Juan,  107. 
Mormon    Battalion,   409-10,  419  21, 

477-8. 
Mormons  in   Ariz.,  530-4,  548,  550, 

594,  596,  607,  610. 
Mormons,    N.    M.,  660-1,  676,  684, 

7:H-5,  740,  778. 
Morris,  Capt.,  699. 
Morrison,  W.,  291,  293. 
Morro,  El,  145,  157,  166,  200-2,  234. 


Moss,  John,  548. 

Mota  PadiUa,  Conq.,  38,  55,  70,  80. 

Mt  Graham,  477. 

Mt  Tumlmll,  477. 

Mountjoy,  Jacob,  292. 

Mowry,   .Sylvester,   and   works,   37.3, 

501,  503,  505-0,  509,  515-17,  679, 

604. 
Moxainavi,  349. 
Mulonion,  W.  J.,  613, 
Mun,  Julius  de,  278-9. 
Mufiiz,  Mig.,  198. 
Murphy,  W.  J.,  628. 
Muzaque,  41,  56. 


N 


Nacapan,  40. 

Nachez,  567,  669,  572. 

Nanihe,  0.3,  132,  199,  206,  216-17, 
274,  672. 

Names,  AUmrquerque,  228,  788;  Ari- 
zf.na,  345,  520;  El  Pas..,  128,  183; 
(iila,  355;  Moqui,  .548;  N.  Mex., 
73,  91;  Piipago,  5,50;  Ph.i-nix,  023; 
Rio  del  Norte,  83;  Rio  Colorado, 
154,  366;  Socorro,  129;  Tombstone, 
589;  Tucson,  019. 

Nane,  507,  569,  744  et  seq. 

Napestle,  Rio,  230. 

Naranjo,   Bart.,  159. 

Naranjo,  Jose  L.,  222. 

Naranjo,  Man.,  167. 

Narbona,  Ant.,  285,  405. 

Narbona,  Chief,  421,  463. 

Narso,  Biart.,  see  '  Naranjo.' 

Narvaez,  Panfilo  de,  8-9,  16. 

Natchitoches,  293. 

Nava,  Gen.,  268 

Navajo,  Camp,  421-3. 

Navajos,  162-3,  171,  201,  222-3,  227- 
8,  230,  232,  247-8,  266,  208,  285-7, 
307,  315,  397,  418-2.3,  434,  437-40, 
459,  402-3,  467,  543,  .548,  673  et 
seq. ,  730  et  seq. 

Navarro,  (Jov.  Fran.  T.,  264. 

Navarro,  Jose  Ant.,  .320,  323. 

Navigation,  489  et  se(£.,  499,  602. 

Neal,  A.  D.,  455. 

Needles,  604-5. 

Negro  castas,  288. 

Negro  <liscoverer  of  Ariz.,  27-32. 

Negroes,  N.  M.,  288,  081  et  seci. 

Neighbors,  Robert  S. ,  455. 

Nelderrain,  Juan  B.,  .377. 

Nelson,  Lieut,  694-5. 

Nemorcete,  Capt.,  see  'Morlete.' 

Nentoig,  369. 

Nevada,  527. 


INDEX. 


70,  80. 


216-17, 


Nov  Mexico,  chap,   iii.-xiv.,   xvii  - 
viu     XXV  -xxxi.;  see  tal.le  of  cm- 
tents  for  details.     Mention  in  Ariz 
chapters,  MS-9,  381),  :m.  3!>7   40/" 
60:J-8.  516,  627.' 554.' 609.' 598.'      '' 

v"  Vf*^*"  ■^"''^*'*  Immigration,  752 

N.  Mex.  Dkcurm,  118-19. 
N.  Mex.  Itintrano,  118. 
N.  Mex.  Meworial,  118. 
N.  Mex.  Mining  Co.,  749. 
ri^.  3Iex.  lestinionio,  78. 
N.  Mex.  Trnxlwto,  118-19 
W.  Mex.,   Vokefrom,  757.' 

New  Placers,' N.  M.,  315,  340. 
New  Virgmia,  618. 
Newby,  Col,  440,  463. 
JNewapapers,  Ariz.,  4!»S,  5,-)8,  607 
Newspapers,  N.  Mex.,  314,  ;Wl,  "442, 

770-7,  see  also  Co.  names. 
Nexpa,  Rio,  40. 

'^if:\,AputUa)iuentos,  21,  £4,  lOO  111 

Night  Creek,  477. 
Niles'  RviimUr,  420 

Jl,  i'Jo,  i{45-(),  3;)."). 
^"galea,  Los,  494,  (il8-19. 
Nolan  Party,  8ee//«<.  N.  Mex.  States. 
■■^""•l,  .f.  J.,  ()-J,S. 
Noragmis,  388 

Norte,  Rio  ,lel,  83,  282.  294,  455. 
JJorth  Mex.  SUtes,  resume  of  Hist 

oetseq.  ' 

North  vs.  South  in  Cong.,  451-8 
Northern   Mystery.    13%t  set. 

152,100,16.3,246,348. 
Noyes,  4.32. 

Nueces,  Rio,  166-6. 

Nuestra  Sefiora  de  Loreto,  307 

Wueva  Andalucia,  91,  90,  350. " 

Nueva  Sevilla,  129. 

Nueva  Vizcaya,  10. 

Nuevo  Mexico,  see  'New  Mexico.' 

Nugent,  John,  517. 

Nugent's  Trail,  482. 

Nunez    A.,   sop  ' Cabeza  de  Vaca. ' 

Nutt,  J.iXH. 

Ojitinan  family  and  massacre,  484-0 

Oliando,  Capt.,  67. 

Ohed,  .531.  ^ 

Obediencia  y  Vaaallaje  a  m  Mu.jcstwl 

iM:  et  seq.  ■' 

Ocate,  783. 

O^^.o"",  Hugo,  .378,  382,  .390. 
Otticials,  see  'Lists.' 
Ogden,  489, 

O^etb,  Bart,  195,  208,  210. 
Ojo  Caliente,  210,  295. 


819 


I  Ojo  del  Oso,  422-3. 
Olayide  y  Michelena»  Gov.    E     o4.> 

I      et  seq.  '  •"*■" 

•01dPlacers,'N.  M.,  340. 
Olive  City,  680. 

Olives,  Ariz.,   695. 

Olivia,  see  '  Olive  City  ' 

Olivia,  Fr.,  300. 

^*l4*7l8^'°°''*  tie,  Pkleseco„Jir,„r,  \  I9, 
Ofiate,  Cris.  de,  124,  148. 
2av34S.''^'  ^'"'  '''"■^''  "*^^'' 

Ofiate  brothers,  117. 

Onis,  Juan,  340. 

Onorato,  Fr.,  28. 

Opatsa,  350,  378. 

Orail,e,  180,  201,  222,  2.33,  30.3,  398. 
,  Oranges,  Ariz.,  59,5. 

Orantia,  Ignacio,  507 

Ord,  (fen.,  550. 

()r,lenal  y  Maza,  Juan  A.,  250. 

Orez,  I'edro,  132. 

Oro  Blanco,  689. 

Ortega,  Bias,  4.30. 

Ortega,  Diego,  105. 

Ortiz,  .380. 

Ortiz,  Fr.,  434. 


70. 


Ortiz,  Ant.,  287-8. 
Ortiz,  Ignacio,  504. 
Ortiz,  Juan  Felipe,  .342  409 
Ortiz,  Juan  Rafael,  288^  3T0; 
Ortiz,  Ramon,  472-.3. 
Ortiz,  Tonicis,  429-30.  43" 
Osay  Valley,  77. 
Osio,  Francisco.  288. 

Otero.  Ant.  Jose,  420. 

Otero,  Miguel  A.,  517,  O.'.O,  084 

Oury,  (J.  H.,  504,  507,  50!»,  511. 

Outlaws,  see  '('rime.' 

Overland  Mail,  490. 

Overlan.l  Stage,  490,  499 

Owen.   R.   E.,  and  E.  T."  Cox'  Ilept, 

Owiiigs,  L.  S.,  507. 
Ozaras,  150,  .348. 
I'acheco,  Col.  Dor.,  22 

^"'Sve^^"'  ^^'  ''*"'^'''^''  "'*'  '  I'^'^'lroad 

Pack,  L  f).  L.,  ,'-,04. 

•  'n.lilla,  Juan,  4(!-7,  00-7. 

''ii^its.'^"      't-n-cans'      and 
Pagmc,  73. 
Paguenii,  72. 

Pah-Ute  Co.,  .527,  530,  01.3. 
Pah-Utes,  ,')45. 
Pajarito,  243. 


mm 


820 


INDEX. 


Paliicio,  Santa  Fe,  640-1,  71G-7 

rali/ii.l.',  j;i(.,  157. 

I'aliiia,  (apt.,  389,  393,  396. 

Palirias,  Uio,  070-1. 

1'aliiii.r,  A.  I).,  r>18. 

Taliiiur,  J  I.  K.,  740. 

ral.mww,  SOI. 

Tanadoro,  (lit),  C99. 

PauaiiaH,  '2.'{0-7;  seo  also  'Pawneea.' 

Papagos,  ;?.-.2,  308,  379,  3.S1,  3.S7,  401- 

G,  474  (1,  .-)0I,  518,  550-2,  555,  559, 

51)4,  594,  018. 
Papagiicria,  393,  483,  551,  579,  589, 

G17. 
Parc'iles,  Aloaso,  see  'Posadas.' 
Paredes,  .lost',  470. 
Parke,  J.  <).,  and  lirpirrt,  481-3. 
"iartidos,  N.  M.,312. 
Pascual,  544. 
Paso,  .SCO  '  El  Paso. ' 
I'ataralmuyes,  82. 
Patriotisi.,,  N.  M.,  412. 
Pattie,  J.  0.,  337-8,  400  et  seq. 
Pattoii,  J.  J.,  022. 
Pattoii,  S.  K.,  02S. 
I'aul,  (!.  II.,  094,  097. 
Paul,  K.   II.,  020. 
Paver,  Kiaiiti.sro,  302,  .398. 
Pawiu'cs,  230-7,  4:i7. 
I'az,  E;i.  r>22  3,  .")27,  .')80,  58,"),  CIO. 
Peace  eKiniriis.sioii,  Ariz.,  500  et  seij. 
Peaeli  S|iriiii,',  547. 
Pearls,   l.">7,  KiO. 
Pecos  ■"'<»-!,  89-90,  103,  10."),  132,  177, 

179,  1S2,  IS.VO,  19."),  199-200,  202- 

0,  209,  214,  210,  223,  2.;2,  274,  410, 

094,  792;  see  also  'Cicuye.' 
Pecos  reservation,  5.55. 
Pecos,  Kio,  59,  01,  04,  102  et  seq. 
Peliiam.  099. 
Pefi:i,  .lose  M.  de  la,  273. 
Pi^na,  .luaTi,  230. 
Pefia,  Mariano  de  la,  288. 
Peiia  IJlaiica,  787. 
Pefiali'sa  v  Brii'efio,  C!ov.  Diego  Dion. 

de,  24,  149,  105,  108-70,  349. 
'Penol  Patriots'  :<40. 
Penon,  Mariano,  307. 
Pefnu'la,  .Maniuis,  see  'Chacon. 
Peonage,  N.  M.,  081  et  seq.,  714. 
Peralta,  098. 

Peralta,  (Jov.  Pedro,  158. 
Peralta  lan.l-grant,  398-9. 
Perea,  Kstevan,  158,  llil,  105-6. 
Perez,  IJov.,  314,  310-18. 
Perez,  .Tnan,  127. 
Perkins,  Jesse,  5.32. 
Peinado,  Alonso,  158. 
Perry,  Miss,  740. 
Pesqucira,  Gov.,  500,  513,  570. 


Peto,  Morton,  Remtifces,  749, 

Pfefl'crkorn,  Ignacio,  309. 

Plnenix,  32,  593,  603,  005,  0'22-3, 

Phcenix,  John,  see  Derhy,  tl.  H. 

Pias,  Las,  4:!5-(!. 

Picaeho,  507,  514. 

Picurie.s,  W,  104,   109,  132,  100,  175, 

178,   180,    185,    195,  199,  204,  200, 

210,  214,  '210-17,  784. 
Pierce,  Presiilent,  492. 
I'igeon'.s  raiitiio,  094  et  seq. 
I'ike,   Z.  M.,  and  Acrmint  of  Erptd., 

291-7,  30.3  et  seq. 
Pike's  IVakers,  093  et  seq. 
Pilalx),  101. 
Pilco,  141. 

Pile,  Cov.  Wm  A.,  19,  705,  717,  733 
Pillans,  447. 
I'inia,  5.'{3. 
I'inui   CO.,   523,    527,    557,   580,   582, 

588-90,  59(J,  598,  OO.VO,  017  et  se(i. 
Pimas,  31,  :U,  42,  .3.V2-4,    301,    303, 

308,  378-9,  388,  401,  403,  40:1,  47(5- 

7,  479-80,  490,  513,  51.-),  518,  .>14, 

548-50,  552,  555,  504,  594. 
Pinias  Bajos,  308. 
I'imerla  Alta,  11,  344,  352,  308,  372, 

375,  :«0,  403,   521;  see   also    'Ari- 
zona.' 
Pimerfa  Baja,  391. 
Pinal  Apaches,  557. 
Pinal   CO.,    527,   582,    585,   587,  595, 

598,  6'24-5. 
Piualeno  Aiiaches,  475. 
Pinart,  Alphonse,  20. 
Pinero,  Jnau,  147. 
Pinery  cafion, 
Pino,  Facnndo,  719. 
Pino,  Ignacio,  243. 
Pino,  Jose,  287. 
Pino,  Jose  F.,  .305. 
Pino,  Juan,  230. 
Pino,  Juan  Est  t  van,  316. 
Pino,  Mignel,  430. 
Pino,  N'ieolas,  4.30. 
Pino,  Pedro  B.,  and  Ei-jmslrion,   112, 

'207,  27.3,  '280  <H),   302-3,   305,  307. 
Pinole  treaty,  555. 
Pinos  Altos,  720,  79S-9, 
Pinos  L'reek,  Los,  738. 
Pintados,  .30. 
Pioneers,  Ariz.,  007. 
Pioneers  of  N.  Mcx.,  125-6. 
Piros,  64,  108,  175,  185,  187,  191. 
Pitahaya,  155. 
Placers,  Ariz.,  579-80. 
Placers,  N.  M.,  340,  see  also  'Mines.' 
Placitas,  Las,  790. 
Planchas   de   Plata,    374,    .39:),    401, 

520,  578,  see  also  'Bolas  dc  I'luta.' 


INDEX. 


821 


rieavintValley,  531. 

I'luimilur,  A.  H.,  589. 

J'liala,  see  'I'uara.' 

l'i>l)aro.s,  Francisco,  57. 

I'ootiual  /n^t  ofN.  Mex.,  n<2  ut  sum. 

I'oint  of  Rocks,  403. 

Poison  Oak,  236. 

Politics,   Ai-iz.,  chap.   xxi.   p.  503  et 

SCO. 

P..lit|cs    N.  M.,  chap.  XXV.,  xxviii., 
^  p.  ;«)8,  441),  451. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  (J„v.,  see  'Vareas.' 
1  once  lie  Leon,  I'edro,  US,  '•>()] 
Pooge,  158. 

Pope,  Chief,  170-1,  175  et  seo.,  184 
etsetj.,  1J)!>.  ^' 

Pope,  John,  653. 

I'ope,  Nathaniel,  735  etseo.,  743  et 
seij. 

I'opiilation,  Ariz.,  3(i!>,  377,  380,  38t.> 
402,4/4,  475,  4!)8,  501,  504~!>,  52<t- 
31,  ;)43,  see  also  '(.'o.  names  " 

l'..[mlation,  N.  M.,  chap,  xxxi.,  ,,. 
!>0,  172,  221,  230,  244,  252-3,  ^^lA 
^%^-^'  '^'^-'^>  ^SSMiO,  462,' 

Porras,  Fr.,  166,  :W9. 
I'orter's  JJirt;ctory,  794. 
I'osa.laa,    Alotiso,     iui.l    Inf„rnw,     21 
146,  149,  1.57,  l(i6,  169-70. 

Vnr'.P'*'"'"'  '*•'  '"'<1  works,  489, 
4!  S,  509,  517,  522,  544-5,  548  579 
02;). 

P.  well,  J.  w.,  and  ErpLwatim,  5;M- 

Powell,  Wm,  613. 

Polyga.r.y,  Ariz.,  534. 

Prada,  Fr.,  ;W. 

Prairio-doga,  61. 

Pret'ectiiras,  N.  M.,  312. 

Presl)yterians,  see  ''Clmrch.' 

Prescott,    154,   522,   526-7,  535    55-' 

r.!)8,  603,  ()05-6.  '         ' 

Presidios,   Ariz.,   .361,   364,   369,  378, 

390  et  seq.,  402-3 
Presidios,  N.  M.,  259,  289,  305. 
Preston,  Texas,  467. 
Prewitt,  lienj.,432. 
Price,  Major,  745. 
Price,  Sterling,  and  Rvport,  409,  420 

et  se(j.,  428-30,  43.3,  435,  439-41. 

7o2,  /94.  ' 

^'''"°®' L.  B.,  and  works,  23,  53,  55, 
03,  85,  111  et  sen.,  158,  170  185 
197.  199,  220,  230il    2;M    285  S 

310,342,409,426,429-30,717  719 
Printed  Documents,  22. 
Printing,  Ariz.,  426,  507. 
Prmtiug,  N.  M.,  341. 


Proctor,  F.  L.,  628. 
Projects  of  ('((iiijuost,  chap.  v. 
Province  of  N.  M.,  ;ij(). 
Provincias   Intcrna.s,    26;i,    •>S')     •!)  i 
378,    see  also    'Hist.    XnrdV  M^x.' 
•States,'  this  series. 
I'uara   77-9,  8:^5,  i:«)  et  su,,. 
I'uarai,  138.  ' 

Pnaraj',  see  'Puara.' 
Puhlic  Building.s,  N.  M.,  716-17. 
lucl.lo,  Colorado,  421. 
PucMo    In.lians    and    Towns,    cliai) 
;^xxi..    p.    1  .->,    |,M9,  7o.;._    ~-  1.; 

b3et.s<.(,.,  90,  )03ct.sc.|.,  !•«)    r;-,I 
/.J  "3-4,  172  3,  185  etseo.;-:..-,-'  ;{ 

4(.2,  („|  et  se.,.,  7.39,  788-90. 
1  nc  ,,.  land-grants,    194-.5,  6-18.  073. 
iue.o.  ivvolt  of,  1680,  p.  ITletse,,. 
PueMo  V  lejo  Valley,  59(i,  (iiT  ' 

liicrco,    Rio,    5-2,    59,  64,  K\  \     i-'O 
^  200,  422,  (i66.  '         ' 

Puerto  de  la  Conversion  .le  s.  |',,|,|„ 

1  Ut).  ' 

I''U»'i'l."e,    6.3-4,  199,  206,  i.M(»,   -j-j;j, 

Punamcs,  86. 
Pursley,  James,  291. 
Puruai,  see  'Puara.' 
I'uruay,  188. 

Q 


Qiialacu,  129,  190. 

Quarac,  161,  170. 

Quarra,  653. 

Quereciios,  60,  61,  86. 

Queres,  58,  85,  89,  105,  160,  H")    177 

180-6,  194,  199,208-9,216  •'••! 
Quereses,  see  'Queres.' 
Queretaranos,  .391,  406. 
(^Miihuri,  .355-6,  see  also  'San  I'odro. 

Rio,  ' 

Quicksilver,  195,  201,  350 

<,)uijotoa,  580,  582,  589,  618. 

<,>uilmurs,  390. 

<Vuimac  ranclieria,  368. 

<i>uinn,  James  H.,  447. 

<,Miiflones,  Cris.,  154. 

(^lintana,  Luis,  178,  214. 

Qufquima  rancherfa,  368. 

',>ufquimas,  359,  388. 

Quiries,  see  'Queres.' 

(i>uirix,  5'2,  58. 

Quiyira,    59-(i5,    93-4,    108,    1 49  50 

163,  16(),  168-70,  264. 
Quivira,  (Jran,   63,   66-7,    170,    17,3, 

182,  296,  653,  798. 


INDEX. 


R 


R.ailroad  Survey,  481  et  He<i.,  49'2-3, 

iJM  Ut  HC((. 

Railroads,  Ariz.,  582,  GO.'ir). 

Railrna.ls,  N.  M.,  710,  771-3. 

Uai.siiis,  Ai'iz.,  5'JO. 

Hall.-*,  Col,  440. 

Kalstoii,  591. 

llaiiiiiez,  Gov.  Bart.  E.,  102. 

l!aiiiirez,  J.  ().,  714. 

Kaiiiiroz,  Teo(l<ir<i,  (i20. 

liiuicherias,  Ariz.,  305  7,  374  et  sc(i., 

387-95. 
Raton,  780  et  seq. 
Ratou  Pass,  G93-4. 
Rayinoud,  R.  W.,  581,  749. 
Read,  H.  A..  C28. 
Roa.l,  H.  \V.,  521, 
Riiavis,  .Jamus  A.,  Caudal  de  Ifidtilijo, 

399. 
Rulii'llion,  Ariz.,  51()etsc([. 
RcroiMiuc'st  of  N.  M.,  197  -t  HtMj. 
K.mI  Kiv.T,  28(J,  298,  4:ir,. 
Rui'ves,  Heiijaiiiiii,  334. 
Roid.  Cajif.,  421   2. 
Renulier,  Oov.  A.,  G33,  67()-7. 
Rt'ucros  de  Posada,  (iov.  I'udro,  194. 
Reservations,  Ariz.,  cliap.  xxii. 
Reservations,  N.  M.,  uiiap.  xxix. 
Revilla  (iigedo,  C«/*f,  107,  271-2,  272. 
Revolts,  1G40,  p.  IGGetseq.;  1080,  p. 

174  et  seq.;  1G96,    p.   216;    1837-8, 

p.  31G-18;  N.  M.  agst  U.  S.,  428  et 

sei}.,    4.33  et  acq.;   Pimas  1G95,  p. 

354;  Id.  1750,  p.  363. 
Revolution,  see  'Revolts.' 
Reyes,  381. 

Riuliniond  Basin,  580,  583. 
Rideing,  729. 
Riego,  (JenJuimo,  307. 
Rijarcli,  C'leincute,  379, 
Riley,  Major,  335. 
Riley,  Gen.,  449-51. 
Rinoon,  800. 
Rio,  P.  ,Jose  del,  379. 
Rio  Ahajo,  439. 
Rio  Arriba  Co.,  785-7, 
Rio  Boiiita,  796. 
Rio  Bravo,  101. 
Rio  Grande,  51-G5,  76,  8.3,  127,  298, 

408,  419,  421,   437,  442,  453,  469, 

491,  604. 
Rio  de  Losa,  Rodrigo,  91-3. 
Ritch,  Wm  G.,  and  works,  24,  310, 

631,   705-6,   716-17,    752   et  seq., 

774,  776,  791, 
Ritter,  Capt.,  694, 
Rivas,  Juan  Gareia,  235. 
Bivera,  Fernando,  Diai-io,  152, 


Rivera,  Hint.  Jalnpa,  112,  492. 

Rivera,  I'edro,  239. 

Kiveray  Moncada,  Kernaudo.J.de,  397 

Roads,  Ariz.,  478,  494  5,  602. 

Roads,  N.  M.,  33:i-4,  465, 

Rohl.ins,  .1.  S.,  622, 

Uoliert,  Peter,  432. 

Uolierts,  591  2. 

K..i>ert.s,  B.  S.,687,  691-2. 

Kciberts,  K.,   W'it/i  till-  liimder,  373-4 

RoLerts,  .1.  A.,  512,  6,S8 

RoluTts,  .failles  K.,  5tl."-l). 

Rolierts,  .1.  M.,  733  4. 

Roberts  and  Wells,  628. 

Robidoux,  415. 

Robinson,  .lolm  H.,  292-3,  295-6. 

Rol)inson,  Palatine,  ."307. 

Robles,  Dionisio,  401, 

Robsou,    Chas    J.,    Maricopa    Staie, 

532-3. 
Roeha  Gov.  Francisco  de  la,  244, 
Rocky  Mt.  Fur  Co.,  407. 
Rodenliough,  EwnjUuk,  462. 
Rodriguez,   Agustin,  75-80,   84,   130, 

172,  188, 
Rogers,  Joseiih  K.,  533,  566, 
Konielo,  Bart.,  166. 
Romero,  A.  J.  B.,  ;^8.3, 
Romero,  Benigno,  794. 
Romero,  Jose,  404. 
Romeros,  Bart.,  124,  143, 
Rosario,  Jose,  ;i84. 
Rosas,  Gov.  Luis,  164,  166-7. 
Rosenburg,  322, 
Roskruge,  G.  J,,  620, 
Roswell,  79G. 
Rowland,  John,  ,322. 
Rowlan.l,  Thos,  322. 
Roy,  Alexander,  292. 
lioyce,  CalU'ttrma,  450. 
Rid)i,  Fr.,  296. 
Rubi,  Jose  Pedro,  .307. 
Rubi,  Marques  de,  258. 
Ruelas,  R.,  652. 
Rutf,  Lieut-col,  420. 
Ruggles,  Levi,  550-1,  625. 
Huins,  4  , 

Ruiz,  Agustin,  75. 
Ruiz,  Joaquin,  271. 
Ruiz,  Juan,  217. 
Rush,  C.  B,  613, 

Rusling,  Jas  F.,  Across  America,  556. 
Rustler  War,  723,  796. 
Ruxton,  Geo.  F.,  Advcnttiren,  420. 


Sacramento  Camp,  182. 
Sacramento,  Rio,  154,  348,  424. 
Saddleback  Mt.,  477. 


IXDEX. 


823 


21,   79, 


Saeta,  Fr.,  354. 

JSiUl'ord,  ()L'7-S. 

►Saflonl,  Gov.,  502,  525,  560,  5G8,  COO, 

/  <>5. 
St  l>avi«l,  5.'{,'{. 
St  (reorgi',  r>.'{2. 
.St  John,  iVVJ,  ti(KS,  (ilO. 
St  .losepli  Si.stti-s,  ."):il,  5.33,  551,  005. 
St  Tlioiiias,  530,  013. 
St  Vraiii,  (Araii,  4.33,  441,  447-8, 
Salado,  Rio,    102,  357. 
Salas,  Juan,   103,  105. 
Salazar,  Cii.s.,  1111,  147. 
Salazar,  Dainaso,  ,322,  324-0,  410 
Sala/ar,   Fiaiicisco,  21)8. 
Salazar,  .luaii  V,  122. 
Saluuilo,  (ion.,  297. 
Salinas  or  Salt  Mar.slios,  77. 
Salinas  ]Mts,  2(»2. 
Salini.ToM,   lOS. 
Salnicron,    (Jerdnimo   de   Z., 

I,")!)  00. 
Salnicron,  Tcilro,  /)iitrio,84,  107,  11] 

140,  140,   l.-)2.  I, -.4,  157. 
Salpointe,  J.  li.,  007. 
Salt,  77. 
Salt  Rivur  and  Valley,  502,  531,  524- 

5,  540,  505,  022  ct  m^. 
Salt  Rivi'r  Sottlenients,  532. 
Saltolo  I;;nacio,  203. 
Saltillo,  424. 

Salvatifrra,  Fr.,  355,  .359. 
Sanianicgo,  <;ov.  Juan,  105. 
Sanianiogo,  M.  (i.,  028. 
Sampson,  A.  B.,  020. 
Sail  Andres,  357. 
San  Andres  Coata,  357. 
San  Andres,  Rio,  155,  .348. 
San  Antonio,  C'erro,  2.35. 
San  Antonio,  Rio,  154,  .348. 
San  Antonio,  Salvador,  203-4,  213. 
San  Bartoloine,  74  et  seq. 
San  Bartf)lonie  de  Jongapavi,  349. 
San  Bartolome  Valley,  10,  120,   122 
San  Bernardino,  403,  479, 
San  Bernardino,  rancho,  421,  477. 
San  Buenaventura,  132. 
San  Buenaventura,  Fr.,  154, 
San  Carlos,  377,  540,  504-73,  585,  745. 
San  Cayetano  de  '  Calabazas, '  q.  v 
San  Cristfibal,  52,   105,   132,  177.  1 

199,200,212,214,216. 
San  Diego,  490,  005. 
San  Dionisio,  359. 
San  Felipe,  58,  130,  154,  181-2,  180 

195,  200,  203,  200,  210,  274,  290. 
San  Felipe,  province,  70-7,  91. 
San  Felipe  de  Sinaloa,  360. 
San  Felipe  Uparcli,  367. 
San  Fernando,  296. 


172, 


180, 


San  Francisco,  132-3,  159. 
San  Francisco  Javier. 
.San  Francisco,  Kingdom,  33. 
San  Francisco  Llanos,  77. 
San  Francisco  .Mts,  006, 
San  Francisco  de  OraiI)e,  349 
San  Francisco,  Rio,  580. 

'^"•MO^S^*    "^'    ^^''   ^ ■"'*''   '^'^• 

San  (ierdnimo,  .39. 

San  (irogorio,  74. 

San  Ignacio  'Sonoita,'q.  v. 

San  Ildefonso  Mesa,  206  et  seq.,  210- 

San  Javier  del  'Bac'  q.  v 

San  Jose,  154,  .385. 

^^V"?-i    'i'l-S,    150,    l.'-^,    158-9, 

III:  ^'2!!:i,r'  '"'•  '""• ''- 

San  Juan  Indians,  433. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  l.'iO-l,  .354. 

San  Juan  Capi.strano,  401. 

San  Juan  Co.,  785. 

San  Juan,  Rio,  422. 

San  Juan,  Valley,  7.34,  738. 

San  Judas  Tadeo,  307. 

^i^nLazaro,    177,  186,  199,  200,  212, 

San  Lorenzo,  182,  231. 

San  Lorenzo  Camp,  183,  187. 

San  Lucas,  105. 

San  Luis,  229. 

San  Miireos,  105,  131-2,  200,  207 

^472  703^''    ^^^'   ^'■^'  ^'^'  '*'^"'*'' 
San  Miguel  Chapel,  Sta  Fe,  204 
San  Miguel  Co.,  702-4. 
San  Miguel  de  Culiacan,  S,    10 
San  Pablo,  79,  133. 
San  Pablo,  custodia,  100. 
San  Pablo,  Port,  348. 
San  Pascual,  190. 
San  Pedro,  357,  359,  40.3,  790. 
San  Pedro  Alcantiira  Camp,  182 
San  Pedro,  Rio  and  Vallev.  40 

480,   490,    501,   588,    ""^        ' 

'  Quiburi. ' 
San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  1.30,  397 
San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  Rio,  01. 
San  Rafael  '  (Juevavi, '  q.  v. 
San  Rafael  Otaigui,  .360. 
San  Simon,  Valley,  590. 
San  Simon  y  Judas,  390. 
San  Vicente,  Agustin  F.  de,  .341-2. 
Sanchez,  Alonso,  108. 
Sanchez,  Jose  Ignacio,  .307. 
Sanchez,  Jose  Maria,  4.30. 
Sanchez,  Marcos,  280. 


349. 


...       .  47S. 
020,   see  al.sa 


8'24 


INDKX. 


Sari.lia,  r)2-3,  7ft,  ir>8,  KM),  181,  188- 

IH),  I  IKS,  'jr>;i,  'jiKj. 

Saii.liii  Mtiis,  -JOU,  'A';. 

Haiiiloval,  Chief,  4'JI,  (i75. 

Saiiiloval,  Aiitouiii,  ,'t'J2. 

Haiidi.val.  Felipe,  :m-7. 

Saiigrc  (le  Ciislo,  MO. 

SaiitJi  Alia,  5:J,  58,  132,  194,  2(K),  203, 

2«X).  210,  2 10,  274. 
Saiita  Alia  Co.,  7'H7. 
Santa  Anna.  I'ro.sidont,  314,  337,  308, 

453,  4!t2  3. 
Santa  Clara,   03,  178,  199,  206,  212, 

217,  22r),  228,  :W. 

Sanbi  Cru/,,  178,  2i:i-14,  217-18,  228, 

480,  781),  see  also  'Canada.' 
Santa  Cruz  du  Querttaro,  375. 
.Santa   Cm/.,    Kio  and  Valley,  40-1, 

:u5,  3.->.-),  ;{.-i7,  :C)ii,  373,  474-5,  483, 

4i)8,  ").S8,  -)\)\-6,  (m,  (J05,  (517. 
Santa  Cruz  du  Rosales,  440. 
Santa   Fi',  cliup.  xvii.,  p.  1.32-3,  162, 

104,    178   et   se(i.,   1S.5-C,   198,  203, 

218,  25<J,  274,  2!t7-9,  308-13,  317- 
19,  322,  325,  3()3,  :{92,  411-12,  416- 
19,  421-3,  425,  428,  4.'{:{,  435,  438, 
440-2,  44-1,  447,  455-0,  406,  504, 
(i40,  092,  090,  71H). 

Santa  V6  Caravans,  327-8. 

Santa  l''u  Co.,  789-92. 

Santa  Fo  Tradu,  291  ct  seq.,  299,  320, 

329-37,  411-12. 
Santa  Ft;  TraJiTs.  .327,  411-12. 
Santa  Fe  Trail,  437,  407 
Santa  I.sabel,  359. 
Santa  Luoia,  Rin,  671. 
Santa  Maria,  Agiistin  de,  .340. 
Santa  Maria,  Jnaii,  75  et  avu.,  79,  84. 
Santa  Maria  del   '  Agua  Caliente,'  cj. 

V. 

Santa  Maria  de  fJrado,  228. 
Santa  Maria,  Rio,  155,  MS,  482. 
Santa  Itita  del  Cohre,  303,  408,  507, 

see  also  '  Mines. ' 
Santa  Rita  Mtns,  401,  580. 
Santiago,  132. 

Santiago,  Don,  see  '  MagofRii, '  .Tames. 
Santo  Domingo,  58,   105-(;,    130.  1.32, 

175,  181,  189,  195,  198,  200,  216-17, 

221,  296. 
Santo  Domingo  rancheria,  229, 
Santo  Domingo  Rio,  471. 
8auto  Tomas,  507. 
Sapp,  W.  A.,  670. 
Savage,  L.  M.,  531. 
Savage,  VV.  H.,  622. 
Sayaque,  53. 
Sayotii,  .30. 

Sohiefelin,  E.  A.,  588-9 
SchietUiu,  E.,  022. 


Scofiel.l.  S.  N..  628. 

Scott,  .loliii,  298. 

Seott,  T<i>ii,  ()(»4. 

Scurry,  W.  K..  09.3. 

Sihiivltr,  \V,  S.,  .">tiO. 

S.-il-.'.  Ariz..  523  4. 

Se;ils,  N.   M.,  724. 

Seliastiaii,  ti". 

.Seee.Hsion  in  .Ariz.,  510  rt  soq. 

.Secession  in  N.   M..  rlmii.  xxvii. 

Sceulaii/.atioii,  203,  274. 

Sedeiiiiiir,   .lacnlio,  h'nlrnifit,  305-8. 

Segcsser,    Felipe,  302. 

Seifura.  <  'apt.,  477. 

Seiliy,  .59 1. 

Senators,  \.  M.,  44S. 

Sene(!U,  04,  101,  103,  171,  190-1. 

Scris,  308. 

Seriia,  ("apt.,  2.32,  235. 

Serrano.   I'edro,  272  3. 

Seven  Cities,  ,30,  45. 

Scvilleta,   101. 

Shakespeare,  7.').3,  799. 

Sliea,  .lohii  (i.,  Mork  of,  24,  170-1, 

Shearer,  .1.    (i.,  74  I. 

Slieldon,  L.  A..  700,  723  4. 

.SlieplienI,  ('apt.,  (•77. 

Sherman,  .M.  11.,  OOO,  024. 

Sherman,  \V.  T.,  732. 

ShiI.ell,  C.  A.,  028. 

Shields,  J.  M.    740. 

Shinn,  Lieut,  514. 

Sliutz,  L.  D.,  449. 

Sia,  see  'Cia.' 

Sihlcy,  (leo.  C,  3.34. 

SiMey,  H.  H.,  687  et  seq. 

Sierra,  Ant.,  181. 

Sierra  Azul,  19.1. 

Sierra  Co.,  801. 

.Sierra  Madre,  571. 

.Sierra  Morena,  77. 

Sierr.a  Nevada,  53. 

Sierra  Nevada,  .Schooner,  490. 

Siglo  7>/('2  y  Xin-rr,  320. 

Sigiienza  y  (Idngora,  175,  197. 

.Silla,  see  'Cia.' 

Silva,  Francisco  N.  Jfilnrinii,  152. 

Silva,  Juan  .lose,  *2.S8. 

Silva,  (jrov.  Manuel,  101, 

Silver,  see  '  Mines. ' 

Silver  City,  798-9. 

Silver  King,  o'.io,  587-8,  605,  625. 

.Simonson,  Maj.,  676. 

Simpson,  J.  H.,  amljoitrnul,  38,  ■'')2-.3, 

91,  159,  182-3,  201,  407. 
Sinaloa,  350. 

Sitgreaves,  L.,  and  Report,  481,  494. 
Situado,  N.  M.,  245. 
Skull  Valley,  556. 
Slack,  591. 


INDEX. 


>l,  404. 


Slattory,  Mich.,  704. 

Slavery,  Ari/.,  506. 

Slavery,    N.  M.,  U^,  445,  447-8,  4:.l 

et  »e<i.,  45«),  080,  714. 
Slaves,  Iiulian,  213. 

SIOMH,    5!(|. 

Slough,  .J.  P.,  0!).1ct  KC(|.,  72.1. 
Small  Vox,  N.  iM.,  JOt!,  314,  072. 
Siiitli,  K.  W..  (J-J8. 
.Siiiitli.  C.  «'.,  4S."». 
Sinitli,  llui..|i  N.,  444-6. 
Sriiitli,  .1.  Y.  T..  t)'J4. 

Siiiitii.  .It'll., ;»;»."). 

Siiiitli,  l,«.t.  .'..SI. 
Sinitli,  I'.it.,  '.'il'i. 
Sinitli,   Ki'os,  ,"i07. 
Stiiitlivillr,  .■):«. 
Siiiiiv'L'liiii4,  tXrJ. 
Snivcly,  .laool),  Iil27-8. 
S  io\v.'!(»4. 
Niiowtlikf,  .■.:M.  (>08. 
Siiyilcr,  .1.  F.,  ■j:>7. 
Siiv.lur,   M.  S  ,  f.-JS. 

S(ii.,ii|imi.s,  :{.')•_',  :{.')4,  ;it>i,  ans. 

.S..ti:is,  ;r>'-'.  ."{(LS. 

So(orn>.  77.  S:{.    |L".t.    If.l,  ISl,  I'M)  1, 

'-'()•-'  ;<.  •_';<«,  (;!>•_».  7!i7  8. 

Socorro  Co.,  7'.I7  8. 

Soloiuoiivilic,  (i'.'7  8. 

Soiioita,   S."i(>,  .'{.">■.'.  .•r)7.  .'WO,  3(»3,  .^8.% 

;{8."»,  40S,  M'A,  .-)(»7,  r>'.t(). 
Souora,  0-13,   344-6,    350,    3(58,  .'}7'2, 

377,    404,  478,  402,    :  6,  498,  500, 

502,  513,  572,  575,  601. 
Souoraud  ia  Ariz.,  503. 
Sojiuto,  ()0. 
Sorcery,  175. 

Sosa,  SCO  'Castaflo  de  Sosa,' 
Soto,  Hernando,  0. 
Sotomayer,  Pedro,  47-8. 
Soide,  j\lilan,  .'5()5. 
South  va.  North  in  Cong.,  4.">l-8. 
Southern  PacilicR.  R.,470,  004,  700- 

800. 
Spaniards,  expelled,  N.  M.,  314. 
Spani.sh  Chroniclers,  21-2. 
Spanish  Cortes,  287-9. 
Spanish  (Jrants,  see  ' Land-graata. ' 
Spanish  Outrages,  56. 
Sparks,  John,  202. 
Spencer,  300. 
Spencer,  C.  L.,  613. 
Spicgelherg,  L.,  791-2. 
S[)ringer,  779-80. 
Springerville,  608. 
S(juier,  £.  G.,  works  of,  52. 
Stage,  overland,  496,  512,  602-3. 
Stakes  of  Zion,  Ai-iz.,  531  et  seq. 
Stanley,  Eben,  610. 
Stote  Party,  N.  M.,  446-7,  465. 


Stantnn,  S92. 

Statistics;  Agriculture,  Ariz.,  696  ct 
s.M|.;  Id.,  N.  M.,  045,  764>-8;  Au. 

i)ropriationa,  Ariz.,  526;  Id.,  N. 
\l.,  159-62  passim;  Kducatioa, 
Ariz.,  606;  Id.,  N.  M.,  774-5; 
Friars,  172-3,252-3;  Indians,  chaj>. 
xxix.,  p.  662;  Land-grants,  757-t)4; 
Live-stock,  Ari/.,  698;  1<1.,  N.  M., 
645,  769;  Manufacturers,  Ari/., 
601;  Id.,  N.  M.,  770;  Mining, 
Ariz..  682  et  acq..  Id.,  N.  M.,  74S- 
66;  N.  M.,  1760-1800,  i>.  270-S2; 
Id.,  1801-22,  p.  302-3;  Population, 
Ariz.,  38(»,  382,  474-6,  408,  501, 
50t-ti;  Id.,  N.  M.,  172-.3,  2.-.J-3, 
642,  723;  Puel.los,  163  4,  172-3, 
672;  SanU  F6  Trade,  .•(:{•_';  Towns, 
chap,  xxiv.,  xxxi.;  Troops,  li'.IO; 
Votes,  Ariz.,  625;  Id.,  N.  M.,  6.')0- 
1,  715. 

Statutes,  see  'Laws.' 

Steamer,  First  on  Colo.  River,  100. 

Steck,  M.,  501,  670,  731  et  »e(i.,  74.->. 

Steen,  Maj.,  462. 

Steen,  Rohert,  614. 

Steeple  Rock,  477. 

Steiger,  Gaspar,  362, 

Steinffid,  A.,  (12.S. 

Stt'pluMis,  ."tiMJ. 

StevtMH,  <ifo.  M.,  ."i(')(»,  628. 

Stilhv.ll.  \V.  II.,  ()•.'•_'. 

Stinsou,  .las.,  (i'_'4. 

Stock-iaisinji,  Ariz..  402.  504.  507  8. 

Stock-raising.    N.    M.,  (>S,  87  8,  'J76, 

302,  767  70. 
Stockt<in,  Commodore,  476. 
Stone,  500. 

Stonc'Mian,  (Jco.,  478,  4iS'J,  ;V)S  0,  M'). 
Stoncroad,  N.  H..  7"-l4. 
Storrs,  Aul;.,  Sfn  /•'<;  Trndv,  ',V.V,\. 
Stout,  .1.  H..  jmO. 
Stoutc,  Fre.'gilt,  202. 
Stowe,  C.  A.,  7:54. 
Strain,  .F.  li.,  .S2(). 
Str.'iit  of  '  Anian,'  ((.  v. 
Stratton,  ('(i}>/triti/ a/t/if  Oiifmnn  CirU, 

486. 
Street,  W.,  628. 
Sturgis,  Lieut,  (170. 
Su.imca,  3.'):{,  3C)0,  37.">,  3S(i. 
Sugar,  Ari/...  .">34.  ;">'.(.">. 
Sullivan,  A.  P.,  71."). 
Sidlivaii,  I).  ('.,  4.V). 
Sullivan,  .lohn  II..  .■)48. 
Sul[)iiur  SpriiiLT.  •"'•>•'.  •"''•'("'. 
Su-nas,   1  !••_>.  Iit4.  •_>;(!. 
Sunnier, (m.v.E.  v., 4()0,()32-.'?,(m0, 67."). 
Sunset,  ."i.'?!, 
Suppai,  547,  see  also  '  Ava-Supies.' 


82fl 


INDEX. 


Supromo  rmirt,  7-0. 

Survuyn,  l.iinl,  Ari/.,  5iK). 

tSurvuyH,   Liml,  N.  M.,  1'2'2,  hco  aN<> 

'Lami'  and  'Uailrord  Survey.' 
Suttor,  Joliii  A.,  330. 
Sutton,  J.  H.,  :»'J0,  322. 
Swoenov,  U  VV.,  488. 
Swilling,  Jack,  514,  (iOl. 
Ta)>alan,  Juan,  182. 
Tabira,  101,  170. 
Tilmra,  Cajpt,  142. 
Taliquo,  170. 
Tafnya,  Jesus,  433. 
Tafi.ya,  J<wu  M.,  287. 
Taglo,  Juan,  2:<0. 
Taiiiaroii,    lii.slKii),    nml   works,   2S7, 

2t}".l-70,  398. 
Tinos,   04,   7S),   89-90,  90,  176,  177, 
fc  185-0,  191,  198,  20.J,  214,  219,  2:!l, 

228-30,  2:M,  303. 
TaoH,  fiO,  0;i-4,  89,  1(M,  132,  106, 168, 

175,    177-8,    180-1,    185,  199,  20«i, 

210,  214,  210-17,  2VJ3,  230,  232,  a.'W, 

257,  177,  298-9,  .307,  311,  313,  32i>, 

830-7,  :«0-l,  410,  426,  432-4,  440, 

401,  400,  005,  784. 
Taos  Co.,  78;i-5. 
Tappan,  S.  F.,  093,  732. 
Taxuo  or  Caxco,  120  et  seq. 
Taxes,  Hse  'Finance.' 
Taylieron,  1.32. 
Taylor,  531. 

Taylor,  J.  W.,  Report,  749. 
Taylor,  I'resident,  447. 
Tazii,  500. 
Tucolote. 

Tuguayo,  El,  158,  100,  IfiS,  264,  304, 
Teliuas,  89,  104,  108,  170,  177-8,  IHO, 

185,  19!),  205,  211-12,  214,  210-17, 

228,  230,  349,  303. 
Tcjas  Indians,  149,  100,  108,  192. 
Teipana,  129. 
Tulograpii,  Ariz.,  005. 
Telugrapli,  N.  M.,  77.3. 
Telluz,  Itafael,  198,  202. 
Tello,  Jose  Lt)pez,  2:W,  234. 
Temple,  Jas.  E.,  782. 
Tenipol,  141. 
Tenabo,  101. 
Tennuy,  N.  K,  028 
Ternaux-Conipaus,   T.      'jcs,  22. 
Terrenate,  302,  378,  3t 
Territori.d   Annals,  Ar;     ,  521  et  seq. 
Territorial  Aiinids,  N.  .     ,  eliap.  xxv. 
Territorial  Convention,        M.,  443-5. 
Territorial  (.iov't,   Ariz.    J04  et  seij.. 

Territorial  (iov't,  N.  >i.,  443,  4o7-8. 
Territorial  Party,  455. 
Terry,  U.  K.,  504. 


Tesuque,  68,  132,  1T7,  180,  199,  206, 

200-10,  216,  228.  274. 
Texas,    12-13,    165-6,    319-29,   408, 

426-7,  443,  447,  451,  453  et  hoo., 

457-8,  511-ia 
Texaa  Paciflo  R.  R.,  6.30,  (M)3  4. 
Toxian  InvinoibleH,  328. 
loyas,  62,  60-1. 
Thatcher,  O.  M.,  63.3,  617. 
Thomas,  Geo.  H.,  489. 
Thompson,  Waddy,  BecoUectiom,  S24, 

328. 
Tiehenor,  (t.  N.,  «i28. 
Tierra  Ainarillii,  737  et  suij.,  785-6. 
Tiffany,  .).  C,  507. 
Tignas,  .VJ.  79,  83,  1(H!,  185,  189,  191, 

2:k),  243  4,  240,  303  4. 
Ti^nex,  50  05,  ()7,  77,  84,  158,  188. 
Tijnas,  098. 
Timber,  Ariz.,  599. 
Timber,  N.  .M.,  3U2. 
Tindaii,   108. 
Tindanes,   l.'iO. 
Tipton,  Lieut,  495. 
Tiptonville,  783. 
Titiies,  N.  M.,  .303,  342. 
Titlas,  I(i3. 
Titns,  .l.ibn,  .')21. 
Tizon,  Kio,  39,  47,  155,  157,  348. 
Tlagalli,   ;W8. 
Tlaglli,  ].-)(!. 

'llallignaniay.as,  l.^)(>,  .348. 
Tlaseala,  77. 
Tlascaltee  eolony,  179. 
Tobaceo,  N.  M.,  270,  302. 
Tobar,  Cai)t.,  .59,  05. 
Tobar,  I'e.lro,  40-7,  72,  87. 
ToixKsos,  82. 
Toll)y,  703. 

Toledo,  .luan  .Tose,  240. 
Tobosa,  Juan,   1 10. 
ToUjue,  Louis,  432. 
Tomas,  434. 
Tomas,  Ind.,  130,  14.3. 
Tombstone,     355,    577,    582,    588-90, 

003,  005,  020  et  avq. 
Tome,  2.5-.:,  29lS,  318,  419,  794-0. 
Tompiros,  170.  185,  191. 
Tiiompkins,  K.  H.,  720. 
Tonner,  J.  A..  .540. 
Tonto  Basin,  548. 
Tontos,  501,  557,  504,  500. 
T  )rquemada,  Juan,  Monarijuia,  79-EO, 

111,  147. 
Torre,  Rodriguez,  250. 
Totontiae,  31,  45. 
Tou.sac,  see  'Tome. 
Towle,  415. 
Towtis,   Ariz.,  chap,  xxiv.,   see   also 

Co.  uames. 


;9-E0, 


also 


INDEX.                                                 MT 

TowiH,  N.  M.,  chap,  xxxi.,  p.  270. 

Ugarto,  Oot.,  2fi7.  27fl,  320,  378,  410. 

•M'2. 

Ugarto  y  Coiu'lia,  ( iov.  IC,  105. 
\J\Ui,  Franiisro,  0,  .35. 

Tc.wiiMm.l.  K.  ».,  TmO. 

T..zur,  Chii-i,  <■)'.'(). 

inioa  y  Lomos,  Lope  d'     119-21. 

Trade,  .\ri/.,  (U)l  ct  h,'H. 

Undo  Sam,  Htt^anior,  4)H). 

Tra.lo,  N.    M„  •-':ts  i),   -JTCi  S,  'I<M  ct 

Un  l.^rwood.  H.   I>.,  028. 

Hci..  'JKT-'.t,  :«H.  :W<J.3'J,  044,  771. 

Uiiioiiisiii,  chap,  xxvii. 

Trainiur.i,  4()ii  ot  huij. 

United   States,    iliap.    xxiii.,   p.    28.3, 

Trii.H.|uillo,  180. 

28(i.  200  ft  siq  ,  AM,  408,  411,  huu 

Treatios,  <  tadstlon,  401  ct  Hcq.;  fJuad- 

also  '  ( 'on^^f'ss. ' 

nlu|ii:   lliilaign,  442,  400,  470;  hoc 

United  Suites  t'oinniissioners,  3.34. 

also  '  Imliaii  Affaira.' 

Uniteil   States    Military   Knle,   tliap. 

Tiflx.l,  278, 

xxiii. 

Trtlu.l,  (Sov.  Francisco,  273. 

Unite  1  States  and    Mex.  Houml.  Sur- 

Trenaguil, S.S. 

vey,  407  et  .sec|.,  403. 

TrLvino,  (Jov.  .Iiiaii  K.,  105,  170. 

Ur.mna,   Kr.itiei.t 1.  de,  208. 

TriLaMus,  L.,  Ill    12. 

Uidinola.  FraneisiMi,   1(H). 

Trigo,    Maimol    ,S.    J.    N.,    In/     ,*', 

Ures,  .3.">l>. 

271. 

Uribarri,  .Inan,  22."),  228. 

Tririi.la.l  iHlaiul,  ;{.S0. 

Uriostc,  Martin,  210. 

Tntli-,  (Jov.  F.  A.,  52.'). 

Urraea,  l(»3  .">. 

Trua.x,  \V.  iJ.,  548. 

Urrisola,  <!ov.   Man.  1'..  2r>7. 

Trujillo,  Aiit.  M.,  430. 

Utah,  440.  4.-.7.  .'.27,  .'.30  1. 

Tnijillo,  .lust;,  ;««». 

Utah  Irrigation  Co  ,  .")32. 

Truman.  IJ.  C,  00.1 

Utah  Like,  201,  3".t2. 

Truiiilmll,  Senator,  500. 

Utahvillu,  532. 

Tubac,  :«>0,  374,  :178,  .381-3,  .380,  .302, 

Utes,  Oli.'i  et  Hvi{.,  737.                                                                      j 

400,  4(>4-5,  475,  406,  498,  503,  507. 

Uto  Creek  Mine,  781. 

Tuhiraiw,  88. 

TubuUnia,  352,  367. 

V                                       ! 

Tucson,  71,  300,  374,  378,  380-3,  380, 

302,  307,  400-1,  404-5,  421,  474-0, 

Vaca,  Oov.,  .334. 

478,  400,  408,  502,  504,  500-8,  51 1- 

V^aea,  Aloiiso,  l.">7,  166. 

15,   522-3,   620,   551,   699,    602-3, 

Vaca,  Ant.,  Hi?,  258. 

605-7,  617-10,  000-1. 

Vaea,  lialtasar,  27.3. 

Tuerto,  3-  0. 

V'aea,  Bartolonie,  288,  306. 

Tularosa,  503,  745. 

Vaea,  Domingo,  430.                                                                     j 
Vaea,  Jusiis,  >!.,  3tl.                                                                | 

Tuley,  M.  F.,  447. 

Tuinacacori,  355,  309,  385,  400. 

Vaca,  JoaC"  Ant.,  338.  407. 

Tunicha,  463. 

Vaea,  Miguel  Ant.,  287. 

Tupatii,  175,  185,  189,  199. 

Vaea,  Tomas,  430. 

Turbush,  Albert,  432. 

Vaea  y  I'ino,  Juan  do  los  R.,  2S8.                                          1 

Turco,  M,  or  the  Turk,  51,  55,  59,  CO, 

N'aea,  see  '  Ca be/a  do  Vaea. '                                                      j 

62. 

Vaeapa,  30,  33.                                                                          ; 

Turley,  Simeon,  432. 

Vacas,  Rio,  80-00,  07. 

Turnbull,  Capt.,  490. 
Turner,  T.  M.,  507. 

Val.les,  (Jov.,  I(U. 

Valdes,  Dionisio,  284. 

• 

Turner,  Judge,  521-2: 

N'al.les,  Sant.,  720,  785. 

Turon,  Rio,  157. 

Valla.la,  Fr.,  182. 

Turquoise  Mine,  763,  756. 

Valladolid,  64,  see  also  'Taos.' 

Turquoises,  31,  45. 

Valle,  Alex.,  005. 

Tusayan,  46-8. 
Tutahaco,  51,  55,83. 

Valle,    (iov.    Francisco  A.    M.,    250, 

272,  270. 

Typhoid  Epidemic,  314. 

Vallejo,  Salvador,  556. 

Tyson,  585. 

Valencia,  2r)3,  704. 
Valencia  C<i.,  704  0. 

u 

Vallevieioso,  77. 

Valverde,  313.  422  3,  002,  000. 

U1)ates,  89. 

Valverde  Jose  X.,  23<»,  3.V.),  301. 

Ubeda,  Luis,  67. 

Valverde  y  Cosio,  Capt.,  231-2. 

828 


INDEX. 


Valvcrde  y  Cosfo,  Gov.  Ant.,  218-10, 

'_';>.■)  et  seq. 
Van  Horn,  Major,  411. 
Van  Traiiii),  J.  C,  Prairie,  etc.,  4G0. 
Vai|uuri)s,  1()2. 
Vargas,    (iov.    Diego,    19G-7,    218  et 

.seq.,  22()-7,  34!). 
Vargas,  Kiwcb.,  210. 
Vargas,  Francisco,  1!)2,  213,  220-1. 
Vargas,  Francisco  Die/,  U7-8. 
Varo,  Fr.,  l.">7. 
Vas(|uez.  Baroney,  202. 
Vega,  3(10. 

Vegas,  see  '  Las  Vegas. ' 
Velanlo,  .Tnaciuiu  Ant.,  379. 
Velarde,  Juan,  143. 
Vclasco,  viceroy,  110-17. 
Velasco,    Fernandez,    151,    1.54,    157, 

177. 
Verde,  Kio,  154,  34S,  357,  590. 
Vergara,  Fr.,  147,  154. 
Veruiejo,  Rio,  41. 
Vetancurt,     A.,    Chromrn,   111,    133, 

l,-)0,  158,  172-.3,  170-7. 
Vial,  I'ierre,  270. 
Viceroys,  220,  220,  231,  245,  247. 
Vickers,  J.  V.,  022. 
Victorio,  507,  5(>0,  743-5. 
Vigil,  A.,  ]Jiiigrai(liical  Dictation,  192. 
Vigil,  t'ornelio,  432. 
Vigil,  (Vis.,  273. 
Vigil,  Donaciano,  420,  449. 
Vigil,    (lov.    Juan   IJautista,    308-9, 

311,  410,441-3. 
Vigilantes,  see  'Oime.' 
Villagrii,    Gas^iar,    JIMoria,    80,   107, 

111  etseq.,  120,  140,  143-5,  147. 
Villauueva,  <!ov.  F.,  105,  168, 
Villanueva  ile  Santa  Cruz,  228. 
^'illapando,  339. 
Villaseuor,  Tenfm,  252-3. 
Villasur,  Pedro,  240-7. 
Virgin,  River,  495,  535. 
Virginia,  580. 
Visitas,  Ariz.,  400. 
Vivcro,  K.,  J\'otici(i.t,  152. 
Vizcaino,  Sebastian,  11. 
Vizcai-ra,  Col,  335. 
\'izcarra,  (lov.  Ant.,  284. 
Voyage  i'oUiiiiniix,  22. 
Wade,  B.'H,  500. 
Wagon  .Mound,  783. 
Wagon,  First  in  Sta   Fe  Trade,  314, 

333. 
Waldo,  Capt.,  425-0. 
Waldo,  David,  :W2. 
Waldo,  L.  L.,  4:i:-3,  43.). 
Walker,  see  'Lynx  Creek.' 
Walker,  Joel  P..    200. 
Walker,  Jolm,  501,  500. 


I  Walker,  Joseph,  680. 

Walker,  J.  R.,  612. 
I  Walker's  Fililiusters,  489. 
I  M'allace,  Lewis,  706. 

Wallen,  H.  D.,  556. 

^Valnut  Grove,  527. 

AN'alton,  Capt.,  422. 

War  of  the  Iteliellion.  see  'Secession.' 

Warnekros,  1".  K.,  ()22. 

Wartield,  Col,  327-8. 

Warner,  405. 

Warner,  J.  J.,  335. 

Warner,  S.,  505. 

Warren,  (1.  K.,  Memoirii,  472. 

Warren,  S.,  020. 

Washington,  Gov.  J.  M.,  440,  443-4, 
4(]3,  407. 

Wasson,  John,  509  et  so(j. 

Watkins,  .'i.'iO. 

Watrous,  783. 

Watts,  5()K. 

Watts,  J,  H.,  792. 

Watts,  J.  S.,  (i.")(),  710. 

Weaver,  Pauline.  407,  580,  (il2. 

Weediii,  T.  F.,  ()20. 

Weightnian,    J^lajor,    424,    444,    458, 
033. 

Wellur,  John  B.,  408. 

Wells,  415. 

Wells,  E.  W.,  012. 

Wells,  .1.  H.,  50(5-7. 

West,  Lieut-col,  514-15. 

Western  Union  Telegraph,  605. 

Wharton,  Capt.,  335. 

Wharton,  J.  E.,  O'^S. 

Wheaton,  Gen.,  556. 

Wheeler,  551. 

Wheeler,  («co.  M.,  RojnrU,  535,  722, 
750  et  seq. 

Wheeler,  R.  G.,  550. 

Whipple,  A.  W.,  H<yort,  408,  480-2, 
494. 

White,  463. 

White,  A.  NL,  550. 

White  Mt  Reservation,  565. 

White  Mtns,  585. 

White  Oaks,  700. 

Whitman,  Lieut,  500. 

Whitney,  R.  E.,  550. 

Whitticr,  C.  A.,  550. 

Whittlesey,  Lieut,  440. 

Wickenhurg,    Henry,   587,  003,  605, 
023-4. 

Wilour,  H.  R.,566. 

Willmr,  R.  A.,  551. 
Wilcox,  A.  H.,  480. 

Wilcox,  O.  B.,  500-70. 
Wdcox,  P.  P.,  507. 
Wilkersou,  Wni,  012. 

\Vilkiuaou,  Lieut,  202  et  seq. 


INDEX. 


i82fl 


Wilkinson,  James,  ^Gfi. 

Wilhiril's  Iiilawl  Trade,  334. 

WilluDx.  &2\. 

Willi-iuis,  a!)l. 

Williams,  Henj.,  (522. 

Williams,  Bill,  (JU. 

Williams,  .loso|ilius,  MG. 

Williny,  duo.  M.,  391). 

Willis,  Major,  ;">•_"_'. 

WiIloi:k,  Liout-ool,  40!). 

WiliiKit,  Proviso,  4o2,  nOG. 

Wilson,  15.  I).,  (Hwrvatium,  338,  407, 

Wilson,  V.  F.,  Gi'S. 

Wingliel.l,  K.  H.,  GG.'i,  GOy. 

Winsor,  Jnstiii,  'jr)-G. 

Wislizonns,  A.,  and  works,  4G4. 

WitcliiTait,  IT'i. 

Wolfskin,  .-{.-iS. 

Wooil,  (iov.,  4.").'). 

Woodhouso,  S.  W.,  481. 

Woodruff,  Wilford,  531. 

Woods,  4'.)(!. 

Wool,  N.  M.,  .SOL'. 

Woolson.  T.  W.,  731. 

Wordsworth,  W,  C,  507. 

Woros,  C.  U.,  GL'8. 

Workman,  .Jnlian,  300,  3-22. 

'Workman- Rowland  Tarty,'  339. 

Wri/.it,  (ieii,  513. 

Wright,  ,1.  11.,  G28. 

Wyncoop,  ('apt.,  G'J.j. 

Wytllict-l'tolumy  map  of  1597,  p.  71. 


Ye,  .Tuan,  20G,  200-10. 

Young,  Hrigham,  532. 

Youn^',  Kwini{,  338,  407. 

Yuma,  489,  509,  514,  5.35,  57G,  G02-3, 

()05,  GI5  et  Heij. 
Yuma   Co.,   52.3,    527-8,   580,   585-G, 

590,  .595,  598,  GI5. 
Yuma  Si'idhid,  "^S.S,  400. 
Yumas,  357-9,  .3G7,  388-9,  394,  .39(5, 

480,  48G  ct  Sf(i.,  488-9,  500,  544-5 

5.50. 
Ympie-Ynnipie,  G.3,  131. 
Yuta.s,  171,  181,  18,"),  210,2.32  235  G 

2.39,  247-9,  2ti(;,  27(>,  .397,  418,  42L 

402,  sue  also 'Utes.' 


Z 


Xahe,  .")9  (;o,  G,j. 
Xila,  see  '  ( iila.' 
Ximeria,  52. 


Yamajal.cs,  .391,  .sco  also  'Mojaves.' 

Yaipii.s,  3,")0.  404. 

Yarapai   Co.,  5    !,    527,   580-7.    590, 

591),  598,  GlOut  soip 
Yavafiais,  545  G,  552  ot  scq.,  SJIJ,  5G4, 

5GG,  5S0-1. 


Zagnato,  87. 

Zaldivar,  Juan,  37,  111,  124,  129,  1 

139,  141. 
Zal.livar,  V.,  and  L'clneiim,   III,  ] 

18,  129,  1.37-4.-),  151-2,  157. 
Zamacois,  lis.,  J/i.-:(oii<i,  112,  IGS. 
Zapata,  .see  'N'argas. ' 
Zarate  '  iSalmeron,' (j.  v. 
Zavaleta,  Alonso,  182. 
Zavaleta,  Juan,  228. 
Zenios,  Diego  de  la  Casi^a,  214 
Zenteno,  Andre.s,  47G. 
Zia,  see  '  ( 'ia. ' 
Zipias,  loO,  IGG. 
Zotylo,  (iov.  F.,  IGl. 
Zu])ia,  Capt.,  143. 
Zuni,  32,  .34,  40-8,  8(5-9,  1.39-40,  1 
1594)1,  1G(S,  170,  179,  182,  im,  1 
201-2,  207,  209,  21(5,  22 1  2,  225 
2.33,  34(5,  3(53,  423,  4G7,  481,  741 
Znni,  Kio,  481   2. 
Ziinio,  307.  423,  521. 
Ziiniga,  3S(5,  397,  40G, 
Ziiniga,  (J.ircia,  182. 
Ziiniga,  Ignacio,  40.3-4. 
,  Ziiniga,  ,)osi'',  397. 
Ziinig,.,  Kiipida  (Ijeada,  403. 
Zutanealpo,  1.38,  143. 
I  Zutucapan,  138,  140-1,  143. 


.30. 
17- 


54, 
95, 

_•) 


